A 'reversed' five percent threshold
Okay, here's a bit of a crazy thing. In the night before the German federal elections, I was binge-watching some older campaign clips of the more obscure small parties in Germany along with some mates of mine. Those included some outright bizarre outfits, ranging from Trotskyites to pensioners' interest parties, proponents of Bavarian independence, and downright lunatics (e.g. the Civil Rights Movement Solidarity, which aims to build "the new Silk Road" and once had the campaign slogan "Nuclear energy is safer than sex"!). So I had the idea of taking those parties that didn't make it into the parliament due to the 5%-threshold, adding their total voter shares (not including the parties that actually did made it into the Bundestag) and then looking how the parliament and governing coalitions would have looked like. My personal surprise was that the Grey Panthers (a pensioners' party) appeared regularly among the better-performing small parties in the 1990s and 2000s. Here goes...
1949-1952: Josef Baumgartner (Bavaria Party - Centre Party coalition)
def. Heinrich Hellwege (German Party), Fritz Stricker (Centre Party), Alfred Loritz (Economic Reconstruction League), Wilhelm Jaeger (German Conservative Party – German Right Party), Richard Batz (Radical Social Freedom Party)
1952-1953: Jakob Fischbacher (Bavaria Party - Centre Party coalition)
1953-1957: Heinrich Hellwege (German Party - GVP coalition)
def. Max Reimann (KPD), Joseph Baumgartner (Bavaria Party), Gustav Heinemann (GVP), Alexander Andrae (German Reich Party)
1957-1961: Theodor Oberländer (GB/BHE - German Reich Party coalition)
def. Heinrich Hellwege (German Party), Hermann Clausen (Federalist Union), Adolf von Thadden (German Reich Party)
1961-1965: Frank Seiboth (All-German Party)
def. Karl von Westphalen (German Peace Union), Adolf von Thadden (German Reich Party)
1965-1967: Friedrich Thielen (NPD)
def. Arno Behrisch (German Peace Union)
1967-1971: Adolf von Thadden (NPD)
1969 def. Werner Hofmann (Campaign for Democratic Progress)
1971-1976: Martin Mußgnug (NPD)
1972 def. Kurt Bachmann (DKP), Hans-Wittich von Gottberg (European Federalist Party)
1976-1980: Martin Mußgnug (NPD-AUD coalition)
def. Herbert Mies (DKP), Jürgen Horlemann (KPD-AO), August Haußleiter (AUD), Joscha Schmierer (Communist League of West Germany)
1980-1980: August Haußleiter (Greens)
def. Martin Mußgnug (NPD), Herbert Mies (DKP)
1980-1981: Dieter Burgmann (Greens)
1981-1982: Petra Kelly (Greens)
1982-1983: Manon Maren-Grisebach (Greens)
1983-1987: Martin Mußgnug (NPD-Christian Bavarian People's Party coalition)
def. Herbert Mies (DKP), Helga Zepp-LaRouche (European Workers' Party), Herbert Gruhl (ÖDP), Ludwig Volkholz (Christian Bavarian People's Party)
1987-1990: Martin Mußgnug (NPD minority)
def. Herbert Gruhl (ÖDP), Eva Rath (The Women), Maximilian Zierl (Bavaria Party)
1990-1998: Franz Schönhuber (Republicans)
def. Trude Unruh (Gray Panthers), Hans-Joachim Ritter (ÖDP), Martin Mußgnug (NPD)
1994 def. Trude Unruh (Gray Panthers), Hans-Joachim Ritter (ÖDP)
1998-2002: Rolf Schlierer (Republicans-DVU coalition)
def. Gerhard Frey (DVU), Bolko Hoffmann (ProDM), Trude Unruh (Gray Panthers)
2002-2005: Roland Schill (Schill Party - Republicans coalition)
def. Rolf Schlierer (Republicans), Udo Voigt (NPD), Jürgen Gerlach (Animal Protection Party), Trude Unruh (The Grays), Gerhard Heinzmann (Party of Bible-Abaiding Christians)
2005-2009: Udo Voigt (NPD - Republicans coalition)
def. Rolf Schlierer (Republicans), Trude Unruh (The Grays), Franz-Josef Breyer (Family Party), Jürgen Gerlach (Animal Protection Party), Gerhard Heinzmann (Party of Bible-Abaiding Christians)
2009-2013: Jens Seipenbusch (Pirates - Animal Protection Party coalition)
def. Udo Voigt (NPD), Stefan Bernhard Eck (Animal Protection Party), Rolf Schlierer (Republicans), Klaus Buchner (ÖDP)
2013-2017: Christian Lindner (FDP - Pirates coalition)
def. Bernd Lucke (AfD), Bernd Schlömer (Pirates), Holger Apfel (NPD), Stephan Werhahn (Free Voters)
2017- : Serdar Somuncu (The PARTY - Animal Protection Party - Pirates coalition)
def. Hubert Aiwanger (Free Voters), Sandra Lück (Animal Protection Party), Frank Franz (NPD), Patrick Schiffer (Pirates), Gabriela Schimmer-Göresz (ÖDP)
Okay, here's a bit of a crazy thing. In the night before the German federal elections, I was binge-watching some older campaign clips of the more obscure small parties in Germany along with some mates of mine. Those included some outright bizarre outfits, ranging from Trotskyites to pensioners' interest parties, proponents of Bavarian independence, and downright lunatics (e.g. the Civil Rights Movement Solidarity, which aims to build "the new Silk Road" and once had the campaign slogan "Nuclear energy is safer than sex"!). So I had the idea of taking those parties that didn't make it into the parliament due to the 5%-threshold, adding their total voter shares (not including the parties that actually did made it into the Bundestag) and then looking how the parliament and governing coalitions would have looked like. My personal surprise was that the Grey Panthers (a pensioners' party) appeared regularly among the better-performing small parties in the 1990s and 2000s. Here goes...
