Chapter 13: An Animation Renaissance, 1989-1995 (Cont’d)
From In the Shadow of the Mouse, Non-Disney Animation 1960-2000, by Joshua Ben Jordan
Where the 1980s were a time of consolidation in animation, with large film studios buying up the classic animation studios of old, the 1990s were increasingly a time for small, independent studios to spin up and make their mark. Advances in affordable audio-video computers like the Disney Imagination Station, Apple Gala and Silicon Graphics “Barney” stations, or even Virgin/Atari systems with a good “Video Package”, particularly when these were used alongside affordable vector compiling engines like the MINIBOG and Apple CORE, were making animation increasingly cost-competitive. Even used DIS stations were finding new lives with animation startups.
Suddenly a small production company like Bird Brain, Wayward, Snee-Oosh, or Whoopass could increasingly manage a TV series or even feature film without automatically having to tie themselves to a major studio, though such partnerships remained the norm as distribution remained the bailiwick of the big studios and networks. The increasing rise of inexpensive but very talented animation studios in Japan, Ireland, and South Korea allowed for the outsourcing of “inbetweener” and background work, even as accusations of “sweatshop” conditions arose, particularly among the remaining vestiges of the US Animator’s Union.
With the economics of animation thus shifting once again, suddenly, big studios found themselves in competition to retain partnerships with the small studios! Bird Brain Studios for example had, by this point, maintained a good working relationship with Warner Brothers for several years, but corporate decisions were increasingly alienating the small studio. Brad Bird and Bruce Timm were getting along well with WB’s Jean MacCurdy, Tom Ruegger, and Mira Velimirovic, but Mira would soon follow her old friend Lisa Henson to Fox, where she’d become an executive for Filmation alongside Richard Bazley, who’d in turn been lured over from Bluth Animation. Bazley, it should be noted, brought with him the rights for an animated film based upon the Ted Hughes book
The Iron Man, known in the US as
The Iron Giant.
With the amicable Velimirovic, who’d served as a good shield between animation and upper management, now gone, WB leadership began to push for more internal control of their DC-branded cartoons, and balked at Bird Brain’s earlier
The Spirit movie deal with arch-rival Disney. When the contract with Bird Brain ended for the DC Animation universe in 1993, WB (over MacCurdy’s and Ruegger’s objections) declined to renew it, and allowed their in-house animators to manage the series going forward (including animating 1996’s
Justice League vs. The Legion of Doom movie, which had no input from Bird Brain). While this led to a noticeable dip in the quality of storytelling and the innovativeness of animation, the DC cartoons did manage to continue to perform adequately on both the small screen and big. Internal WB animators, led by Tom Ruegger, began to increasingly run the DC shows while also pressing for more original WB programming, leading to
The Animaniacs, among other productions.
WB also continued to keep their classic characters on the big screen, producing 1995’s
Too Looney!, a new Looney Tunes animated adventure whose name evolved from the working title of “Looney Tunes Movie 2”. Produced by Joe Dante and directed by Tom Ruegger,
Too Looney! would see Bugs and Daffy launching rival movie studios and thus opening the door to all kinds of parody and satire of every major recent film, every major star, and even sent up the film industry itself, gleefully biting the hands at WB that fed them, even parodying the big WB leadership shakeup in 1994. Light on plot and heavy on madcap, the feature underwhelmed critics, but entertained audiences, making a modest profit even in the face of the Disney juggernaut.
Bird and Timm were instead lured by Velimirovic to Filmation, where they’d pitch their idea for an art deco inspired Sci-Fi film noir called
Ray Gunn. The Fox board was unsure about the potential for an adult-themed cartoon and pushed for a more child-friendly approach, which Bird rebelled against. In a compromise, Bird Brain would instead be hired to work with Bazley and his new Filmation Feature Animation team to produce
The Iron Giant while working on
Ray Gunn as a relatively low-budget film on the side. Bazley and Bird would come to loggerheads over the direction of the film, though, with Bazley wanting something closer to the source material (which has a cosmic dragon and some late-60s spiritualist elements) and Bird wanting to make it into a Cold War era film. Eventually, the US setting and Baby Boomer nostalgia potential helped Bird win out, moving the setting to the Cuban Missile Crisis era Pacific Northwest.
