France Fights On (English Translation) - Thread II - To the continent!

28/05/44 - Asia & Pacific
May 28th, 1944

Malaya Campaign
Operation Stoker
Dumai
- For operational maintenance reasons, but also in order not to let the Japanese draw conclusions about the periodicity of the raids, the Liberators attack before the Mitchells. No Japanese aircraft patrol over the harbour. The flak does well, however: one B-24 is shot down and two others are damaged. Major Glenn and his wingman escort the casualties home. In the Japanese camp, the alert was given and a patrol comes across the quartet at Medan. Fortunately, the P-38s are on the lookout and the four Oscars are only allowed one shot, which is unsuccessful. Glenn and his wingman are each credited with a victory (the 8th for the major, who did not hide his pleasure when he got off the plane). The B-24 gunners manage to damage another Ki-43 and the fourth one did not ask for more...

Naval blockade
Borneo
- The HMS Truculent had been patrolling for three days south of the Makassar Strait when the lookout reported smoke on the horizon. The commander orders the ship to dive and maneuver to position herself on the contact route. At the periscope dive, the tanker Tonan Maru n°2 is identified, as well as its escort, an Otori class submarine hunter. The submarine launches two torpedoes, one of which hits the tanker, which stubbornly remains afloat. The escort reactsimmediately, assisted by an H6K which arrived as a reinforcement, and the Truculent had no choice but to flee under the pressure.
However, the British submarine was lucky: it broke contact to the north and thus stayed in the path of the tanker, which is now moving at reduced speed, leaving a huge trail of crude oil in its wake. By nightfall, the Truculent was once again in a perfect position. The only torpedo she launches is on target and finishes off the Tonan Maru, which is consumed by fire.

Indochina Campaign
Battle of the RC-4
Hill 477, southeast of Cao-Bang
- The battle between the Murasaki column and the 1st REP has been raging for three days. The legionnaires are supported by their Vietminh allies of the TD 88 and 174 (the latter, deployed as far as That Khe, really only engaged one company, which had already participated in the battle of Coc Xa).
The 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment mixed, like any other Legion unit, men of all origins. Colonel Bergé already commanded them in Limnos. They were already veterans when they were parachuted into the Epervier base besieged by the Japanese. Since then, the battle of Dien-Bien-Phu has further strengthened the cohesion and competence of the unit.
Opposite, a single battalion of second-rate troops, normally assigned to patrol and defend the support points of the RC-4. Unable to advance, blocked in the Quang Liet valley by the legionnaires entrenched on hill 477, the Tennô soldiers fight one against four. Another useless battle, with no hope of victory but no idea of retreat.
Yet the relentlessness of both sides is typical of this terrible conflict. The greatest courage rubs shoulders with the most blind fanaticism. Although Westerners do not understand it, this is a religious war. Like the crusaders dying under the walls of Jerusalem, the Japanese are climbing to heaven, praying for the living god who has led them on this path of tears and blood. Banzai, Ten thousand years of life for the emperor!
Faith can warm hearts, heal the wounds of the soul, give meaning to a life that has no meaning. Faith makes it possible to endure the absurdity of the world and to find meaning when reason has given up. However, between sincere faith and blind sectarianism, the distance does not reach the thickness of a sheet of cigarette paper. Religion can turn humans into intelligent weapons ready to do anything to get to heaven by trampling the bodies of their victims.
Erik Bergström is Swedish. This tall, blond man could not have been born further from this conflict. A professional soldier for the Kingdom of Sweden, his desire not to remain neutral in the conflict that was engulfing Europe led him strangely to distance himself from it. But this is not the time for philosophy or footnote comparisons on religion and fate. The powder talks around the legionnaire, a perfect look-alike of the one who was on the cover of Édith Piaf's record. He has to advance, cross the death zone where mortar shells rip the ground open, while a hellish machine-gun fire is unleashed from all sides. The objective: a small eminence where a bunker of logs has been built by the Japanese.
A shout of victory greets Private Bergström as he reaches the summit. He discovers a cleared position: the 75 mm guns of the 4th RAC had again demonstrated their qualities. The partially buried bodies of the Japanese are strewn about the ground, the trenches are filled in, the machine gun nests are still smoking. Only the casemate is still standing. Around it, the corpses are no less numerous, but many of them are wearing the uniforms provided to their allies by Uncle Sam. Among the survivors, if some shout for joy, others call the stretcher bearers for help.
Lieutenant Simonov relaunches his men to the assault of the next hillock. Erik is grateful to him, the cries of a young man who is writhing on the ground, his hands on the mush that had been his face, threaten to make him throw up his breakfast.
The next mound is lower. The Japs (American abbreviation adopted by the French) had only time to dig a hole surrounded by a barricade of sandbags. The artillery passed through there too. The vision of smoke columns, craters and broken trees reassures the young Swede. It's going to be less hard... Isn't it going to be less hard?
Disappointed hope.
A handful of screaming Japanese emerge from the groves spared by the cannonade. This parody of a charge has something surreal about it. The soldiers stumble, exhausted by the fighting and the lack of sleep. They could not even slow down the legionnaires. When they reach the top, they stop...
The only gunshots come from the fighting around them. The position is abandoned. No fanatical defenders refusing to surrender, just the corpses of those who died in the bombardment. With a delay, the legionnaires understand that their enemies have preferred a quick death... they too are at the end of their tether.
Simonov gives his orders. We must not relax. The Japanese will inevitably counter-attack to retake the position. We clear the corpses and slip into the fortified hole. The rifles naturally find their place on the sandbags. We wait.
One hour... A first group of Japanese arrives. Disheveled, naked, often armed with a simple bayonet. They come to throw themselves into the line of fire of the BAR like a moth blinded by the light of a candle comes to burn. Two more attacks follow. The French suffer only minor losses. They are still well supplied with ammunition and weapons, fairly well entrenched and above all... there are more of them. The "counter-attacks" are made by a few handfuls of fighters at the end of everything. So Simonov gives new orders.
- Try to shoot to wound. We need prisoners.
They have already been warned. But the most difficult thing is to bring back the neutralized enemies... if they are not neutralized enough, they can still strike! Several wounded were killed in self-defense and two legionnaires were killed. Yet, anger does not rise. Rather, the sight of a Japanese man wounded in the leg and unable to get up speaking in a pleading tone makes the legionnaires uncomfortable. He holds a bayonet in his hand. If we approach him, he brandishes it. What does he ask? The legionnaires look at each other, helpless.
But the wounded man is quickly forgotten when a new wave of assault, as exhausted and short of ammunition as the previous one, comes to immolate itself on the position. In the middle of the bursts, the abandoned wounded man begins to shout the same words again, in a litany now charged with hope. Two of his comrades approach him. They understand and pierce him with their bayonets. The legionnaires understand and think that the man was asking to be finished.
Simonov looks at the hillside littered with bodies. His eyes glisten and he shudders as he listens to the moans.
- Finish off the survivors.
This order would be horrible anywhere else. But here it is motivated by pity. These enemies consider that there is a worse fate than death.
Erik Bergström goes down with the other men to bring the peace to which the Japanese aspire. How to judge the other? How to judge his way? Today, however, Erik has an answer. Fanaticism has never built, saved or protected anything. Their only achievements are on this absurd battlefield where even the victors cry. Faced with them, there is no other choice but war.
They say it takes two to fight a war. This is not true. The empire of Japan and Nazi Germany just extended to the outside world a war they had started against themselves.

The Sino-Japanese War
Operation Ichi-Go
Pearl River Valley (Togo-2)
- Fighting continues in Shenzhen. The Chinese fight foot to foot, but are forced to give up ground. A raid by nine Ki-51s and three Ki-43s, although hampered by the late intervention of six Chinese P-40s that shot down a "Sonia" and an "Oscar" at the cost of one of their own, further disrupt the 52nd Army's defenses.

South West Pacific Campaign
Biak and Noemfoor
Biak
– The Americans take a break before attacking the Japanese positions the next day.
………
Noemfoor - It's the start of the final assault! To the south, the Australians manage to overwhelm the Japanese at Menoekwari, pushing them back to Wansra, where a pocket of a hundred irreducible clings. The rest of the division pushes north and Mandori, hoping to surround the rest of the opponents.
 
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29/05/44 - Asia & Pacific
May 29th, 1944

Malaya Campaign
Operation Stoker
Banda Aceh
- While the Mitchells based at Car Nicobar operate under the sole protection of the P-40s of the 90th FS, the other two Fighter Squadrons of the 80th FG push a little further along the coast, hoping to attract enemy fighters. This does not fail to happen and the fight starts east of Lhokseumawe. However, the gap between the Americans, who take advantage of the power of the P-47 at altitude, and the Japanese, whose few experienced pilots could not compensate for the inexperience of the many novices, is becoming more and more obvious. The score is clear: seven Oscars are shot down against only two Jugs.

Reinforcements and return
Great Nicobar Island
- The first Spitfire VIIIs of Sqn 152 land at Campbell Bay airstrip, which had been expanded and upgraded to a full-scale base. Port Blair keeps for its local defense only Sqn 132 on Spitfire V and the Beaufighter NF detachment of Sqn 176, which is more than enough to counter the rare reconnaissance or nuisance incursions over the archipelago.
.........
Darwin - The cruiser HMS Fiji returns to port. She is returning from Diego-Suarez, a somewhat under-used arsenal these days (and far from possible Japanese nuisances), where she had gone for repairs after the damage she suffered on 25 April. Fiji will replace HMS Newcastle, itself assigned to TF 57.1, in TF-117.

Indochina Campaign
Battle of the RC-4
Hill 477, southeast of Cao-Bang
- Although FMs and snipers continue to harass the encircled Japanese in the Quang Liet Valley, this is the slowest night since the battle of the RC-4 began. The Vietnamese are exhausted and short of ammunition, while the Japanese do not return fire. Yet the darkness hides a drama that would not be revealed until after the battle. Lieutenant Colonel Murasaki puts an end to his life. However, he gives a last order, to be executed at the first rays of the rising sun...
.........
The scarlet rays cross the mountains in the east. It is a bloody day which rises. The "banzai" which resounds leave no doubt about what is going to happen. Everyone feared this moment and the sentries of the 1st REP react quickly. The support points turn into ant-hills. In a flash, the men rush to the barricades and trenches. Machine guns, FMs and mortars are put into action.
They arrive! Dressed in rags, staggering under the effect of fatigue and malnutrition, many have no more ammunition and it is with knives that they intend to fight. To win? No, the soldiers of the Empire of the Sun have no illusions, but to fall in honor.
Suddenly, the first weapons start to fire. The supply men change machine gun belts and FM magazines as fast as they can, the automatic weapons gulp them down to spit them out like raging hornets. Mortars thunder. The metallic ejection sound so characteristic of Garand rifles resounds continuously.
Then, as abruptly as it had begun, silence returns, barely interrupted by a few delayed shots. In front of the French lines, the landscape is devastated by shell craters, the vegetation is chopped up by grapeshot. The pungent smell of gunpowder caught the throat and irritated the eyes. Groans are heard here and there... some Japanese are still alive. None of them reach the legionnaires' positions.
The dazed men watching the carnage cannot contain a shiver of fear. There was no confrontation. They were a firing squad of unusual size charged with executing condemned men.
The rest of the day is peaceful. Only a few handfuls of Japanese remain, holed up in the hills. The last organized resistance was that of the That Khe garrison, reinforced by all those who had managed to join it. Both sides prepare for the last battle.
.........
Dien-Bien-Phu - The Lockheed L-18 Lodestar of the Belgian Public Force (Escadrille 3B, transport) was often used as a flying ambulance. Able to land on a small piece of land and take off in a flash, this aircraft has made a reputation for itself that is on its way to becoming a legend.
No sooner had the plane turned around and is at the beginning of the runway than two groups rush towards it.
The fastest are the Vietnamese mechanics. Some of them drag a hose for refueling, the others open the access doors of the left engine. The pilot, with his head out of the cockpit, launches into an explanation in French-English-Vietnamese (with an occasional Flemish exclamation) for the team trying to understand the reasons for the abnormal heating of the Pratt & Whittney R-1830 Twin Wasp.
Another group had opened the rear access door. Two by two, the men enter the aircraft, only to emerge loaded with a stretcher. Most of the wounded are French - let's say Europeans. Despite the alliance with the Vietminh, there is still a clear inequality of treatment in some situations. But there are a few Viets and above all, two or three Japanese! The order to capture as many Japanese alive as possible was well received (if not welcomed) and that meant saving as many as possible of those who were caught... still alive.
A doctor runs from one stretcher to another and separates the wounded into two groups: those who need to be operated on first and those who can wait. In front of a man in a Japanese uniform, his eyes closed and his face very pale, he can only shake his head: "For him, it's over." He is the first of a third, smaller group - the hopeless cases, whom it would be foolish to spend hours operating on with little hope of saving them, when there are several others who could be treated in the meantime who have a much better chance of making it.
"Once the last of the RC-4 battle casualties had been removed from the Lodestar, a lone figure descended the iron ladder and stood still. His dirty, torn uniform was that of the Japanese army. Skinny, his face hollowed out and overgrown with a shaved beard, the young man lifted the visor of his cocked cap to look around with some bewilderment. So this was "Epervier"?
Under a gray sky dripping with soft rain, activity was feverish wherever he turned his head. Vietnamese men rushing to load the Lodestar he had just left jostled him. The air was permeated with a mixture of odors - aviation gasoline, disinfectants, but above all blood, mud, dirt and powder, with which every piece of clothing, every body was impregnated. Kazuya Kujo was alone in the middle of all these people who were... his enemies. He had imagined in many ways his arrival in this place. But all of them had in common that guards were waiting for him at the foot of the plane.
What was he supposed to do? Call out to the first person who came along: "Excuse me, sir, could you tell me where you usually take your prisoners?" Ridiculous... Besides, the whole thing was ridiculous. Why had he been brought here in the first place? When every seat on these planes was reserved for the most seriously injured, he had been given one. Why him? He had been asking himself that question since his first interrogation. Apparently, the French soldiers had been instructed to capture a French-speaking corporal named Kazuya Kujo. Had they mistaken him for someone else?
The sky was still gray but the clouds were now swirling in the wind. The rain had stopped. Kujo shook his cap to get rid of the drops that clung to the visor and stopped when he heard a strange sound. A hiccup! Someone was catching their breath loudly. He turned around to see a nurse sheltering behind a black tulle embroidered umbrella. The shadow of her umbrella obscured her face, but her figure made Kujo's heart leap with surprise and disbelief. Finally, there was someone waiting for him, only it wasn't guards.
- You're late, spring shinigami.
The voice trembled, fragile, strangled.
Slowly, Kujo approached, as the girl dropped her parasol. Raising both hands, he stripped her of her headdress, caressing the long blonde hair which, suddenly free, cascaded to the hollow of her loins.
- I assure you that I did it as fast as I could, Victoire.
The tears that clung to the nurse's eyelashes rolled down her cheeks, where Kujo's fingers wiped them away.
- You were always with me.
Kujo pulled the chain around her neck, showing the ring and its ruby. Victoire did the same, pointing to the gold coin hanging in a locket.
- You have walked with me every day.
The blonde girl took the Japanese soldier's hand. Victoire started to walk and Kujo followed. He didn't ask any questions. Any direction was fine as long as he held those fingers in his and those beautiful eyes were fixed on him. He was nearing the end of his odyssey.
In the sky, the clouds were torn apart, letting a golden splendor filter down to the ground. The muddy puddles turned into dazzling mirrors bathed in this celestial glow. In their own universe, Victoire and Kujo paid no attention.
Yet all around them, silence fell as eyes converged. The coolies forgot their burden. The wounded stopped moaning. The soldiers stood still. They all looked at this couple, this girl whose sun-kissed hair had turned to gold and this dirty, serene soldier. They walked as if all this enchantment existed only for them.
In this moment of pure magic, even the war disappeared. A strange feeling seized everyone. A deep and serene joy, but not without sadness. It was the same feeling one had after a long and difficult journey, when one finally came home.

Sino-Japanese War
Operation Ichi-Go
Henan Province (Kogo)
- The Japanese pincers close in Henan: only about 50 kilometers separate the vanguards of the 40th and 116th Divisions, which are advancing rapidly along the Zhengzhou-Wuhan railroad. The 3rd and 15th Divisions, on bad roads, advance more slowly, but the distance between them and Nanyang decreases inexorably.
.........
Jiangxi Province (Togo-1) - The 34th Division, supported by five Ki-51s of the 1st Hikoshidan from Wuhan, launches a new assault on the Jiugong Line, without succeeding in breaking through. Contrary to their habit, the Japanese do not persist: when the losses begin to accumulate, they withdraw and protect their retreat with an artillery barrage. Indeed, Lieutenant-General Takeo Ban's orders are not to be too costly in terms of men for what was in the end only a diversion. During the night, Japanese batteries continue to fire sporadically at the Chinese lines to give the impression that they were doing so.
.........
Pearl River Valley (Togo-2) - After heavy fighting, the Japanese 23rd Army is able to drive the Chinese out of Shenzhen, but is pinned down by Allied artillery and aircraft as soon as it ventures into open ground north of the city. The full nose B-25s prove particularly effective in this role.

South West Pacific Campaign
Biak and Noemfoor
Biak
– New American attack, due west. The Japanese entrenchments are methodically encircled, at the cost of heavy losses. But in the evening, General Doe, fearing that the Japanese artillery would massacre his men, in a very exposed position, orders them to come down from the hard-won terrain.
………
Noemfoor – The Australians converge on the southeast of the island. If they fail to surround the Japanese, they progress well, despite a difficult environment. It is true that in Lae, they saw worse! The defenders are thus pushed back into the mangroves of the southeast and the hamlet of Mandori.
 
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30/05/44 - Asia & Pacific, End of the Battle of the RC-4
May 30th, 1944

Malaya Campaign
Dumai
- The oil port is for the second time in three days the target of Allied bombers. This time it is a night raid led by Halifaxes of Sqn 544 and 624 and Wellingtons of Sqn 215 and 1 (BVAS). On the ground, the damage is heavy. In the mind of the Japanese staff, these recent repeated raids on this hitherto quiet sector show an interest that has to be countered. Chutai I of the 87th Sentai is ordered to rebase on the airfield south of the city, thus freeing the 24th Sentai detachment to redeploy north.

Reinforcements
Christmas Island
- A pass of arms organized under the amused eye of the local population brings together Australians and French to celebrate the arrival of elements of 23F Flotilla on PBY Catalina. Previously operating in the Aegean and Adriatic Seas, this flotilla has been redeployed to the Indian Ocean, Cocos and Christmas Islands, due to the disappearance of the underwater threat in the Mediterranean. It will operate as cover for naval movements between Australia and India.

