I.50. The Powder Keg
Zagan
Donor
In 1640, Italy blew up in the face of Europe like a firecracker in the face of an unruly child.
The Powder Keg
Before we delve into the mess which was Italy, we should first take a quick look at the rest of Europe in 1640.
1. Iberia
Iberian Empire
Emperor: Felipe (of Iberia, Italy, Africa and the Americas), born in 1605 (35 years old). Autocratic and slightly megalomaniac, he ruled with an iron fist over the largest country in the World.
Empress: Elisabeth, born in 1602 (38 years old), sister of Louis XIII of France, of Cristina of Romania and of Henrietta Maria of Britannia.
Recent history:
- Capital moved from Madrid to Lisbon;
- Successful integration of the Portuguese, Castillians and Catalans into the Iberian Nation;
- Partial conquest (the Continued Reconquista) of North-Western Africa, still ongoing;
- Focus on the Colonies (especially Iberian America and Iberian NW Africa);
- Low intensity conflict in Iberian Italy with the Italian nationalists.
2. France
Kingdom of France
King: Louis XIII, born in 1601 (39 years old), as in OTL, brother of Elisabeth of Iberia, Cristina of Romania and Henrietta Maria of Britannia.
Queen: Anne, born in 1601 (39 years old), as in OTL.
Recent History:
- Low intensity conflict with its German subjects in Flanders and parts of Burgundy and Lorraine;
- Almost no reforms and no nation-building;
- Focus in Northern Italy and less in the colonies.
3. Germany
German Empire
Emperor: Siegfried Augustus, born in 1589 (51 years old), OTL August of Saxony.
Empress: Sophie, born in 1606 (34 years old).
Recent History:
- Increasing nationalist fervour aiming to free the Germans still captive in France and to topple the local German Princes in order to drop the federal character of the State;
- Colonial expeditions in the Indian Ocean and the Südreich (OTL Australia);
- Eager to see the Romanians finish the Sinai Canal (OTL Suez Canal) and lending lots of money for it;
- Solved its ethnic minorities issues with Sarmatia via a population exchange;
- Moved its Capital from Dresden (which had already been defined as provisional) to Prague.
4. Britain
Kingdom of Britannia
King: Henry Frederick, born in 1594 (46 years old), unlike OTL still alive, thus butterflying away the OTL English Civil War.
Queen: Henrietta Maria, born in 1608 (32 years old), sister of Louis XII of France, Elisabeth of Iberia and Cristina of Romania.
Recent History:
- Difficulties in forging a British Nation;
- Ongoing ethno-religious conflict in Ireland;
- Focus on the colonies, including those inherited from the defunct Dutch State.
5. Sarmatia
Commonwealth of Sarmatia
King: Karol, born in 1604 (36 years old), son of Queen Flora, Mihai's daughter. His father, King Sigismund passed away in 1637 (71 years old).
Queen: Catherine, born in 1614 (26 years old) in the House of Baden.
Recent History:
- Political, social, national and religious instability;
- Fear of a renewed conflict with Russia;
- Disengaged from Georgia and Armenia, allowing them to become independent countries and even sold Abkhazia to Georgia and the Port of Soci to Russia, much to the displeasure of the other Black Sea power, Romania.
6. Romania
Imperium of Romania
Imperator / Emperor: Mihai, born in 1558 (82 years old), grandfather of Karol of Sarmatia.
Imperatrix / Empress (and virtual Regent): Cristina, born in 1604 (36 years old), sister of Louis XIII of France, Elisabeth of Iberia and Henrietta Maria of Britannia.
Crown Princess: Iulia, born in 1615 (25 years old), Mihai's granddaughter, not married.
Princess: Maria, born in 1627 (13 years old), Mihai and Cristina's only daughter.
Recent History:
- The cities of Claudia (OTL Cladovo) and Drobeta were merged after the successful restauration of Trajan's Bridge over the Danube. The resulting city was christianed Michaelia Iulia and designated the de jure Capital of Romania, although de facto the institutions of the State were slow to relocate.
Note: Michaelia Iulia = Mihai Caesar, the Imperial City of Mihai, similar to Alba Iulia = White Caesar, the White Imperial City, Iulia from Julius, the given name of Caesar.
7. Scandinavia
Empire of Scandinavia
Emperor: Christian, born in 1603 (37 years old), former King of Denmark-Norway.
Empress: None. After the death of Queen Catherine in 1639 (55 years old), Christian disolved the Commonwealth of Scandinavia (between Denmark-Norway and Sweden) and proclaimed the unitary Empire.
Recent History:
- Capital moved to Göteborg (Gothenburg) after the abolition of the federal structure of the state.
- Colonisation in Finland, Whiteland and Scandinavian North America (around the Hudson Sea).
- Exploration of the Arctic coasts of Siberia, (OTL) Behring Sea, Alaska, Kamtcheatka, Kurile, Sahalin, contacts made with Korea and Japan;
- No internal or external troubles.
8. Russia
Tsardom of Russia
- Internal stabilization, absorbing the Cossacks and expanding into Siberia;
- Territorial disputes with Sarmatia;
- Isolationism -- lack of involvement in European politics.
