The Republican Party went into the 2004 election optimistic, after the success seen by the party in retaking the House and the Senate in 2002. Holtzman had middling approval ratings at best, with much of the energy behind her presidential campaign having fizzled away now in government. Leveraging significant political capital on healthcare reform, with very little political benefit (in the short-term), meant Holtzman was vulnerable.
Republicans, eager for a fight, saw a wide field of candidates throw their hats in to the race. From South Dakota's former Senator Larry Pressler, to Oklahoma’s Governor Steve Largent, the range of ideologies and personalities was vast.
The front runner was Judd Gregg, Lamar Alexander’s running mate and New Hampshire’s senior Senator. Alexander, who had cultivated a moderate presence in the Senate, was firmly in-line with the Thompson consensus. Judd Gregg however was not the best campaigner and lacked some of his primary rivals deep pockets and clear factional support. A conservative, rather than a fire-breathing radical, Gregg failed to capture voters excitant.
A formidable challenger to Gregg was Senator Fred Thompson, who like President Holtzman, had cut his teeth in Watergate. Becoming Tennessee’s Senator in 1995, sensationally beating Senate Minority Leader Jim Sasser in 1994 saw Thompson, gave Thompson an air of invincibility to his campaign. F. Thompson offered a similar T. Thompson-ite agenda of tax cuts, deregulation and hawkishness, humorously stating during a primary debate that there was “
only one candidate up here who can deliver a Thompson Agenda”.
Neither of these men would be the party’s nominee, however. It would instead by Senator Newt Gingrich of Georgia who took the crown. Gingrich, like Thompson before him, tapped into the base of the Republican Party and exploited it ruthlessly. The senior senator from Georgia (taking Sam Nunn’s seat in 1989) had got significant institutional and public support from the party. Being the Senate Majority whip to Thad Cochran’s leader saw the Republican Party represented a significant shift to the right for the Senate caucus, with many moderate Republicans retiring in the early 2000s (including Jim Jeffords and Arlen Specter, who was defeated by Representative Pat Toomey primary challenger in 2004 after Specter's support proved critical to pass AHA). To regular GOP voters, Gingrich represented the next Reagan, a man unabashed and proud of his nation and his conservatism, undoubtably a winning combination to them.
Gingrich had spent his two decades in Washington cultivating a wide array of supporters, donors and allies. And unlike Gregg and Thompson, Gingrich offered a different form of conservatism, one which was unapologetic and unashamed. And so, Gingrich's campaign focused on a conservative (some would argue populist) bread-and-butter list of fiscal and social conservatism with significant emphasis placed on wooing the evangelical wing of the GOP. Gingrich’s “Contract with America” summarized his confident campaign and his charismatic public persona saw him go from strength-to-strength.
As candidates dropped out from the race, Gingrich used his influence to gain their endorsements and their voters. When Iowa had its caucus, his coalition was practically unsinkable. Alongside being powered by the voice, funds and votes of outside organizations like the Club for Growth and the Traditional Values Coalition meant Gingrich had sown up the Republican nomination by Super Tuesday. Choosing Dan Lungren as his running mate was a olive branch to more moderate GOP members, and gave Gingrich significant access to well-financed California donors. It was a strong ticket.
Holtzman, speaking to the Democratic National Convention in 2004, reignited the spirit of her first campaign. In front of thousands, Holtzman proclaimed that this election was an inflection point. The progress seen since the millennium, on social and civil rights, on the withdrawal from foreign conflicts, on healthcare, was on the line. Gingrich, and the Republican Party, energized and increasingly dominated by the voices of neo-conservatives and evangelicals, was unlike any previous candidate or campaign. Newt Gingrich, to a large portion of Americans, represented the worst impulses of modern-day America. A born-again evangelical, his campaign became a mission for the most zealous of surrogates, to reclaim America. Holtzman warned that his supporters saw everything she had achieved as an aberration.
Going on the defensive on the trail, Holtzman spoke of the achievements of the AHA, arguably the most significant piece of legislation introduced since the Great Society. Holtzman spoke of the stable economy going from ‘strength-to-strength’ and the successful withdrawal of troops from Northern Africa. The only way to secure this way by electing her to a second term.