Operation Cornwall
Espiritu Santo
- For the past 24 hours, planes and ships have been busy on all sides to cover the departure from the floating dock ABSD-1 of HMS Duke of York. Today, the Duke of York sails, with an escort composed of ABDAF units: MN CLCC Jeanne d'Arc, CL HNLMS Sumatra, DD HNLMS Tjerk Hiddes, Van Galen, Van Ghent and Witte de With. It has been a long time since we saw a Japanese submarine in the area, but you never know! The course is set to the west, along the 15th parallel south.

Indochina Campaign
Battle of the RC-4
That Khé (southeast of Cao Bang, Tonkin)
- Artillery observers are posted on hills 703 and 608. They had been stationed there since the day before and are coordinating the 4th RAC's fire in the direction of the That Khe citadel. This firing is in preparation for the intervention that would conclude the battle of RC-4. Part of the TD 174 goes up to the assault, supported by the 1st RIMP and by the Cazin group [formed around the remains of the 11th Colonial Infantry Regiment by the agglomeration of the survivors of other formations, all under the command of General Cazin].
The advantage is clearly in favor of the attackers. The defenders consists of a skeleton garrison, an infantry company of the 215th Regiment, its artillery and less than fifty survivors from other units.
Despite the still overcast weather, the air force had launched several raids the day before to destroy the enemy's guns in order to stop the counter-battery fire against the 4th RAC. On the morning of May 30th, it could be considered as done.
The attack begins with fire aimed at the Japanese bunkers at the northern entrance to the town. These shots, accompanied by smoke, serve as a diversion to mask the crossing of the Song Ky Kung, to the north of the city by the soldiers of the Cazin group and to the south by the TD 174.
The suspension of 75 mm fire gives the signal for the attack by the 1st RIMP. In the lead, the 2nd Coy is led by Lieutenant Hervé's section. But the Japanese pillboxes resist well to the French shells - which does not surprise the veterans of the RIMP. When an FM barks, they scatter while trying to locate the origin of the fire. The shots come from a wood and earth blockhouse. Through the smoke, one can barely make out the battlements, but the flames of the shots are clearly visible. The heavy section returns fire, not so much to silence the defenders as to keep them occupied. It thus masked the advance of Lieutenant Favreau's section. Two soldiers creep up to the blockhouse and throw grenades through a loophole. The explosion is muffled by the trunks of the blockhouse, but it was silent and the way was clear on that side.
South of That Khé, a tremendous cry rings out: "Su tu do!" (Freedom), then another: "Doc lap!" (Independence). The Vietnamese charge toward the trenches, they are too numerous for the Japanese rifles and FMs to slow them down. Some men are mowed down, but many more reach the entrenchments shouting bits of slogan. They pounce on the Nipponese and overwhelm them within minutes.
Northwest of That Khe, the bridge over the Song Ky Kung is attacked by General Cazin's men. The defenders have only two FMs to oppose a troop that is far superior in numbers. Here too, resistance is quickly quelled.
After an hour of battle, the Vietnamese of the Hei Ho, those whom the Vietminh treat with contempt as "local Japanese", begin to surrender. They emerge from the rubble in groups of two or three, hands raised above their heads.
At that moment, the confrontation is over. Only a few isolated groups of Japanese remain. However, as usual, they refuse to surrender. It takes the rest of the morning to reduce them with grenades and flamethrowers.
The battle of the RC-4 ends with a particularly humiliating Japanese rout.

Sino-Japanese War
Operation Ichi-Go
Henan Province (Kogo)
- The 93rd Division (General Lu Guoquan), which had advanced at a forced march ahead of the main body of the 6th Army, arrives at Nanyang. Without having had time to breathe, it is immediately sent to intercept the Japanese 15th Division, which is only about 20 kilometers north of the city, while the remnants of the 119th Division are sent to reinforce the 147th Division, which was also badly shaken, on the southern flank, facing the Japanese 3rd Division.

South West Pacific Campaign
Biak and Noemfoor
Biak
– In the west, new attack and some progress by General Doe's men. To the east, the troops of the 6th Infantry reach Menoerwar.
………
Noemfoor - The Australians have not ventured into the mangroves, which they leave to the Japanese. During the night, they encounter the predator at the top of the local food chain: the saltwater crocodile. In the early morning of May 30th, a dozen Japanese surrender to the men of the 3rd Infantry: between being eaten by crocodiles and the dishonor of surrender, they have made their choice.
 
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31/05/44 - Asia & Pacific
May 31st, 1944

Malaya campaign
In the "funnel" of the Malacca Strait
- To confirm the Japanese analyses (and fears), the Beaufighters and Beauforts of Sqn 60, 211 and 217 scour the Strait all day long, dropping mines or strafing the smallest fishing boat. The Japanese reactions are mainly from Malaya, in the north, but without any convincing result, as it is difficult for the offshore patrols to surprise the enemy raids.

Reinforcements
Rangoon
- A roar could be heard on the runways of the Burmese capital. It is a new squadron from Halifax, Sqn 458 (RAAF), arriving from Europe. Adding the Mosquito scouts of Sqn 45, FE Bomber Command now has almost 100 bombers to carry out its preparatory raids for the future Malaya campaign.

Operation Cornwall
Coral Sea
- The Duke of York and his court are heading west at high speed. Captain Nicholl, who commands the battleship, and his staff look grim: their Lordships had given their ship Dutch destroyers and a French coordinator as escorts! No doubt the British officers of the ABDAF told them that they could count on them as Her Gracious Majesty's ships, but still...

Indochina Campaign
Battle of the RC-4

"The battle of the RC-4, the result of the blindness and contradictions of the Imperial Army.
The Imperial Japanese Army fought in an anachronistic manner, often hoping to win first by "infantry shock". To win the battle, officers relied on collective courage, glorified above all else, and on the supposed intrinsic superiority of the Japanese over the "decadent colonialists."
Like many others before and after them, the Japanese were stuck in the era of their greatest military success. They had defeated the Czar's army by relying on the collective courage of the infantry, to be sure. However, Russia in 1905 was a nation that lagged behind the other European powers industrially and was plagued by the internal conflicts that would seal its fate a decade later. Then, their victories in China had heightened an arrogance in the Army staff that bordered on blindness, and that was further enhanced by their successes at the beginning of the Pacific War.
The Japanese expected their victories to terrify their opponents and quickly lead them to humiliate themselves and ask for peace. Because - of course - the "colonialists" were cowards! Only gradually did they have to admit that the "colonialists" were still fighting, resisting and counter-attacking wherever they could.
Moreover, Japan's political contradictions worked against it.
In Indochina, the population that the Japanese had come to "liberate" still preferred their former colonizers. The newcomers had left behind them a trail of looting, rape and massacres that had terrified the natives. In the minds of the Japanese, their violence was meant to annihilate any spirit of resistance; thus, Japan could easily create its own colonial empire by subjugating vassalized nations. Instead, the people resisted, first in secret or in the most difficult places, then more and more openly.
The Japanese had staked everything on the supposed cowardice of both the colonizers and the colonized. Through terror, they intended to drive out some and subdue others. Their cruelty had the opposite effect, uniting against them those who should have fought each other.
For their part, Americans and Europeans had learned during the second half of the nineteenth century and especially during the First World War that the factor that determined victory on the battlefield was firepower, because "fire kills.
Firepower versus collective courage... This difference was reflected from the highest levels to the lowest. The Japanese sought to win the "decisive battle" and targeted warships as a priority to break the enemy's military tool, while massacring the civilian population to destroy their will to fight. The Allies waged a war of attrition, bombing industrial facilities and sinking merchant ships to smother the enemy's military tool, without sparing the civilian population but without specifically targeting them. Tactically, the Japanese soldiers had guns and grenades, while the Allies sought to have as many automatic weapons and the most powerful artillery support as possible.
The Japanese and Allies were fighting on the same battlefields, but not fighting the same war. The objectives of the opposing side were completely foreign to them.
The battle (or disaster) of the RC-4, in May 1944, was one of the last engagements of the Indochina campaign. Also known as the Battle of Cao-Bang (although there was no battle at Cao-Bang itself) or the Battle of Dong Khe, it marked an important shift in the mindset of European decision-makers, as the Allied plan was based on exploiting the flaws in the Japanese mindset. And it was to obtain the complete rout of the Imperial Army.
This confrontation is however little known outside of Indochina, except in France. Within the framework of the Indochina campaign, its place is however hardly less important than that of the famous battle of Dien-Bien-Phu, considered as the decisive turning point of the war in this theater. After the defensive victory of the Franco-Vietnamese, the Japanese kept losing ground.
But the battle of the RC-4 was an offensive victory for the Franco-Indochinese. This is why it is often considered as the last gasp of the invaders, even as the mark of their final defeat. However, the Japanese resisted for several more months in a pocket backing onto the sea and including Hanoi, Haiphong and a part of the Red River delta.
.........
At the beginning, a highly publicized battle
The battle of the RC-4 cannot be understood without mentioning the changes brought about by the success of the Tet offensive. By the end of January 1944, the Franco-Indochinese had succeeded in liberating Laos and part of Cochinchina, but the major cities of Vietnam and all of Cambodia were still in the hands of the Occupiers. In three months, Cambodia and the southern half of Vietnam were liberated. The loss of territory was coupled with a loss of prestige at least equivalent. For the Japanese, losing to peasants, not even regular soldiers, was particularly humiliating.
It was in this context that the campaign plan to drive the Japanese out of the last territories they controlled was developed. The first objective was to cut off North Vietnam from occupied China by neutralizing the border garrisons. The most important of these is Cao-Bang. The city was defended by a large garrison and Maginot-type fortifications seized during the invasion. The first attempts failed despite support from Allied air forces based in China and Burma. The Franco-Indochinese simply could not concentrate their best units on this one objective, especially since they would have to accept terrible losses to take Cao-Bang.
But Cao-Bang also posed a problem for the Japanese. Lt. Gen. Genzo Yanagita prescribed the outright abandonment of the place because supplying it with supplies was very costly due to the constant ambushes along RC-4. But military governor Andou Rikichi was more concerned about the loss of prestige that would result from the evacuation of the 5,000 men garrisoned in Cao Bang, Dong Khé and That Khé. Civilians, His Excellency Yoshizawa, Japanese ambassador to the puppet government of Vietnam, and Kuriyama, secretary of the Japanese representation, became involved in this conflict and changed their position several times. Not even the pseudo-emperor of Vietnam, Cuong De, set up by the Japanese, tried to give his opinion.
The Franco-Indochinese, who had agents on the staff of the Metropole Hotel, the headquarters of the Japanese army in Indochina, were obviously informed of the enemy's power games around Cao-Bang. Their stroke of genius was to use their press to ridicule General Andou Rikichi on the occasion of secondary successes, notably the capture of Dong Khé. Thus, they persuaded the enemy staff that they should evacuate Cao Bang and That Khe before their inevitable fall dealt a more severe blow to the prestige of Great Japan.
.........
215th Infantry Sent to Recapture Dong Khe
It was obvious to the Hanoi general staff that it would be impossible to evacuate the Cao-Bang garrison without first retaking the key position of Dong Khe on the RC-4. Colonel Shinishi Tanaka's 215th Infantry Regiment was put in charge, with the support of the 33rd Engineer Regiment.
The Japanese plan was simple. Major Shimizu's independent battalion, the 215th Infantry Regiment and the 33rd Engineer Regiment (Tanaka's column) had to retake Dong Khe and leave troops at various key points to contain possible Vietminh or "colonialist" (as the Japanese called the French) counterattacks. Once this was done, the Cao-Bang garrison, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Murasaki, left its positions to join the Tanaka column. On their way back, the Japanese would recover the units left behind.
On the other side, the Franco-Vietnamese plan was not more complex: to keep the control of Dong Khe by using the compartmentalized terrain of the region (the limestones) to divide the enemy into several separate forces, which it would be easier to reduce. They had many advantages: knowledge of the terrain, speed of maneuver, numerical superiority (almost 4 to 1), more powerful artillery, air control, availability of airborne troops.
.........
The battle (May 16th to 30th)
From the start, nothing happened as the Japanese had planned. They underestimated the enemy at every level. The intelligence services had obtained information on the movements and positions of the Vietminh, but these were simply rejected by the staff as "irrelevant". The plan, adopted for reasons of prestige and politics, simply could not admit a military reality that did not correspond to the expectations of the general staff!
The first confrontation around Dong Khé was a failure, the Vietminh keeping control of the city. Forced to leave the Shimizu Battalion behind to besiege a more numerous enemy, Tanaka continued north without succeeding in joining the Murasaki Column.
Despite heroic efforts to escape the trap, the Nipponese quickly suffered from lack of sleep, then ammunition and food. They exhausted themselves by going in circles in search of an exit from the natural labyrinth of limestone. The Franco-Vietnamese closed the passes and defiles, seized the high ground, and harassed the enemy day and night.
The units moving along the RC-4 were annihilated in less than twelve days. The garrison of That Khe held out for two more days.
.........
The results
- Japanese
- Committed troops: 215th Infantry Regiment, 33rd Engineer Regiment, Hei-Ho partisans, Murasaki battalion, Shimizu battalion. Total: nearly 9,000 men.
- Casualties: 7,800 dead, about 1,200 prisoners. After the disaster of RC-4, the occupation troops in Indochina had only 20,000 operational men.
- Material losses: the Langson depots were burned down after the battle to prevent them from being taken, but the Franco-Vietnamese still seized 20 cannons, 200 mortars, 10 light armored vehicles, 200 machine guns, 2,400 machine guns, 15,000 rifles as well as gasoline, ammunition and rice.
- Frenchmen
- Committed troops: Cazin Group, 1st Marine Infantry Regiment of the Pacific, 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, 4th Colonial Artillery Regiment. Total: nearly 11,000 men.
- Casualties: 1,800 to 2,000 killed.
- Vietminh
- Committed troops: Trung Doàn (Regiment) 88, 174, 209, 246, 308. Two independent artillery battalions. Many irregulars. Total: nearly 25,000 men (the Trung Doàn had larger numbers than the French regiments).
- Casualties: 3,000 dead according to official accounts of the time, re-evaluated at 5,000 dead by historians."
(Pascal N'Guyen-Minh, op. cit.)

Sino-Japanese War
Operation Ichi-Go
Henan Province (Kogo)
- The 93rd Division, whose men are exhausted by a week of forced marching, can only slow down the Japanese advance towards Nanyang. The city is bombed for the third time, by 13 Ki-21s who leave with impunity.
.........
Pearl River Valley (Togo-2) - At the end of the day, the Japanese 17th and 70th Divisions arrive in sight of Huizhou, where the 1st and 5th Chinese Armies, reinforced by the 38th Division, are feverishly entrenching themselves. If this lock breaks , Canton would be directly threatened. But that same day, the 41st US-ID starts to arrive in Huizhou.

South West Pacific Campaign
Biak and Noemfoor
Biak
– General Fuller is in turn finally relieved of his command. He is sent to Burma as an attaché to General Percival. General Doe takes permanent command of the 41st Infantry (in Biak, the bulk of the division is in China). On the ground, another break, before definitively solving the problem of the Japanese entrenchments west of Mokmer.
………
Noemfoor – Colonel Shimizu orders a banzai charge from Mandori. He is killed at the head of his men and the hamlet is taken during the day.
 
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Map of Asia & the Pacific on May 31st, 1944
2rRWEtn.png
 
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A super small detail for this and the other map of the Pacific, Portuguese Timor is returned to Lisbon’s authority and should be green.

It's still occupied by Allies forces although the civilian authority is Portuguese so technically it should be encircled in green. I'll correct it in the next update for asia (next map would probably be June)
 
01/05/44 - Occupied Countries
May 1st, 1944

For Bordeaux
A confident general
Kommandantur Bordeaux, 09:00
- The Feldkommandant of the city, Major General Hans Knoerzer, is a worried man this morning. It is true that the American tanks are still a long way off - they have not managed to catch up with their opponents and still have to clear a good part of France before they reach Bordeaux. But the situation in the southwest had deteriorated in the last ten days, and Cobra's blows had shaken the 1. Armee. Moreover, Knoerzer learned that General Lemelsen, who commanded this army, has still not returned from von Rundstedt's headquarters. It seems that in Berlin, his "performance" was not appreciated, which is surely not a good sign...
Bordeaux seems quite vulnerable, as the 1. Armee is in the process of re-establishing itself on the Dordogne, with an advanced position on the Garonne, which the 159. ID to allow the 9. Panzer to reorganize in the Entre-Deux-Mers. Nothing is planned to hold the city, which was not really defensible, because it is essentially located on the wrong side of the Garonne. In addition, the means of transport are clogged with the many different elements that are evacuating the south-west towards Germany: navy and Luftwaffe personnel, customs officers, feldgendarmes and Feldkommandanturs personnel, convalescents from the Eastern Front caught up in the war, "grey mice" from various services, medical personnel...
To slow down the American advance, the bridges over the Garonne held by the 159. ID have to be destroyed. General Meyer-Rabingen, who commands the division, needs the explosives held by the Kriegsmarine in Bordeaux. His local commander, Lieutenant Commander Kühnemann, was anxious to reassure Knoerzer that there is no need to worry. The sabotage of numerous ships in the Gironde estuary in order to block access to it had begun several weeks earlier - just as the French had done in June 1940! However, there is still plenty of time to blow up the bridges and the port facilities. However, the general has just postponed these destructions for a few days. Knoerzer is more of a pragmatist than a man of action. He had spent most of his career in training positions and, confident of his strength, prefers to wait and see how the situation would develop. Every day that he wins would strengthen the Festung Royan decided by the Führer himself in December.
Especially since Friedrich Dohse, the head of the local Gestapo, assured him that he had destroyed the local Resistance's ability to cause harm through his skilful manoeuvres. In fact, the "Grandclément affair" will remain as one of the great successes of the Gestapo's fight against the French Resistance.
.........
"André Grandclément, known as "Bernard" in the underground, a former officer wounded in the first French Campaign, had been the regional leader of the Resistance in the Bordeaux region since 1941. A monarchist, close to the PSF and fiercely anti-communist, he was spotted and arrested in July 1943 by Dohse's men. Instead of torturing him, Dohse offered him a deal: to give up the arms caches of the Bordeaux Resistance in exchange for the release of most of the members of his network, including his wife, who were about to be deported. And Grandclément accepted! But it was probably the second part of the agreement that sealed his fate: blinded by his anti-communism, he also accepted the idea of being armed by the Germans and of organizing a "white maquis" to fight against the communist maquis of Bordeaux! Captured by a group of Resistance fighters in January 1944, he tried to justify himself by claiming that he had only given away the least important weapons caches, often already known to the Germans, in order to save several dozen lives. He asked to be sent to Marseille to present his defense, but a Resistance tribunal sentenced him to death and had him executed.
Grandclément was not the first French Resistance fighter to be turned over by the Gestapo or even to have simply wavered. But in Bordeaux, trust was broken between the liberated members of his network and those who remained unknown to the German services, between the Communists and the others, and between Grandclément's supporters and his opponents. In the spring of 1944, throughout Aquitaine, the Resistance was disorganized and deeply divided, because of the man who had succeeded in federating it a few years earlier..."
(A. Tyler, La Résistance dans le Bordelais, in L'Histoire n° 410, 2015)
.........
Of course, there were still a few scuffles, such as in Talence, where a cornered German soldier throws a grenade into the crowd, or near Caudéran, where convoys were the target of numerous gunshots, but this is nothing like an insurrection like in Grenoble or Toulouse. Knoerzer can only congratulate Dohse - nevertheless, as a precautionary measure, he will ask CC Kühnemann and Colonel Seiz, commander of the Bordeaux garrison, to gather during the day what they have left of the explosives in the bunker in the Rue Raze, where those that will be used for the sabotage of the port and the Bordeaux quays are already stored. Tomorrow, when the convoy sent by General Meyer-Rabingen comes to claim them to blow up the bridges over the Garonne, it will save time...
.........
12:00 - Still trying to gain time, Knoerzer began talks, some would say negotiations, with the main political figures in Bordeaux... and even, unofficially, with the Bordeaux Resistance! Raphaël Alibert, prefect of the Aquitaine region, was appointed by Paris - Laval or Doriot, it doesn't matter. Adrien Marquet, mayor of the city for some twenty years, was confirmed in this position by the NEF, but for some time he no longer referred to it. It was he who came into contact with the third guest, a certain "Commandant Ségur", who came in civilian clothes and claimed to represent Algiers... well, Marseille... and the "French Forces of the Interior"! These three might have a hard time getting along! Knoerzer half expected an American officer to arrive - but it seems that none of the French wanted their powerful ally to be there. So much the better - it is one thing for a German officer to negotiate with the "civilian" authorities of an enemy city to evacuate it without too much damage, it would be quite another, a month and a half after Valkyrie, to deal with an adversary in uniform!
Originally from Ulm, did the general intend to avenge a brilliant French victory, obtained by maneuver and negotiation? Unless he wanted to follow in the footsteps of Hindenburg, whom he had admired for a long time - as a young officer, he had published a study comparing him to Hannibal, no less!

