And more lovely TL updates
Personally I'd go with Confederate Republic of America, or something along those lines.
Thanks Zinc!
Confederate Republic of America sounds somewhat like OTL's...yet different enough for my liking lol.
Now I still haven't decided on a name
but I do have some goodies to show y'all. This next update kinda goes back in time. Strangely I never really talked about Indian removal in any of my previous American updates, considering I killed off Jackson super early ya think I'd have mentioned it somewhere already.
Anyway, without further ado...
Talisa Moore, The Bloody Stick: Georgia at War with the Muskogee Nation (National Muskogee Univ. Press: Tampa, 2008)
…The narrow failure of the Indian Removal Act gave the Indians living east of the Mississippi River a slight reprieve, though efforts by state and federal authorities to relocate all the Indians persisted well beyond 1830. Overtures by representatives of the Cherokee and Muskogee Nations to both Presidents Clay and Van Buren to allow them to stay on their ancestral lands met nothing but deaf ears, as the “consummate compromiser” only seemed interested in a compromise advantageous only to white settlers, and his successor proved to find common ground on this subject despite belonging to an opposing political party. By the mid-1830’s it seemed clear to the southeastern Indians that conciliatory gestures towards the federal government would be nothing more than effort wasted, and that white settlers would no longer wait for the Indians to evacuate of their own volition in order to take their lands.
Georgia remained persistent in its attempts at acquiring Cherokee territory, not only in allowing white settlers unrestricted access to Indian territory, but also with laws designed to restrict Indian rights and even the rights of whites who dared aid any Indian. This became all the more evident when the state forbade Cherokee from, among other things, mining and selling gold found on their own land. In one instance settlers dispossessed Guwisguwi, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, from his own home after the state sequestered the property, evicted the Chief’s family and sold it to whites. It seemed even the tribal elites were no longer immune to the state of Georgia’s covetous advances.
Then in 1837, not long after President William Harrison’s inauguration, agents from the BIA traveled to the Cherokee Nation and in a secret accord managed to convince some of the pro-treaty tribal leaders to agree to removal west of the Mississippi. Though there were many amongst the Cherokee (and Muskogee for that matter) who saw removal as their only hope, many more viewed their homeland as something so sacred it could not be sold and bought, and in their eyes the actions of the pro-treaty party were tantamount to treason. Many Cherokee were familiar with tales of the Choctaw, whom had already experienced forced migrations to the west, and how thousands perished in a march characterized by “tears and death.” Not long after the removal treaty’s signing, many of the pro-treaty leaders became targets for assassination, with Major Ridge and the Watie Brothers soon among the dead. Over the following months conflicts between Cherokees and Whites increased in frequency and in severity, so much so that in March 1838 Georgia Governor George Gilmer ordered the State Militia to march on the Cherokee to force their removal.
Upon the arrival of news concerning Gilmer’s order to New Echota, Chief Guwisguwi gave an impassioned address to the National Council, advising his fellow Cherokee to take all measures to protect and defend themselves. The National Council in haste ordered the formation of several large war parties to meet the invading whites. While an action that was eagerly supported by Guwisguwi, many on the Council held mixed opinions, which only served to highlight the glaring tensions within Cherokee society, between those who favored removal and those opposed to forsake what little remained of their ancestral land. As conflict with the state grew ever more eminent, Cherokee emissaries confided with the Muskogee about allying with them in order to provide a united Indian front against Georgia. Chief Opothleyohola, leader of the Muskogee National Council, approved wholeheartedly with the idea, as secret negotiations between the Muskogee and their Seminole “cousins” in Florida were also under way.
It was in this chaotic atmosphere that two figures emerged in order to serve their respective nations, one Cherokee and one Muskogee. The former, named Colonneh (Cherokee for
the Raven), seemed odd amongst his compatriots as he was white in complexion, but as the adopted son of Chief Ahuludegi and a notable warrior in his own right, he held notable influence amongst his fellow warriors. The latter was also a unique individual for his shared similarities to Colonneh, namely their shared adolescence as orphans. Unlike the Raven, however, the Muskogean, named Lyncoya, was indisputably of native parentage, and in his family’s regrettable absence was raised by Tennessee General Andrew Jackson alongside Jackson’s own natural-born son. After the general’s demise in Cuba, Lyncoya sought to honor his father’s legacy and in 1828 assumed the name Lyndon Conrad Jackson before enrolling at West Point. After his graduation in 1832 Lyndon returned to the Muskogee Nation, and after some time quickly rekindled his connection to his ancestral homeland, even going as far as marrying the daughter of Chief Opothleyohola.
