The Anglo-Saxon Social Model

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European Political Leaders (1976-2010)
  • Index

    • Rattigan

    As with my update on the Commonwealth prime ministers, this update follows on directly on this update (https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...xon-social-model.458146/page-35#post-19234216) on western Europe and this update (https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...xon-social-model.458146/page-35#post-19235827) on German successor states. The basic structure of the governments described there (parliamentary republics, constitutional monarchies and so forth) has continued mostly unchanged, although, as you can tell from some of these lists, there has been some rather dramatic changes to the politics and the political cultures of the various countries over the past 34 years. If you want any further details then feel free to ask.

    Kingdom of Austria

    Monarchs
    1. Otto; November 1912 - July 2011; December 1945 - July 2011
    2. Karl; January 1961 - present; July 2011 - present
    Chancellors
    1. Josef Taus; Christian Democratic; May 1975 - May 1978
    2. Bruno Kreisky; Social Democratic; May 1978 - November 1985
    3. Hannes Androsch; Social Democratic; November 1985 - October 1992
    4. Joze Pucnik; Constitutionalist; October 1992 - January 1997
    5. Alexander Van der Bellen; Social Democratic; January 1997 - October 2006
    6. Helmut Sohmen; People's Party; October 2006 - present

    Republic of Baden-Wurrtemberg

    Presidents
    1. Jurgen Brandt; Security Watch; January 1971 - April 1979*
    2. Werner Maihofer; Democratic Movement; April 1979 - December 1980
    3. Joschka Fischer; People's Congress; December 1980 - July 1985
    4. Klaus Kinkel; Public Safety Committee; July 1985 - January 1986*
    5. Erwin Teufel; National Resistance Movement; January 1986 - present
    *Military government

    Kingdom of Bavaria

    Monarchs
    1. Albrecht; May 1905 - July 1996; August 1955 - July 1996
    2. Franz; July 1933 - present; July 1996 - present
    Chancellors
    1. Franz Josef Stauss; Christian Social Union; October 1969 - March 1983
    2. Hans-Jochen Vogel; Social Democratic; March 1983 - May 1991
    3. Helmut Kohl; Christian Social Union; May 1991 - October 1998
    4. Renate Schmidt; Social Democratic; October 1998 - September 2006
    5. Ludwig Stiegler; Social Democratic; September 2005 - October 2008
    6. Horst Seehofer; Christian Social Union; October 2008 - present

    Benelux Union

    Supreme Head
    1. Pakubuwono XII; Surakarta; January 1975 - January 1980
    2. Muhammad Mushin; Maluku; January 1980 - January 1985
    3. Syarid Yusuf Alkadrie; Pontianak; January 1985 - January 1990
    4. Beatrix; the Netherlands; January 1990 - January 1995
    5. Albert II; Flanders and Wallonia; January 1995 - January 2000
    6. Henri; Luxembourg; January 2000 - January 2005
    7. Hamengkubuwono X; Yogyakarta; January 2005 - January 2010
    8. Pakubuwono XIII; Surakarta; January 2010 - present
    Prime Ministers
    1. Gaston Egmond Thorn; Liberals and Democrats; December 1976 - September 1979
    2. Suharto; People's Party; September 1979 - May 1981
    3. Wilfried Martens; Liberals and Democrats; May 1981 - July 1984
    4. Suharto; People's Party; July 1984 - November 1990
    5. Suryadi; People's Party; November 1990 - August 1993
    6. Harmoko; Liberals and Democrats; August 1993 - August 1995
    7. Hamzah Haz; Liberals and Democrats; August 1995 - July 2001
    8. Jean-Claude Junker; People's Party; July 2001 - October 2010
    9. Joko Widodo; Radical; October 2010 - present

    France

    Presidents of the Fifth Republic
    1. Oskar Lafontaine; Union for a Popular Movement; September 1993 - January 1996

    Presidents of the Sixth Republic
    1. Jean-Marie Le Pen; National Front; January 1996 - October 2008
    2. Marine Le Pen; National Front; October 2008 - January 2009

    Presidents of the Seventh Republic
    1. Jean-Luc Melenchon; Unbowed France; January 2009 - present