A sentimental Marine-Offizier
Rue Raze, Bordeaux, 18:00
- He waits. It's not that he hesitates. No. Deep down, his mind is made up and he sees no alternative. If, of course, he could do his duty as a soldier. Just obey the orders and abandon any state of mind. But for him, this would be abandoning himself, a kind of moral suicide. And that is out of the question! His Protestant conscience forbids it! After all, if he escaped three shipwrecks in six months, four years ago, it was probably for a good reason! At least not to cause death and destruction as he was ordered to do. Because as a master bomb-maker, he knew that not only the quays had to be destroyed, but also the city's bridges (including the Pont de Pierre), the Rohan Palace, the cathedral and of course the synagogue (he never quite understood why Hitler was so angry with the Jews...).
No, the Marine-Offizier Heinz Stahlschmidt, a native of Dortmund, cannot bring himself to do this to his adopted city, where he has been stationed since he asked not to sail anymore (which, after three shipwrecks, was easily granted: all the navies of the world are somewhat superstitious). The Wehrmacht is collapsing in the Southwest, it is collapsing in Eastern Europe - in a year at most, the war will be over and Germany will not be the winner. It is time to stop the unnecessary destruction. And he will have to do it alone, since the teacher Dupuy, his contact in the Resistance (he was introduced to the latter by friends of Henriette), explained to him in the morning that he had not been able to find reliable men numerous enough to force the entrance to the blockhouse in rue Raze.
Also, it is with an air of determination that Stahlschmidt enters the Kriegsmarine's explosives warehouse. So determined that he probably did not pay attention to the two Gestapo men who were following him and who had started to investigate his entourage in Bordeaux a few days earlier... Making the maximum number of personnel present take leave for the rest of the day, within the limits of his rank and prerogatives, the Marine-Offizier isolates himself in the storeroom where the explosives are stored. The fact that there are even more explosives than expected does not stop the bomb maker. He comes out a few minutes later and gets back on his bike before riding off in the direction of Dupuy in Bouscat. During this time, the two gestapists, curious, went to see what Stahlschmidt could make in the blockhouse. But the latter had only put a four-minute primer on his detonator...
The explosion of the blockhouse caused about fifteen victims, including the two Gestapo agents. Bordeaux was saved. The occupying forces no longer had the means to harm it.
.........
"Stahlschmidt, considered a traitor to his country, could only return to Dortmund in 2001, towards the end of his life. In 1947, he became a French citizen and took the name Henri Salmide. He married Henriette and was in turn a deminer and a forest fireman, ending his career on the fireboat of the city of Bordeaux. The grateful France decorated him with the Legion of Honor at the end of the 90's... for his 23 years of civil services! It was not until many years after the fact that Henri Salmide's name became known to the people of Bordeaux: the explosion of the blockhouse on rue Raze had been fiercely claimed by the various factions of the Bordeaux Resistance! But Heinz/Henri and Henriette didn't care." (A. Tyler, op. cit.)
 
02/05/44 - Occupied Countries
May 2nd, 1944

For Bordeaux
Sailors who raise the sails
Kriegsmarine Headquarters in Bordeaux (former ferry terminal, Bacalan)
- Rear Admiral Carl Weber, who was posted to Bordeaux less than six months ago, celebrated his 48th birthday a few days earlier. His leave for this occasion was shortened because of Operation Cobra! By the time he got back from Germany, he had learned that the South-West was almost lost and that he would have to evacuate or hide in a Festung! The fleet he was in charge of evacuated or scuttled in the Gironde to make the port impassable. What a waste...
But Konteradmiral Weber, pragmatic, takes stock of the state of his forces. The Weber Marine Brigade is composed of four "regiments".
The Badermann Regiment comprises 4 battalions made up respectively of shipyard personnel, arsenal personnel, submariners not repatriated from the 12th Submarine Flotilla and Italians (submariners as well) who remained loyal to the Duce.
The Kühnemann Regiment consisted of 5 battalions made up of the personnel of the port, whose leader was Hakenkommandant.
The Von Pflugk-Harttung Regiment comprised 4 battalions made up of the crew of the torpedo boat T-24 (recently sunk by a B-24 raid on Le Verdon), the 8th Minesweeper Flotilla (most of whose boats were at the bottom of the Gironde estuary) and the administrative personnel of the Kriegsmarine.
Finally, the Gebauer Regiment was mainly composed of administrative personnel, instructors and students from the Dax Marine Anti-Aircraft Artillery School. In theory, however, because Weber has no news of it: he fears that Kapitan z. See Max Gebauer and his staff, who had come from Dax itself, had fallen into the hands of the Americans or the Resistance, if they had not been interned in Spain. But other units are scattered along the Landes coast as far as Arcachon, and we can hope to see them again.
In short, there is nothing to be proud of... With a sigh, Konteradmiral Weber set about planning the evacuation of the three available regiments to the Festung Royan. He could hardly see himself holding Le Verdon against the Yankee tanks! This is not the job of the Kriegsmarine, while the administrative staff of the Wehrmacht is already on its way out, and let's not talk about the Luftwaffe! After the bombing of the Bordeaux-Mérignac factory, last month*, it didn't take a week for the advanced fighter training school of Saint Jean d'Angély, a little further north, to decide to withdraw. Since then, the sky is American. Reconnaissance planes with the white star fly over the city every day - Weber wonders what the Allies still didn't know about German movements in the area! In the end, he is not unhappy to have left Hakenkommandant Kühnemann in charge of the negotiations with the French crab basket.

A canteen girl like no other
Luze barracks, Bordeaux
- Pilar Claver, known as La Piluca, was an officer in the Spanish Republican army. Like many others, the Retirada had forced her to live on odd jobs in the southwest of France. The Sursaut had given her the opportunity to move, but the French Army had refused to consider her a combatant and - mule-headed... - she had remained in the Bordeaux region. There, in spite of the Occupation, she had quickly gathered around her some republican comrades who had shunned the move and trustworthy French comrades (mostly communists who had broken away from the CP). Her cover was ideal: she was a canteen worker at the Luze barracks in Bordeaux! She was able to obtain information from the various German soldiers to whom she served meals. Who would be suspicious of a canteen girl?
But this was no longer the time to glean information and pass on messages. A few days ago, the comrades of Toulouse liberated their city all by themselves (with a little help from the Americans all the same...)! And lately, more and more insistent rumors suggest that the Germans intend to do the same to Bordeaux as they did to Lyon... They are planning to blow up the port and the bridges and monuments of the city before evacuating it. A bloodbath is being prepared! Already, some comrades (but which ones?) blew up a blockhouse near the docks - they put more than enough resources into it, there are always some that Marseille favors in the parachuting of explosives... A good dozen German soldiers had their fill, and the Fascists are furious! Hostages and prisoners are to be killed.
So, today, La Piluca decides to take action and save the lives of a handful of Soviet prisoners and an American airman held captive in the barracks. Without violence and even without too much difficulty, she manages to make them escape - helped, it is true, by the fact that the Germans seem to care more about how to get out of Gironde than about keeping their prisoners...

RSI scorned
Council of pseudo-ministers
Salo
- In a heavy atmosphere, Mussolini takes stock of the German abuses on the territory of his Republic. The 95 tons of gold in the reserves of the National Bank of Italy had been transferred to Germany without the slightest notice! Almost the entire industrial fabric of Northern Italy was now working for the Germans, as the requisitions had been accumulating lately. Despite this, there is increasing talk of the dismantling of the Fiat and Lancia factories, which would be relocated to Reich territory.
In the following days, in a rather surreal way, as if the independence of the RSI had ever really existed, Graziani and Pavolini go to complain to the Germans, respectively to Wolff and Rahn. Both will obtain the same result: reassuring words followed by no effect.

* It was one of the factories of the SNCASO. It was managed until the beginning of 1940 by Marcel Bloch. Partly dismantled during the Grand Demenagement, it was restored by the occupying forces and managed by a supposedly French company made up of straw men. Despite sabotage and shortages, it managed to produce a number of Focke-Wulf Fw 189s. In mid-April, it was partially destroyed by a bombing raid. It was decided at that time to evacuate the means of production to Germany rather than to rehabilitate the site. The comedy of collaboration with the NEF was no longer appropriate!
 
03/05/44 - Occupied Countries
May 3rd, 1944

For Bordeaux
To the health of Bordeaux
Bordeaux Kommandantur , 12:00 -
The Feldkommandant of Bordeaux, General Hans Knoerzer, is an anxious man today. The attack on the Rue Raze has completely reshuffled the cards. That and the inexorable advance of the Americans, who seem to disregard all traditional logistical notions and rushed towards the port city like cowboys riding at full throttle! And since, for lack of explosives, the 159. ID will not be able to blow up the bridges over the Garonne (at least not all of them), nor destroy all the ferries (which are still very much in use)... Knoerzer begins this second round of negotiations with the French with much less levity. The fact that Alibert, Marquet and "Ségur" are looking at each other in the mirror does not amuse him that much anymore, because his margin of maneuver is now very reduced. Now, every minute counts to send as many Kriegsmarine men as possible to occupy the Festung Royan-Sud (the Pointe de Grave), as long as movements were still possible in the Médoc.
As for Knoerzer, he quickly leaves the negotiating table during a break and leaves Lieutenant-Commander Kühnemann and Colonel Seiz to continue the discussions to facilitate the withdrawal of the Germans from Bordeaux. Knoerzer could at most console himself by noting that at the time of the break, the prefect Alibert, who tried to speak separately with "Commandant Ségur", was curtly rebuffed, the FFI pointing to his belt for any response. Nevertheless, as he returns to his office to prepare his affairs, a dark thought crosses the general's mind: after the war, no one would risk writing a study comparing Hans Knoerzer to Hannibal, Alexander or Frederick.
.........
16:00 - Kühnemann and Seiz reach an agreement with the French representatives. It is true that the German sailor does not want to see the city of Bordeaux and its surroundings martyred! This war will end one day and, in civilian life, he is a wine merchant...
Alibert mysteriously slips away during the meeting, leaving his poor director of cabinet to represent the NEF. Marquet, the city's irremovable mayor for nearly twenty years, apparently hoped to play on Republican continuity... and "Ségur" let him conclude an agreement with the Germans that was all to the city's advantage.
"All troops of the German Occupation Armies must have definitively left the city of BORDEAUX by noon on the 4th. The city, the port, the harbor installations and the bridges must remain intact. French and American troops [Segur demanded that we speak of "French troops" and not of the "maquis"] will not be able to occupy the city until one minute after this deadline."
Unlike Lyon, Bordeaux will not burn!

RSI scorned
Fascist surrealism
Gargnano
- Does he still believe in a bright future? Or, like those who know their end is near, is he trying to put his affairs in order? Today, Benito Mussolini creates a Ministry of Labor to implement the measures for the "socialization of the economy" announced at the Verona Congress. This is surreal, when one knows that at the beginning of the year, the participation in the professional elections at Fiat, which were supposed to allow him to concretize his great project of fascist renewal of the relations between the employee, his boss and the work tool, did not exceed 1%!
The Duce had been combative for a few weeks after the outburst in Milan. Now he is returning to his apathy and gloom. He has few illusions about the operations underway in France, in the East, in the Balkans or even in Italy itself.

Hungary crushed
The American season
Western Hungary
- After a raid postponed at the last moment the day before due to bad weather, the 15th Air Force strikes Hungary again with a massive action aimed at numerous targets in Magyar territory. The industrial zone of Győr, its airfield, the Ferihegy airfield as well as the Csepel island are all targeted at the same time by no less than 500 Viermots, escorted by 250 P-38s and P-47s.
Facing this armada, the Magyar Királyi Honvéd Légierő dispatches... 8 Bf 109 Gs from 101/1 Század Zongora (Lieutenant Miklós Scholtz), ten others from 101/2 Század Retek (Captain György Újszászy) and... 4 Héjà from 1/3, as well as a dozen Me 210s from 4/2 Ungvár and even from 5/1 Bagoly (though dedicated to night hunting!). The Luftwaffe decides to support this thirty aircraft by sending about forty fighters of JG.4 and JG.27.
Unfortunately for the Axis, the disasters accumulate. Badly guided by a defective control, the planes of 101/2 turn in circles, burn fuel, get lost... to finally go to land at Ferihegy at the moment when the bombs fall on it! Four fighters are thus destroyed for nothing. Moreover, for lack of communications and common procedures (the Germans prohibit the Hungarians to use their frequencies*!), a mixed formation improvised Luftwaffe and MKHL loses time to coordinate... what offers to the escort of Jug an unhoped-for opportunity to fall on them and to shoot down 9 fighters, including 6 German. The Hungarians have two dead (Lieutenant László Molnár and Ensign János Nyemecz) and one seriously wounded, the Germans four dead and two wounded.
The remaining fighters then attack the Viermots as best they can - taking advantage of the disorder, the 210s are at least able to approach the bombers. The twin-engine fighters thus claim 6 enemies destroyed, plus 2 others (and 3 unconfirmed) for the Red Pumas. Captain Pal Iranyi, who was comforted by his past explanation with the French Mustangs, adds a B-24 to his personal record. On the other hand, the losses are heavy, once again: two MAVAGs and three Me 210s do not return. The twin-engine of főhadnagy Miklós Bodó (machine gunner Lajos Baricza) explodes while making a forced landing. Lieutenant Colonel Alez Lóránd lands his burning aircraft, from which the gunner, Gyula Mácsi, has already jumped for fear of being burned! The plane of the duo Sándor Boskovits/Sándor Kilences lands somewhere in the countryside, but explodes before its crew could get away...
In all, the Hungarian air force loses 7 Bf 109s, 6 Me 210s and 2 MAVAGs in a single day! A carnage, equal to that suffered by the population: 146 dead in Budapest, 564 in Győr and more than a thousand wounded! This bloodletting is the swan song of the 210 Ca in air combat - from now on, the survivors would only be deployed in ground support, with the 103rd Gyorsbombázó National Defense Wing. The American aircraft leave for the west, having inflicted heavy damage on all their targets (and the neighborhood). Who can say when they will return?

Shoah
Hotel Majestic (Budapest)
- SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann is not satisfied - as are many Germans in Hungary, I might add. While his magnificent and so scientific plan for the extermination of the Hungarian Jews is now set to the exact car (45 cattle vans x 4 one-way trains to Auschwitz = 12,000 Jews per day, for a projected duration of 6 weeks...), the Arrow Crosses and their new Csendőrség affiliates are still unable to put together an effective Aktion. Beat up, massacre, yes... Impose the yellow star, census, ghettoize, at the limit. But to arrest, deport, evacuate, no... Incompetent people! So let's chew up their work!
With his characteristic love of his job, one of the greatest criminals in the history of humanity is disgusted by such ineptitude. Contemplating Budapest from the window of his suite, he swallows a large glass of water to make the pill pass. It's already been three weeks and we've made so little progress! Eichmann almost regretted the closing of the Croatian camps in the south. They were not far away, the Jews could have made the trip on foot. The Ustasha: fools, yes, but also good craftsmen, with methods that are certainly obsolete but still so effective! What a sweet dream... Bah!
And on top of that, he has to counter the reactionary actions of so-called diplomats like this Wallenberg, to whom the Swiss Lutz, and even a Spaniard and a priest** have recently been added! They are so annoying that Veesenmayer is considering asking Berlin for permission to deal with them. Fortunately, during this time, the Russians are keeping quiet!

* The Magyar airmen considered this allegedly safe measure as a refusal of cooperation, allowing them to send the Hungarian 109s to the coal first in all good conscience. In fact, the Red Pumas had noticed on several occasions that the Luftwaffe aircraft seemed to wait to attack until they had started to attract the escort fighters...
** Lutz had personally negotiated with the Arrow Crosses for 8,000 safe-conducts for emigration to Palestine - so he issued 8,000 of them, numbered from 1 to 8,000, and then repeated the exercise several times, starting from 1. The Hungarian authorities were so confused that they never noticed the anomaly Moreover, the 76 "annexes of the Swiss legation" declared were as many emergency shelters... As for the Hispanic diplomat, he was Perlasca Briz, who managed to save 5,000 lives of Jews, labeled Sephardic... and therefore Spanish, with the complicity of Monsignor Angelo Rotta (the "priest" mentioned by Eichmann).
 