This a few years early, and from Fox!
Hopes to make the eponymous Giant fully digital created some problems, as even with a render farm of MINIBOGs there was a lot of vector data to maintain the flowing, three-dimensional look that Bird wanted. Blending hand-drawn, digitally inked and painted elements with the use of fully CG-renders, and taking advantage of cost-saving measures developed during their TV run, the Bird Brain/Filmation team managed to produce the film for about $32.4 million. The film would screen in the summer of 1995 amidst a major advertising blitz by Fox where its blend of heartfelt sincerity, beautiful and sweeping animation, and relatable characters would lead to it earning a surprising $189 million at the box office, the third-highest grossing animated film of the year[1], and more notably it won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, the first non-Disney film to earn that honor. It was the start of a great working relationship between Bird Brain and Filmation.
On the TV front, Filmation continued to support several TV series, including partnering with Craig Bartlett’s Snee-Oosh Productions to produce PFN’s popular
Hey Arnold![2] It would be the beginning of a long-running partnership between Bartlett and Fox President Lisa Henson. Filmation also partnered with Lucasfilm to produce a short-lived
Young Indiana Jones animated series as a spinoff of the popular live action series of the same name and even managed to poach
Star Wars animation from Disney Animation by promising reduced costs but comparable quality. The resulting series,
Star Wars: The Mandalorian Chronicles, followed members of Clan Fett, including Boba Fett[3], as they navigated the underworld and backwater planets of the Empire (a premise that enraged Michael Eisner at Hollywood Pictures, who claimed to have pitched a similar series idea to Lucas years earlier). Filmation also continued its forays into Star Trek with
Captain Data and
Tales from the Borg War, the two friendly rival Sci-Fi franchises (or at least their animated universes) suddenly produced under the same roof, though executive interest in a crossover was consistently rejected by both Richard Berman and George Lucas alike. “The physics don’t even work the same,” Lucas reportedly told Henson as she sheepishly passed on the request from Barry Diller.
Other big studios also continued to try and grab a piece of the Mouse’s animation market share on the big and small screens alike. Columbia’s Hanna-Barbera was continuing to produce low-budget animated films based on television IP, releasing
The Flintstones Movie in 1994 to moderate success[4],
Scooby Doo: Monsters United in 1995 to a small but disappointing profit,
and Captain Planet: Take Back the Planet!, which barely broke even.
The Jetsons Movie, released in 1995, would flop hard, but find new life in syndication and home video. Their only attempt at an original IP, 1993’s
Once Upon a Forest, Executive Produced by William Hanna himself, ran smack into
The Little Mermaid and
Ritzy Gal and barely broke even, ultimately gaining a new appreciation in home video. Otherwise, HB remained the Champions of Television, producing numerous new productions for its Cartoon City channel, including the popular
2 Dum Mutts and similar “post
Hoerk & Gatty” fare that continued in the shocking footsteps of the late John Kricfalusi, whose 1994 suicide amid accusations of solicitation of sex from an underaged girl shocked the industry.
HB also entered into the Network Animation world in partnership with Steven Bochco, developing the PG (and occasionally T) rated
Capitol Critters for CBS. After kicking around ideas involving anthropomorphic mice in a near-standard sitcom format that just happened to be located at the US Capitol, Brandon Tartikoff convinced Bochco to focus on the politics, leading to the concept of an entire “animal government” with animals based by state[5] (such as a bison representing populist Wyoming Senator John Vinich and a large sperm whale for the Ted Kennedy expy). Over its four short but influential seasons,
Capitol Critters would gain a reputation for addressing controversial issues and leaving no side unscathed as its writers skewered every politician and political hypocrisy within reach. “I knew that we were on the right track when both Newt Gingrich and Nancy Pelosi separately accused us of bias against their side,” said Bochco.