1949-1952: Josef Baumgartner (Bavaria Party - Centre Party coalition)
def. Heinrich Hellwege (German Party), Fritz Stricker (Centre Party), Alfred Loritz (Economic Reconstruction League), Wilhelm Jaeger (German Conservative Party – German Right Party), Richard Batz (Radical Social Freedom Party)
1952-1953: Jakob Fischbacher (Bavaria Party - Centre Party coalition)
1953-1957: Heinrich Hellwege (German Party - GVP coalition)
def. Max Reimann (KPD), Joseph Baumgartner (Bavaria Party), Gustav Heinemann (GVP), Alexander Andrae (German Reich Party)
1957-1961: Theodor Oberländer (GB/BHE - German Reich Party coalition)
def. Heinrich Hellwege (German Party), Hermann Clausen (Federalist Union), Adolf von Thadden (German Reich Party)
1961-1965: Frank Seiboth (All-German Party)
def. Karl von Westphalen (German Peace Union), Adolf von Thadden (German Reich Party)
1965-1967: Friedrich Thielen (NPD)
def. Arno Behrisch (German Peace Union)
1967-1971: Adolf von Thadden (NPD)
1969 def. Werner Hofmann (Campaign for Democratic Progress)
1971-1976: Martin Mußgnug (NPD)
1972 def. Kurt Bachmann (DKP), Hans-Wittich von Gottberg (European Federalist Party)
1976-1980: Martin Mußgnug (NPD-AUD coalition)
def. Herbert Mies (DKP), Jürgen Horlemann (KPD-AO), August Haußleiter (AUD), Joscha Schmierer (Communist League of West Germany)
1980-1980: August Haußleiter (Greens)
def. Martin Mußgnug (NPD), Herbert Mies (DKP)
1980-1981: Dieter Burgmann (Greens)
1981-1982: Petra Kelly (Greens)
1982-1983: Manon Maren-Grisebach (Greens)
1983-1987: Martin Mußgnug (NPD-Christian Bavarian People's Party coalition)
def. Herbert Mies (DKP), Helga Zepp-LaRouche (European Workers' Party), Herbert Gruhl (ÖDP), Ludwig Volkholz (Christian Bavarian People's Party)
1987-1990: Martin Mußgnug (NPD minority)
def. Herbert Gruhl (ÖDP), Eva Rath (The Women), Maximilian Zierl (Bavaria Party)
1990-1998: Franz Schönhuber (Republicans)
def. Trude Unruh (Gray Panthers), Hans-Joachim Ritter (ÖDP), Martin Mußgnug (NPD)
1994 def. Trude Unruh (Gray Panthers), Hans-Joachim Ritter (ÖDP)
1998-2002: Rolf Schlierer (Republicans-DVU coalition)
def. Gerhard Frey (DVU), Bolko Hoffmann (ProDM), Trude Unruh (Gray Panthers)
2002-2005: Roland Schill (Schill Party - Republicans coalition)
def. Rolf Schlierer (Republicans), Udo Voigt (NPD), Jürgen Gerlach (Animal Protection Party), Trude Unruh (The Grays), Gerhard Heinzmann (Party of Bible-Abaiding Christians)
2005-2009: Udo Voigt (NPD - Republicans coalition)
def. Rolf Schlierer (Republicans), Trude Unruh (The Grays), Franz-Josef Breyer (Family Party), Jürgen Gerlach (Animal Protection Party), Gerhard Heinzmann (Party of Bible-Abaiding Christians)
2009-2013: Jens Seipenbusch (Pirates - Animal Protection Party coalition)
def. Udo Voigt (NPD), Stefan Bernhard Eck (Animal Protection Party), Rolf Schlierer (Republicans), Klaus Buchner (ÖDP)
2013-2017: Christian Lindner (FDP - Pirates coalition)
def. Bernd Lucke (AfD), Bernd Schlömer (Pirates), Holger Apfel (NPD), Stephan Werhahn (Free Voters)
2017- : Serdar Somuncu (The PARTY - Animal Protection Party - Pirates coalition)
def. Hubert Aiwanger (Free Voters), Sandra Lück (Animal Protection Party), Frank Franz (NPD), Patrick Schiffer (Pirates), Gabriela Schimmer-Göresz (ÖDP)