04/05/44 - Occupied Countries
May 4th, 1944

For Bordeaux
To the health of Bordeaux
Bordeaux
- In accordance with the agreement signed the day before, the city is evacuated by German troops, the last of whom cross the bridges over the Garonne shortly after noon. Around 16:00, the first American elements enter the city, which was already decked out in tricolors.

Hungary crushed
Shoah... and humanity
Budapest
- Departure of the first convoy of 50,000 deportees bound for Germany in application of the Eichmann-Vajna agreements - officially to build fortifications around Vienna and in the Krakow region. Still constrained by the destruction of the Allied air force, the lack of available trains and (also) their own incompetence, the Arrow Crosses find the solution: the Jews would only have to walk the 200 kilometers to the border, in the rain of that wet spring. Thousands do not survive the eight-day death march (halálmenetek). And those who finally arrive in Germany have to be sorted out - the weakest are immediately sent to Auschwitz, the others are sent to labor camps... to start with!
Obviously, in May 1944, only the naïve and the accomplices could pretend not to know where the Reich was sending the deportees. Also, in the Hungarian capital, the Resistance is organized - and not only because of the diplomats. One example is Erzsebet Fajó, an orphan who began working as an au pair at the age of 13 for the wealthy Zsuzsanna and Ivan Abonyi. In 1944, the young Hungarian girl was 26 years old - and she noted with concern that her employers were now required to wear the yellow star, that the front of the house was smeared with disturbing graffiti, and that the Abonyis no longer dared to leave their home. For Erzsebet, her bosses have become her adopted family - so much so that she asked to wear the yellow star in solidarity with them, which the local administration refused! Undeterred, the young woman persists in staying with them and now spent her days and nights using her status as a "pure Hungarian" to run errands for her bosses, bringing them food and medicine, and taking valuables and family belongings out of the house to keep them safe.
This morning, unfortunately, misfortune strikes again: Mr. Abonyi is arrested by the gendarmerie! Erzsebet runs to the local Red Cross office, obtains a paper attesting to his boss's poor health... and manages to get him released! A miracle - but one that only offers them a respite, or barely more, no doubt*...
Things are definitely going from bad to worse in Hungary, and especially in Budapest. But this does not mean that all Hungarians support what is happening in front of their door, far from it!

* Some time later, Erzsebet obtained asylum for the Abonyis from the apostolic nuncio in Budapest, before finally providing them with three different hideouts (for the father, mother and children), which she supplied every day. At the liberation, the Abonyis will have all survived! Their first act was to adopt Erzsebet. In 1986, Erzsebet Erzsi Abonyi, born Fajó, was recognized as Righteous Among the Nations.
 
05/05/44 - Occupied Countries
May 5th, 1944

The agony of the NEF
A strange car accident
Somewhere in the countryside of Thymerais (Eure-et-Loir), 02:30
- The Monasix is driving at full speed in the night. No need to worry, even if this nocturnal journey should not be revealed: if by chance a German or Doriotic patrol should intercept it, Prefect Chiappe has the necessary ausweis and political weight not to be worried. Monsieur le Préfet de Police is seated in the back, next to his passenger, Captain Nicolas. This one is an officer of a unit of the FST (or of what is left of it) who came to inform him that the loyalty of his unit left something to be desired. At least, that's what Chiappe would say if the Occupiers or the PSE questioned him. In reality, Nicolas comes from Algiers (or London, or Marseille, Chiappe doesn't care) to give him a very personal message. The military situation could not fail to evolve soon in favor of the Allies and the government (the only one, of course, the government of the One and Indivisible Republic) expects Jean Chiappe to prepare "his" police force to cooperate fully with the Allied armies in order to, when the time came, hinder the action of the occupying forces, to put the Parisian collaborators out of harm's way, and to avoid irreparable destruction to the capital. At this price, Mr. Chiappe could be forgiven for many mistakes...
Chiappe was careful not to make any imprudent oaths, but he is pleased with this contact: after all, in 1940, hadn't he stayed in Paris to take care of his constituents rather than fleeing to Algiers? Reynaud himself would have congratulated him at the time, he is convinced. And now he was called upon again to protect the Parisians, the circle is complete. He is already thinking of the best way to present this 360° turn in his Memoirs. Once in Paris, in the quiet of his private office, he will try to conclude a satisfactory agreement with Nicolas. Then...
.........
In the early morning, the carcass of the Monasix will be found in the middle of the communal road, completely charred, like the three bodies which it contains. It will take a week to confirm a rumor that is becoming more and more insistent: yes, it is indeed Jean Chiappe's car, yes, Prefect Chiappe, no, he was not kidnapped like Henriot nor massacred like Platon or Montandon, yes, one of the bodies is indeed that of the Prefect of Police, his dental records confirm it, and yes, it is undoubtedly a matter of murder. But then, there must be a culprit, as for any good murder? Ah, that's another matter... It must be said that at that time, the death of Jean Chiappe, as much as he was the Prefect of Police, was the least of the worries of the Parisian leaders, French or German. Let's not talk about the death of "Captain Nicolas", which apparently interests no one.
.........
"Bucard and Chiappe. Sixty years after the facts, their destinies seem to be linked by their fatal and mysterious outcomes. Rightly or wrongly?
In 1945, just after the war, the Marcel Bucard case was solved. His killers had been identified: two policemen, arrested for minor acts of resistance (distribution of leaflets) and who had had the misfortune of not seeing Victory, one having been killed during the Liberation of Paris, the other in Alsace, after having enlisted. One hardly wondered who had armed their arms: the time was not for details, courageous Resistance fighters answering the call of Duty, working for the Honor of the Fatherland and sanctified by the Supreme Sacrifice since they had died for France, had put to death, taking advantage of the opportunity offered to them, a Fascist and Doriotist Traitor (the capital letters are not optional). It is true that the person of Bucard did not incite indulgence: one of the first Frenchmen to call himself a fascist, a hero of World War I and even of World War II who, having taken refuge in Switzerland, had disavowed his patriotic deeds when he returned to France to serve the Laval government and then Doriot, imprisoned for having robbed a jeweler while he was head of France's third (collaborationist) party, and a cold-blooded murderer of two police officers! The case was heard: two patriots had executed a collaborator in the spring of 1944. This had already happened and would happen frequently in the following months.
Of course, the case was much more complex. As time went by, the arrival of a new generation of historians and the declassification of the archives would demonstrate this.
First of all, the murderers of Bucard were common law prisoners and not police resistance fighters. Their identities and even their exact number were never known, most of them having been released during the Liberation of Paris before enlisting or simply disappearing. Needless to say, those who ordered the assassination remained in the shadows.
Nevertheless, a few elements allow us to put the murder in perspective and to begin to perceive its links with the disappearance of Prefect Chiappe.
First of all, it is established that Jean Chiappe had maintained links with the Resistance as early as 1940. Keeping links with the Resistance is not the same as resisting, and as soon as it became clear that the legal government would not be returning to France for a long time, Chiappe, far from going to Spain, agreed to compromise with the Occupier and the NEF, at least to a certain extent. Thus, the Prefecture of Police opposed the SONEF, the Crusaders of Reconstruction, the PSE and the Gestapo on numerous occasions, brandishing the shield of legality and public order, but it accepted, for example, that the Parisian Police should lend a hand in organizing the Vel d'Hiv' Roundup. The almost total failure of this raid can hardly be attributed to Chiappe, but rather to a combination of orders from Algiers and an astonishing number of individual actions by police officers, "liberated" by the NEF's manifest lack of legality.
But the fact is that Chiappe knew his position was important. He was well aware that his participation could be negotiated and, in the weeks preceding Operation Overlord, he raised the stakes to obtain some guarantees. Close to the extreme right, he had avoided the compromises into which Doriot and Déat had fallen and thought he could obtain, if not forgiveness, at least the forgetting of his mistakes - after all, certain elements of the extreme right such as Lemaigre-Dubreuil, having reached the right side of the Mediterranean, had been able to restore their image. With the PP, Chiappe had a major asset, but the leniency of Algiers was not acquired by the man "responsible" for the Six Février! The Cocos and former members of the Front Popu were in the government, and it was necessary to play tightly.
When he saw the Bucard affair explode, with the murder of two policemen in the street, he no doubt thought that fate was offering him the veneer of republican legality that he lacked. That's why he didn't hold back his men when they went to arrest the one who was after all one of the ministers of the government in place in Paris! And that's why he made sure that this minister would be stuck in the Santé for more than three weeks. During this time, he understood (if he had had the slightest doubt about it) that a real trial would never take place, despite Doriot's calm and apparent withdrawal, because of the insistence of Ambassador Abetz, who was anxious to have the number one Francoist released as soon as possible. When Abetz went directly to the Santé to have the prisoner released, he managed to pull enough strings to prevent this from happening, but he had to act urgently, or rather to make someone act. He had already been receiving reports for many months about the resistance activities of many of the elements in the ranks of the Police, and he had to figure that the prison guards were not immune to the desire for redemption that animated his own troops as the Allied forces approached. He had so far let it go while calming the ardor, but this was no longer the time for half-measures and weighing anything. So he passed the message to the Santé that on the one hand, Bucard would be freed the next afternoon, no matter what, but that it did not seem essential to guarantee his safety until then, in case some warders, or even patriotic prisoners, decided to interpret the anger of the French People against a member of a government of apostates. What would happen then would be worth plenary indulgence for many previous misdeeds, trafficking, theft and others. The next day, Marcel Bucard was bathed in blood and Chiappe thought he had bought his peace by showing that he knew how to punish the enemies of the Republic.
It is interesting to note here that Doriot was probably quite satisfied with the news of the death of the Francist leader, which explains why he did not try to attack Chiappe (whose involvement he had no doubt suspected). If it seems certain that the arm that struck Bucard was not Doriotist, the president of the NEF government had done nothing to have one of his ministers released, or even to have him protected. In fact, Bucard was one of the main potential opponents to Doriot's absolute control of the New French State, while the self-proclaimed President of the Council remained convinced that a decisive German counterattack was always possible and/or that a change of alliance would eventually occur to allow the West to face the common enemy, Bolshevism. The death of Marcel Bucard rid Doriot of a competitor in the race for the Germans' favor. With Laval toast, Darnand sure to be killed by the Red Army, Déat and De Brinon at his heels, the death of Marcel Bucard (after his arrest for such a ridiculous reason!) was a real gift of fate. The elimination of the Francist would certainly put a stop to Abetz's shenanigans, always anxious to keep a candidate in his sleeve to replace the boss of the NEF in order to have control over him.
.........
All this does not shed much light on the circumstances of Chiappe's death. This obscurity had a lot to do with his legend as a "matignono-resistant" maintained after the war by a far right that was always looking for idols to cherish. But the fact is that we still don't know today how important were Chiappe's contacts with the Resistance and the government in Algiers. According to some, the figure in the uniform of an FST captain carrying papers in the name of "Captain (illegible) Nicolas" was in fact an envoy of Mandel, but we have no proof of this.
And above all, who could have wanted Chiappe dead? Here again, the immediate post-war period brought a convenient answer: it was the disgraced Doriotists, or even the Gestapo or the SS! The hypothesis cannot be excluded. Chiappe showed too much independence in those tragic hours when everyone needed to know to which side his neighbor belonged; his elimination removed a factor of uncertainty and hindered any attempt by the Parisian police to oppose anything, one could even attribute it to the Reds or to their allies the "Liberators"...
In the 1960s, the far right began to claim that Chiappe's death was actually convenient for "Algiers," where it could be said that the man was beyond redemption, that Doriot's or Oberg's henchmen would make perfect culprits, and that the desire to avenge his boss would push the Parisian Police to support the Liberation of the capital all the more.
Decidedly, too many actors refused to share the stage with Chiappe for the play to end well...
But the biggest question mark, strange as it may seem, is not even the identity of the murderer, but the way the murder was committed. Almost sixty years after the fact, no one knows what happened to Chiappe's Monasix. A burned-out carcass found in the early morning on a country road. Three equally burned bodies. A few personal effects. And that was all. Of course, the number one hypothesis remains that the car had been booby-trapped, but whoever was behind it, the local police, who did their job honorably under the circumstances, found no trace of explosives. What happened? Were Chiappe and his companions killed by an Allied bombing raid that missed its target, or by a damaged bomber that jettisoned its misfired bombs? Perhaps, but no Allied bombs fell that night within a fifty kilometer radius and in any case, no crater confirms the hypothesis. Was the Monasix the "innocent" victim of a clash between Germans and Resistance fighters? Perhaps, but there is no record of such a clash in the area at that time. So what did it mean?
Let us pass over the theories that were very much in vogue in the 60s and 70s: a UFO, an abduction by extraterrestrials or by mysterious puppeteers... At that time, Chiappe would even have been seen in the depths of the Amazon, no doubt in the company of Bormann, Darnand, Elvis and Marylin. Many questions were asked, many people were suspected, and exclusive and definitive revelations were made that were contradicted a few months later.
Only one thing is certain: a tomb in the name of Jean Chiappe (1878-1944) is in Ajaccio, in the Sanguinaires cemetery (sic...). But it is not certain that the body buried there is indeed that of the prefect of police of Paris.
To this day, the final word goes, for lack of anything better, to a somewhat mystical journalist who ends up exclaiming: "Perhaps we will never know what happened that night in the Thymerais countryside; it seems that mystery takes precedence over the truth, whatever it may be. As if it were absolutely necessary that Jean Chiappe, his driver and Captain Nicolas be urgently recalled that day to their Creator, as if Fate had had an oversight to make up for and had not bothered with plausible reasons for doing so... "
(Alex Tyler, Collaboration and Collaborators, Tallandier, Paris, 1999)

For Bordeaux
A prefect on the run
Bordeaux
- While the American military police patrols the city, the mayor, Adrien Marquet, one of the 150 members of parliament present in Toulouse who had refused the Grand Demenagement, very officially hands over the keys of the city to Gaston Cusin*, representative of the French government.
On the other hand, in spite of all the research, one of the main actors in the troubled political life of June 1940 could not be found. Raphaël Alibert, director of Marshal Pétain's civilian cabinet during the latter's time in the Reynaud cabinet, has not been found. Close to the Action Française and the Cagoule before the war, he boasted that he was the Marshal's "teacher" in politics. After June 13th, he managed to escape the arrests ordered by Mandel during the Sursaut of Cangé. And from the very first weeks of the NEF's existence, he finds himself in the entourage of Pierre Laval, whom he advised in the establishment of a state without the slightest resemblance to the "masonic and corrupt" parliamentary regime of the Republic. The president of the NEF also entrusted him with the drafting of the Statute of the Jews and the ordinances outlawing Freemasonry.
Nevertheless, Laval quickly felt that his influential advisor was overshadowing him and exiled him as soon as the regions were created, appointing him prefect of Aquitaine. In this new position, Alibert did not fail to lash out at the Jews and the Freemasons. He carried out numerous roundups in the southwest with odious skill and became a most active collaborator.
Having fled Bordeaux just in time to escape arrest, he was unable to cross into Spain and ended the war in hiding in Belgium. Sentenced to death in absentia, he was extradited in 1951 and ended his days in prison in 1961.

* Gaston Cusin has many acquaintances in the customs and administration of the port of Bordeaux. In fact, in 1936, Léon Blum had appointed him as delegate for interministerial relations with the Spanish Republic. Unofficially, he was in charge of coordinating the delivery of clandestine military aid - including Soviet aid - sent to Republican Spain.
 
06/05/44 - Occupied Countries
May 6th, 1944

For Bordeaux
Wrecks
Bordeaux
- Although the Germans were unable to destroy the city, or even the port, they scuttled several ships near Lagrange, like the French had done in the summer of 1940. These were former blockade runners or cargo ships used for ore traffic with Spain. All of them had been blocked in the Gironde, either because of damage or simply because the coastal route to Germany had become too dangerous.
Surveys carried out in the weeks following the liberation of the city or after the end of the war identify seven cargo ships or mixed liners, the Rastenburg (1911, 4,754 tx gross tonnage), Usaramo (1920, 7,775 tx), Himalaya (1929, 6,240 tx), Dresden (1937, 5,567 tx), Münsterland (1922, 6,408 tx), Tannenfels (1938, 7,840 tx), an oil tanker, the Nordmeer (1916, 5,146 tx), and an asphalt carrier, the Stanasfalt (1920, 2,468 tx). In Pauillac, the wreck of the ex-Italian tanker Burano (1901, 4,450 tx) was discovered, which was also cut up on site after the war.
Like the French wrecks of 1940, these ships will sink very quickly because the Gironde is very silty. The work of the German artificers was careful: no wreck could be recovered. All of them are cut up on the spot. Whether in Lagrange or in Pauillac, although the cutting of hulls, decks, internal partitions and piping was done without any visibility with a strong current, the cuts are as straight as if the divers had operated in the dry and in the open air!

RSI scorned
The Decima takes revenge
Gargnano
- The famous Prince Borghese himself presents Mussolini with a detailed report on the activities of the Partisans in the north-eastern provinces. At least, this is what the official communiqué will say - because these provinces are those of the Adriatic area of operations, administered by the Gauleiter of Carinthia, Friedrich Rainer. And, verbally, the Prince presents the Duce with a very black picture... of German activities there. The formal annexation of these provinces to the Reich, so feared by the RSI, could not wait until the end of the war!
Mussolini, as he had been doing ever since his return to office, is out of his depth. What to do? Didn't the Führer tell him over and over again of his friendship a few weeks ago? This Borghese condottiere must necessarily blacken the picture and plot against him. Rahn never ceases to paint a dark picture of the leader of the Decima Mas, and he is probably right! But this unit had to fight well, which could only confirm to Mussolini the value of the Italian soldier, and even the Germans - who regularly planned to disband the armed forces of the RSI - seemed to make an exception for this decidedly special unit. So special that some bad tongues (and the corridors of the Republic of Salo were not lacking in them) saw it as a unit fighting its own war, on the borders of Italy and Yugoslavia. But for what purpose?
A few Germans with an evil mind have imagined an answer: the Decima would seek to recruit local auxiliaries to constitute a force sufficient to drive the Tedeschi out of Carinthia, for the benefit of... the King*! Rumors of contacts between the Borghese prince and what the RSI called "the Southern Kingdom" increased over the months. One even suspected the presence in his unit of one or more officers of the royal secret service! Besides, what could Borghese have been doing lately, having just spent two months locked up in the Valdagno base? It is said that he met an allied agent there, who ended up leaving for a mysterious destination with many photographs, plans and documents concerning the secret weapons of the Decima MAS! Borghese's chief of staff, Major Scarelli, does not even hesitate to show some sympathy for the Communists - only the Italians, fortunately. He is surely an agent in the pay of London...
However, apart from these more or less improbable stories, one very tangible fact demonstrates to the Germans the loyalty of the Decima to Fascism - if not to Germany: Borghese's men multiplied their exactions in the north-eastern provinces. This is undoubtedly what saves the heads of many of the unit's officers today. Today - but tomorrow?...
As for Mussolini, he knows his difficult position, but preferred to be satisfied with one problem at a time. For the time being, he has to ensure the loyalty of this Black Prince. But in what way? The Duce gives himself time to think and gives Borghese a new appointment for the next day.