Universal Pictures dipped its toes back into the animation waters and teamed up once again with UPA to produce
Kong and Godzilla vs. Aggraghast in 1992, a relatively low budget animated film that built off of the popular
Monster Mayhem TV series, though maintaining the skilled animation of the 1988 Godzilla film. Intended mostly as a way to keep the King Kong IP in the public consciousness while they worked on the live action King Kong film while also drumming up interest in the Kongfrontation attraction at Universal Studios Florida,
Kong and Godzilla would only break even and would be the last Universal/UPA feature collaboration for a while. Instead, UPA continued to make animation for Universal on television. The series
Monster Force and
ExoSquad[6] were launched in first run syndication in 1994 and 1993 respectively, and both featured park tie-ins at Universal Studios. The success of
Monster Mayhem in particular would even catch the attention of Disney and lead Marvel Productions to briefly relaunch the
Inhumanoids line in a two-season anime-inspired reboot.
Hollywood Animation, still known in the industry as DiC, was working with Don Bluth, producing the hit
Ritzy Gal in 1993. Bluth also worked with the in-house DiC animators to help produce
Retriever, a jazzy canine-based comedy based loosely on
Catcher in the Rye. It was a massive success upon release in the summer of 1994 and the first film to actually beat a Disney animated film at the box office, besting Disney’s innovative all-digital
The Brave Little Toaster in a head-to-head lineup. The success would be the crowning achievement of the Bluth-DiC partnership. It would also be their last. Fed up with the drama behind the scenes, Bluth took his business back across the Atlantic to Paris and Luxembourg to partner with Pathé on an animated science fiction adventure based on the French
Valerian & Laureline comics[7]. Hollywood Animation/DiC would instead experience a major internal leadership shakeup that would send ripples across the industry.
This from Don Bluth! (Image source Amazon)
For
Valerian & Laureline, Bluth partnered with Pathé for production and Eurasian and Oceana distribution. Universal later signed on for North American distribution. The adult-themed space adventure received a T-rating and ultimately underperformed, making $57 million internationally (mostly in Europe and Asia) vs. a $31 million budget. However, the gorgeous visuals and memorable progressive rock soundtrack made it a cult hit with good home video sales and led to the production of a very popular
Dragon’s Lair style animated video game[8] that helped pay the bills for Bluth. While overall a setback for Bluth’s independent relaunch, Bluth Animation remained a viable and skilled studio.
Essentially this (Image source Looper)
But while Bluth continued to pursue feature animation, most of the smaller indie companies would stick with the small screen. Matt Groening continued to work closely with Wayward Entertainment and Gracie Films. Rather well occupied with running
Nuclear Family and supporting
Rugrats, he often served as a consultant on other Wayward products such as Jim Jinkin’s hit semiautobiographical animated series
Jinx, following the life of artistic but shy 11-year-old Richmond native Brian “Jinx” Jinkins as he deals with the trials of childhood and a near crippling fear of failure[9]. The series, which showed a great deal of emotional intelligence, was a favorite with critics and audiences alike when it debuted on Neptune in Fall of 1991, and would last through to near the end of the decade, spawning a host of imitators.
Nelvana continued to produce the
Dr. Who and the
Tales of Doctors Past animated specials, including the
Calling All Doctors feature-length 30th anniversary special in 1993, which featured all nine Doctors at the time. But with the decline of Saturday Morning Cartoons in the US, they were increasingly struggling to find markets and increasingly “trapped in the middle” in competition with both the Big Studios and the many new animation startups. They produced series based on the popular
Nancy Drew and
Hardy Boys book series and other children’s-literature-based works, and produced the popular post-
Hoerk & Gatty show
Eek! The Cat for PFN, but they continued to suffer solvency issues. A White Knight appeared in 1994 in the form of Penguin Pictures, the newly spun-up film label from Pearson PLC as they continued to grow their film and TV presence. Penguin acquired Nelvana in whole[10] for a reported $400 million and gave the company free creative reign so long as they “maintained independent British and Commonwealth animated programming,” presumably free from American influences, though this last part remained unstated.