9. Slovakia
- Neutral country, seat of the Great Powers Council;
- No troubles of any kind.
10. Croatia
- Territorial disputes with Venice / Italy.
11. Greece
- Dire economic and social conditions because of the numerous wars with Venice and the Ottomans and the massive influx of Greek refugees from Turkey, Romania and Corfu.
- Extreme nationalism and desire to further expand the country and achieve Great Power status coupled with a complete lack of understanding of the country's actual capabilities.
12. Italy
Italian Confederation
- Ruled by the Council of Italy;
- Major players:
--- Iberia and France, aiming to preserve the status-quo or at least to slow the formation of an unitary nation-state in Italy;
--- Germany, supporting Venice;
--- Venice and Rome, trying to coalesce Italy around them;
--- Italian nationalists who desire to unite Italy around whatever power is disposed to offer meaningful help;
- Altogether highly explosive situation.
13. Hungary
- Complex socio-economic situation, due to a large influx of Hungarians evicted from Romania;
- Muted territorial dispute with Romania;
- Bitter nationalism and revanchism.
14. Georgia
- Recently independent and territorially complete;
- No issues.
15. Armenia
- Recently independent and territorially almost complete;
- Desires access to the sea and maybe some more Turkish lands if easy to obtain.
The Italian Crisis
It was obvious to almost everyone that in that Age of Nationalism when all Nations had achieved their United Nation States, the Italians could not remain the only ones lacking a National State.
The Iberians and the French, having considerable interests in the Italian Peninsula, only hoped to delay the inevitable for as long as possible.
By 1640, the growing nationalist aggitation in Italy had reached the boiling point. It was widely believed that the Italian Unification would follow shortly in a more or less peaceful fashion while others thought that a civil war was likely. Few people considered the terrifying possibility of the conflict escalading into the Second European War.
25 December 1640, Venice, Italy
The Italian States of Venice, Emilia and Liguria (Genoa) were merged into the Kingdom of Italy, member of the Italian Confederation.
Doge Alessandro Rizzi of Venice was proclaimed Alessandro I, the first King of Italy.
1 January 1641, Italy
The German Princes from the Italian States of Ticino and Lombardy (Milan) merged their States into the Kingdom of Italy and abdicated their thrones.
The Italian nationalists rallied en masse to the new Kingdom of Italy created by the Venetians.
7 January 1641, Tuscany, Italy
A revolution evicted the Papal authorities from Florence and merged the State of Tuscany (Florence) into the Italian Kingdom.
10 January 1641, Rome, Italy
Pope Benedict XIII tried to negociate with King Alessandro and the Italian nationalists but to no avail. After the negotiations broke down, the Pope excommunicated the Italian King, the Venetians and all the revolutionaries.
12 January 1641, Italy
The Venetian Army merged with the revolutionaries and invaded the Papal State (Rome). The Papal army collapsed and Rome itself was engulfed by the Italian National Revolution.
14 January 1641, Rome, Italy
The Italian army entered Rome and swiftly took control of the City while being welcomed by a jubilant population.
The Pope annulled the excommunications, welcomed the Italian King into the Vatican and amid the cheering of the elated masses crowned Alessandro with the Crown of Italy.
15 January 1641, Rome, Italy
The Papal State (Rome) was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.
Pope Benedict XIII renounced all claims of temporal power for him and all the subsequent Popes. The Holy See remained a Sovereign Institution separate from the Italian Kingdom. It maintained extraterritorial rights over the Vatican and several palaces and churches in Rome and beyond.
The Kingdom of Italy comprised all of the Italian Confederation with the exception of the Iberian and French States (Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Malta, Piedmont and Nice).
16 January 1641, Rome, Italy
The Italian Confederation was disolved, the Kingdom of Italy claimed all its territory and asked the Iberian Empire and the Kingdom of France to withdraw their armies from Italy.
20 January 1641, Italy
The Italian National Revolution engulfed the Iberian controlled states except tiny Malta.
The Iberian army engaged the revolutionaries.
28 January 1641
Italy declared war to Iberia and invaded Naples.
The Great Powers Council convened urgently to discuss the Italian crisis. No resolution could be voted because of the opposition of Iberia and France.
Newspaper Title in Palermo, Sicily
Protesters Demand an End to the Iberian Oppression!
Newspaper Title in Athens, Greece
Our Brothers in Megali Ellas [1] Call for Our Help! [1] Sicily and Southern Italy
Did the Greeks really believe that Sicily was still inhabited by Greeks?
Was an entire people so delusional?
It seems so, since not even a week later...
3 February 1641, Athens, Greece
Greece declared war to Iberia and the Greek Navy left for Sicily.
17 February 1641, Sicily, Italy
13,000 Greek soldiers invaded Sicily in the weirdest military campaign of the century.
It is incomprehensible how a country with less than two million people and 23 warships invaded the greatest empire the World has ever seen, with a population of about 20 million in Europe alone and having more than 200 warships!
28 February 1641, Agram, Croatia
Croatia declared war to Italy and invaded both Dalmatia and Istria with over 7000 soldiers.
During the following months, most European countries would enter the Italian War turning it into the Second European War and ravaging the Continent for the second time in less than 20 years.
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