* Still referred to as the "Decima" or "Decima MAS" although no longer a naval unit, the forces supposedly loyal to the RSI but in reality answering to the orders of Prince Borghese include the San Marco Battalion, directly descended from the Decima MAS and now closer to a regiment, as well as several battalions totaling six to eight thousand men, who ferociously carry out "law enforcement" tasks against Communist - or other - partisans. They collaborate in this task with the German repressive forces and the 1a Bersagliere Divizione Italia.
 
07/05/44 - Occupied Countries
May 7th, 1944

Crushed Hungary
Underproduction
Budapest
- Edmund Veesenmayer continues to try to get Hungarian aircraft production back on track, despite the inorganization of the Arrow Crosses and the catastrophic consequences of the air raids of the last few days. For the time being, he has not succeeded at all - the production lines of the engine manufacturers remain out of order, while the MWG factories (although partly transferred to the quarries under the Kőbánya breweries) are still suffering the full force of the consequences of the events of the last few days.
So much so that, since April 13th, that is, in more than three weeks, the Hungarian industry has only produced... 12 Bf 109s and 8 Me 210s in all. That's not much! Now, in manufacturing, when a subcontractor does not do his job, he is replaced. And the RLM is beginning to seriously consider relocating all Hungarian aeronautical production to Germany...
 
08/05/44 - Occupied Countries
May 8th, 1944

The agony of the NEF
Bony, First Cop... of the NEF
Paris
- As "Anglo-Saxon" troops sweep ashore in Normandy, the NEF struggles to reorganize one of its police forces. Chiappe, Prefect of Police of Paris, had been missing for three days and was presumed dead or captured by the Enemy (assuming that he had not simply changed sides, like Olléris). Jacques Doriot today appoints Pierre Bony, the director of the Rail Police, as his successor!
If the decision to appoint the former "First Cop of France" of the 1930s to the Police Prefecture of the capital may seem on paper to be a reasonable decision, it is in fact the worst possible choice for Doriot. First of all, to take over from the man who had kept control of "his" police force, choosing the man who had been his sworn enemy in various politico-criminal affairs throughout the last years of the Republic seemed very risky. In addition, Bony has a lot of baggage. Considered corrupt, symbolizing for many the worst path one could take in the police, he had reappeared at the beginning of the Occupation to occupy important functions in the capital on behalf of Joseph Darnand's SONEF. Bony's appointment, which recalls the exactions committed by one of the most harmful political police forces of the NEF apparatus, is very coldly welcomed within the Parisian police force, even by the most neutral and even by the most complacent ones with regard to the regime... This will not be without consequences.
However, while this decision may come as a surprise, many have argued that Doriot and Barthélemy ("the other" Minister of the Interior of the NEF) may have acted under the shock of Overlord, which brings the moment of their downfall dramatically closer. Many years later, the declassification of the archives was to show that this choice was in fact the result of an almost total absence of other options! For example, long courted by the regime for his efficiency, the prefect of Pas-de-Calais, a man named Bussière, had declined the proposal to replace Chiappe in the capital (whereas before the war, in a normal setting, this would have been considered a promotion like no other). Bony's appointment thus seems to have been a choice by default for the Doriot administration. But in an NEF caught between Overlord and Cobra, did the Doriot regime still have any way out?

RSI scorned
No thanks, Duce
Gargnano
- The Duce is good and merciful. Prince Borghese seems to be playing his own part against the Partisans, but in connection with the Southern Kingdom, and not really in concert with the Germans, or even with the RSI? Let that be the case! Mussolini decides on this day to officially propose to the aristocrat... to enter his government as under-secretary of State for the Navy!
What Borghese hastens... to decline, of course politely but very firmly. It is necessary to say that currently, even the fascists formerly the most fervent do not hurry any more as much as before near the Duce to beg some maroquin... So much so that, for his under-secretary of State to the Navy, Mussolini is going to end up falling back on an officer of the Army!
 
09/05/44 - Occupied Countries
May 9th, 1944

Hungary crushed
Starting over?
Budapest
- In a very discreet room in a suburb far from the center, a group of loyal royalist officers and politicians find the Hungarian Committee for the National Liberation Uprising (Magyar Nemzeti Felkelés Felszabadító Bizottsága). Supported by small savers worried about losing everything, agrarian landowners feeling the wind of change and members of the National Civic Party, the group is not dominated by any notable figure, which considerably reduces its effectiveness*. In fact, nothing significant has come out of this organization in gestation, which is not really directed and whose every meeting is particularly risky, in fear of the boots that resound outside.

* There seems to have been a question of putting Endre Kálmán Bajcsy-Zsilinszky at its head - but he was already in prison at the time...
 
01/05/44 - Balkans
May 1st, 1944

Operation Plunder - Teatime
Danube and Sava valleys
- The LXVIII. Armee-Korps has completed its journey - after almost two hundred kilometers in a week's march, it is now back with its people and in its place, in the Sava Valley. Hellmuth Felmy's divisions are positioned to close the road to Nagykanizsa. In the following days, they will be distributed as follows: 100. Jäger (Willibald Utz) at Szigetvár, which will free Walter Krüger's 1. Panzer from its uninteresting positions toward Szentlőrinc; 181. ID (Hermann Fischer) at Barcs, on the Sava River (with the 914. StuG Abt of Major Friedrich Domeyer in reserve toward Csokonyavisonta); finally, on the right bank, the 173. ID (Heinrich von Behr) at Virovitica (with the 907. StuG Abt of Hauptmann Friedrich von Lessen in reserve at Pitomača).
Felmy, on the other hand, will take up quarters in Nagyatád, in the 18th-century Franciscan monastery. Not ideal - just like its position, right on the predictable axis of enemy advance! - but with the LXIX. PanzerKorps and the two reserve divisions arriving soon from Transylvania, it will be fine... In any case, the situation is still much better than ten days before - we gave up a part of Yugoslavia, that's all! And then, there is good news: when leaving, Felmy also left his unfortunate colleague, Julius Ringel, the Serbian Volunteer Corps of the detestable Dimitrije Ljotić and Radoslav Rade Radic. At least those two will be out of his hair! And as we move away from Bosnia, Felmy hopes (he too!) to return to a more... normal form of warfare.
Opposite, in the Sava valley, the XIIIth Corps welcomes its new chief, Richard McCreery, who came from Athens by plane after having had to cross a good part of the Balkan chain while zigzagging between the clouds.
McCreery is by no means an unknown in the British Army - although he is not a household name. And yet, the man has everything to establish his reputation: son of a high-level sportsman (his father was an Olympic polo competitor), from an illustrious family of engineers*and soldiers, he is a very brilliant officer**. He fought in the First World War, during which he was seriously injured***. Left lame, he had to relearn the daily gestures... and riding (he was in the 5th Cavalry Division), before going back to the front as a section leader, collecting the Military Cross in the very last days of the conflict! A true leader of men, well known by Richard O'Connor and Bernard Montgomery, who had both been among his instructors at the Staff College of Camberley in the inter-war period, before he became a senior officer. In 1940, as part of the BEF, he fought at Abbeville with the 2nd Armored Brigade, alongside the 4th DCR of a certain Charles De Gaulle, who made a strong impression on him - and vice versa. Like the Frenchman, McCreery had made the natural transition from pikes to diesels - he is now considered an expert on armor. With such a pedigree and such high-level support, Richard MacCreery should be one of the rising stars of the British Army. Yet he was not: he languished in advisory positions in the Middle East with Auchinleck before becoming Alexander's COS in Italy. Worse: he was given the dirty job of managing the very painful episode of the Sindos mutiny, near Salonika, on behalf of the Xth Corps. He is said to be modest, even self-effacing... unless he is only more interested in riding than in communication, or even self-promotion (his chief's specialty). This does not prevent him, on the field, from being daring, even reckless. In short, McCreery and Montgomery are like fire and ice: complementary... as long as they are not confronted. For the moment, "Dick" is still getting his bearings. We will see him all day long going through the lines in Bosnia, where he will witness the always surprising show offered by the Fiat CR.42 of the 5th "Bosnian" Corps of the AVNOJ. Now more or less well supplied thanks to the Australians (and recognized by all the allied flak shooters, to the great relief of its pilot!), this one passes while backfiring over the woods of the Derventa sector, in search of the positions of the 264. ID... ". The brigadier-general murmurs: "Nothing seems quite right here". He doesn't know how many surprises he has in store for him!

Operation Veritable - The one nobody wanted
Bosnia and Montenegro
- The situation in Olovo and Donja Ljubogošta remains unchanged - the Greek-Yugoslav forces are still accumulating resources, feeling out the terrain and... waiting for the return of good weather that will allow them to see more clearly and bomb the enemy.
In the Pendičići sector, however, it is a different lemonade. The 13. SS-Freiwilligen Gebirgsjäger Rgt Artur-Phleps, already entangled in a long and arduous fight for the Željeznica Valley - with (to simplify) Koča Popović's 1st "Proletarian" Corps on his left flank and Kosta Nađ's 3rd "Bosnian" Corps on his right, both of which were harassing him from the high ground! - sees the 12th "Voivodship" Corps (Danilo Lekic "Spaniard", Stefan Mitrović) and above all the 13th ID of Charalambos Katsimitros burst in behind him from Dobro Polje! As feared by Standartenführer August Schmidhuber, his unit is now stuck in a bowl, at the mercy of the enemy.
Obviously, in such a circumstance, the Nazi ideal would command to hold on, waiting for the counter-offensive that would annihilate the enemy. Launched, for example, by the 7. SS-Panzer-Grenadier Rgt of Alfred Wünnenberg, which could (perhaps) go up from Kalinovik to assault the enemy flank... Yes, but this would be long and not necessarily decisive. And the whole thing would force to sacrifice the blood of good Aryans just for the pleasure of remaining master of a bad ground.
Also, sensing correctly that Krüger's ambitions were in practice limited to defending Sarajevo, Schmidhuber withdraws to the north and goes to defend the Bosnian capital. His regiment crosses the valley under Partisan fire, to which it returns fire with interest, and resists the Proletarian attacks until it finally reaches Krupac: the southern entrance to Sarajevo, an easily defensible position. Informed, neither Karl Reichsritter von Oberkamp, nor Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger would disavow their subordinate. The Bavarian did the right thing - and at the same time he warded off a Bolshevik infiltration attempt that could be as dangerous as it was bold. Now that these adversaries are stuck at the bottom of the valley, it will be difficult for them to repeat the attempt, especially since in the evening, the 7. SS-Pz-Gr Rgt receivesthe order to withdraw towards Konjic: the Treskavica massif is no longer of strategic interest - on the other hand, it remains as dangerous as ever for the Nazis.
On the side of the AVNOJ, it is a little the disappointment - one almost held a large contingent of assassins in black, and just for the Workers' Day! But it is only a postponement... In reality, by dint of retreats, the SS regroup around Sarajevo - thus, little by little, the encirclement of the city takes shape. And the noose tightens around the neck of the Occupiers, especially with the operations underway further west. The Sarajevo operation continues...
In Montenegro, operations continue towards a predictable conclusion. The Croats have reached Nikšić. The 369. ID "of the Devil" still closes the march at Dabojevići, facing a Greek armored brigade not too adventurous on a terrain that does not favor it. The NDH forces, on the other hand, began to cross towards Trebinje, using Kotor as a pivot. The port is still occupied by the 392. ID "Blue" of Artur Gustovic - quite worn but not too much used, even by the allied monitors. In fact, the Allies do not see the point of shooting for the sake of ravaging a port that is soon to be abandoned... The evacuation continues in a kind of indifference, even phlegm.

Interview with an Ustasha
"- Well, you managed to get out of Podgorica. I understand that. But then, what did you do? That secret mission you were telling me about before?
- First of all, getting out of Pogdorica and leaving Montenegro was not the end of our troubles. It was necessary for me and my group to follow the entire line of our retreating troops back to Mostar, where we were expected.
- A long journey.
- Very long! And done in very difficult conditions, on crowded roads, full of soldiers and refugees. It was at times like this that I was able to congratulate myself for having collected so many Kunas, plus royalist dinars and a few trinkets, in addition to the passes stamped by Zagreb.

He stretched his right leg with brutality while clenching his fists, to mimic driving a truck.
- So we cut the road. Buying, threatening, sometimes knocking down. Nothing was going to stop us. Towards Mostar. I told you, we were expected!"

Operation Veritable - The Eagle of Montenegro
Port of Durrës (Albania)
- General Władysław Anders receives this morning a copy of a letter that General Montgomery had just sent to London and to the government of President Raczkiewicz - for want of a General Kazimierz Sosnkowski forcibly resigned and never replaced! In his letter, Monty took the complete opposite view of his recent reports by extolling the bravery of the Polish soldiers. He even specifies that he is requesting the DSO for a dozen of them.
In the mind of the Briton, it is perhaps a matter of pleasing these departing troops, by re-establishing a certain truth after some exaggerations - and especially after having said some very unpleasant things about them. Politics is politics, but we are among soldiers here, isn't it ? Possibly... for an islander, but from the point of view of the mainland exiles, it is hypocrisy and sycophancy.
A few hours later, General Montgomery's farewell visit, although he was usually so good at polishing his image with the troops, ends in an atmosphere even colder than the rain that fell in buckets. General Maczek's pen would capture the acidity of the moment much later, with surgical cruelty.
"The final inspection carried out by the chiefs and staffs was discreet; no doubt it was satisfied with the reports of the liaison missions. The final inspection by the chiefs and staffs was discreet; it was probably satisfied with the reports of the liaison missions. It was only carried out through two visits at the highest level, one on the British side and one on the French side.
The first of these guests was General Montgomery, who visited us on May 1st, in the glory of his triumph over Greece and the Danube, and preceded by the popularity he enjoyed throughout the world. This was the prism through which the soldier of my armored brigade looked at him, who had only one idea in mind: to cross swords with the Germans. So he ignored Monty's unusual attire, which did not fit our idea of military dress, his pink sweater and two badges on his beret, his use of a Jeep as a platform, and his statements such as "Now we've killed Germans together! Nor of a few other ridiculous details which are, it seems, typical of men who are considered exceptional and full of genius.
Monty arrived on a cold May day, apparently wearing only a battledress, in front of soldiers wearing caps and gloves. But he stopped imposing when, before lunch in the tent, he removed up to three layers of sweaters from under his battledress!
At first I was not sure if he was joking or just pulling my leg when he asked which language the Poles actually spoke in Poland: German or Russian? Such remarks could have annoyed us, but who cares? We realized with joy that this visit was the end of our incorporation in the 18th AAG of the fabulous Field Marshal Montgomery!"

(General Stanislaw Maczek - With my tanks: Poland, Greece, Balkans, France, Germany - Presses de la Cité, 1967)

Operation Veritable - Taking over
Port of Durrës
- The 2nd GTM (Augustin Guillaume) has finally finished landing. It overcame the difficulties inherent to the weak means of craneage on the port and the notable congestion of the surroundings, due in particular to the presence of the 2nd Polish Corps, which everyone knows is on its way to other skies. Without wasting any time, the last goumiers - from a somewhat scattered unit, unaccustomed to the local specificities and a priori incapable of immediate action - go up towards Priboj, thus freeing up some space.
In the margin of this rush, Camille Caldairou has the opportunity to meditate on his present situation. After having spoken with many veterans of the area while observing the Albanians from the corner of his eye, he understands better why it is still Sylvestre Audet who is in command in Tirana, and not Alexandros Othonaios (despite the numerical superiority of the Greeks). France has, in this region of the globe, a reputation of neutrality and probity. She intends to keep it - and it is his task, Caldairou, to make sure of it, much more than going to punish some mediocre Croatian barbarians at the bottom of the Sava. Vast program... and complex with that! In reality, between Communist Partisans, criminal Ustachis and Serbian royalists, all at loggerheads, the GDB walks on eggshells. Each one hardly begins to realize it...

Air war
May rain...
Balkans
- The bad weather over all Yugoslavia (except Serbia) does not allow combat missions. Tonight, even the heavy bombers based in Italy remain in the hangar - after the losses of the last few weeks, there is no question for Arthur Tedder to engage them just for the sake of showing up. But this does not mean that the Balkan Air Force has said its last word - especially since ground operations are sure to resume one day soon.

HeeresGruppen B and E
A Waffen-SS hold-up
Adlerhorst (Hesse)
- In the Balkans as well as on the Eastern Front, the Schutzstaffel triumphed over the Heer in the midst of an immense upheaval. As a logical consequence of the Reich's complex strategic situation, the entire German command in Southern Europe was turned upside down by two major decisions:
- Creation of an Oberbefehlshaber Donau (Danube High Command), which oversees the HeeresGruppen B and E. The whole is entrusted to Field Marshal Gunther von Kluge. Gotthard Heinrici remained at the head of HG B, Lothar Rendulic replaces von Kluge as head of HG E.
- Within the HG E, the 20. Gebirgs-Armee into 2. SS-Gebirgs-Armee. The latter is entrusted to SS-Obergruppenführer Walter Krüger, who leaves his II. SS-PanzerKorps to Wilhelm Bittrich - who was to come back from his vacation in Hungary rather quickly.
In practice, Kluge inherits the heavy task of defending - with his deputies Gotthard Heinrici and Lothar Rendulic - the entire southeastern flank of Germany. For the time being! Because there are whispers in the corridors of the OKH that the days of Albert Kesselring's Italian HeeresGruppe F are also numbered as an independent formation.
On the whole, it was logical: Hitler creates a single command for all the "non-offensive" sectors, entrusted it to a half-disgraced field marshal, and assigned to him as his deputy a Nazi from the very beginning who was good at everything (Rendulic, whose record was less disastrous than Löhr's), while at the same time creating a new SS army that was obviously intended to bring together all the Slavic rabble of the sector under the swastika! The leader of this new army was the valiant SS Walter Krüger, one of the heroes of Fredericus II (not to be confused with his namesake, the newly appointed leader of the LXV. PzK). There is no doubt that he will be up to the task!
Thus, the SS now has under their command most of the resources of the Oberbefehlshaber Donau - almost all the valuable units in the sector. But they are also responsible for everything: Sava, Hungary, a good part of the Heer... and even the Ustasha. As for Kluge, his promotion has a bitter taste. In fact, from his headquarters in Hungary, he is now somewhat responsible for the situation in Romania, without having the means to do much about it. He is therefore reduced to hoping that he will not be forced to constantly rotate his panzer divisions from one end of Southern Europe to the other...