A similar fate befell Cosgrove Hall Films, whose popular
Danger Mouse and
Count Duckula animated series were just reaching their conclusion in 1993[11]. Cosgrove was in production on an animated adaption of Terry Pratchett’s non-Discworld-related
Truckers when their production partner Thames was acquired by the growing Penguin Productions media empire. Pearson/Penguin acquired Cosgrove Hall soon after[12], merging them into the larger Nelvana animation group, though they retained their distinct name, logo, and de facto independence. Nelvana ultimately underwrote production on
Diggers and
Wings, completing the Bromeliad Trilogy. Cosgrove had expressed interest in doing an animated adaption of Terry Pratchett’s
Wyrd Sisters, but Fox had beaten them to the rights, so instead they did an animated version of
The Colour of Magic in 1997, soon to be followed by
The Light Fantastic and other books following the unwanted adventures of the inept “Wizzard” Rincewind[13].
Aardman, meanwhile, continued to produce
Wallace and Gromit shorts, with 1993’s
The Wrong Trousers and 1995’s
A Close Shave. Joined by Terry Brian (who’d produced
The Trap Door with Charlie Mills), Nick Park’s clever duo were still giving Disney a run for their money at Awards Ceremonies. Still in talks with Disney over a possible feature animation, Aardman remained a bantamweight player, regularly doing commercial work to pay the bills, and was set to break out in exciting new ways.
But while the established small studios and large studios continued their dance, the 1990s are probably best known as the decade that saw increasing numbers of animated startups. And indeed, while the ‘90s would be largely remembered for the Big Screen Renaissance, it was these smaller studios, empowered by advances in digital animation and freed for pushing boundaries thanks to the 1990 Children’s Entertainment act and the ratings system it brought, who would be the
avant garde of a burgeoning animation revolution.
From
Frog Baseball (Image source “comedyhistory101.com”)
One of the most successful incubators of these small, revolutionary startup producers was Spike & Mike’s
Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation, started in the early 1990s at the University of California, Berkeley, by Craig "Spike" Decker and Mike Gribble. Numerous now-famous animators got their start there, like Craig McCracken, Genndy Tartakovsky, Mike Judge, Joe Murray, Trey Parker, Matt Stone, Danny Antonucci, and others. The Festival was the first place where now popular shows like
Whoopass Stew,
Inbred Jed,
My Dog Zero, and
Beavis and Butt-Head[14] got their start, among others.
The first of the Spike and Mike alumnus to break out was, of course, Mike Judge, whose moronic Beavis and Butthead from the “Frog Baseball” short ended up on MTV’s
Liquid Television in 1992.
Bevis & Butt-Head would famously appear on MTV in their own show in 1993, soon to be followed by
Inbred Jed, which would be taken up by Cartoon City’s Adult Swim in 1996. Whoopass Studios, who had the advantage of being financially supported by Heather Henson, soon followed in 1993. Their
Whoopass Stew shorts were ultimately shown on
Liquid Television and later turned into the popular and revolutionary animated series on MTV.
My Dog Zero, by Joe Murray (Image source The Movie Database)
Creator Joe Murray similarly began with Spike & Mike and
Liquid Television, eventually seeing his silly short
My Dog Zero expanded into a surreal relationship satire where Joe, a lonely bachelor, tries to make his way through the world, all witnessed and attested through the eyes and mouth of Zero, his flea-bitten mutt of a dog. Zero (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui in a thick vaguely Australian accent) narrates the world to the fourth wall while Joe largely mumbles and pantomimes in the background, speaking unintelligibly save for a handful of worlds that Zero presumably knows, like “Zero”, “Food”, and “good/bad boy”. The end result was a T-rated satire of humanity as seen through the eyes of a dog that was noteworthy for pushing the limits of what was socially acceptable even in an MTV T-rated cartoon, with tons of jokes involving sex, masturbation, substance abuse, and other taboo subjects[15].
