Because America conquered it from France in 1909 during the Great War, they had first crack at French New World colonies: https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/the-union-forever-a-tl.159784/page-33
The Union Forever: A TL
- Thread starter Mac Gregor
- Start date
Because America conquered it from France in 1909 during the Great War, they had first crack at French New World colonies: https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/the-union-forever-a-tl.159784/page-33
Besides what @FleetMac linked, another update to the timeline spoke of an agreement between the United Kingdom and U.S.A that if the latter entered the war it would be entitled to its pick of the Franco-American colonies.
Besides, other than for the sake of taking enemy territory in wartime (again, as @AJustMonster pointed out, the US got its first pick at French colonies if/when they joined the war), why would Britain want French Guiana anyway? They're not contiguous, Suriname is in the way. And if Britain already has their own Guyana, it'd make sense for an allied country to get it as it wouldn't add anything economically down the line (and the British Empire wasn't ever really about land, it was about commerce; land just came with the deal back then).
frustrated progressive, good question and FleetMac and AJustMonster are correct.
Profile: Brancaleone Lucchesi
Brancaleone Lucchesi (1864-1943)
President and Generalissimo Brancaleone Lucchesi in 1910
President Brancaleone Lucchesi in 1925
Brancaleone Lucchesi in 1942
Brancaleone Lucchesi was born in Alessandria, Piedmont in the Kingdom of Italy on September 9, 1864, and was born into a middle class family. Throughout his childhood, Lucchesi was educated by private tutors and was a great admirer of the House of Savoy, the Roman Empire, the Italian Renaissance, Italian unification and the Italian military. In 1883, at the age of nineteen, Lucchesi, against the wishes of his father who wanted him to be a lawyer, ran away from home and joined the Royal Italian Army. Lucceshi served in the infantry of the Royal Italian Army from 1883 to 1889, and was stationed all throughout the kingdom. In 1889, the 25 year-old Lucceshi returned home to his parents in Alessandria. He and his parents reconciled, and he presented them with some money from a stipend he received from the Italian military for his six years of military service.
Over the next two years, Lucchesi attended the University of Turin, although he never finished his studies in classism and never earned a degree. Somewhat ironically given future events, Lucchesi served in the French Foreign Legion from 1892 to 1895. While in the Foreign Legion, he studied the languages of French, Spanish and Arabic. It was also during his time in the Foreign Legion that Lucchesi experienced first-hand the culture of Napoleonic France. He very much disliked the chauvinism and autocratic nature of the Second French Empire, and as a result he first began to have some republican sympathies, although he was still loyal to the Italian House of Savoy. After returning to Italy, Lucchesi settled down in Rome and took up numerous intellectual pursuits such as reading books on history and politics, reading and writing poetry and writing articles for numerous different newspapers in Rome. In 1898, Lucchesi rejoined the Royal Italian Army, and he was promoted to the rank of general in 1902. He then served as a military attaché to the Kingdom of Prussia from 1903 to 1905, and was highly impressed with the kingdom’s military prowess.
On October 3, 1907, the Great War broke out. Five days later, on October 8, 1907, the Kingdom of Italy honored its defensive alliance with the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire and declared war on the Second French Empire. Three days later, on October 11, 1907, the French 6th Army launched Opération Rivoli, the invasion of the Kingdom of Italy. The Italian Army was caught completely unprepared. Some weeks later, General Brancaleone Lucchesi saw action against the Austro-Hungarians during the Battle of the Isonzo River on October 23, 1907, and he contributed significantly to the Italian victory in said battle. General Lucchesi then saw action against the French armies invading northern Italy and saw action during the disastrous Battle of Novara. On January 19th, 1908, King Umberto I of Italy was assassinated at the age of 63 by a radical socialist named Giancarlo Rossetto (1886-1908). This assassination threw the Italian government of Prime Minister Paolo Boselli (1838-1927) into chaos. Meanwhile, the dead king’s only child, the increasingly unpopular 37 year-old Princess Lucia, was installed as Queen Lucia I of Italy (1870-1950). On January 24, 1908, Queen Lucia I requested an armistice from the Entente Powers. Four days later, on the afternoon of January 28, 1908, the Kingdom of Italy officially withdrew from the Great War. After the armistice, General Lucchesi had successfully led his army corps south to safety from Lombardy to Emilia-Romagna. The Treaty of Milan was signed the following week on February 5, 1908. A French “zone of perpetual occupation” was established north of the Tanaro and Po Rivers and included the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy and the Aosta Valley. As a result, France all but officially annexed northern Italy. The regions of Veneto and Friuli–Venezia Giulia were annexed by Austria-Hungry. The aforementioned areas included many of the most important industrial centers in Italy such as Turin, Milan, and Venice. Finally, severe restrictions were placed on the future size of the Italian army and navy. This began a period in Italian history known as La Tregua or “The Truce.” General Lucchesi was absolutely outraged by what he saw as the absolute cowardice of Queen Lucia I, the House of Savoy and so much of the Italian government. He began to hate the House of Savoy that he once held in such admiration. He hated the corruption, favoritism and disorganization of the Italian government, bureaucracy and army, as well as the pro-Northern Italian bias in the Royal Italian Army, in spite of his being a Northern Italian and Piedmontese himself. He also became an ardent republican and openly spoke out against the cowardice of the House of Savoy and the defeatist Italian government and defeatist ministers. Many average Italians felt the exact same way.
Over the next few months, the political situation in Rome became increasingly unstable, and many politicians began to look for an alternative to Queen Lucia I and the House of Savoy. On May 16, 1908, Queen Lucia I was overthrown by a popularly backed military coup led by General Brancaleone Lucchesi. As a result, Lucia I and the rest of the House of Savoy were forced to flee the country, and they fled to Barcelona, Spain. The pro-royalist Italian Prime Minister Antonio Salandra (1853-1928) was also forced to flee the country, and he fled to Locarno, Switzerland. After pledging his allegiance to General Lucchesi, the former Italian Foreign Minister Tommaso Tittoni (1855-1935) was installed as interim Prime Minister of Italy. On May 20, 1908, the Italian parliament abolished the monarchy and the Republic of Italy was proclaimed. That same day, Lucchesi declared himself the provisional President of the new Republic of Italy. After forty-seven years, the Kingdom of Italy had ceased to exist. On May 31, 1908, the Italian Republican Army was officially established. From 1908 to 1912, the Republic of Italy, while a de-jure representative democracy and republic, was a de-facto military dictatorship under President and Generalissimo Lucchesi. However, Lucchesi promised a return to electoral democracy after the end of the war, a promise that he eventually kept, much like the Roman statesman Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus. It should also be noted that during this time most of the day to day running of the country was done by Prime Minister Tittoni, with Lucchesi having final say on most matters. As war waged on in Europe, Italy rearmed and retrained its army, an uneasy task considering that the most industrialized regions of Italy were under enemy occupation. On June 20, 1908, the Italian military was put under the command of interim President and self-proclaimed Generalissimo Brancaleone Lucchesi. Lucchesi, an increasingly popular figure, would use his corps as the nucleus to rebuild the new Italian Army, and he himself was an enormous asset in recruiting troops and bolstering the morale of the Italian people. Lucchesi also did all that he could to clandestinely aid the Italian guerrillas fighting the Entente in northern Italy. During La Tregua, these guerrillas exacted an increasingly severe toll on the Franco-Austro-Hungarian occupiers.
By April, 1910, the Italian army had mostly regained its pre-war strength. As a result of Entente defeats in Egypt, Germany and Hungary, Generalissimo Lucchesi and the Italian government were finally convinced that the time was right to rejoin the Coalition. On May 5, 1910, the Republic of Italy declared war on the Entente powers with Generalissimo Lucchesi making his famous statement “May Emperors tremble at sounds of freemen no longer slaves breaking their chains!” By the end of the war on December 7, 1910, all of northern Italy had been recaptured by the Italian armies. With the signing of the Treaty of Brussels on October 12, 1911, the Republic of Italy regained all of the northern Italian land lost through the Treaty of Milan and annexed all of the majority Italian-speaking regions of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, the French protectorate of Tunisia and the colony of French Libya. As a result of the enormous wartime damages suffered by Italy, President Lucchesi desired for Italy to acquire more “Italia Irrendenta” territories from France such as Corsica, Savoy and Provence, or if not all of Provence, at least the region of Nice. At the end of the treaty negotiations, France retained Savoy and Provence but was forced to offer Corsica a referendum on whether the people of Corsica wished to join Italy, become independent or remain a part of France. The referendum was held on June 12, 1912, with most Corsicans voting to remain a part of France. Lucchesi also desired for Italy to acquire Dalmatia, but the British and Americans protested due to the fact that the Provisional State of Croatia already occupied the region. Over the subsequent years, most of the Italians in Croatian Dalmatia immigrated to Italy, Italian North Africa, the United States, Canada, Latin America and Australia.
Shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Brussels, the center-right Democratic Republican Party was established in Rome by President Lucchesi on November 20, 1911. In the Italian general election of 1912, held on March 24 1912, Lucchesi was elected President of Italy and defeated in a landslide the Radical Party candidate Ettore Sacchi (1851-1925) and the Socialist Party candidate Costantino Lazzari (1857-1927). Lucchesi was inaugurated on April 8, 1912 and immediately gave up all of his wartime emergency powers. Thus, parliamentary democracy officially returned to Italy. Lucchesi served as President of Italy from 1912 to 1916 and again from 1922 to 1928. In the years after the 1912 election, the formerly clean-shaven Lucchesi grew a mustache and beard, earning him the unofficial nickname “il barbuto.”
Throughout Lucchesi’s two presidential terms, Italy was a stable and vibrant democracy. In the Italian general election of 1916, as result of the continued homelessness, poverty and unemployment of many Italian veterans, Lucchesi lost the election to the center-left People’s Party candidate Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1860-1956). For the next six years, Lucchesi lived a life of semi-retirement in a number of private residences throughout Southern Italy and Sicily. In the Italian general election of 1922, Lucchesi was reelected and defeated the People’s Party candidate Matteo Luciano (1872-1956) and the Socialist Party candidate Giovanni Bacci (1857-1930). In his foreign policy, President Lucchesi kept Italy’s wartime diplomatic ties to the German Empire (although this would be abandoned by his successors), and started building ties with other republican nations such as France, the United States, Brazil and Argentina, the last three nations of which contained a large diaspora of Italians. Italy was also friendly towards the British Empire, as Britain was the main naval power in the Mediterranean Sea and a nation that it was in the best interests of Italy to be on good terms with and not to antagonize. Lucchesi, as well as other Italian presidents, also encouraged nearly 100,000 Italian citizens to immigrate to the colony of Italian North Africa. While this led to some skirmishes with Arab and Berber nomads in the desert interior, the Italian Republican Army was always able to squash resistance. His presidencies also saw the beginning of the Italian Miracle, the beginning of the increasing industrialization of Italy, including Southern Italy, the establishment of state-owned housing for veterans, factory workers and the poor and the construction of new roads and infrastructure in the impoverished regions of Italy.