AVNOJ
The final struggle
Slovenia
- The disruptive actions of the 9th "Slovenian" Corps continues, but they begin to come up against the reinforcements sent by the local National Guard at the express request of the Reich authorities. As everyone knows, Governor Leon Rupnik has nothing to refuse his German friends. Once again, Lado Ambrožič's men retreat to their mountains, pursued by an enemy they easily sowed (and bled) in the rain. Once again, Ernest Peterlin's troops show an astonishing reserve - as a price for this, Governor Rupnik has them sent to Senovo, on the suggestion of Obergruppenführer Rösener, who considers it imperative to remotivate these troops.
As a result, whether Volksdeutschen could be assimilated or not, these people would never be on the level of the real Germans, unless they are trained and directed by them. The proof - tomorrow, the SS-Freiwilligen Gebirgs-Brigade Karstjäger will arrive in Novo Mesto, for a new battle against the 7th "Slovenian" Corps. And probably for a new victory.
.........
Croatia (northwest) - Junction at Novi Grad between Martin Dasović's 34th Division (10th "Zagreb" Corps) and Stanko Perhavec's 35th Division (11th "Croat" Corps). AVNOJ forces now formally held a large complex in Dalmatia, penetrating nearly 115 kilometers inland. At this rate, the Zagreb-Sarajevo link will soon be untenable - and both the Nazi Krüger's forces and those of their Ustasha auxiliaries will have to withdraw from Bosnia or be annihilated, leaving the province to the Partisans in any case. Operation Sarajevo - the patient snare of the hunter, not the noisy ride of the Prussian panzers - will succeed, it is only a matter of time. That is, if the comrades on all sides are willing to continue to play the game, and successfully while they are at it.
This is obviously the case of the 10th Corps "from Zagreb", which continues to advance towards Glina, on the heels of the Hrvatske Oruzane Snage. We are already halfway to Donji Klasnić... Unfortunately, Josip Antolovic reports again this morning that the number of sick is increasing, which is really starting to worry. Men and women are falling down with fever, and nothing and no one is able to stop the epidemic. The disease also starts to affect the local population - the diagnosis of typhus is more and more likely.
.........
Croatia (north), Sava valley - In the lagoons towards Uljanik, on the road to Garešnica, the 12th "Slavonic" Division of Petar Drapšin meets the first elements of the SS-Kosaken-Freiwilligen Kavallerie-Brigade sent to "restore order". The confrontation is very unfavorable to the AVNOJ - the Partisans, although motivated and relatively well armed, are countered by Cossacks expertly led by Hauptmann Orlov, one of von Pannwitz's assistants. They are tough fighters, mobile (the horsemen are at ease in wet terrain) and used to small-scale warfare, not like the clumsy Ustashi of the V Corps! In a rapid succession of brief and violent encounters, the Partisans suffer defeat after defeat. They finally have to disperse in small groups to avoid the massacre. At the head of one of these groups, Drapšin - absolutely not defeated, but perhaps brought back to a certain prudence. The Cossacks will chase them all night long, but a new series of engagements will bring them nothing but annoyance and frustration - with experience and in the dark, the Slavs have already recovered...
.........
Croatia (west), Lika-Senj - No further major action in the Andrija Hebrang area. Cautiously, the 7th Banija Division (Vojislav Djokic, Kluro Kladarin) and the 13th "Primorje-Gorski Kotar" Division (Veljko Kovacevic, Josip Skočilić) are preparing to advance towards Josipdol and Bosanki Petrovac, respectively, in order to expand the liberated territory without facing too strong opponents. In the area, these are mostly elements of the Slovenian National Guard and Croatian territorialists - it should be fine.
.........
Nikšić region (northern Montenegro) - The arrival of Ivan Brozovic's I Corps, followed closely by Ivo Herenčić's KLAK (observed from a fair distance by a willingly sarcastic Johann Mickl) saves Ivan Markuli's III Corps forces from dislocation at least as much as his desperate defense of the past two days has saved them from encirclement. Indeed, confronted now with defeated troops, certainly, but still very superior in number, Peko Dapcevic is forced to prudence. He did not rout the fascists alone, what a surprise... On the other hand, he can still claim to have liberated a good quarter of Montenegro - or even half of it, if one considers that he collaborated with the Greek 2nd Army Corps at the start of Veritable. This will count in the future - for his personal career, for the glory of his corps and for the place of AVNOJ in this new Montenegrin republic, undoubtedly destined to join the Yugoslav federation.

Ambitions
Višegrad (Western Bosnia)
- Under the double blow of enthusiasm and the conquest of a large part of the territories of central Yugoslavia, the AVNOJ decidedly does not stop developing its order of battle!
The latest addition is a new assault troop, the 16th Muslim Shock Brigade (Salim Ćerić and Muhidin Begić). Two battalions of barely 450 men - but these fighters were handpicked, on ethnic rather than political grounds (the amalgam with the Proletarians was thus avoided). Their mission: to carry out in-depth operations, going beyond the usual harassment, in order to seize enemy urban positions by force! In this task, the western equipment provided/loaned/requisitioned/forgotten/shipped from the truck will obviously be very useful. The brigade will therefore soon take the road to Pale, for a destination that everyone already knows: Sarajevo, or nothing!

NDH
Forced migration (bis)
Western Montenegro
- The defeat of the NDH forces in this province naturally lead to the flight, in the Ustasha vans, of a large number of collaborators of various obediences - not all of them Axis partners. Among them, the Montenegrin National Army of Sekula Drljević - which is becoming very small, while it is advancing northwest in the mountains north of Bobotov Kuk. And, alongside this poor troop, some pro-Serbian Montenegrins - but not enough to join the Karađorđević.
Mihailo Ivanović is one of them. Once considered one of the most influential Montenegrin politicians of the turn of the century, a member of Crnogorska stranka (the Montenegrin National Party, an independentist within Yugoslavia...), he was expelled from Serbia as early as his student years, in 1899, for preparing terrorist actions. Great friend of Drljević, supporter of a parity union with Serbia, he was then banished from Montenegro in 1912 for his too extreme political opinions. Pardoned by King Nicholas I, he returned home to witness the fall of the Petrović crown, then spent the interwar period putting his brilliant oratory skills in the royal parliament to good use in the service of the Cause. Then he crossed the yellow line once and for all by supporting the attempt at independence in 1941, under Italian protectorate. A policy of which we can, at this time, measure all the relevance****...

* His ancestor John Loudon MacAdam is famous for having invented a well-known road surface.
** He was 12th out of 212 in the entrance exam to Sandhurst, even though he had only been old enough to enter for a few days!
*** On April 10, 1917, during the battle of Arras, a machine-gun bullet had severed his femoral artery. He had returned to the British lines with a tourniquet that was too tight, which had caused gangrene. McCreery refused to have his foot amputated... but he left all his toes on that side.
**** Less fortunate than others, Ivanović will be sentenced to forfeiture of all his rights by the Yugoslav authorities. He died in exile in the United States in 1953.
 
02/05/44 - Balkans
May 2nd, 1944

Operation Plunder - Teatime
Danube and Sava valleys
- Still flat on the front, between redeployments, waiting for reinforcements and mediocre weather, or even worse. From one end of the front line to the other, Hellmuth Felmy as well as Richard McCreery take their marks and accumulate resources as if in anticipation of the inevitable second round.

Operation Veritable - The one nobody wanted
Bosnia and Montenegro
- The weather as well as the tempo of operations are not better here. In Olovo, the 1st ID (Vasileios Vrachnos) continues to try to envelop, or at least to overrun, with a reasonable haste the 8. SS-PanzerGrenadier Rgt (Walther Schimana). This one has no trouble defending the main: the southern banks of the Krivaja, from Boganovići to Prgoševo, through the confluence with the Bioštica. Let the Hellenes maneuver if they like, the SS does not care! It will take them days before they start their defenses! And they still have to want it, by the way...
In fact, the Greeks do not seem to be in a hurry to go and throw themselves on the Nazi defenses. Veritable has reached all its essential objectives: the Tuzla-Sarajevo-Mostar line. It is now obvious to all that the main allied effort is assured by Plunder, while the weather and the means are not in the game. So... what's the point? The same is true further south, towards Donja Ljubogošta and also towards Pendičići. Mountain brigades and 13th ID remain here, not armed, but on the reserve, waiting for more favorable circumstances.
In both cases, however, this does not suit the AVNOJ. The latter had deployed considerable forces with the allied troops - at least on its scale. Four corps in Bosnia, one in Montenegro - almost 30,000 fighters, not to mention the two corps in Slavonia (about 10,000 fighters) and the reserves! It would be inadmissible for these troops to remain passive, while we could continue to advance due west, while forcing the fascists to retreat!
The cooperation between the Titists and the Allies, already uncertain outside of the fighting (and there is no fighting!) is obviously affected. But the 2nd Franco-Greek Army has absolutely no means to discipline the AVNOJ. In normal times, Sylvestre Audet and his staff would not care... But here it is: the Partisans are not far from being as numerous as their line troops! One must therefore be careful not to antagonize them too much - not to mention risk alienating them, a catastrophic eventuality that fortunately has no chance of happening.
Thus, affecting to scorn the calls for moderation or simple prudence of the Greeks, the Partisans begin to rally and reorganize, while rearming themselves thanks to the supplies offered by the Franco-Greeks (when they were not stolen from them, it must be said). The 8th "Dalmatian" Corps (Vicko Krstulović, Ivan Kukoč) thus venture through the woods, under Mount Trebević, while the "Proletarians" of Koča Popović penetrate the Treskavica massif. In the second case, no one even thought to warn Tirana! Bah, think the officials, Nazis can not be everywhere, and reactionaries either...
There remains the case of Montenegro: here, the 2nd "Shock" Corps is still forced to the defensive in front of Nikšić, obliged to be content with observing the flow of Ustasha. The dogs bark, the caravan passes... although, sometimes, a notable part of the caravan tends to stray into the lines of the Partisans, usually with the stick in the air. Behind, the KLAK continues to close the march. The Devil's Division thus reaches Nikšić in the evening. This logically triggers the immediate evacuation of Kotor by the Blue Division, in the direction of Dragalj - no one is going to get lost to Herceg Novi by following the coast. Not for a worthless bay, with the total allied maritime supremacy that everyone notices... While leaving, the Ustashi do not forget to ravage once again conscientiously everything that can be useful to the enemy (and even the rest). The Greeks, who advance heavily behind them while avoiding the traps left on their road, will quickly realize it.

Operation Veritable - The Eagle of Montenegro
Port of Durrës (Albania)
- Overcast and windy today on the Adriatic. Sad like an English Sunday, or an August 15th in Honfleur under the drizzle. The embarkation of the 2nd Polish Army Corps is going well, thanks to the good care of the British engineers, who have put in place since last autumn the necessary port cranes.
And there are many things to transport! Tanks with more or less cryptic white inscriptions (the Black Devils* have never been very keen on chromatic fantasy), infantrymen loaded with their gear, innumerable boxes of equipment... Other things, more exotic, too: a Syrian bear climbing the ladder on its four legs, for example. Wotjek gave full satisfaction to Mount Ruminja, so much so that he is now officially... Kapral, to the great despair of some English officials, who decidedly do not understand how one can name a corporal an animal that only imitates its masters**. A small crowd of civilians also accompanies the troops: for example, female auxiliaries, who often became soldiers' wives... and then mothers of soldiers' children. The "children of the regiment" were not so lucky: orphaned by the fighting (or by deportation to Russia), adopted by all, they were given uniforms that were too large, made from the remains of cloth, and then put on berets and tried to give them an education - in particular, geography lessons, thanks to maps printed somehow in Greece, but which all showed Poland within its 1939 borders. There are about a hundred of them, some of them teenagers, others still in their childhood***, and many of them have under their arm a burlap baby bearing the names of all the villages they have passed through: Amphilochia, Ionnina, Tirana, Shkodër... In reality, one could say that it is a whole people that is moving and embarking once again towards a new exile.
At the end of the quay, where General Anders had set up his offices (very temporarily), there were also some nice people: Sylvestre Audet wanted to come in person to greet his comrades, who had served so well (despite the fact that some people did not like it) and whose next destination would be very close to France... Especially since Captain Bonvalet, who had been seriously wounded on April 24th (he would have insisted on fighting in the front line) had already been replaced by a liaison officer who was also French. All the more reason for Audet to be kind, in the name of the Republic. And in his own name as a soldier too, of course.
- Frankly, my dear Władysław, I'm sorry about the way it all happened.
- I understand it. So do I, but you had nothing to do with it. And the truth is, we still have less reason to be sorry than we did four years ago, right?

It's a sad joke when you compare the situation of the two nations. The French army will go home. The Polish army... President Raczkiewicz did ask the Soviets (a little late, and above all a little naively) to study the repatriation of the forces in exile, in order to contribute from the east to the next campaign of liberation of their country. But Moscow immediately refused, arguing mysterious logistical constraints that were certainly insoluble. A sack excuse, which deceives no one: the truth is that the Reds want as few Poles as possible in Poland. It is almost flattering... what, the powerful Red Army Fronts currently camped on the national territory would be afraid of just two army corps?
On this point, however, the French will not go and prove the Russians completely wrong. Before going to see Anders, Audet and his team had time to visit the site of the battle of Mount Ruminja. They came back impressed by the state of the place, the ashes, the destruction and the ravaged land. As one of them will say in his memoirs: "For three days, the Poles fought a terrible battle here! I remember an Englishman we passed who chanted on his way: "How did they do this, fucking Polish!" And yet, the access roads to the mountain and the shrine of Sergius of Radonezh have already been well cleaned... It is said that on the evening of April 25th, it was impossible to drive on them so cluttered with wrecks, horse carcasses and human bodies. For the Anglo-Saxons, "the Polish Battlefield" would be the new name of the area. And for the French visitors, the memories of the Other War are in everyone's head.
"What did you tell your men to achieve such a result?" Anders, in a tone of evidence: "I told them to fight as the Polish soldier has always done throughout history: with tenacity, but with a chivalrous spirit!
At these words, the Frenchman smiles. As fate would have it... " How about going out for some fresh air?"
The two men get up from their chairs and leave with the heavy step that the importance of the events gives. No doubt, the Pole thinks, to continue discussing under the drizzle while walking and smoking a cigarette. Anders and his colleagues were surprised to discover a sight they had not expected: thirty French officers armed with swords****, forming a hedge facing the sea. "Present arms!" In the cold wind of the emerging spring, the swords point to the heavens, raised before the impassive faces of the members of this honor guard.
- General Anders, in the name of the French Republic and of all the men of the 2nd Army, I beg you to do us the immense friendship of accepting this...
From behind the group, Sylvestre Audet's orderly presented a ceremonial sword of gold and steel*****. The symbol is obvious - the Pole accepts, obviously. And as he brandishes it under the rare rays of the morning sun, the Frenchman finishes, "We will meet again one day, under more favorable skies. Keep the faith!"
A little respect - and even gratitude - was that balm to the heart that II Corps undoubtedly needed to get off on the right foot. And so Anders does just that. As they set out for new horizons, brow high, leaving behind a saber-toting guard that hadn't moved an inch.
...
« Nie masz nad żołnierza dzielniejszego człeka,
Chociaż kule świszczą, to on nie ucieka,
A chociaż go nawet trafi kulek trzysta,
Maszeruje dalej i tak sobie śwista !
Zimno, mróz na dworze, wiatr śniegiem zacina,
W podartym mundurku idzie chłopaczyna,
Drwi z mrozu i śniegu, bo to legionista,
Maszeruje dalej i tak sobie śwista !
Haniś, moja Haniś, moje ty kochanie,
Pożycz mi sto złotych na ślubne ubranie,
Pieniądze mu dała, a on spekulista…
Maszeruje dalej i tak sobie śwista !
Nie płaczże, dziewczyno, jeszcze się nie topię,
Ożenię się z tobą zaraz po urlopie,
Syna wychowamy, będzie legionista,
Niechaj maszeruje i tak sobie śwista !
Urlop mu się kończy, dziewczę śni o Janku,
Nie ma, nie ma ciebie, drogi mój kochanku!
Poszedł z kolegami, gdzieś do diabłów trzysta,
Maszeruje sobie i tak sobie śwista !
»
(Nie masz nad żołnierza... was the song of Poles serving in the Austro-Hungarian army in 1914. The song later became popular in the Eastern formations during the war of independence against the Soviets. It tells of a soldier's misfortunes in his life, at the front and then in the rear, and concludes each verse with: "He keeps on marching and whistles like this," a line systematically followed by a few cheery notes).

Operation Veritable - Taking over
Priboj
- Arrival of the 4th RST of Colonel Roux, closely followed by the 1st Czechoslovak ID of Alois Liška. As the 192nd DIA does, the French and Czechs do not linger in the area - they immediately move north, towards the Sava valley.

Air warfare
May rain...
Balkans
- No significant action in the skies - the Balkans Air Force increases its reconnaissance flights from Serbia towards the Danube and Drava valleys, in order to study the reinforcement of German defences in the area.