The Georgia Militia, led by Brigadier-General Charles R. Floyd entered the Cherokee capital on March 26, 1838 to find not a soul extant, writing in his journal that “the Cherokee have allowed us entry into their town uncontested,” curiously noting the presence of charred pits, which he had assumed to be the fires observed by him and his troops the night before, as evidence of Cherokee warriors preparing for war. To their misfortune, the militia failed to detect the Cherokee ambush force hiding in the surrounding woods in time to effectively fight back. Charles Floyd was one of the first to die in the immediate melee, disorienting the Georgians long enough for Lyndon Jackson—now ranked as colonel—as well as Colonneh and the unified Muskogee/ Cherokee army to arrive and fully decimate the remaining militiamen in what became known as the Battle of New Echota (or the Floyd Massacre to the United States at-large). After their initial reversals in southern Georgia and Alabama, the Muskogee leadership and their Cherokee allies were ecstatic at the news of their victory in the face of Georgia’s blatant invasion. Reverie soon gave way to alarm however, when President Harrison (no friend of the Indian by any stretch of the imagination) ordered troops in South Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama to crush what he regarded as Indian rebellion.
Under normal circumstances the southeastern nations, despite their united front, would have ultimately succumbed to pressure brought to bear from both the various state and Federal governments. However, sudden American reversals in Canada against the British Empire completely changed everything…
*****
Colonneh (1793-1848)
Colonneh in full Cherokee garb, ca. 1820
Originally given the name Samuel, Colonneh was born to American Revolutionary War veteran Major Samuel Houston and his wife Elizabeth in early 1793 in Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley. He received a modest education there before he moved with the rest of his family to the town of Maryville in southeastern Tennessee. This move was an effort by the elder Samuel to rid himself of debts accrued over time, mainly for his services in the Revolution, but in a twist of irony died before he could move with the family to their new home. Unwilling to work for his older brother in the family’s store, sixteen year old Sam ran away from home and joined a Cherokee band led by Chief Ahuludegi, whom took the young boy in as his own son and made him a member of the tribe. Sam, now renamed Colonneh, continued to visit his family in Maryville until 1811 when a major epidemic swept through the southern United States, killing his mother and many of his siblings.
While growing into a fine warrior among the Cherokee, Colonneh was also instrumental in the negotiations the tribe conducted with the Federal government during the 1820’s. He not only managed to secure favorable treaties for the Cherokee, he also persuaded his adoptive father to convince many of the Overhill Cherokee to remain in the east. This was accomplished largely with the support of Tenskwatawa, the notable Indian prophet who lived among the Muskogee following the death of his warrior brother Tecumseh in 1811.[1] The Prophet’s continued advocacy for intertribal unity in the face of encroaching whites amongst the “Five Civilized Tribes” convinced many Overhill Cherokee to relocate south into Georgia in order to supplant the southern Cherokee in the growing “Muscogee Confederacy” of the southeast.
In March 1838 Colonneh led Cherokee at the Battle of New Echota, where a combined Cherokee and Muskogee army encircled and crushed invading Georgia Militia, an event that ultimately sparked the deadly Muscogee War.[2] The United States’ recent entry into war with the United Kingdom gave the Indians just enough time to gather their strength and incur further reversals on Tennessee Militia at the Battle of Chickamauga that summer. The fighting only intensified shortly after the two belligerent Anglophone nation entered peace negotiations in mid-1839, when the Federal government transferred troops fresh from fighting in Canada and New England to the southeast. The Indians were slowly forced farther south, but in their wake they made sure to incur death and destruction to whites in southern Georgia and Alabama. Colonneh, along with fellow Indian military leaders Lyndon C. Jackson and Osceola retreated south into Florida Territory, where the United States Army would fight to an inconclusive end in 1844.
In accordance with the resulting Treaty of Fort White, reservations were established for the Cherokee and Muskogee on the Florida Peninsula, though several thousand continued to resist removal in the southern Appalachians. Both Colonneh and Jackson managed to flee American retribution, first to Cuba, then to Mexico. Both men would eventually settle in Tejas, where communities of Cherokee, Muskogee, Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians had already been established in the aftermath of Indian removal. Following the American invasion of Mexico in late 1845, Colonneh and Jackson organized the
Muscogui Regiment, which joined Saint Patrick’s Battalion as the only other expatriate unit to fight for the Mexican Army during the war. Colonneh was notable for being present at all the major battles in the northeastern theater, including both battles at Béxar and Monterrey. Near the very end of the war, as Mexican troops marched into American Texas, Colonneh was mortally wounded south of Galveston on February 16, 1848. He was 55 years old.
Notes:
[1] Alternate Battle of Tippecanoe, where Tenskwatawa travels south to find more allies and Tecumseh stays at Prophetstown. Harrison still attacks as in OTL, and in the ensuing fight Tecumseh loses his life. afterwards Tenskwatawa opts to stay in the south, among his mother's kinsmen where he continues to push for inter-tribal unity.
[2] Seminole War on steroids.