After suffering from a serious heart attack, Lucchesi retired from the Presidency on September 20, 1928. His successor was his former Prime Minister Alessandro Decicco (1875-1959). Afterwards, he bought a large villa outside of Livorno in Tuscany and throughout the next decade and a half lived a mostly private and quiet life of retirement. He wrote numerous works of nonfiction, mostly on Ancient Roman, Italian, European and Military history. He also wrote his autobiography, La Mia Vita, which was published posthumously in 1944. After some years of failing health, Brancaleone Lucchesi, a man larger than life to so many Italians, died of a heart attack in his villa outside of Livorno on the morning of November 6, 1943. He was 79 years old. On his deathbed, he was accompanied by numerous private caretakers and nurses. On November 22, 1943, he was given a massive state funeral in Rome. He was then interned in a private mausoleum outside of Rome.
In the over seven decades since his death, Brancaleone Lucchesi was and still is greatly admired by Italians and foreigners alike for what was his forceful personality, strong leadership, military and strategic genius, benevolence to the people and nation of Italy and undying commitment to republicanism and democracy. During his lifetime and after his death, many in Italy called him “the Italian Julius Caesar” and “the Italian Cincinnatus.” His birthday, September 9th, is a national holiday in Italy and was even celebrated by much of the Italian diaspora in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, among other places, for a number of years.
President and Generalissimo Brancaleone Lucchesi in 1910
President Brancaleone Lucchesi in 1925
Brancaleone Lucchesi in 1942
Brancaleone Lucchesi was born in Alessandria, Piedmont in the Kingdom of Italy on September 9, 1864, and was born into a middle class family. Throughout his childhood, Lucchesi was educated by private tutors and was a great admirer of the House of Savoy, the Roman Empire, the Italian Renaissance, Italian unification and the Italian military. In 1883, at the age of nineteen, Lucchesi, against the wishes of his father who wanted him to be a lawyer, ran away from home and joined the Royal Italian Army. Lucceshi served in the infantry of the Royal Italian Army from 1883 to 1889, and was stationed all throughout the kingdom. In 1889, the 25 year-old Lucceshi returned home to his parents in Alessandria. He and his parents reconciled, and he presented them with some money from a stipend he received from the Italian military for his six years of military service.
Over the next two years, Lucchesi attended the University of Turin, although he never finished his studies in classism and never earned a degree. Somewhat ironically given future events, Lucchesi served in the French Foreign Legion from 1892 to 1895. While in the Foreign Legion, he studied the languages of French, Spanish and Arabic. It was also during his time in the Foreign Legion that Lucchesi experienced first-hand the culture of Napoleonic France. He very much disliked the chauvinism and autocratic nature of the Second French Empire, and as a result he first began to have some republican sympathies, although he was still loyal to the Italian House of Savoy. After returning to Italy, Lucchesi settled down in Rome and took up numerous intellectual pursuits such as reading books on history and politics, reading and writing poetry and writing articles for numerous different newspapers in Rome. In 1898, Lucchesi rejoined the Royal Italian Army, and he was promoted to the rank of general in 1902. He then served as a military attaché to the Kingdom of Prussia from 1903 to 1905, and was highly impressed with the kingdom’s military prowess.
On October 3, 1907, the Great War broke out. Five days later, on October 8, 1907, the Kingdom of Italy honored its defensive alliance with the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire and declared war on the Second French Empire. Three days later, on October 11, 1907, the French 6th Army launched Opération Rivoli, the invasion of the Kingdom of Italy. The Italian Army was caught completely unprepared. Some weeks later, General Brancaleone Lucchesi saw action against the Austro-Hungarians during the Battle of the Isonzo River on October 23, 1907, and he contributed significantly to the Italian victory in said battle. General Lucchesi then saw action against the French armies invading northern Italy and saw action during the disastrous Battle of Novara. On January 19th, 1908, King Umberto I of Italy was assassinated at the age of 63 by a radical socialist named Giancarlo Rossetto (1886-1908). This assassination threw the Italian government of Prime Minister Paolo Boselli (1838-1927) into chaos. Meanwhile, the dead king’s only child, the increasingly unpopular 37 year-old Princess Lucia, was installed as Queen Lucia I of Italy (1870-1950). On January 24, 1908, Queen Lucia I requested an armistice from the Entente Powers. Four days later, on the afternoon of January 28, 1908, the Kingdom of Italy officially withdrew from the Great War. After the armistice, General Lucchesi had successfully led his army corps south to safety from Lombardy to Emilia-Romagna. The Treaty of Milan was signed the following week on February 5, 1908. A French “zone of perpetual occupation” was established north of the Tanaro and Po Rivers and included the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy and the Aosta Valley. As a result, France all but officially annexed northern Italy. The regions of Veneto and Friuli–Venezia Giulia were annexed by Austria-Hungry. The aforementioned areas included many of the most important industrial centers in Italy such as Turin, Milan, and Venice. Finally, severe restrictions were placed on the future size of the Italian army and navy. This began a period in Italian history known as La Tregua or “The Truce.” General Lucchesi was absolutely outraged by what he saw as the absolute cowardice of Queen Lucia I, the House of Savoy and so much of the Italian government. He began to hate the House of Savoy that he once held in such admiration. He hated the corruption, favoritism and disorganization of the Italian government, bureaucracy and army, as well as the pro-Northern Italian bias in the Royal Italian Army, in spite of his being a Northern Italian and Piedmontese himself. He also became an ardent republican and openly spoke out against the cowardice of the House of Savoy and the defeatist Italian government and defeatist ministers. Many average Italians felt the exact same way.
Over the next few months, the political situation in Rome became increasingly unstable, and many politicians began to look for an alternative to Queen Lucia I and the House of Savoy. On May 16, 1908, Queen Lucia I was overthrown by a popularly backed military coup led by General Brancaleone Lucchesi. As a result, Lucia I and the rest of the House of Savoy were forced to flee the country, and they fled to Barcelona, Spain. The pro-royalist Italian Prime Minister Antonio Salandra (1853-1928) was also forced to flee the country, and he fled to Locarno, Switzerland. After pledging his allegiance to General Lucchesi, the former Italian Foreign Minister Tommaso Tittoni (1855-1935) was installed as interim Prime Minister of Italy. On May 20, 1908, the Italian parliament abolished the monarchy and the Republic of Italy was proclaimed. That same day, Lucchesi declared himself the provisional President of the new Republic of Italy. After forty-seven years, the Kingdom of Italy had ceased to exist. On May 31, 1908, the Italian Republican Army was officially established. From 1908 to 1912, the Republic of Italy, while a de-jure representative democracy and republic, was a de-facto military dictatorship under President and Generalissimo Lucchesi. However, Lucchesi promised a return to electoral democracy after the end of the war, a promise that he eventually kept, much like the Roman statesman Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus. It should also be noted that during this time most of the day to day running of the country was done by Prime Minister Tittoni, with Lucchesi having final say on most matters. As war waged on in Europe, Italy rearmed and retrained its army, an uneasy task considering that the most industrialized regions of Italy were under enemy occupation. On June 20, 1908, the Italian military was put under the command of interim President and self-proclaimed Generalissimo Brancaleone Lucchesi. Lucchesi, an increasingly popular figure, would use his corps as the nucleus to rebuild the new Italian Army, and he himself was an enormous asset in recruiting troops and bolstering the morale of the Italian people. Lucchesi also did all that he could to clandestinely aid the Italian guerrillas fighting the Entente in northern Italy. During La Tregua, these guerrillas exacted an increasingly severe toll on the Franco-Austro-Hungarian occupiers.
By April, 1910, the Italian army had mostly regained its pre-war strength. As a result of Entente defeats in Egypt, Germany and Hungary, Generalissimo Lucchesi and the Italian government were finally convinced that the time was right to rejoin the Coalition. On May 5, 1910, the Republic of Italy declared war on the Entente powers with Generalissimo Lucchesi making his famous statement “May Emperors tremble at sounds of freemen no longer slaves breaking their chains!” By the end of the war on December 7, 1910, all of northern Italy had been recaptured by the Italian armies. With the signing of the Treaty of Brussels on October 12, 1911, the Republic of Italy regained all of the northern Italian land lost through the Treaty of Milan and annexed all of the majority Italian-speaking regions of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, the French protectorate of Tunisia and the colony of French Libya. As a result of the enormous wartime damages suffered by Italy, President Lucchesi desired for Italy to acquire more “Italia Irrendenta” territories from France such as Corsica, Savoy and Provence, or if not all of Provence, at least the region of Nice. At the end of the treaty negotiations, France retained Savoy and Provence but was forced to offer Corsica a referendum on whether the people of Corsica wished to join Italy, become independent or remain a part of France. The referendum was held on June 12, 1912, with most Corsicans voting to remain a part of France. Lucchesi also desired for Italy to acquire Dalmatia, but the British and Americans protested due to the fact that the Provisional State of Croatia already occupied the region. Over the subsequent years, most of the Italians in Croatian Dalmatia immigrated to Italy, Italian North Africa, the United States, Canada, Latin America and Australia.
Shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Brussels, the center-right Democratic Republican Party was established in Rome by President Lucchesi on November 20, 1911. In the Italian general election of 1912, held on March 24 1912, Lucchesi was elected President of Italy and defeated in a landslide the Radical Party candidate Ettore Sacchi (1851-1925) and the Socialist Party candidate Costantino Lazzari (1857-1927). Lucchesi was inaugurated on April 8, 1912 and immediately gave up all of his wartime emergency powers. Thus, parliamentary democracy officially returned to Italy. Lucchesi served as President of Italy from 1912 to 1916 and again from 1922 to 1928. In the years after the 1912 election, the formerly clean-shaven Lucchesi grew a mustache and beard, earning him the unofficial nickname “il barbuto.”
Throughout Lucchesi’s two presidential terms, Italy was a stable and vibrant democracy. In the Italian general election of 1916, as result of the continued homelessness, poverty and unemployment of many Italian veterans, Lucchesi lost the election to the center-left People’s Party candidate Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1860-1956). For the next six years, Lucchesi lived a life of semi-retirement in a number of private residences throughout Southern Italy and Sicily. In the Italian general election of 1922, Lucchesi was reelected and defeated the People’s Party candidate Matteo Luciano (1872-1956) and the Socialist Party candidate Giovanni Bacci (1857-1930). In his foreign policy, President Lucchesi kept Italy’s wartime diplomatic ties to the German Empire (although this would be abandoned by his successors), and started building ties with other republican nations such as France, the United States, Brazil and Argentina, the last three nations of which contained a large diaspora of Italians. Italy was also friendly towards the British Empire, as Britain was the main naval power in the Mediterranean Sea and a nation that it was in the best interests of Italy to be on good terms with and not to antagonize. Lucchesi, as well as other Italian presidents, also encouraged nearly 100,000 Italian citizens to immigrate to the colony of Italian North Africa. While this led to some skirmishes with Arab and Berber nomads in the desert interior, the Italian Republican Army was always able to squash resistance. His presidencies also saw the beginning of the Italian Miracle, the beginning of the increasing industrialization of Italy, including Southern Italy, the establishment of state-owned housing for veterans, factory workers and the poor and the construction of new roads and infrastructure in the impoverished regions of Italy.