AVNOJ
The final battle
Slovenia
- After the ambushes and convoy attacks of the last few days, the 9th "Slovenian" Corps continues to retreat towards the Bočko Mountains. For the Domobranci officers, it is obvious that the Partisans are preparing a next action towards Celje, Ptuj... or maybe Krapina? Go figure, anyway, their forces are not large enough to pretend to cover everything, let alone give chase to the Partisans... So once again they are even to patrol the roads, waiting to be attacked or called elsewhere! That's how Peterlin's unit arrives at Senovo... to find that the enemy had already left, of course.
Further west, in Novo Mesto, the SS-Freiwilligen Gebirgs-Brigade Karstjäger again clashes with Rajko Tanasković's 7th "Slovenian" Corps - essentially Joze Klanjšek Vasja's 14th "Slovenian" Division (commissar Stane Dobovičnik Krt). Vasja, educated by experience, does not persist in vain and set out to retreat eastward to the Žumberak mountain range. Meanwhile, the comrades continue to spread chaos towards Vinica, until the outskirts of Karlovac.
.........
Croatia (northwest) - It is now official: the entire 10th "Zagreb" Corps is ravaged by typhus and the epidemic is even beginning to spread to civilians in the area. The main vector of the disease seems to be the contaminated clothes that are passed around to try to protect themselves from the rain of this beginning of May. The offensive capabilities of the 10th Corps are of course significantly affected.
In the north, the 33rd "Croatian" Division (Josip Antolovic, Uroš Krunić) has to abandon any attempt to pursue the Hrvatske Oruzane Snage to the north and Glina, while it could harass them and rout at least part of this mediocre force. Too bad... According to doctors, the epidemic will last for at least two weeks - and while the death rate will be low in otherwise healthy subjects, the survivors will need rest.
In the south, the news of typhus sends a chill down the spine of the AVNOJ's 10th and 11th Corps - their 34th and 35th Divisions split almost as quickly as they had met. Stanko Perhavec's men and women hurriedly turn back toward Sanski Most, hoping it is not too late to avoid contagion. They leave the 10th Corps alone to cover the northern flank of the vast Titian-held area in Dalmatia.
.........
Croatia (north), Sava Valley - The leaden sky and the heavy rain does not bring luck to Petar Drapšin's 12th "Slavonic" Division, which Hauptmann Orlov's Cossacks continue to vigorously chase with the expertise gained from long practice. Isolated and unable to retaliate, the remnants of the AVNOJ division withdraw separately to Kusonje, in order to defend the Požega basin against possible enemy action. In doing so, the Partisans also abandon to the enemy the great majority of their conquests of the last few days: Pakrac, Omanovac, Lipik... so many towns and villages where the Cossacks have or will soon burst in, without anyone (and especially the population!) having been informed.
.........
Croatia (west), Lika-Senj - The 7th "Banija" Division and the 13th "Primorje-Gorski Kotar" Division begins to advance towards Josipdol and Bosanki Petrovac. The former is cautious because of its relative isolation in the area, while the latter is still facing elements of the Domobranci. It is doubtful that these slow actions - although still valuable on an individual scale - will yield anything for several days.
.........
Nikšić region (northern Montenegro) - The Ustasha transhumance still forces Peko Dapcevic's 2nd "Shock" Corps to remain on the defensive by withdrawing into the Zeta valley, at Vir and Vidrovan. Indeed, after the disillusioned defeated of the 1st Ustasha Corps, the legionnaires of the KLAK pass by - and they are not laughing, especially since they had to digest the terrible humiliation of having lost to Czechs or Poles - not to mention the Tunisians! In short, their mood was not one of joking, and the Partisans preferred to let them pass in order to reduce their losses as well as the reprisals on the population.
It's annoying, but not so bad. The victory is there, on the ground as well as in the head. Besides, the AVNOJ has largely filled up with new recruits in the sector - in addition to the conscription, there is talk of about 2,000 defectors from various NDH units spontaneously joining the ranks of the Revolution. This is enormous, especially since they often arrive armed! An armament that can certainly be improved - at least as much as their motivations... - but that's always a plus. It is only a short step from there to seeing this as the first sign of a forthcoming shift in Croatian opinion in favor of the revolution (which Marshal Tito had obviously predicted for a long time). A big step, of course - but only one. And taking it will also require dealing with all the fanatics and the overly compromised.

NDH
Broken seals
Zagreb
- The Croatian conspiracy is panicking as it puts the finishing touches to its "political solution" designed to bring Croatia out of the war. Indeed, to the deafening anxiety linked to the defeats in the valley of Save as in Montenegro, without speaking about the allied bombardments, is added from now on the fact that the communications with Belgrade seem unceasingly more uncertain - it is that the Serbs are each day more furious of what they discover with the wire of their advance in Krajina and in Bosnia!
In short, the Lorković - Vokić project is simple. Dangerously simple even!
- Act the turnaround of the Ustasha army in the Mostar sector and under the conditions previously defined, for the benefit of the Allied armies. This implies, among other things, the disarmament of the KLAK, or ideally its engagement against the SS-Handschar, which one can easily imagine will not support the approach.
- Quickly secure the capital, Zagreb, with the Hrvatske Oruzane Snage. They will have to ensure the security of public places and disarm the German garrisons of the sector (few in number - but this is the proof that, as Rudi Stärker affirmed, the Heer will not oppose a reversal!)
- Proclaim a new government centered around the National Peasant Party, with Vladko Maček (the president of the HSS) as head of the Nation. Its first task will obviously be to call the Belgrade monarchy to help.
- Capture and... "disappear" the most compromised Ustasha leaders, including Ante Pavelic at the forefront - although it is hoped that others will take care of his case.
According to this somewhat quixotic project, the Croatian turnaround would still have a chance to save the NDH in a... attenuated form, at least initially. It is understandable that the Americans are dubious. And in fact, if MacDowell wants to continue playing the game, he is already recommending to Washington to parachute his famous special unit, the 2677th Regiment OSS (Prov.), in Slovenia rather than in Croatia.

* Because of the color of their berets and leather jackets.
** Wotjek would later enjoy a well-deserved retirement at the Bourget Airfield and then at the Vincennes Zoo, fueled by cigarettes and beer from the Polish veterans who came to visit him. He was also a regular guest on the children's show Blue Peter! The Corporal died in December 1963, at the age of 21 (which is more than adequate for a 500 kg, six-foot bear). Today, many bronze bears perpetuate his memory in symbolic places: the Sikorski Museum in London, the city of Krakow, Parc Floral in Vincennes, Duns (near the former Winfield Camp), Poznań Zoo... and at the foot of Mount Ruminja, of course. As for the 22nd Supply Company, it will display until its dissolution a badge in the shape of an ursine carrying a shell...
*** Many of them were local orphans: it is attested that half a dozen Albanians became Poles during the winter of 43-44.
**** The ceremonial uniforms, white gloves and golden cords, had remained in France since 1940!
***** Audet had sent this officer to Athens to get the weapon, a saber undoubtedly of Turkish origin that he had found in an antique shop!
 
03/05/44 - Balkans
May 3rd, 1944

Operation Plunder - Teatime
Danube and Sava Valleys
- The Axis continues to take advantage of the break offered to them in order to reinforce themselves, in preparation for the inevitable next Allied action. The 214. ID of Harry von Kirchbach, just arrived from Norway, will thus position itself south of Szekszárd - finally freeing the 19. PzrGr Brandenburg, which could return to reserve at Kaposvár. The LXIII. ArmeeKorps of Erich Abraham completes the relay of the LXV. PanzerKorps of Walter Krüger.
This handover gives the opportunity to change some heads. Thus, Generalleutnant Otto Lüdecke - sent in catastrophe to command a 264. ID already in rout and now severely damaged by the fighting - gives up his place to Generalmajor Alois Windisch, a former member of the 3. Gebirgs that Kreysing had chased away following a major tactical disagreement. Windisch had then been sent to the infamous position of Stalag commander, before contributing to the formation of the Croatian 373. ID Tigar divizija... But now that Kreysing is in a camp somewhere in Africa, there is no one left to hold a grudge against Windisch, who remains a valuable officer, a three times wounded hero of the First War*, of the Polish campaign and then of Narvik, very much beloved by his men - a soldier of the caliber of the late Eduard Dietl, in fact. Of course, since 1942, he had only seen the Bandenbekämpfung - but that's how it was: Lüdecke, who had only commanded for 13 days, returned to the Führerreserve. For him, this was probably a bit upsetting... even though it was a command in Bosnia. I'm not sure that Windisch has been given any favors!

Operation Veritable - Partisans and Greeks
Sarajevo area
- Still no significant action in northern Bosnia: between I Greek Corps (Giorgios Kosmas), the right wing of II Greek Corps (Dimitrios Papadopoulos) and III. SS-Gebirgs-Armee-Korps (Obergruppenführer Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger), the maneuvers give way to trench warfare. Well... rather of mountains and ridges, defenses at least as formidable as entrenchments dug in the mud.
The siege of Sarajevo is well underway. Obviously, not everybody is satisfied with it. "Proletarians" and "Bosnians", in the south, of course - but they are still rallying in the Treskavica massif, after the fighting in the Željeznica valley. Costly, tiring but certainly encouraging battles. So much so that some people saw themselves repeating their scenario in the following days, for example towards Tarčin and on the banks of the Rijeka. Fascists cannot defend everything, not tomorrow more than today!
This is also the certainty that animates the 12th Corps "Vojvodina" (commander Danilo Lekic Spaniard, commissioner Stefan Mitrović), stuck with the 13th ID of Charalambos Katsimitros at the height of Kijeko. Lekic is willing to leave some of his forces at the bottom of the valley - the 36th of Dušan Vukasović and Mirko Tepavac, for example - to play the auxiliaries. On the other hand, at the head of "his" 16th ID, he could see himself sliding northeastward towards the Likava, in order to threaten Sarajevo through Lukavica, in coordination with the 8th "Dalmatian" Corps (Vicko Krstulović, Ivan Kukoč). In Donja Ljubogošta, Commissar Kukoč - like many other comrades - is very wounded from inaction. And he has not forgotten the time when the 26th Division (of which he was then commissioner) led the assault on the Pelješac peninsula alongside the French, with otherwise more daring, on converted coasters or trawlers. Mljet, Korčula... Then go for Mount Trebević! And also for Faletići and on the Mošćanica in the north, with the support of a Hellenic artillery barrage. A Fabian strategy certainly paid off: eventually, when the AVNOJ will hold all the peaks around Sarajevo, its fall will become inevitable.
Thus, in the face of the Partisans' efforts, and even though it had no orders to seize the Bosnian capital other than in the event of abandonment by the enemy, the Greek army finds itself, by its mere presence, contributing to a major confrontation between the Waffen-SS and the Titian army, with the center of Yugoslavia at stake.

Operation Veritable - Greeks and Partisans
Montenegro, Herzegovina and Dalmatian coast
- The Croatian army abandons Nikšić to the enemy - and everything in Montenegro that was still nominally under NDH rule. Maneuvering towards Vilusi and then Klobuk, the 369. ID Vražja divizija (Marko Mesić) and the 392. ID Plava divizija (Artur Gustovic) look like they are about to form a strong rear guard on the road to Mostar.
It is in this context that the Armored Brigade of Colonel Socrates Demaratos again comes into contact with Peko Dapcevic's 2nd "shock" Corps. The latter has only one obsession: to go ahead and rout the maximum of Ustasha before they go back to their Croatia to reform and fight tomorrow. Finally, it is intolerable: the Greeks in vehicles go less quickly than the Partisans on foot! The latter follow a more direct way, it is true - but this direct way also passed by roads of altitude, up to 1 400 meters.
The Greek Valentines are greeted with acid comments - the crews are even asked to descend to make room for more motivated people! What is obviously unbearable - the Partisans have some reasons to stomp and a certain expertise, Demaratos does not imagine to let pass this insult without reacting. He therefore orders his reconnaissance squadrons to rush westward, to seize a crossing point on the Trebišnjica before the bridges are blown up. A bold action, certainly - but one that justifies taking some risks.

Interview with an Ustasha
"- So you managed to reach Mostar before anyone else.
- And especially before the delaying fights around Trebinje. Again, I don't need to explain the subject to you...

I can't tell whether the major is enjoying imagining me as a scholar and thinking he knows more than I do, or whether he is hiding something from me here. Trebinje, not being my subject, I do as he did thirty-eight years ago: I move on.
- Mostar, how was it?
- For my Vuka? Bad. Bad even. The city full of Handschar men, whom my status and rank kept at bay with great difficulty, whether for their appetite for requisitioning or... other things. As I said, my men were not the worst, far from it.

I find myself believing him on this one.
- We lose track of you from that date on. So your unit left town quickly?
- Very quickly! You know, if there's one thing I have to give the Titist terrorists credit for, it's their description of the last few days. Not the happiest days, that's for sure (11). As if the problem in this story was the Germans...
- Was the morale of your men affected?
- Oh no! Unfortunately, they had waited until I was away to deliver a whole bunch of equipment and weapons from who knows where. There was even some American in there, I remember. The youngest ones were having fun on the shooting ranges with this: "Deadly, this automatic fire!" Real kids! I calmed all that down. To set an example, I gave myself a Thompson and...

I'm not interested in this gun fetish stuff.
- So, where did you go?
- To .... Umm... Travnik, just behind Sarajevo, to secure the area. A pretty uneventful assignment. With everything that was going on all around us, it could even be called a safe house. But not for my shock group. No, we...

He smiles and lays down his hand like a poker card.
- We took the plane. Twenty, from Butmir, heading north. We were expected there. Funny thing, we were asked to take more uniforms than we were soldiers.
- Ah, you went to a relief field north of Sarajevo.

He pauses for a moment, proud of his effect. And adds: "I think you are beginning to understand."
I had not misinterpreted his theatrical play - Ratko Vlašic was indeed very amused to know more than I did."

Operation Veritable - Taking over
Priboj
- Last in the column, but certainly not last in the class, the 2nd GTM (Augustin Guillaume) arrives at Priboj, which it crosses without stopping before going north. Eastern Bosnia is definitely very busy these days!

Air warfare
Short stride
Balkan Front
- After several days, flights resumed in the region - with less activity than before, because on the airfields too, the allied soldiers take a break and maintain their machines. The missions carried out in the Drava Valley are essentially harassment and interdiction missions - now that everyone knows where the Allies are aiming, it is useless for Arthur Tedder to pretend. Already that his means are not really extensible and that most of his Poles will be taken away from him!

Curious chance
Zagreb
- While we thought lately that the American air force had better things to do than bludgeoning the poor ZNDH, Marauder of the 8th Air Force and Liberator of the 15th Air Force come today to prove the contrary, by hitting all the Croatian airfields around the capital. Črnomerec, Borongaj, and Pleso are hit with a deluge of 500-pound bombs, while secondary raids take place in Mostar, Sarajevo, Banja Luka, and Zagreb.
In Borongaj, in particular, the damage is catastrophic: a carpet of bombs ravages the area of the hangars of the 19th Squadron (which armed the Fieseler 167), near the railway tracks, destroying workshops, collapsing the hangars on two Breguet XIX and starting a fire on the taxiway which spread to all the waiting aircraft. Among the victims of the day: the Fokker F.9 La Sorcière, two Dornier 17 K, two Fiat G.50, two Potez 25, two Saiman 200, a Bücker 131 and two FP-2 - not to mention several German aircraft in transit: four Junkers 52 and one Junkers 87. And that's just the destroyed equipment. With these losses and the damaged aircraft, there would have been enough to equip two squadrons!
This umpteenth very unpleasant episode finished convincing General Vladimir Kren to disperse his rare and precious aircraft still operational. The oldest, but still useful ones - such as the Saiman 200 - will find asylum in barns. For the most recent ones, the squadron commanders were asked to organize twice-daily transfers at dawn and in the evening *** to secondary airfields in the capital - depending on what the fuel rationing would allow.
And Kren asks Berlin for new replacement aircraft. Finally, the Germans themselves agree that all this could not last: in the following days, they finally try to help their so-called allies to improve their aerial surveillance system, to organize a real Flak (according to local possibilities...) and even to rationalize the passive defense system intended for the protection of civilians, while giving a few courses in mine clearance...
As for the Bf 109 G of the 15. Staffel (Kroat)/JG. 52, which will arrive, they will be based in Bjelovar, north of the Sava valley. The Borongaj airstrip - which they were supposed to use - was impassable for several days, as it was ploughed by about 40 bombs.

Waffen-SS of Heeresgruppe E
Long-awaited guests
Split
- The SS-Freiwilligen Panzergrenadier-Brigade Nederland finally joins its new assignment corps, the V. SS-GAK, after an interminable journey on trains that are constantly stopped for one reason or another from the Vaterland. Obergruppenführer Georg Keppler plans for the brigade to deploy soon in the Jlabanica and Konjic area, in order to ensure the junction with Krüger in Sarajevo - obviously, in this godforsaken land, prevention is better than cure.
This position has another advantage, a little more marginal: Jürgen Wagner will not have far to go to join his formation. Indeed, the Alsatian is promoted to the command of the 4. SS-Polizei, replacing the late Vahl. He thus leaves his troop of Batavian volunteers to Helmut Scholz, hero of the Eastern Front with the Baltic of the Wiking, who would have contributed a lot to the failure of the Red assaults on Riga last summer. Decidedly, the Balkans seem to be gradually destined to host a kind of Nazi international.

AVNOJ
The final struggle
Slovenia
- The situation in the east is in a very temporary lull, due to the ongoing redeployment of the 9th "Slovenian" Corps. The Domobranci can not be everywhere ... and the men of Lado Ambrožič - who do not claim to liberate the ground (unlike their comrades further south) - to roam with impunity around their redoubts, which seem for the moment impregnable. It's true - to do the right thing, the Axis would have to surround the whole area and start a "purge". But alas - and Obergruppenführer Erwin Rösener is furious to admit it - the Waffen-SS's resources in the area do not permit this for the time being. But where are the glorious days of yesteryear?
Around the Kupa, the SS-Freiwilligen Gebirgs-Brigade Karstjäger continues to clear the Novo-Mesto - Karlovac road with great fanfare. Once again, Hans Brandt shows that he could do it. Once again, due to a lack of prisoners, his troop takes a lot of abuse from the civilians in the area. The brigade is definitely starting to have a reputation - it obviously wants to defend it.
.........
Croatia (north), Sava valley - The 12th "Slavonic" Division reaches the woods of Kusonje in a hurry, pursued by the Cossack auxiliaries of the Reich, who no longer hesitate to charge isolated or lost groups with their sabers, whether they pretend to fight to the death or wish to surrender. Orlov and his men - no more than von Pannwitz - are not meant to be picky, especially in this sector.
This is demonstrated by the fact that the Cossacks had entered Pakrac, which had been liberated only a few days before and was now abandoned to the enemy, during the night. In the end, the SS-Kosaken-Freiwilligen Kavallerie-Brigade wanted to make an example out of the situation.
.........
Croatia (northwest) - The typhus epidemic in Donji Žirovac continues to spread rapidly, crippling the 33rd Division, which is overwhelmed by the infection, and also affecting Martin Dasović's 34th Division. It is true that the Partisans do not have the luxury of changing clothes often, let alone disinfecting them - we will not even mention the case of the unfortunate population, weakened by three years of war, misfortune and deprivation.
The 10th Corps "from Zagreb" seems to be well and truly out of the game, by forfeit. At least until the end of May, no doubt - and no one can say in what state it will come out of this episode...
.........
Croatia (west), Lika-Senj - Obviously, on the side of Andrija Hebrang, this news causes consternation. The 35th Lika Division (Stanko Perhavec, Šime Balen) is now officially quarantined, and asked to go and spread... the revolution far away from its comrades, towards Sanski Most, which it should reach tomorrow - if all goes well.
As for the other formations of the 4th and 11th "Croatian" Corps, they continue their progression, as cautious as regular.

