So as promised, a little something looking at one of the new micro-states -
Benevento.
I hope you like it
The
Principality of Benevento is an enclaved sovereign city-state, country, and microstate in the southern Italian peninsula, completely surrounded by the United Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Located 50 kilometres (31 miles) northeast of Naples, Benevento is situated on a hill 130 metres (427 feet) above sea level at the confluence of the Calore Irpino and the Saboto rivers. It has an area of approximately 259 square kilometres (100 square miles), with a population of nearly 90,000, and its capital is the City of Benevento, whilst the largest ward is Montecalvo. The official languages are Italian and Neapolitan, and Benevento maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its larger neighbour.
Established as
Maleventum, one of the chief cities of Samnium, Benevento was inhabited for millennia and had come under Roman control by the 3rd century BCE, when a Roman colony with Latin rights was established under the name
Beneventum. In the final years of the Roman Republic, Benevento was described as one of the most opulent and flourishing cities of Italia. Its position on the Appian Way ensured its continued prosperity and the city flourished under the Roman Empire, and the triumphal arch, the Arch of Trajan, was erected there by the senate and people of Rome in 114 CE. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the city was sacked and its walls razed to the ground during the Gothic Wars in the 6th century CE. The city became the seat of a powerful, but autonomous, Lombard duchy. The borders of this state fluctuated over the centuries, and at times the duchy covered much of southern Italy, until the collapse of the Lombard kingdom when the duchy was raised to a principality under the new empire of the Franks. In the 11th century, Benevento passed to the control of the Papacy as an enclave of the Papal States.
The principality continued to be a papal possession until 1806 when, during the Napoleonic Wars, Emperor Napoleon granted it to his minister Talleyrand with the title of sovereign prince, however Talleyrand never ruled the new principality. At the Congress of Vienna, the extend of the Papal States was reduced to the regions of Latium and Umbria, with neighbouring Pontecorvo ceded to the restored Bourbon king of Naples. Benevento was created as an independent principality for Auguste de Marmont, a Marshal of France who had turned against Napoleon during the War of the Sixth Coalition and the Hundred Days. Marmont, a liberal, reigned as a constitutional monarch, establishing a constitution and parliamentary democracy, although with no heirs the fate of the state was unclear upon his death in 1852. Amongst prominent Beneventani, some called for a continuation of the principality, a republic or annexation to the Two Sicilies, but the legislature voted to elect William Albert de Montenuovo, son of Maria Luisa of Parma, as Auguste’s successor. The House of Montenuovo have reigned in Benevento since the accession of William Albert on 1 June 1852.
During the First World War, Benevento remained neutral, although volunteers fought on the Italian Front in northern Italy during the liberation of Venetia. During the interwar period, Benevento suffered harshly in the Great Depression with high unemployment and inflation leading to the rise of the Benevento Futurist Party which held power from the late 1920s to the 1940s. Despite its pro-Axis fascist government, Benevento remained neutral throughout the Second World War and along with San Marino avoided annexation into the fascist Italian State. Benevento was briefly occupied by Allied forces in November 1944, but was restored to full sovereignty after three weeks. In 1947, the principality adopted its current constitution, which curtailed the powers of the reigning prince and solidifed the country's democratic instutitions, formally establishing the superiority of the legislature and transforming the country into a "crowned republic".
In the 21st century, Benevento is one of the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP, with an economy reliant on agriculture, financial services and tourism, and low unemployment and a budget surplus. Benevento is a member of the Council of Europe and the United Nations, and is a
de facto member of the Schengen Area and the Customs Union, despite not being a member of the European Union. Benevento’s relations with the Two Sicilies and the European Union are governed by a series of bilateral treaties and agreements, notably the 1871 Treaty of Ciofani, and there are no plans for the country’s potential accession to the union.