After suffering from a serious heart attack, Lucchesi retired from the Presidency on September 20, 1928. His successor was his former Prime Minister Alessandro Decicco (1875-1959). Afterwards, he bought a large villa outside of Livorno in Tuscany and throughout the next decade and a half lived a mostly private and quiet life of retirement. He wrote numerous works of nonfiction, mostly on Ancient Roman, Italian, European and Military history. He also wrote his autobiography, La Mia Vita, which was published posthumously in 1944. After some years of failing health, Brancaleone Lucchesi, a man larger than life to so many Italians, died of a heart attack in his villa outside of Livorno on the morning of November 6, 1943. He was 79 years old. On his deathbed, he was accompanied by numerous private caretakers and nurses. On November 22, 1943, he was given a massive state funeral in Rome. He was then interned in a private mausoleum outside of Rome.
In the over seven decades since his death, Brancaleone Lucchesi was and still is greatly admired by Italians and foreigners alike for what was his forceful personality, strong leadership, military and strategic genius, benevolence to the people and nation of Italy and undying commitment to republicanism and democracy. During his lifetime and after his death, many in Italy called him “the Italian Julius Caesar” and “the Italian Cincinnatus.” His birthday, September 9th, is a national holiday in Italy and was even celebrated by much of the Italian diaspora in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, among other places, for a number of years.
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Profile: Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (1809 - 1887)
Abraham Lincoln was born to poor farmer family in Hardin County, Kentucky. Already as young man him had several different workplaces. In 1834 he was elected as non-partisan to Congress of Illinois. He was already in 1830's abolitionist but he didn't support full civil rights for blacks. In 1836 he was educated as lawyer. Later he moved to Springfield, new capital of Illinois. There he met Mary Todd (1818 - 1890) and they married in 1842. They got four children: Robert Todd Lincoln (1843 - 1924), Edward Baker Lincoln (1846 - 1850), Willie Lincoln (1850 - 1862), and Tad Lincoln (1853 - 1867). In 1846 Abraham Lincoln was elected to US Representative House as member of Whig Party. Lincoln was quiet active in politics. In 1856 Whig Party dissolved and Lincoln joined to anti-slavery Republican Party. In 1860 Lincoln was elected as president of the United States. This led eventually to civil war in Spring 1861.
Lincoln took soon active role in war leadership. First year of the war didn't go very well for Union but during second year of the war things were going much better. Notable boost for battle morale of Unionists was capturing of CSA capital Richmond in June 6, 1862. Lincoln declared that this is beginning of end for CSA and believed that South not last long. Lincoln was in early stage of the war quiet relucant handle slavery issue due fear of upsetting of border states. But recent successes in Virginia and Tennessee he could take steps towards re-integration of South and abolishment of slavery. In September 1 he gave "Proclamation for Emancipation and Restoration of the Union, PERU". With this proclamation Lincoln gave plan to re-unite the country and emancipate slaves. Finally in July 4, 1863 CSA collapsed and its leadership surrended. Lincoln stated soon after end of the war that this is most important Independence Day since signing of the independence declaration and this day will be remembered several generations. Soon after this Lincoln was able to commit peaceful re-integration of Southern states. But already in end of 1863 Lincoln faced another challenge. Southern neighbor Mexico was in war against France and France was able to occupy almost whole the country. Lincoln couldn't stand that some European nation so arrogantly violate Monroe Doctrine so he deployed thousands of soldiers to Mexican border and begun naval blockade. This enforced emperor Napoleon III think another time and so soon Mexico and France signed peace treaty and France withdraw from Mexico.
In 1864 Lincoln seemed being extremely popular due his victories over Southern rebels and France. So he was easily re-elected to second term. By end 1865 rest of southern states were re-admitted to Union but occupation army was still there protecting freed former slaves. In 1867 Congress finally passed 13th amendment which prohibited slavery. Lincoln too supported expansion of white and black settlements to western territories. In 1867 United States purchased Alaska from Russia. During Lincoln's second term was begun construction of transcontinental railroad. It was completed in 1868.
Despite that Lincoln's popularity was bit waned he was still very respected president altough it is impossible to know his popularity rate when first official poll was held in 1940's. But it is still believed by many historians that Lincoln could had won third term. But Lincoln decired that not run third term. Reasons for Lincoln's refusal are unclear but probably he wanted to honor George Washington's precedent and probably Lincoln's own and his wife Mary's declining health might had affected to decision.
One of last acts of president Lincoln was travelling with train to San Francisco, California and so he was first US president who saw Pacific Ocean. After his presidency Lincolns moved to Springfireld, Illinois. There Abraham Lincoln wrote his memoirs. Lincoln was still pretty active in political issues rest of his life. Lincoln gave his strong support for American-Spanish War. In years 1874 - 1875 Lincolns travelled to Europe and they visited in London, Paris, Berlin, St. Petersburg, Warsaw, Praque, Vienna, Rome, Jerusalem and Alexandria. Abraham Lincoln died in his Springfield home in July 4, 1887 at age of 78. His funeral was real mass event and probably largest presidential funeral by then. In 1892 remnants of Abraham and Mary Lincoln and their sons Edward, Willie and Tad were interned to Lincoln Mausoleum, nearby of Springfield which later became one of most markable landmarks in United States.
Lincoln was already highly respected during his lifetime but he got even greater reputation by mid-1950's and currently Lincoln is one of most famous US presidents even outside of the country. Lincoln's son Robert Todd Lincoln and great-great-grandson Abraham Lincoln IV have too acted as presidents of United States.
Abraham Lincoln was born to poor farmer family in Hardin County, Kentucky. Already as young man him had several different workplaces. In 1834 he was elected as non-partisan to Congress of Illinois. He was already in 1830's abolitionist but he didn't support full civil rights for blacks. In 1836 he was educated as lawyer. Later he moved to Springfield, new capital of Illinois. There he met Mary Todd (1818 - 1890) and they married in 1842. They got four children: Robert Todd Lincoln (1843 - 1924), Edward Baker Lincoln (1846 - 1850), Willie Lincoln (1850 - 1862), and Tad Lincoln (1853 - 1867). In 1846 Abraham Lincoln was elected to US Representative House as member of Whig Party. Lincoln was quiet active in politics. In 1856 Whig Party dissolved and Lincoln joined to anti-slavery Republican Party. In 1860 Lincoln was elected as president of the United States. This led eventually to civil war in Spring 1861.
Lincoln took soon active role in war leadership. First year of the war didn't go very well for Union but during second year of the war things were going much better. Notable boost for battle morale of Unionists was capturing of CSA capital Richmond in June 6, 1862. Lincoln declared that this is beginning of end for CSA and believed that South not last long. Lincoln was in early stage of the war quiet relucant handle slavery issue due fear of upsetting of border states. But recent successes in Virginia and Tennessee he could take steps towards re-integration of South and abolishment of slavery. In September 1 he gave "Proclamation for Emancipation and Restoration of the Union, PERU". With this proclamation Lincoln gave plan to re-unite the country and emancipate slaves. Finally in July 4, 1863 CSA collapsed and its leadership surrended. Lincoln stated soon after end of the war that this is most important Independence Day since signing of the independence declaration and this day will be remembered several generations. Soon after this Lincoln was able to commit peaceful re-integration of Southern states. But already in end of 1863 Lincoln faced another challenge. Southern neighbor Mexico was in war against France and France was able to occupy almost whole the country. Lincoln couldn't stand that some European nation so arrogantly violate Monroe Doctrine so he deployed thousands of soldiers to Mexican border and begun naval blockade. This enforced emperor Napoleon III think another time and so soon Mexico and France signed peace treaty and France withdraw from Mexico.
In 1864 Lincoln seemed being extremely popular due his victories over Southern rebels and France. So he was easily re-elected to second term. By end 1865 rest of southern states were re-admitted to Union but occupation army was still there protecting freed former slaves. In 1867 Congress finally passed 13th amendment which prohibited slavery. Lincoln too supported expansion of white and black settlements to western territories. In 1867 United States purchased Alaska from Russia. During Lincoln's second term was begun construction of transcontinental railroad. It was completed in 1868.
Despite that Lincoln's popularity was bit waned he was still very respected president altough it is impossible to know his popularity rate when first official poll was held in 1940's. But it is still believed by many historians that Lincoln could had won third term. But Lincoln decired that not run third term. Reasons for Lincoln's refusal are unclear but probably he wanted to honor George Washington's precedent and probably Lincoln's own and his wife Mary's declining health might had affected to decision.
One of last acts of president Lincoln was travelling with train to San Francisco, California and so he was first US president who saw Pacific Ocean. After his presidency Lincolns moved to Springfireld, Illinois. There Abraham Lincoln wrote his memoirs. Lincoln was still pretty active in political issues rest of his life. Lincoln gave his strong support for American-Spanish War. In years 1874 - 1875 Lincolns travelled to Europe and they visited in London, Paris, Berlin, St. Petersburg, Warsaw, Praque, Vienna, Rome, Jerusalem and Alexandria. Abraham Lincoln died in his Springfield home in July 4, 1887 at age of 78. His funeral was real mass event and probably largest presidential funeral by then. In 1892 remnants of Abraham and Mary Lincoln and their sons Edward, Willie and Tad were interned to Lincoln Mausoleum, nearby of Springfield which later became one of most markable landmarks in United States.
Lincoln was already highly respected during his lifetime but he got even greater reputation by mid-1950's and currently Lincoln is one of most famous US presidents even outside of the country. Lincoln's son Robert Todd Lincoln and great-great-grandson Abraham Lincoln IV have too acted as presidents of United States.
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Profile: Arthur I. Boreman
Arthur I. Boreman (1823 - 1895)
Arthur Inghram Boreman was born in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania in 1823 but his family moved to Virginia when he was four years old. Boreman read law with his older brother and later participated to politics of Virginia. Boreman wasn't abolotionist but he opposed secession of his home state on 1861. In May 1861 Boreman was elected to Second Wheeling Convention. The convention declared being pro-Unionist and there was too some talk about separation of some western counties as its own state. But this discussion evetnually faded off when Unionists captured state capital Richmond in June 1862 but surrending of general Robert E. Lee in April 1863 was final nail for any serious discussion altough for separation was some support decades after civil war. Soon Boreman begun support president Lincoln's emancipation and re-integration plan.