Many of these small studios would produce both hard PG- or T-rated adult-themed stuff for MTV or Cartoon City’s Adult Swim while simultaneously producing G-rated or soft PG works for kids, creating an interesting dynamic where the same animators and voice actors were producing something child friendly on Neptune and something child-unfriendly on MTV. Whoopass, for example, would launch the now-iconic
Dexter’s Laboratory on Cartoon City in 1997 in partnership with Hanna-Barbera and
Drac & Mina on Neptune in partnership with WB, in both cases using their “kid friendly” Kickin’ Studios label. Joe Murray would likewise later produce
Trunk’s Modern World, the story of a neurotic Aardvark named Trunk for Neptune.
Not only were these small studios experimenting in themes and pushing the limits on acceptability in violence and sex, but many were experimenting with new animation styles and new styles of writing and pacing. More stylized artwork, often directly evocative of the old UPA midcentury animation or taking cues from Anime, was entering the fray. Some series, like
Whoopass Stew, evoked both. Others went in entirely different directions, such as Popular Arts Entertainment, which introduced their unique “Squigglevision” style for The Comedy Channel’s
Dr. Katz, Therapist to the Stars.
And as the 1990s continued, animation, led by these small and innovative studios, was about to break out in ways no one had ever seen.
[1] In our timeline, of course,
The Iron Giant didn’t screen until 1999 and WB, burned by the flop of
Quest for Camelot, failed to promote it (despite incredibly positive test screenings), leading to its spectacular (and undeserved) flop at the box office. While this film isn’t quite as beautiful as the one from our timeline, it will be a beloved success that sets Filmation Feature Films up for success in the future.
[2] To answer your question,
@drrockso20.
[3] Boba Fett will canonically be a true Mandalorian in this timeline, and “Fett” will be a clan surname, not a familiar name. Thus, characters like Marr Fett, Chiss Fett, Jey Fett, Mos Fett, and B’luc Fett will appear in the cartoon, which will be relegated to the second-tier “T-Canon”. Originally they planned to go with "Boba" as the surname to imply that "the Clan came first", but test audiences didn't like it.
[4] Seth MacFarlane will be one of the staff writers.
[5] Hat tip to
@Pesterfield.
[6] Hat tip to
@lukedalton.
[7] Hat Tip
@GrahamB.
[8] The “hook” that sets it apart from
Space Ace or
Dragon’s Lair is that you can play one of two possible adventure storylines: one following Valerian and one following Laureline when they are split up. Those who complete both adventures are treated by getting to experience all the “crossover points” from both perspectives, and learn the whole story. It also allows for you to add another quarter to “continue” when you run out of lives, making it a diabolical quarter-eating machine.
[9] Evolved into
Doug in our timeline.
[10] Eventually acquired in our timeline by Corus for $540 million in 2000, which was right after Nelvana bought Klutz Books for $74 million.
[11] Largely went per our timeline, since you asked
@Ogrebear. Several later episodes changed since they were parodying different Bond films.
[12] Acquired around the same time by Anglia Television in our timeline.
[13] In our timeline they partnered with Acorn Media to produce animated versions of
Wyrd Sisters and
Soul Music, but here Fox has the former and Disney the latter.
[14] The names actually came from real kids that he knew while in college.
Read all about it.
[15] Eventually Murray found his way to Nicktoon in our timeline, where he produced
Rocko’s Modern Life mostly to the developing Nick formula, though he (in)famously slipped in so much adult humor that the show was constantly the source of ire for censors and moral guardians alike.
For an idea of what this timeline’s
My Dog Zero show is like, here’s some sample dialog:
INT – Joe’s Living Room – Night
JOE and CYNTHIA awkwardly wrestle and make out on the couch as ZERO looks on, confused.
Zero: I don’t get people. They always bloody overcomplicate things. Look at their mating rituals, right? And believe it or not, that’s mating they’re doing back there, not fighting. I know, confused me too at first. People mating rituals go on for hours, don’t they? Days even. I mean, with us dogs it’s simple: butt-sniff, butt-sniff, here we go…on to other things, right? But people? Forget it. He’s spent weeks trying to get under this one’s tail, mind ya’, and just mark my words, the second his forelegs start to move too far tail-wards on her, she’ll snap at him and run off and he’ll be back in the corner of his bedroom with them mags he keeps hidden under the bed. Hardly makes a lick of sense.