NDH
Broken seals
South of Banja Luka
- The detachment of the 1st Parachute Company (Prva laka padobranska satnija) has drifted away from the Sava valley. It is now very far from the German lines, in a sort of vast area unsuitable for offensives located between the Vrbas and Sarajevo - in fact, only the narrow valley of the Bosnia river really forces the barrier of the mountains of the Central Bosnia group, between Doboj and Zenica. The forty or so men nevertheless continued on their way, reinforced along the way by various small groups, some of them irregular. All in all, there are now about a hundred of them.
Led by Staff Sergeant Marko Kudelić (the historical number two of the 1st Company), the troop will reach Zenica in the night by truck, to add new elements, before starting to move up north, in the hills of the Žepče sector. An area where the front line is uncertain, to say the least... In fact, there is not much chance of finding many people there - on one side, the XIIIth Corps is waiting to be transferred to the Drava, on the other, the XVIII. Gebirgs-Armee-Korps of Julius Ringel has other worries.
Meanwhile, in Zagreb, commander Dragutin Dolanski****, who leads the unit, does not worry more than that. He knows that in any case, his paratroopers of both sexes (because there are one or two women in the company!) are not about to jump. And for good reason: the parachute silk factory S. Trebitsch & Sons, where they were supplied, blew up last fall! Damn Reds...

z3gd.jpg

Picture of the results of the raid on the Zagreb airfields

* Had it not been for the fall of the Kaiser, Alois Windisch would have been able to claim ennoblement for his Knight's Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa, received (a little late) in 1925!
** Milovan Djilas, two years earlier, described Zagreb as follows: "At night, patrols, darkness, and constant shooting on one side of the city and then on the other. By day, Jews marked with yellow ribbons and fear and anger, hunger and death, the dark faces of the inhabitants, young Germans without any regard, with prostitutes and cameras. The air force passages to Greece and the troops on their way to Romania. The first communal newspapers in the pay of the occupier."
*** Twice daily, because even these secondary grounds were not considered safe in the face of an AVNOJ raid, especially after the devastating attack of December 24 on Sarajevo-Zajlovac!
**** First Yugoslav paratrooper (at the time) and only commander before the war of the FARY parachute school, in Pančevo.
 
04/05/44 - Balkans
May 4th, 1944

Operation Plunder - Teatime
Danube and Sava valleys
- Absolute calm in the lines of the XIIIth Corps and ANZAC.
On the other hand, informed of the setbacks of the 6th "Slavonic" Corps - which would be in difficulty further north - the 5th "Bosnian" Corps launched a harassment campaign against the XVIII. Gebirgs-Armee-Korps in the Derventa sector. This campaign quickly turned out to be rather futile. Indeed, Slavko Rodić alone has hardly any means - in any case, still less than Julius Ringel! - and in any case, the banks of the Bosnian river are of little immediate concern. Moreover, the German knows that the weather is not really in the mood for large-scale offensives - he is therefore hardly worried about what will happen next, and remains serene in the face of what looks like a new episode in this "bandit war", which will be dealt with appropriately.
In fact, everywhere, the Titist vanguards are pushed back, with more or less losses - rather less, however, because of the lack of energy in the exhausted ranks of the Partisans. The heavy rain nevertheless allowed the 10th Division (Milorad Mijatovic, Nikola Kolte) to infiltrate along the Sava River under the cover of trees, in the direction of Dubočac - more or less at the link between the NDH and Heer troops.

Operation Veritable - Partisans and Greeks
Region of Sarajevo
- The small war of nibbling engaged by the AVNOJ continues. Eager to accompany these efforts, the 1st Greek ID tries to border the 8. SS-PanzerGrenadier Rgt at Olovo. They succeed, but could not cross the Krivaja. Walther Schimana and his men still hold their sector well! For the time being, none of the allied attempts to bypass them seem to succeed.
This is also generally the case around Sarajevo, where infiltration efforts and attempts to overrun the AVNOJ do not immediately meet with great success. For sure, the Partisans are motivated and expert, despite the rain. But from the southwest to the northeast, from Treskavica to the Mošćanic, via Mount Trebević and the Likava, the Titist corps are confronted with the fierce defense of the Schutzstaffel, which makes them lose people and time before falling back to new positions a little closer to the city. This retreat is annoying for the III. SS-GAK, for sure... But as long as the valleys of Bosnia and Zujevina (west of the city) remained held by the Nazis, they still occupy a good half of the basin. Their position is uncomfortable, it is true - but by no means critical.

Operation Veritable - Greeks and Partisans
Montenegro, Herzegovina and the Dalmatian coast
- The Greek Armored Brigade is now well underway on the road to Trebinje, in pursuit of the KLAK and the rest of the retreating Croatian army. Taking advantage of the chaos in the Ustasha ranks - at least those accompanying or pretending to accompany Marko Mesić's legionnaires - the Greek soldiers seize a crossing point on the Trebišnjica with little or poor enemy guarding in the evening, at Gornje Grančarevo. In principle, this should not be too much of a problem for the Croatian army: the bulk of the troops had already passed through and if by chance there were any fools among the collaborators and others compromised with Zagreb for not having been able to get away in time, that was their problem!
However, from Johann Milck's point of view, this small setback due to negligence is worrying. It shows that the Greeks have pulled themselves together and are already pursuing the Vojni korpus hrvatske legije. Now, if its columns of harassed infantrymen are assaulted tomorrow by squadrons of angry Valentine tanks passing over this bridge and appearing in their back on the plateau that the road to Mostar crosses, it would be a real disaster for Zagreb... and for the Reich. After all, who could replace the Germans in the region, if the bulk of the remaining Croatian forces were wiped out in Dalmatia?
So, on the express instruction of the German, thanked by an increasingly depressed and overwhelmed Ivo Herenčić, an improvised force around 392. ID Plava divizija (Artur Gustovic) is set up to take back this famous bridge, before it is too late. By the way, the seizure will also save the time necessary to evacuate in good order several cities of the coast: Dubrovnik in particular. As usual, everything must be done and planned!

Operation Veritable - Goodbye
Port of Durrës (Albania)
- Departure in the morning of the last convoy carrying the men, women and children of the 2nd Polish Corps. There are no citizens of the Republic of Poland left in Albania. At least no one alive. Before leaving, Bishop Josef Gawlina, chaplain general to Anders' troops, takes great care to celebrate two consecration masses: one on the road to Drume, the other under Mount Ruminja. These lands are now sacred to the Polish nation.
Surprisingly, and contrary to what one might have feared, these places of memory were generally respected by Enver Hoxha's regime. Perhaps because those who sleep there had also contributed to freeing Albania from Nazism. Perhaps also to honor the authentic war heroes who fell alongside the local resistance movements*.
Soon enough, red flowers will grow on their graves and will dot the hills every spring, like splendid brushstrokes given by nature. Poppies, which will soon inspire nostalgic songs to the veterans...
But for the time being, all that remains of them are the words of an anonymous British soldier who paid them this curious tribute: "Their motives were as clear as they were simple. They only wished to kill Germans and they did not bother at all about the usual refinements when taking over our posts. They just walked in with their weapons, asked where the Germans were and that was that."
Today, the Germans are in bad shape. For the living, there is still hope.
.........
"Czy widzisz te gruzy na szczycie?
Tam wróg twój się kryje jak szczur.
Musicie, musicie, musicie
Za kark wziąć i strącić go z chmur.
I poszli szaleni zażarci,
I poszli zabijać i mścić,
I poszli jak zawsze uparci,
Jak zawsze za honor się bić.
Czerwone maki na górze Ruminja
Zamiast rosy piły polską krew...
"
"Do you see the ruins at the top?
There your enemy hides like a rat.
You must, you must, you must.
Take him by the neck and shake him to the clouds.
And they went ferocious mad,
And they went killing and revenge,
And they went as stubborn as ever,
As always, for the honor of the fight.
Red poppies on Mount Ruminja,
Who, by way of dew, drank Polish blood..."
.........
"I remember that two and a half years ago, when I was on my way from Russia to London, the Carpathian Uhlans were the first branch of our armies to raise their traditions after their exile. The first of my dreams then was to return to you as soon as possible. And this return happened in the same year.
The victorious battles of the 2nd Corps in Greece and Yugoslavia made the name of the Polish soldier famous. Your regiment played a noble role in these events. Whether in the battles for Amphilochia, for Mount Ruminja or for Pogdorica - where you entered first - or in the final battles for Albania, where you were also the first to enter Tirana. The Poznanski Reconnaissance Regiment served the fatherland well. As the oldest Uhlan among you, I congratulate you on your success. The Polish cavalry, whether mounted or motorized, will be proud of you. As your commander, I thank you for your work
."
Order of the day from General Władysław Albert Anders dated May 4th, honoring the 12th Poznanski Reconnaissance Regiment for the capture of Mount Ruminja.
.........
In closing, let's leave the final word to this poem by Elizabeth Frye, first published in The Gypsy in December 1934. It made a beautiful eulogy during the post-war ceremonies organized by Bernard Montgomery for all the men of the 18th AAG who fell in the too little known Balkan campaign.
"Do not stand at my grave and weep,
I am not there, I do not sleep,
I am a thousand winds that blow,
I am the diamond glints on snow,
I am the sun on ripened grain,
I am the gentle autumn rain.
When you awaken in the morning's hush,
I am the swift uplifting rush,
Of the quiet birds in circled flight.
I am the soft stars that shine at night.
Do not stand at my grave and cry,
I am not there; I did not die.
"

Air warfare
Short stride
Balkan Front
- A very strong atmospheric disturbance returns to the Balkan theater, which prohibits all flights until further notice.

Heeresgruppe E
Control and anxiety
Subotica Town Hall
- Even though Lothar Rendulic is now in command of HG E, Gunther von Kluge does not want to let himself be deprived of any connection to the front. Der Kluge Hans is a control freak - he does not want to leave the 12. Armee in a configuration that could lead to another disaster on the road to Budapest. A disaster for which he knows only too well that he would be the first to take the blame! Also, during the next two days, by largely bypassing the hierarchy, the general did not cease to audit and reshuffle the entire southern flank of Hungary, even at the company level.
Understandably, von Kluge is worried: he already barely had the means to defend Lake Balaton, so if he had to come to the aid of Löhr's handful of divisions tomorrow! They are only 12 to cover 300 kilometers, and they do not have the natural obstacles of Transylvania. So far so good, it is true... but only so far.

AVNOJ
The Final Struggle
Slovenia
- Another deceptive calm in this sector of the front, where AVNOJ forces continue to wreak havoc on Axis installations while turning the repressive units sent in pursuit of them on their head. A game that might look like fun on a map... were it not for the most painful consequences of the exercise for prisoners, the wounded and (generally speaking) all those who have the misfortune to run into ill-tempered Waffen-SS. This was particularly the case in the region of Karlovac, near Straža, where the Karstjäger proceeded to the execution of a dozen "compromised" hostages as a form of retaliation. This is the first time that the SS has been involved in a conflict between the two countries, and it is true that this time, from the point of view of the SS, we are in Croatia - thus on the "right" side of the border as far as repression is concerned.
.........
Croatia (north), Sava Valley - The SS-Kosaken-Freiwilligen Kavallerie-Brigade takes Pakrac, entering the town with sabers blazing in an atmosphere of indescribable chaos and terror. Croatia may have been a reputed ally of the Reich, but here the population had obviously turned on its heel - perhaps a bit quickly. Not that more caution would have made much difference! In fact, Orlov does not plan to go running after the scum in the woods to the east. On the other hand, he is anxious to punish all those who, tomorrow like yesterday, made possible the rise of disorder and terrorism in the Axis lines by their complicity (if not their sympathy).
The Cossacks are therefore quick to apply the methods developed on the Eastern Front, with a skill that could even give ideas to some Ustasha, if the targets of these actions were not Croats. The hangings followed one another at a frantic pace. And as Orlov has a vague background of classical culture, he undertakes to place the gibbets in long lines, like the Roman crosses after the battle of Silarus between Spartacus and Crassus. For this, the telegraph poles set up by Zagreb in the Sava valley (but still not connected!) prove to be very useful...
.........
Croatia - Typhus continues to spread, destroying the efforts of the Titist troops in the sector. The 35th "Lika" Division (Stanko Perhavec, Šime Balen) is now hit in turn north of Sanski Most, which it had just reached. Very strict quarantine and isolation measures for the division's sections were taken...

The Decima takes revenge
Bainsizza Plateau (Italian Slovenia)
- Last week's Tarnova affair was presented in the New Europe press as "a victory by a thousand", but the Decima MAS saw it as an affront. This affront is avenged today by two companies of the Barbarigo Battalion of the Xa, which rout a troop of Slovenian partisans. This one, it must be said, was probably inferior in number.
This easy victory was good for morale, but a question begins to haunt more and more men of the Xa MAS: between the Yugoslav Partisans who seem to be getting stronger and stronger, the Germans whose situation is more and more hopeless, and the Allies who are slow to land in Istria as hoped (or feared, depending on one's convictions), how could one make the best of the game?
And still... The fascists do not know that a good hundred kilometers further east, Croatian Waffen-SS massacre civilians, precisely because they are presumed to be Italian!

NDH
Broken seals
Žepče area
- Croatian paratroopers (without parachute) reach Žepče. Leaving on their right, around Zavidovići, the lines of the 164. ID of Karl-Heinz Lungerhausen (who doesn't care about the fate of these sub-humans), they continue northwards and finally reach Maglaj. Further on, the Bosnia River twists and turns, then Doboj - an area defended by almost no one. The 32nd Army Tank Brigade, near there, prepares to break camp towards the Drava as soon as the French havetaken over, without fearing any enemy action.
A report from the Feldgendarmerie indicates for the last time that the Croatian paratroopers are on the road to Doboj, towards Poljice... The group is then lost, as if swallowed by the woods and mountains of Yugoslavia. On the Allied side, we will mention the following days several flights of liaison between the region of Tuzla and that of Čačak. The routine, in short...
.........
Interview with an Ustasha
"- When I think about it, it's a real miracle that we weren't shot down! Who knows...
- And who did you join at Dutmir?
- They are not really introduced, but I think I can safely say that they were Blue Devils, even if they were not called that at the time...
- The paratroopers of the 1st Company? What were they doing there?
**
- Patience... We crossed the Bosnia River that night, greeted by other bastards who did not give their names either. Rough, hostile guys, but who still seemed vaguely happy to see us. We handed over our excess uniforms and headed east, until May 6th, by any means of transportation available. We even flew! Aircraft without nationality insignia or anything else - although I seem to remember a twin-engine plane with a white star on a blue background, awkwardly smeared with black. (Laughter.) And when we arrived at the airfield, I saw Radoslav Rade Radić clearly, whom I recognized by his stupid look, his big mustache and his šajkača*** with tassels. It doesn't surprise me that he showed up like that. As you know, he was a fool.
- So, you claim to have entered Allied territory with Croatian paratroopers and men from the Serbian Volunteer Corps, all thanks to the benevolent mediation of several intermediaries of... various origins?
- That's it!
(Satisfied face...) "

"Noć i magla"
Jasenovac camp site
- A week after the start of its cleanup operations in the area, the Ustaška nadzorna služba can send in the morning a first report to Ante Pavelic and his aides. The results of its actions are... generally positive. Inspired by certain methods of the Axis in occupied Poland, which they had applied with gusto on their own land, the Ustasha had once again not been too careful****. The site is now considered "safe, clean and cleared". This is useful and reassuring, if it should fall tomorrow into the hands of the Bolsheviks...
After these atrocities, according to the Ustasha accounts, only 3,500 unfortunates remain to be eliminated. Approximately, because the butcher Luburić regularly sends batches of victims from Sarajevo to Jasenovac, which almost always arrive crippled - unfit for work, so they are immediately executed. And then there are the prisons on the Croatian-Slovenian border, which were decided to be evacuated in a hurry due to... collectivist unrest. As a result, 1,590 prisoners have arrived from Lepoglava in the last two days - they have to be taken care of urgently.
But now it is all over. From Sarajevo, Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić himself confirms the order to close the camp! So the guards go ahead and begin to eliminate the last 3,500 prisoners, in a logical order for once: medical staff, auxiliaries, skilled workers - then the last women (700-900, who were kept until the end for entertainment purposes). Unfortunately for the NDH, these human cattle still have resources - in the evening, realizing that they were doomed anyway, 600 prisoners try to break through the gates to escape into the countryside, massacring guards with stones and scaling the barbed wire with their bare hands towards a tiny hope of salvation. The quick intervention of the 1st Assault Division leaves them no chance - only 29 escape. Determined to show their strength, the Croatian elite unit then enters the camp to massacre everything that is still breathing, whether they had tried to flee or not. Then, the last hard buildings are dynamited: guardhouses, torture chambers, Piccili furnace*****... everything will disappear in the night. As for the executioners of the camp, they are still badly needed elsewhere.
As for the 1st Assault Division, which is now available, it is repositioned a little further east, at the level of Nova Gradiška, to take over from the 5th Ustasha Corps (which could thus relieve von Pannwitz's Cossacks towards Daruvar). But always keeping an eye on his rear.

* Let's mention the case (but in Greece, not in Yugoslavia) of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz, former scout and high-level athlete (swimmer and water polo player at international level), hero of the Greek Resistance (his father-in-law was from Thessaloniki), who fell in January 1943, victim of the Gestapo, at his third arrest (he had escaped twice). Even today, the SOE and the Polish secret service consider him one of their best saboteurs in the region (he single-handedly disabled the engines of 400 planes and two submarines). It is not for nothing that the annual swimming competition in Salonika is called the Ivanofeia!
** The disappearance of almost all the members of this unit unfortunately does not allow us to control the account of the major - in fact, none of the Ustasha paratroopers ever benefited from the amnesty of Belgrade. The few survivors, presumed to be emigrants, will not tell their memories to anyone...
*** A kind of more or less folkloric cap typical of Serbia.
**** But, once again, with a very perfectible efficiency. Thus, after the war, the commission in charge of the excavations on the site found an intact mass grave (no doubt forgotten), containing 189 bodies (including those of 51 children under 14 years of age). Most of them had had their skulls smashed with an iron bar.
***** Named after its designer, Dominik Hinko Piccili - an engineer before the war. In reality, a simple brick mound, far removed from German rationality. Moreover, in 1944, it was almost never used because its capacity was too small.
 
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