Virginia was re-admitted to the Union soon after end of the war and Arthur I. Boreman became first Republican governor of Virginia. He acted as governor to 1868. Boreman begun quickly achieve Lincoln's PERU plan and during his governorship slaves were finally emancipated and Boreman too provided some reparations for former slave owners. But Boreman wasn't supporter of Black civil right issues altough he gave some protection laws for blacks. He too supported reconstruction projects and tried attract people move to Virginia. During Boreman's governorship Virginia recovered from civil war faster than many other Southern States. Boreman became quiet popular governor.
In 1868 former general and commander of Union forces John Sedgwick picked Boreman as his running mate in presidential election. Boreman couldn't get Virginia to Republicans but elections proved that the party had strong foothold in the state. During Sedgwick's presidency Boreman supported fully Sedgwick's politics. In 1876 Sedgwick's presidency was reaching its end and Boreman announced his candidacy. It wasn't very easy when some major Republican politicians were suspicious with Southerner candidate so soon after civil war. Boreman anyway won his candidacy. Boreman too won in his home state Virginia and this was first time when any southern state went to Republican presidential candidate.
Boreman faced already during his first months in office serious challenge. In Spanish owned Cuba has been war several years and relationships between United States and Spain weren't good. In May 1877 war finally break out between the countries. American navy was pretty poor condition but finally United States got victory over Spain and got Cuba and Puerto Rico. Victory over Spain helped Boreman win 1880 election. On Boreman's second term there was much of speculation over gold reservers and it is estimated that these speculations led to Panic of 1883. Altough recession was short-lived, it was pretty severed and Boreman couldn't answer for the crisis.
After his presidency Boreman retired from politics and returned to Richmond where he later wrote his memoirs. Boreman died from heart attack in 1895.After Boreman were named Boreman (OTL Billings, MT), capital of state of Absaroka, Arthur I. Boreman High School in Richmond and Boreman Presidential Library. Boreman was critised that he didn't enough with Panic of 1883 but nowadays economists are in conclusion that there wasn't much to do anyway and Boreman did what he could. Nowadays Boreman is remembered as supporter of settling of the West and conqueror of Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Arthur Inghram Boreman was born in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania in 1823 but his family moved to Virginia when he was four years old. Boreman read law with his older brother and later participated to politics of Virginia. Boreman wasn't abolotionist but he opposed secession of his home state on 1861. In May 1861 Boreman was elected to Second Wheeling Convention. The convention declared being pro-Unionist and there was too some talk about separation of some western counties as its own state. But this discussion evetnually faded off when Unionists captured state capital Richmond in June 1862 but surrending of general Robert E. Lee in April 1863 was final nail for any serious discussion altough for separation was some support decades after civil war. Soon Boreman begun support president Lincoln's emancipation and re-integration plan.
Virginia was re-admitted to the Union soon after end of the war and Arthur I. Boreman became first Republican governor of Virginia. He acted as governor to 1868. Boreman begun quickly achieve Lincoln's PERU plan and during his governorship slaves were finally emancipated and Boreman too provided some reparations for former slave owners. But Boreman wasn't supporter of Black civil right issues altough he gave some protection laws for blacks. He too supported reconstruction projects and tried attract people move to Virginia. During Boreman's governorship Virginia recovered from civil war faster than many other Southern States. Boreman became quiet popular governor.
In 1868 former general and commander of Union forces John Sedgwick picked Boreman as his running mate in presidential election. Boreman couldn't get Virginia to Republicans but elections proved that the party had strong foothold in the state. During Sedgwick's presidency Boreman supported fully Sedgwick's politics. In 1876 Sedgwick's presidency was reaching its end and Boreman announced his candidacy. It wasn't very easy when some major Republican politicians were suspicious with Southerner candidate so soon after civil war. Boreman anyway won his candidacy. Boreman too won in his home state Virginia and this was first time when any southern state went to Republican presidential candidate.
Boreman faced already during his first months in office serious challenge. In Spanish owned Cuba has been war several years and relationships between United States and Spain weren't good. In May 1877 war finally break out between the countries. American navy was pretty poor condition but finally United States got victory over Spain and got Cuba and Puerto Rico. Victory over Spain helped Boreman win 1880 election. On Boreman's second term there was much of speculation over gold reservers and it is estimated that these speculations led to Panic of 1883. Altough recession was short-lived, it was pretty severed and Boreman couldn't answer for the crisis.
After his presidency Boreman retired from politics and returned to Richmond where he later wrote his memoirs. Boreman died from heart attack in 1895.After Boreman were named Boreman (OTL Billings, MT), capital of state of Absaroka, Arthur I. Boreman High School in Richmond and Boreman Presidential Library. Boreman was critised that he didn't enough with Panic of 1883 but nowadays economists are in conclusion that there wasn't much to do anyway and Boreman did what he could. Nowadays Boreman is remembered as supporter of settling of the West and conqueror of Cuba and Puerto Rico.
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Profile: Samuel J. Randall
Samuel J. Randall (1828 - 1890)
Samuel J. Randall was born in 1828 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Unlike his father and paternal grandfather, Samuel J. Randall didn't go study law. Instead he went to business and then politics. In 1851 he married Fannie Agnes Ward and them had two daughters and one son. Firstly Randall was member of Whig Party but when it dissolved Samuel and many other his family members joined to Democarats. He stepped to Pennsylvanian politics in 1850's. Randall too served in Pennsylvanian militia in early days of civil war.
In 1862 Randall was elected to US House of Representatives from Pennsylvanian 1st Congressional District. When Randall took his place in Congress (In 1860's congressional term begun on December of next year) civil war was over and emancipation and reconstruction had begun. Randall took very anti-Lincolnian and anti-Republican politics. He systematically opposed almost every Lincoln's reform and his emancipation and reconstruction politics and stated that this is dangerous politics and will lead to "Republican tyranny". But despite that Randall disagreed in many issues with Republicans, he found some agreement with economy politics. In 1870's he opposed strongly purchase of Santo Domingo and was against American-Spanish War. After war he demanded that Cuba and Puerto Rico should be protectorates which would gain full independence in future. He didn't want any more ground for Republicans.
Randall was through 1860's and 1870's rising star of Democratic Party. In 1880 presidential election Randall was Democrat president candidate Thomas S. Bayard's running mate. But president Boreman won this election. In 1884 Democratic Party nominated Randall as candidate and he defeated his opponent James G. Blaine and so he was first Democrat in White House in 24 years. Randall was re-elected in 1888. Randall's presidency was quiet uneventful. On domestic issues he was very isolationist and didn't intervene to European issues. On economic side him had pretty same politics what had his Republican predecessors. Randall favored small government and he let states deal quiet freely with civil right issues and female suffrage. Randall's presidency was pretty much marked by some political scandals. Randall himself died suddenly from heart attack while him had lunch with his cabinet members in February 2, 1890 being third US president who died in office. Randall is buried to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Samuel J. Randall was born in 1828 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Unlike his father and paternal grandfather, Samuel J. Randall didn't go study law. Instead he went to business and then politics. In 1851 he married Fannie Agnes Ward and them had two daughters and one son. Firstly Randall was member of Whig Party but when it dissolved Samuel and many other his family members joined to Democarats. He stepped to Pennsylvanian politics in 1850's. Randall too served in Pennsylvanian militia in early days of civil war.
In 1862 Randall was elected to US House of Representatives from Pennsylvanian 1st Congressional District. When Randall took his place in Congress (In 1860's congressional term begun on December of next year) civil war was over and emancipation and reconstruction had begun. Randall took very anti-Lincolnian and anti-Republican politics. He systematically opposed almost every Lincoln's reform and his emancipation and reconstruction politics and stated that this is dangerous politics and will lead to "Republican tyranny". But despite that Randall disagreed in many issues with Republicans, he found some agreement with economy politics. In 1870's he opposed strongly purchase of Santo Domingo and was against American-Spanish War. After war he demanded that Cuba and Puerto Rico should be protectorates which would gain full independence in future. He didn't want any more ground for Republicans.
Randall was through 1860's and 1870's rising star of Democratic Party. In 1880 presidential election Randall was Democrat president candidate Thomas S. Bayard's running mate. But president Boreman won this election. In 1884 Democratic Party nominated Randall as candidate and he defeated his opponent James G. Blaine and so he was first Democrat in White House in 24 years. Randall was re-elected in 1888. Randall's presidency was quiet uneventful. On domestic issues he was very isolationist and didn't intervene to European issues. On economic side him had pretty same politics what had his Republican predecessors. Randall favored small government and he let states deal quiet freely with civil right issues and female suffrage. Randall's presidency was pretty much marked by some political scandals. Randall himself died suddenly from heart attack while him had lunch with his cabinet members in February 2, 1890 being third US president who died in office. Randall is buried to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Profile: Alexander I
Alexander I (1876-1947)
Alexander I in 1910
Alexander I in 1940
King Alexander I of Serbia was born on April 16, 1876 in Belgrade, Serbia. His father was Prince Milan of Serbia (1854-1900) and his mother was Princess Natalie of Serbia (1859-1944). Growing up, he was educated in the cities of Belgrade, Nis and Kragujevac by a series of private tutors and Serbian Orthodox religious teachers. As a child, Alexander led a mostly sheltered life, and was groomed to be heir to the Serbian throne. On September 30, 1894, the eighteen year-old Prince Alexander married Nikolina Lunjevica (1873-1950), a daughter of the Serbian administrative officer Panta Lunjevica (1840-1887). The couple had three children; Princess Katerina (1895-1984), Prince Milan (1897-1906) and Prince Paul (1901-1919). His first son Milan died of scarlett fever and his second son Paul died of a congenital heart defect.
On November 19, 1900, his father King Milan I of Serbia died suddenly at the age of 46. As a result, the 24 year-old Prince Alexander became King Alexander I of Serbia, and he would rule the Kingdom of Serbia for a total of forty-seven years, the longest reign of any modern Serbian monarch. Without a doubt, the proudest moments of his reign came during and after the Great War. On October 23, 1907, the Serbian government of King Alexander I and Prime Minister Nikola Pašić (1845-1928) declared war on the Ottoman Empire and thus entered the Great War. During the Great War, Serbia suffered greatly at the hands of the Imperial Entente, as Serbia was wedged between the larger and more powerful Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. At the Battle of Pristina, beginning on October 27, 1908, the Serbs lost about 38,000 men over the course of two days. The Serbian capital of Belgrade then came under siege by the Ottoman Turks in December, 1908. During the Siege of Belgrade, the city underwent serious damage, until Russian forces arrived to relieve the city in May, 1909. Thus, the Siege of Belgrade ended in a Serbian victory. By the end of the war in 1910, Serbia would emerge victorious with the rest of the Allied Powers. By the time that the ink was dry on the treaties of the Great War, including the Treaty of Copenhagen, which dealt with Austria and the Treaty of Bern, which dealt with Hungary, the territorial size of Serbia more than tripled. Serbia now encompassed parts of Vojvodina, including the important city of Novi Sad, the former Austrian region of Bosnia and Herzegovina and lands gained from the Ottoman Empire such as the Kosovo Vilayet and Macedonia. These new territories made Serbia the most populous nation in the Balkan Peninsula, as well as a new regional power in the Balkan Peninsula.