Gingrich, meanwhile, made daily speeches assailing the Holtzman Administration for pushing dangerous and radical changes to healthcare whilst leaving America in a precarious place internationally. The economy, nominally strong since the dot.web crash in the early 2000s, never reached the highs seen under Thompson. A burgeoning government deficit, with more (compared to previous administrations) spent on welfare and healthcare than on military and defence, and debt saw fiscal conservatives inflamed. Social conservatives, always inflamed at Holtzman, took cues from Gingrich who emphasized his religion and his strong support for family and faith.
Gingrich’s surrogates ruthlessly attack Holtzman as well, as an out-of-touch elitist who at best sneered at the fly-over nation and middle America and at worst conspired to steal their guns, healthcare and their liberties.
A surprising flashpoint in the election was went Holtzman spoke of her support for gay marriage, an unprecedented endorsement and far outside the political zeitgeist. Gingrich railed against gay marriage and Holtzman’s support for it, pledging a constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage nationwide, and to introduce a Defense of Marriage Act, to ban federal recognition of same-sex marriage.
Whilst most Democrats (outside of those in comfortable golden states and cities) supported civil unions, Holtzman’s endorsement forced significant numbers to embrace gay marriage too. Her move was lauded by the HRC and various other liberal pressure groups and in a particularly ironic campaign, Holtzman was celebrated as America’s “first gay President”, a particular cutting endorsement considering the millions who still looked at suspicion at the unmarried woman occupying the White House.
While polling showed voters disapproved of the practice (and Holtzman’s support), her endorsement of gay marriage was seen as a turning point for gay rights in the Western world, with various states and cities began to legalize the practice as Holtzman jarred the nation towards marriage equality.
The flurry caused by Holtzman meant that in September, Gingrich was the clear favourite. As the first presidential debate rolled around, it was an all or nothing battle for Holtzman. However, rather than win the debate, Gingrich decisively lost. Gingrich came off as overly aggressive and borderline misogynistic, sighing heavily when Holtzman spoke and cutting into her time continually. Polling showed women were more affected by the debate than men, with polling showing the gender-gap to be the widest seen in modern times.To men, however, Gingrich’s ‘tough-man’ persona was a balm to those who thought they had been left behind in “
Lizzie’s America”, to quote a song by the Dixie Chicks.
The October Surprise of a deadly terror attack in Pyongyang, with insurgents and suicide bombers killing 19 American troops, reframed the election on foreign affairs, to Holtzman’s disadvantage. Democrats, who had focused heavily on defending healthcare and the AHA were sidelined as voters looked critically at Holtzman’s foreign policy.
Despite this, Democrats went into election night, believing that Holtzman would pull it off. She’d done it once before. Her voters were motivated. She was the incumbent and had that advantage, and unlike other Democratic predecessors, had significant achievements.
As results trickled in however, these hopes turned flat. The first warning sign was Florida being declared almost immediately for Gingrich when polls closed. The state which cemented Holtzman’s victory in 2000 had decisively turned against the President. Further, states which Democrats hoped would be competitive, like Iowa, Virginia and New Hampshire all remained Republican with suburban voters backing Gingrich (however narrowly). When Ohio was called for Gingrich, Holtzman made the call and conceded the race.
No Democrat outside of FDR had won a second term of office. Holtzman, to her dismay, would join this list. In her concession, she spoke of the need for unity and to support the President-Elect, but spoke of the promise of America. In one of the greatest speeches of Holtzman’s career, she spoke of her sadness at having lost, to those afraid of a Gingrich Presidency and the threat the Republican majorities posed to her policies and the AHA. Calling on the millions who backed her, she asked them to persevere and keep up the good fight.
Gingrich entered the White House with unbridled optimism. He had a majority of the nation behind him, significant Congressional majorities which largely aligned with his ideology and a raft of competent and capable staffers behind him. His inauguration speech promised to return America to greatness and to support the hard-working man and woman who had been overlooked and ignored by Holtzman and those costal elites. He would repeal the AHA and give the people back their freedom. He would cut taxes to grow the economy and give the people a much-needed break. He would see an end to affirmative action and protect the sanctity of marriage. And he would see America willing to “fight the good fight” on the global stage. It was an ambitious and ultra-conservative agenda.
“So help me God.”