In the years after the Great War, during the 1910s and 1920s, King Alexander I strove to unify the Kingdom of Serbia by promoting a strong Serbian and Orthodox Christian identity upon the nation. This worked well with the majority Serb population, but the nation’s minority communities of Bosniaks, Albanians, Macedonians and Croats often suffered as a result of their discrimination and marginalization. Many from these ethnicities were segregated from ethnic Serbs in cities, were kept out of high level government and high paying jobs, were often prevented from joining the army and had their languages suppressed by the Serbian language in public life, government institutions and schools. As a result, many people from these groups emigrated overseas, especially to the United States, Canada, Latin America and Australia.
On August 28, 1920, King Alexander’s only surviving child Princess Katarina married Crown Prince Mirko of Montenegro, the future King Mirko I of Serbia and Montenegro (1879-1968), who was the eldest son of Nikola I of Montenegro (1841-1928). With that, Crown Prince Mirko of Montenegro became heir to the Serbian throne, preventing a possible succession crisis.
Throughout the 1920s, a series of population exchanges occurred between Serbia and Hungary. After anti-Magyar riots broke out in Novi Sad in October, 1923, King Alexander I decided to meet personally with King Francis II of Hungary in an effort to prevent any conflicts between their two nations. King Alexander I and King Francis II meet personally in Debrecen, Hungary in November, 1923. During their meeting, the two men got along quite well, and the solution of population exchanges was agreed upon by both monarchs. These population exchanges, often disorderly and violent, mostly ended by 1928. It was also during the 1920s and 1930s that tensions rose between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Croatia. During this time, a number of anti-Croat pogroms took place in Serbian Bosnia. These pogroms only ended after the Serbian army restored order and arrested the main instigators. A state of war almost broke out between Serbia and Croatia on a few occasions, but calmer heads prevailed and war was always averted, as King Alexander did not want to see any blood shed over what he saw as a pointless conflict. In June, 1930, King Alexander I met personally with the Habsburg King Tomislav II of Croatia (1872-1952) in the Croatian capital of Zagreb, and the two got along well enough. On July 1, 1930, it was agreed upon between the two monarchs that population exchanges would occur between Serbia and Croatia. These population exchanges, often disorderly and violent, largely ended by 1936. Most ethnic Croats in Serbian Bosnia and the rest of Serbia immigrated to Croatia or immigrated overseas, though many also decided to stay in Serbia.
In spite of these ethnic conflicts, throughout the almost five decade reign of King Alexander I, a lot of progress was made within the Kingdom of Serbia, with a growing economy, increasing trade with its neighbors, increasing industrialization, new public works programs, new roads and infrastructure, new education programs and one of the best electrification programs in Europe thanks to the inventor, electrical and mechanical engineer, physicist, futurist and later the Serbian Minister of Science Nikola Tesla (1856-1942).
On the night of December 28, 1947, King Alexander I died of an aneurysm in his bedroom at the Royal Palace in Belgrade at the age of 71. As he was dying, he was surrounded by numerous private doctors and nurses. His funeral, a massive mourning, was held in Belgrade on January 10, 1948. He was succeeded as King of Serbia by his son-in-law King Mirko of Montenegro, who became King Mirko of Serbia and Montenegro.
Alexander I in 1910
Alexander I in 1940
King Alexander I of Serbia was born on April 16, 1876 in Belgrade, Serbia. His father was Prince Milan of Serbia (1854-1900) and his mother was Princess Natalie of Serbia (1859-1944). Growing up, he was educated in the cities of Belgrade, Nis and Kragujevac by a series of private tutors and Serbian Orthodox religious teachers. As a child, Alexander led a mostly sheltered life, and was groomed to be heir to the Serbian throne. On September 30, 1894, the eighteen year-old Prince Alexander married Nikolina Lunjevica (1873-1950), a daughter of the Serbian administrative officer Panta Lunjevica (1840-1887). The couple had three children; Princess Katerina (1895-1984), Prince Milan (1897-1906) and Prince Paul (1901-1919). His first son Milan died of scarlett fever and his second son Paul died of a congenital heart defect.
On November 19, 1900, his father King Milan I of Serbia died suddenly at the age of 46. As a result, the 24 year-old Prince Alexander became King Alexander I of Serbia, and he would rule the Kingdom of Serbia for a total of forty-seven years, the longest reign of any modern Serbian monarch. Without a doubt, the proudest moments of his reign came during and after the Great War. On October 23, 1907, the Serbian government of King Alexander I and Prime Minister Nikola Pašić (1845-1928) declared war on the Ottoman Empire and thus entered the Great War. During the Great War, Serbia suffered greatly at the hands of the Imperial Entente, as Serbia was wedged between the larger and more powerful Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. At the Battle of Pristina, beginning on October 27, 1908, the Serbs lost about 38,000 men over the course of two days. The Serbian capital of Belgrade then came under siege by the Ottoman Turks in December, 1908. During the Siege of Belgrade, the city underwent serious damage, until Russian forces arrived to relieve the city in May, 1909. Thus, the Siege of Belgrade ended in a Serbian victory. By the end of the war in 1910, Serbia would emerge victorious with the rest of the Allied Powers. By the time that the ink was dry on the treaties of the Great War, including the Treaty of Copenhagen, which dealt with Austria and the Treaty of Bern, which dealt with Hungary, the territorial size of Serbia more than tripled. Serbia now encompassed parts of Vojvodina, including the important city of Novi Sad, the former Austrian region of Bosnia and Herzegovina and lands gained from the Ottoman Empire such as the Kosovo Vilayet and Macedonia. These new territories made Serbia the most populous nation in the Balkan Peninsula, as well as a new regional power in the Balkan Peninsula.
In the years after the Great War, during the 1910s and 1920s, King Alexander I strove to unify the Kingdom of Serbia by promoting a strong Serbian and Orthodox Christian identity upon the nation. This worked well with the majority Serb population, but the nation’s minority communities of Bosniaks, Albanians, Macedonians and Croats often suffered as a result of their discrimination and marginalization. Many from these ethnicities were segregated from ethnic Serbs in cities, were kept out of high level government and high paying jobs, were often prevented from joining the army and had their languages suppressed by the Serbian language in public life, government institutions and schools. As a result, many people from these groups emigrated overseas, especially to the United States, Canada, Latin America and Australia.
On August 28, 1920, King Alexander’s only surviving child Princess Katarina married Crown Prince Mirko of Montenegro, the future King Mirko I of Serbia and Montenegro (1879-1968), who was the eldest son of Nikola I of Montenegro (1841-1928). With that, Crown Prince Mirko of Montenegro became heir to the Serbian throne, preventing a possible succession crisis.
Throughout the 1920s, a series of population exchanges occurred between Serbia and Hungary. After anti-Magyar riots broke out in Novi Sad in October, 1923, King Alexander I decided to meet personally with King Francis II of Hungary in an effort to prevent any conflicts between their two nations. King Alexander I and King Francis II meet personally in Debrecen, Hungary in November, 1923. During their meeting, the two men got along quite well, and the solution of population exchanges was agreed upon by both monarchs. These population exchanges, often disorderly and violent, mostly ended by 1928. It was also during the 1920s and 1930s that tensions rose between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Croatia. During this time, a number of anti-Croat pogroms took place in Serbian Bosnia. These pogroms only ended after the Serbian army restored order and arrested the main instigators. A state of war almost broke out between Serbia and Croatia on a few occasions, but calmer heads prevailed and war was always averted, as King Alexander did not want to see any blood shed over what he saw as a pointless conflict. In June, 1930, King Alexander I met personally with the Habsburg King Tomislav II of Croatia (1872-1952) in the Croatian capital of Zagreb, and the two got along well enough. On July 1, 1930, it was agreed upon between the two monarchs that population exchanges would occur between Serbia and Croatia. These population exchanges, often disorderly and violent, largely ended by 1936. Most ethnic Croats in Serbian Bosnia and the rest of Serbia immigrated to Croatia or immigrated overseas, though many also decided to stay in Serbia.
In spite of these ethnic conflicts, throughout the almost five decade reign of King Alexander I, a lot of progress was made within the Kingdom of Serbia, with a growing economy, increasing trade with its neighbors, increasing industrialization, new public works programs, new roads and infrastructure, new education programs and one of the best electrification programs in Europe thanks to the inventor, electrical and mechanical engineer, physicist, futurist and later the Serbian Minister of Science Nikola Tesla (1856-1942).
On the night of December 28, 1947, King Alexander I died of an aneurysm in his bedroom at the Royal Palace in Belgrade at the age of 71. As he was dying, he was surrounded by numerous private doctors and nurses. His funeral, a massive mourning, was held in Belgrade on January 10, 1948. He was succeeded as King of Serbia by his son-in-law King Mirko of Montenegro, who became King Mirko of Serbia and Montenegro.
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Profile: Manuel II
Manuel II (1906-1972)
King Manuel II in 1960
King Manuel II and Queen Emilia in 1968
King Manuel II was born as Manuel of Braganza on August 21, 1906 in St. Anton, Austria, Austria-Hungary. He was the eldest son of Joseph Ferdinand of Braganza, the future King Ferdinand IV of Portugal (1883-1959) and Princess Isabella Maria of Bourbon-Parma, the future Queen Isabella Maria of Portugal (1886-1971). After the Great War broke out in 1907, his immediate family moved to Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. When Manuel was ten years-old in 1916, his family returned to their ancestral homeland of Portugal. When Manuel was not even thirteen years-old in 1919, his uncle became King Ferdinand III of Portugal (1882-1949), and he himself became Infante Manuel of Portugal. Throughout his formative years, both in Spain and in Portugal, he was raised by his parents and educated by numerous private teachers to have conservative views and was raised as a devout Roman Catholic, in spite of his father’s numerous extramarital affairs. Infante Manuel attended Balliol College, Oxford from 1924 to 1928. He was educated in religious studies, literature, philosophy, among other subjects. He returned to Portugal after the completion of his studies, and he soon divided his time between different palaces in Aveiro, Porto, Lisbon and Madeira Island.
On September 1, 1938, he married Emilie Chevalier (1916-1996), a Swiss heiress and socialite, at a Roman Catholic ceremony in Lausanne, Switzerland, and she would become the future Queen Emilia of Portugal. Since Ms. Chevalier was a commoner, any heirs that the couple would conceive would be ineligible to be an heir to the Portuguese throne. In spite of this, the couple had no children. Unlike his uncle, Infante Manuel/Manuel, Prince Royal/Manuel II was a faithful husband, and he was personally disgusted by his uncle’s affairs, although he could never go public about them, and he was sometimes paid by his uncle to keep quiet about these affairs. After the untimely death of King John VII (1907-1953), his father ascended to the throne as King Ferdinand IV of Portugal. As a result, Infante Manuel became the heir to the Portuguese throne as Manuel, Prince Royal.
King Ferdinand IV died of a pulmonary embolism on September 29, 1959. As a result, the 53 year-old Manuel, Prince Royal became King Manuel II of Portugal. His coronation, one of the largest in modern Portuguese history, took place in Lisbon on March 6, 1960. The reign of King Manuel II, which lasted for thirteen years, saw the continuation of much of his predecessor's conservative, traditionalist and often authoritarian policies. His reign also saw some minor communist and nationalist colonial insurgencies in Angola and Mozambique during the 1960s, a strengthening of diplomatic ties between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Spain, the death of the much-beloved Queen Mother Maria Josephina in 1960, the signing of a non-aggression pact with the Republic of Indonesia in 1970, the death of the much-beloved Queen Mother Isabella Maria in 1971 and a new series of nationalist insurgencies in the colonies of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea during the early 1970s.
In his private life, King Manuel II was a mostly private yet friendly and devoutly religious man. It should be noted that he was quite a social man and he very much enjoyed the company of others, especially his close friends, and he often enjoyed public functions, public religious rituals, festivals and holidays, but he hated intrusions into his public life by strangers and by both the domestic and foreign press. In spite of the fact that he had no children, he very much enjoyed children and he spent some time during his reign assisting and spending time with children in Catholic orphanages. He was also an art lover, an art collector, a lover of American and European movies and a fan of association football, and he personally funded a number of art museums, music conservatories, film studious, television stations and sports stadiums throughout Portugal and her colonies, albeit mostly in metropolitan Portugal.
King Manuel II died of bladder cancer in his bedroom in Belém Palace in Lisbon, Portugal on November 29, 1972. He was 66 years of age at the time of his death. His funeral was held in Lisbon on December 12, 1972. His younger brother Infante Manuel Nuno, Duke of Porto succeeded him as King of Portugal as King Manuel III (1908-1989).
King Manuel II in 1960
King Manuel II and Queen Emilia in 1968
King Manuel II was born as Manuel of Braganza on August 21, 1906 in St. Anton, Austria, Austria-Hungary. He was the eldest son of Joseph Ferdinand of Braganza, the future King Ferdinand IV of Portugal (1883-1959) and Princess Isabella Maria of Bourbon-Parma, the future Queen Isabella Maria of Portugal (1886-1971). After the Great War broke out in 1907, his immediate family moved to Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. When Manuel was ten years-old in 1916, his family returned to their ancestral homeland of Portugal. When Manuel was not even thirteen years-old in 1919, his uncle became King Ferdinand III of Portugal (1882-1949), and he himself became Infante Manuel of Portugal. Throughout his formative years, both in Spain and in Portugal, he was raised by his parents and educated by numerous private teachers to have conservative views and was raised as a devout Roman Catholic, in spite of his father’s numerous extramarital affairs. Infante Manuel attended Balliol College, Oxford from 1924 to 1928. He was educated in religious studies, literature, philosophy, among other subjects. He returned to Portugal after the completion of his studies, and he soon divided his time between different palaces in Aveiro, Porto, Lisbon and Madeira Island.
On September 1, 1938, he married Emilie Chevalier (1916-1996), a Swiss heiress and socialite, at a Roman Catholic ceremony in Lausanne, Switzerland, and she would become the future Queen Emilia of Portugal. Since Ms. Chevalier was a commoner, any heirs that the couple would conceive would be ineligible to be an heir to the Portuguese throne. In spite of this, the couple had no children. Unlike his uncle, Infante Manuel/Manuel, Prince Royal/Manuel II was a faithful husband, and he was personally disgusted by his uncle’s affairs, although he could never go public about them, and he was sometimes paid by his uncle to keep quiet about these affairs. After the untimely death of King John VII (1907-1953), his father ascended to the throne as King Ferdinand IV of Portugal. As a result, Infante Manuel became the heir to the Portuguese throne as Manuel, Prince Royal.
King Ferdinand IV died of a pulmonary embolism on September 29, 1959. As a result, the 53 year-old Manuel, Prince Royal became King Manuel II of Portugal. His coronation, one of the largest in modern Portuguese history, took place in Lisbon on March 6, 1960. The reign of King Manuel II, which lasted for thirteen years, saw the continuation of much of his predecessor's conservative, traditionalist and often authoritarian policies. His reign also saw some minor communist and nationalist colonial insurgencies in Angola and Mozambique during the 1960s, a strengthening of diplomatic ties between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Spain, the death of the much-beloved Queen Mother Maria Josephina in 1960, the signing of a non-aggression pact with the Republic of Indonesia in 1970, the death of the much-beloved Queen Mother Isabella Maria in 1971 and a new series of nationalist insurgencies in the colonies of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea during the early 1970s.
In his private life, King Manuel II was a mostly private yet friendly and devoutly religious man. It should be noted that he was quite a social man and he very much enjoyed the company of others, especially his close friends, and he often enjoyed public functions, public religious rituals, festivals and holidays, but he hated intrusions into his public life by strangers and by both the domestic and foreign press. In spite of the fact that he had no children, he very much enjoyed children and he spent some time during his reign assisting and spending time with children in Catholic orphanages. He was also an art lover, an art collector, a lover of American and European movies and a fan of association football, and he personally funded a number of art museums, music conservatories, film studious, television stations and sports stadiums throughout Portugal and her colonies, albeit mostly in metropolitan Portugal.
King Manuel II died of bladder cancer in his bedroom in Belém Palace in Lisbon, Portugal on November 29, 1972. He was 66 years of age at the time of his death. His funeral was held in Lisbon on December 12, 1972. His younger brother Infante Manuel Nuno, Duke of Porto succeeded him as King of Portugal as King Manuel III (1908-1989).
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Profile: David B. Hill
David B. Hill (1843 - 1910)
David B. Hill was able to avoid civil war. In 1860's he educated law in Harvard University. He entered to politics immediately after he had finished his studies as member of Democratic Party. He was elected as mayor of New York City in 1873 and he served in the office to 1877. He was pretty popular mayor. He balanced budget of the city and hired more polices. Crime rates were on its lowest level since end of the civil war.
In 1878 Hill was elected to US House of Representatives. In 1880 Hill was asked run as governor of New York but he refused stating that he is more intrested to be in Washington than in Albany. Already being as mayor of NYC he was very critical towards politics of Republican presidents John Sedgwick and Arthur I. Boreman. But he agreed with many things with Republican over economic issues.
In 1884 congressman Samuel J. Randall picked him as Randall's running mate. Randall won the election and Hill became first Democrat vice president in 24 years. Only at age of 41 years him became too one of youngest vice presidents of United States. Hill supported Randall's politics loyally. Hill even got nickname "Randall's Poodle". In Republican-owned magazines was even antic where Randall is walking poodle whom has Hill's head.
In 1890 Randall suffered fatal heart attack and so David B. Hill became 20th president of the United States only at age of 46 being youngest US president by then. During Hil's presidency economy boosted which is later called as Roaring 90's. Hill's presidency was pretty uneventful. During his presidency Utah was admitted to the Union, United States annexed Kingdom of Hawaii and begun construction of Nicaraguan Canal. Hill was pretty popular president thanks of rising economy and keeping the country outside of conflicts. Hill could had easily to win 1896 election but he surprisingly refused. After his presidency Hill returned to New York City where he acted as law advisor of local politicians rest of his life. But he too commented much of politics. He critised strongly Robert Todd Lincoln's decision running third term and Hill even proposed amendment for term limitations. During the Great War Hill supported capturing of French colonies in Americas but opposed sending troops to Europe. Hill died only three months before end of the war from kidney failure in New York City.
Nowadays Hill is mostly quiet forgotten president. Historians see him being quiet mediocre president. While he helped secure position of United States and made some economic reforms, he too ignored several problems on economy which eventually led to recession during Custer's presidency. Hill was too critised that he mostly ignored rising of French Empire.
David B. Hill was able to avoid civil war. In 1860's he educated law in Harvard University. He entered to politics immediately after he had finished his studies as member of Democratic Party. He was elected as mayor of New York City in 1873 and he served in the office to 1877. He was pretty popular mayor. He balanced budget of the city and hired more polices. Crime rates were on its lowest level since end of the civil war.
In 1878 Hill was elected to US House of Representatives. In 1880 Hill was asked run as governor of New York but he refused stating that he is more intrested to be in Washington than in Albany. Already being as mayor of NYC he was very critical towards politics of Republican presidents John Sedgwick and Arthur I. Boreman. But he agreed with many things with Republican over economic issues.
In 1884 congressman Samuel J. Randall picked him as Randall's running mate. Randall won the election and Hill became first Democrat vice president in 24 years. Only at age of 41 years him became too one of youngest vice presidents of United States. Hill supported Randall's politics loyally. Hill even got nickname "Randall's Poodle". In Republican-owned magazines was even antic where Randall is walking poodle whom has Hill's head.
In 1890 Randall suffered fatal heart attack and so David B. Hill became 20th president of the United States only at age of 46 being youngest US president by then. During Hil's presidency economy boosted which is later called as Roaring 90's. Hill's presidency was pretty uneventful. During his presidency Utah was admitted to the Union, United States annexed Kingdom of Hawaii and begun construction of Nicaraguan Canal. Hill was pretty popular president thanks of rising economy and keeping the country outside of conflicts. Hill could had easily to win 1896 election but he surprisingly refused. After his presidency Hill returned to New York City where he acted as law advisor of local politicians rest of his life. But he too commented much of politics. He critised strongly Robert Todd Lincoln's decision running third term and Hill even proposed amendment for term limitations. During the Great War Hill supported capturing of French colonies in Americas but opposed sending troops to Europe. Hill died only three months before end of the war from kidney failure in New York City.
Nowadays Hill is mostly quiet forgotten president. Historians see him being quiet mediocre president. While he helped secure position of United States and made some economic reforms, he too ignored several problems on economy which eventually led to recession during Custer's presidency. Hill was too critised that he mostly ignored rising of French Empire.
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Abraham Lincoln
Albert I of Belgium
Alexander I of Serbia
Alfred Dreyfus
Alfred von Tirpitz
Arthur Conan Doyle
Arthur I. Boreman
Arvind Verma
Benjamin Harrison
Booker T. Washington and Robert Ford
Brancaleone Lucchesi
Carlos I of Portugal
Carlos VII
Carlos Manuel de Cespedes del Castillo
Celso Serrano
Charles George Gordon
David B. Hill
Edwin Anderson
Elbio Paz Armenta
Emmett Scott Drager
Emperor Norton I
Ferdinand III of Portugal
Francis II of Hungary
Friedrich IV of Germany
Friedrich Nietzche
Gabriel Hanotaux
George V of United Kingdom
George Armstrong Custer and Josefina Guzman
Geronimo
Grover Cleveland, Giovanni Giolitti, and John J. Pershing
Harriet Memminger
Harriet Tubman
Harshad Nanda
Hassan ibn Hussein
Heng Jiang
Henry Morgenthau Sr.
Hussein ibn Ali
Isabel I
Jefferson Davis
John VII
John Sedgwick and Samantha Greenburg
Jonathan Bedford
Jonathan Wamsley
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain
Juan III and Jaime III
Jurcek Krulik
Kendrick Arneson
Kings of Mesopotamia
L. Frank Baum and Michaela Harris
Leonardo Márquez
Leonard Wood & Nelson R. Doner
Leopold III of Belgium
Leopold III of Hungary
Louis Brandeis
Lucia I
Luis II
Manuel III
Maximo Gómez
Milos I
Mirko I
Napoleon IV
Nicholas II of Russia
Nikola Tesla
Otto von Bismarck and John Wilkes Booth
Paul von Hindenburg and Samuel Tilden
Porfirio Díaz
Robert Gould Shaw
Robert Lincoln Wilcox
Robert Todd Lincoln
Robi Vencel Ignacz
Rutherford B. Hayes and Sitting Bull
Ryota Hayashi
Samuel J. Randall
Sarah Caron
Sean O'Grady
Shane Bayard
Sharma Preeti
Sidney Hoskins
Slamet Wahyu
Susan B. Anthony
Theodore Roosevelt
Two First Kings of Modern Day Norway
Vicente Saturnino
Victor I of United Kingdom
Wilhelm II of Germany
William Howard Taft
William Jennings Bryan
William McKinley
William S. Lincoln
Woodrow Wilson
Zhou Dewei
Albert I of Belgium
Alexander I of Serbia
Alfred Dreyfus
Alfred von Tirpitz
Arthur Conan Doyle
Arthur I. Boreman
Arvind Verma
Benjamin Harrison
Booker T. Washington and Robert Ford
Brancaleone Lucchesi
Carlos I of Portugal
Carlos VII
Carlos Manuel de Cespedes del Castillo
Celso Serrano
Charles George Gordon
David B. Hill
Edwin Anderson
Elbio Paz Armenta
Emmett Scott Drager
Emperor Norton I
Ferdinand III of Portugal
Francis II of Hungary
Friedrich IV of Germany
Friedrich Nietzche
Gabriel Hanotaux
George V of United Kingdom
George Armstrong Custer and Josefina Guzman
Geronimo
Grover Cleveland, Giovanni Giolitti, and John J. Pershing
Harriet Memminger
Harriet Tubman
Harshad Nanda
Hassan ibn Hussein
Heng Jiang
Henry Morgenthau Sr.
Hussein ibn Ali
Isabel I
Jefferson Davis
John VII
John Sedgwick and Samantha Greenburg
Jonathan Bedford
Jonathan Wamsley
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain
Juan III and Jaime III
Jurcek Krulik
Kendrick Arneson
Kings of Mesopotamia
L. Frank Baum and Michaela Harris
Leonardo Márquez
Leonard Wood & Nelson R. Doner
Leopold III of Belgium
Leopold III of Hungary
Louis Brandeis
Lucia I
Luis II
Manuel III
Maximo Gómez
Milos I
Mirko I
Napoleon IV
Nicholas II of Russia
Nikola Tesla
Otto von Bismarck and John Wilkes Booth
Paul von Hindenburg and Samuel Tilden
Porfirio Díaz
Robert Gould Shaw
Robert Lincoln Wilcox
Robert Todd Lincoln
Robi Vencel Ignacz
Rutherford B. Hayes and Sitting Bull
Ryota Hayashi
Samuel J. Randall
Sarah Caron
Sean O'Grady
Shane Bayard
Sharma Preeti
Sidney Hoskins
Slamet Wahyu
Susan B. Anthony
Theodore Roosevelt
Two First Kings of Modern Day Norway
Vicente Saturnino
Victor I of United Kingdom
Wilhelm II of Germany
William Howard Taft
William Jennings Bryan
William McKinley
William S. Lincoln
Woodrow Wilson
Zhou Dewei
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Good update, Zoidberg! 
As a Royal Prince, he would be living in palaces.
There's a typo here, it should be Frente para a Democracia.
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Profile: Isabel I
Isabel I (1846 - 1921)
Isabel I was oldest daughter and heir of emperor of Brazil Pedro II (1825 - 1894). After deaths of her brothers Isabel became heir apparent and she got title princess imperial of Brazil. Deaths of his sons affected to emperor Pedro II greatly. He felt great personal sorrow and eventually lost his faith to future of Brazilian monarchy. Pedro II didn't believe that woman could rule very patriarchal Brazil. Pedro II anyway decided educate his daughter and future ruler of the nation. But education didn't went very well. Pedro II didn't teach for future empress how to rule. So Isabel was totally unprepared to high office. But despite that the emperor didn't care about education of his daughter, he anyway loved her. On 1870's princess Isabel participated to politics. She helped to push gradual abolishment of slavery forward and it was finally abolished in 1887.
In 1864 Isabel married French nobleman count of Eu Gaston of Orléans (1842 - 1922). It lasted anyway pretty long before Isabel became pregnant, which just increased the emperor's hopeless for future of Brazilian monarchy. Isabel was pregnant in 1871 and 1873 but both of them ended to miscarriages. Finally in 1876 she gave health baby boy Alfonso (1876 - 1961) and in 1879 another boy, Pedro (1879 - 1962).
In 1894 Pedro II died from stroke and so Isabel I ascended to imperial throne. Brazil had formed close relationships with Empire of France since 1880's but Brazil was already on 1890's pretty divided between pro-American (mostly republicans) and pro-Frrench (mostly monarchists) factions. The empress had just balance between these groups. When Great War breakout on 1907 Isabel I decided keep country neutral altough it continued trading raw materials and agricultural products to France. This frustrated greatly pro-American and republican faction and damaged relationships with United States and United Kingdom. Prussia too didn't like about contiuing trade. Pro-French faction was annoyed that empress was unwillingful mobilise army and join to the war. Isabel just stated that she doesn't want send young men to their deaths. Pressure to making decision just increased when United States joined to the war in 1909. United States demanded that Brazil should end all trade with France and France demanded that Brazil should declare war to United States. Soon Brazilian trade begun to be on deep problems and its relationships with United States worsened. But the empress was unable make clear decision. Finally on August 4, 1909 in Rio de Janeiro happened military coup and imperial family was enforced flee from the country. Imperial family too lost their citizenship and all their property.
Deposed empress Isabel I and her family moved to Lisbon, Portugal where they got asylum from Isabel's distant cousin king Carlos I (1863 - 1916). Former empress spent rest of her life in small mansion nearby of town of Estoril. There she died in 1921. As new claimant for Brazilian imperial throne became her older son Alfonso. During next decades it has widely discussed reasons of the coup and fall of monarchy. In modern day historians are in conclusion that reason was pretty much on Pedro II's shoulders. He didn't educated his daughter and heir well enough for future challenges so empress Isabel was totally unprepared take the nation under her leadership. But partially reason lies too on Isabel herself. Historians believe that she was too idealistic and didn't think that her politics might has some consueqences. In 1996 government of Brazil restored citizenship for Isabel's descendants but they didn't get their property and titles back. Her remnants were too interned to imperial crypt in Rio de Janeiro In Brazil is small monarchist group but support for this is very low. Polls made in 2015 shows only 3 - 5 percent support for restoration of monarchy.
Isabel I was oldest daughter and heir of emperor of Brazil Pedro II (1825 - 1894). After deaths of her brothers Isabel became heir apparent and she got title princess imperial of Brazil. Deaths of his sons affected to emperor Pedro II greatly. He felt great personal sorrow and eventually lost his faith to future of Brazilian monarchy. Pedro II didn't believe that woman could rule very patriarchal Brazil. Pedro II anyway decided educate his daughter and future ruler of the nation. But education didn't went very well. Pedro II didn't teach for future empress how to rule. So Isabel was totally unprepared to high office. But despite that the emperor didn't care about education of his daughter, he anyway loved her. On 1870's princess Isabel participated to politics. She helped to push gradual abolishment of slavery forward and it was finally abolished in 1887.
In 1864 Isabel married French nobleman count of Eu Gaston of Orléans (1842 - 1922). It lasted anyway pretty long before Isabel became pregnant, which just increased the emperor's hopeless for future of Brazilian monarchy. Isabel was pregnant in 1871 and 1873 but both of them ended to miscarriages. Finally in 1876 she gave health baby boy Alfonso (1876 - 1961) and in 1879 another boy, Pedro (1879 - 1962).
In 1894 Pedro II died from stroke and so Isabel I ascended to imperial throne. Brazil had formed close relationships with Empire of France since 1880's but Brazil was already on 1890's pretty divided between pro-American (mostly republicans) and pro-Frrench (mostly monarchists) factions. The empress had just balance between these groups. When Great War breakout on 1907 Isabel I decided keep country neutral altough it continued trading raw materials and agricultural products to France. This frustrated greatly pro-American and republican faction and damaged relationships with United States and United Kingdom. Prussia too didn't like about contiuing trade. Pro-French faction was annoyed that empress was unwillingful mobilise army and join to the war. Isabel just stated that she doesn't want send young men to their deaths. Pressure to making decision just increased when United States joined to the war in 1909. United States demanded that Brazil should end all trade with France and France demanded that Brazil should declare war to United States. Soon Brazilian trade begun to be on deep problems and its relationships with United States worsened. But the empress was unable make clear decision. Finally on August 4, 1909 in Rio de Janeiro happened military coup and imperial family was enforced flee from the country. Imperial family too lost their citizenship and all their property.
Deposed empress Isabel I and her family moved to Lisbon, Portugal where they got asylum from Isabel's distant cousin king Carlos I (1863 - 1916). Former empress spent rest of her life in small mansion nearby of town of Estoril. There she died in 1921. As new claimant for Brazilian imperial throne became her older son Alfonso. During next decades it has widely discussed reasons of the coup and fall of monarchy. In modern day historians are in conclusion that reason was pretty much on Pedro II's shoulders. He didn't educated his daughter and heir well enough for future challenges so empress Isabel was totally unprepared take the nation under her leadership. But partially reason lies too on Isabel herself. Historians believe that she was too idealistic and didn't think that her politics might has some consueqences. In 1996 government of Brazil restored citizenship for Isabel's descendants but they didn't get their property and titles back. Her remnants were too interned to imperial crypt in Rio de Janeiro In Brazil is small monarchist group but support for this is very low. Polls made in 2015 shows only 3 - 5 percent support for restoration of monarchy.
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I'm working on some more bios. In the meantime, heres an updated list of the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States of America.
List of Presidents of the United States of America
1. George Washington (Independent) (1789-1797)
2. John Adams (Federalist) (1797-1801)
3. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) (1801-1809)
4. James Madison (Democratic-Republican) (1809-1817)
5. James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) (1817-1825)
6. John Quincy Adams (Democratic-Republican) (1825-1829)
7. Andrew Jackson (Democratic) (1829-1837)
8. Martin Van Buren (Democratic) (1837-1841)
9. William Henry Harrison (Whig) (1841) †
10. John Tyler (Whig) (1841-1845)
11. James K. Polk (Democratic) (1845-1849)
12. Zachary Taylor (Whig) (1849-1850) †
13. Millard Fillmore (Whig) (1850-1853)
14. Franklin Peirce (Democratic) (1853-1857)
15. James Buchanan (Democratic) (1857-1861)
16. Abraham Lincoln (Republican) (1861-1869)
17. John Sedgwick (Republican) (1869-1877)
18. Arthur I. Boreman (Republican) (1877-1885)
19. Samuel J. Randal (Democratic) (1885-1890) †
20. David B. Hill (Democratic) (1890-1897)
21. George Armstrong Custer (Democratic) (1897-1901)
22. Robert Todd Lincoln (Republican) (1901-1913)
23. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) (1913-1921)
24. Leonard Wood (Republican) (1921)††
25. Nelson R. Doner (Republican) (1921-1925)
26. Harold K. Abercrombie (Democratic) (1925-1933)
27. Zachary T. McKinnis (Democratic) (1933-1937)
28. Daniel E. Warburton (Republican) (1937-1941)
29. Vernon M. Kirkman (Democratic) (1941-1949)
30. Leroy R. Connor (Republican) (1949-1957)
31. Richard C. Anderson (Democratic) (1957-1965)
32. Malcolm Francis “Frank” MacArthur (Republican) (1965-70) ††
33. Sterling Gavin (Republican) (1970-1977)
34. Margaret L. Stewart (Democratic) (1977-1985)
35. Andrew Peatross (Democratic) (1985-1989)
36. Abraham Lincoln IV (Republican) (1989-1997)
37. Franklin M. Blanton (Republican) (1997-2001)
38. Elias W. Zaal (Democratic) (2001-2005)
39. Peter G. Rowland (Republican) (2005-2017)
40. Carla Navarro (Democratic) (2017- )
† = Died in Office
†† = Assassinated
List of Vice-Presidents of the United States of America
1. John Adams (Federalist) (1789-1797)
2. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) (1797-1801)
3. Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republican) (1801-1805)
4. George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) (1805-1812) †
Vacancy by death (1812-1813)
5. Elbridge Gerry (Democratic-Republican) (1813-1814) †
Vacancy by death (1814-1817)
6. Daniel T. Tompkins (Democratic-Republican) (1817-1825)
7. John C. Calhoun (Democratic-Republican) (1825-1829) (Democratic) (1829-1832)*
Vacancy by resignation (1832-1833)
8. Martin Van Buren (Democratic) (1833-1837)
9. Richard Mentor Johnson (Democratic) (1837-1841)
10. John Tyler (Whig) (1841)
Vacancy by ascension (1841-1845)
11. George M. Dallas (Democratic) (1845-1849)
Vacancy by ascension (1841-1845)
12. Millard Fillmore (Whig) (1849-1850)
Vacancy by ascension (1849-1853)
13. William R. King (Democratic) (1853-1857) †
Vacancy by death (1853-1857)
14. John C. Breckenridge (Democratic) (1857-1861)
15. Hannibal Hamlin (Republican) (1861-1869)
16. Arthur I. Boreman (Republican) (1869-1877)
17. James G. Blaine (Republican) (1877-1885)
18. David B. Hill (Democratic) (1885-1891) Hudson
Vacancy by ascension (1891-1893)
19. John M. Palmer (Democratic) (1893-1897)
20. Horace Boise (Democratic) (1897-1901)
21. Nathan Goff Jr. (Republican) (1901-1909)
22. Andrew Johnson Jr. (Republican) (1909-1913)
23. Jacob R. Alexander (Republican) (1913-1921)
24. Nelson R. Doner (Republican) (1921)
Vacancy by ascension (1921-1925)
25. Brendan Theol (Republican) (1921-1925)
26. Kenneth P. Bergstrom (Democratic) (1925-1933)
27. Edgar D. Glover (Democratic) (1933-1937)
28. Travis B. Wingfield (Republican) (1937-1941)
29. Timothy G. Buchholz (Democratic) (1941-1949)
30. Luther T. Vanderbelt (Republican) (1949-1957)
31. Bryon Howley (Democratic) (1957-1965)
32. Sterling Gavin (Republican) (1965-1970)
Vacancy by ascension (1970-1973)
33. Waylon U. Schubert (Republican) (1973-1977)
34. Hudson Accardo (Democratic) (1977-1985)
35. Chris Groce (Democratic) (1985-1989)
36. Palmer Lockwood (Reoublican) (1989-1995)*
Vacancy by resignation (1995)
37. Franklin M. Blanton (Republican) (1995-2001)
38. Lenny Rutledge (Republican) (1997-2001)
39. Bridget Torres (Democratic) (2001-2005)
40. Rufus Carmichael (Republican) (2005-2017)
41. Bill Kuklinski (Democratic) (2017- )
† = Died in Office
* = Resigned
List of Presidents of the United States of America
1. George Washington (Independent) (1789-1797)
2. John Adams (Federalist) (1797-1801)
3. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) (1801-1809)
4. James Madison (Democratic-Republican) (1809-1817)
5. James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) (1817-1825)
6. John Quincy Adams (Democratic-Republican) (1825-1829)
7. Andrew Jackson (Democratic) (1829-1837)
8. Martin Van Buren (Democratic) (1837-1841)
9. William Henry Harrison (Whig) (1841) †
10. John Tyler (Whig) (1841-1845)
11. James K. Polk (Democratic) (1845-1849)
12. Zachary Taylor (Whig) (1849-1850) †
13. Millard Fillmore (Whig) (1850-1853)
14. Franklin Peirce (Democratic) (1853-1857)
15. James Buchanan (Democratic) (1857-1861)
16. Abraham Lincoln (Republican) (1861-1869)
17. John Sedgwick (Republican) (1869-1877)
18. Arthur I. Boreman (Republican) (1877-1885)
19. Samuel J. Randal (Democratic) (1885-1890) †
20. David B. Hill (Democratic) (1890-1897)
21. George Armstrong Custer (Democratic) (1897-1901)
22. Robert Todd Lincoln (Republican) (1901-1913)
23. Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) (1913-1921)
24. Leonard Wood (Republican) (1921)††
25. Nelson R. Doner (Republican) (1921-1925)
26. Harold K. Abercrombie (Democratic) (1925-1933)
27. Zachary T. McKinnis (Democratic) (1933-1937)
28. Daniel E. Warburton (Republican) (1937-1941)
29. Vernon M. Kirkman (Democratic) (1941-1949)
30. Leroy R. Connor (Republican) (1949-1957)
31. Richard C. Anderson (Democratic) (1957-1965)
32. Malcolm Francis “Frank” MacArthur (Republican) (1965-70) ††
33. Sterling Gavin (Republican) (1970-1977)
34. Margaret L. Stewart (Democratic) (1977-1985)
35. Andrew Peatross (Democratic) (1985-1989)
36. Abraham Lincoln IV (Republican) (1989-1997)
37. Franklin M. Blanton (Republican) (1997-2001)
38. Elias W. Zaal (Democratic) (2001-2005)
39. Peter G. Rowland (Republican) (2005-2017)
40. Carla Navarro (Democratic) (2017- )
† = Died in Office
†† = Assassinated
List of Vice-Presidents of the United States of America
1. John Adams (Federalist) (1789-1797)
2. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) (1797-1801)
3. Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republican) (1801-1805)
4. George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) (1805-1812) †
Vacancy by death (1812-1813)
5. Elbridge Gerry (Democratic-Republican) (1813-1814) †
Vacancy by death (1814-1817)
6. Daniel T. Tompkins (Democratic-Republican) (1817-1825)
7. John C. Calhoun (Democratic-Republican) (1825-1829) (Democratic) (1829-1832)*
Vacancy by resignation (1832-1833)
8. Martin Van Buren (Democratic) (1833-1837)
9. Richard Mentor Johnson (Democratic) (1837-1841)
10. John Tyler (Whig) (1841)
Vacancy by ascension (1841-1845)
11. George M. Dallas (Democratic) (1845-1849)
Vacancy by ascension (1841-1845)
12. Millard Fillmore (Whig) (1849-1850)
Vacancy by ascension (1849-1853)
13. William R. King (Democratic) (1853-1857) †
Vacancy by death (1853-1857)
14. John C. Breckenridge (Democratic) (1857-1861)
15. Hannibal Hamlin (Republican) (1861-1869)
16. Arthur I. Boreman (Republican) (1869-1877)
17. James G. Blaine (Republican) (1877-1885)
18. David B. Hill (Democratic) (1885-1891) Hudson
Vacancy by ascension (1891-1893)
19. John M. Palmer (Democratic) (1893-1897)
20. Horace Boise (Democratic) (1897-1901)
21. Nathan Goff Jr. (Republican) (1901-1909)
22. Andrew Johnson Jr. (Republican) (1909-1913)
23. Jacob R. Alexander (Republican) (1913-1921)
24. Nelson R. Doner (Republican) (1921)
Vacancy by ascension (1921-1925)
25. Brendan Theol (Republican) (1921-1925)
26. Kenneth P. Bergstrom (Democratic) (1925-1933)
27. Edgar D. Glover (Democratic) (1933-1937)
28. Travis B. Wingfield (Republican) (1937-1941)
29. Timothy G. Buchholz (Democratic) (1941-1949)
30. Luther T. Vanderbelt (Republican) (1949-1957)
31. Bryon Howley (Democratic) (1957-1965)
32. Sterling Gavin (Republican) (1965-1970)
Vacancy by ascension (1970-1973)
33. Waylon U. Schubert (Republican) (1973-1977)
34. Hudson Accardo (Democratic) (1977-1985)
35. Chris Groce (Democratic) (1985-1989)
36. Palmer Lockwood (Reoublican) (1989-1995)*
Vacancy by resignation (1995)
37. Franklin M. Blanton (Republican) (1995-2001)
38. Lenny Rutledge (Republican) (1997-2001)
39. Bridget Torres (Democratic) (2001-2005)
40. Rufus Carmichael (Republican) (2005-2017)
41. Bill Kuklinski (Democratic) (2017- )
† = Died in Office
* = Resigned
You honestly I think they would had an amendment ITL that would had cleared up what happens when the president dies and how to fill the VPOTUS job for any number of reasons.