    United Kingdom of Hanover

    Monarchs
    1. Ernst August IV; March 1914 - December 1987; January 1953 - December 1987
    2. Ernst August V; February 1954 - present; December 1987 - present
    Chancellors
    1. Willy Brandt; Social Democratic; October 1960 - July 1976
    2. Hans-Dietrich Genscher; Christian National; July 1976 - November 1990
    3. Gerhard Schroder; Social Democratic; November 1990 - August 2003
    4. Ursula von der Leyen; Christian National; August 2003 - present

    Grand Duchy of Hesse

    Grand Dukes
    1. Philipp; November 1896 - October 1980; May 1968 - October 1980
    2. Mortiz; August 1926 - present; October 1980 - present
    Chancellors
    1. Monika zu Solms-Laubach; non-partisan; December 1972 - May 1992
    2. Wolfgang-Ernst von Ysenbeurg und Budingen; non-partisan; May 1992 - June 2008
    3. Prderick-Leopold von Stolberg-Stolberg; non-partisan; June 2008 - present

    Kingdom of Italy

    Monarchs
    1. Umberto II; September 1904 - March 1983; June 1946 - March 1983
    2. Victor Emmanuel IV; February 1937 - present; March 1983 - June 2006
    3. Emmanuel Philip; June 1972 - present; June 2006 - present
    Presidents of the Council of Ministers
    1. Enrico Berlinguer; Communist; October 1969 - October 1982
    2. Aldo Moro; Christian Democracy; October 1982 - May 1988*
    3. Ugo La Malfa; Liberal Democrat; May - July 1988
    4. Giulio Andreotti; Christian Democracy; July 1988 - November 1998
    5. Romano Prodi; Communist; November 1998 - October 2005
    6. Corrado Passera; Christian Democracy; October 2005 - present
    *Assassinated

    Republic of the Rhineland

    Presidents
    1. Rainer Barzel; Rhenish National Union; December 1963 - August 1984
    2. Bernhard Vogel; Rhenish National Union; August 1984 - December 2002
    3. Franz Muntefering; Party of National Unity; December 2002 - present

    Republic of Spain

    Presidents
    1. Jose Maldonado Gonzalez; Socialist Workers'; May 1975 - May 1982
    2. Gabriel Cisneros; Liberal Republican; May 1982 - May 1989
    3. Gregorio Peces-Barba; Socialist Workers'; May 1989 - May 2003
    4. Manuel Fraga; Liberal Republican; May 2003 - May 2010
    5. Javier Marias; Socialist Workers'; May 2010 - present
    Prime Ministers
    1. Mario Navarro Rubio; Liberal Republican; July 1972 - May 1977
    2. Felipe Gonzalez; Socialist Workers'; May 1977 - January 1983
    3. Adolfo Suarez; Conservative Republican; January - December 1983
    4. Manuel Fraga; Liberal Republican; December 1983 - December 1985
    5. Felipe Gonzalez; Socialist Workers'; December 1985 - January 1989
    6. Manuel Fraga; Liberal Republican; January 1989 - May 1990
    7. Felipe Gonzalez; Socialist Workers'; May 1990 - May 1997
    8. Jose Maria Aznar; Liberal Republican; May 1997 - November 1999
    9. Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba; Socialist Workers'; November 1999 - present
     
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  • Index

    • Analytical Engine

    Sorry in case this was answered elsewhere, but what is up with the Kings of Italy ITTL?

    Also, I'm surprised Indonesia is still a member of the Benelux Union. Are there groups that want their area to leave?
     
    Salvador79

    Salvador79

    Poor Barzel seems to have a better fate than IOTL. Erwin Teufel in a National Resistance Movement? LOL And Bavaria's Social Democrats evidently also Dream of living ITTL ;)
     

    Rattigan

    Analytical Engine said:
    Sorry in case this was answered elsewhere, but what is up with the Kings of Italy ITTL?
    Click to expand...

    Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in 1934 when a coalition of revolutionary socialist parties won the elections. He remained in exile during the brief period of the left wing republic and the subsequent fascist republic which was overthrown at the end of the World War. A referendum was held on restoring the monarchy in June 1946, with Umberto declaring that he would become the king and not his father in the face of a 'yes' vote.

    Analytical Engine said:
    Also, I'm surprised Indonesia is still a member of the Benelux Union. Are there groups that want their area to leave?
    Click to expand...

    It's certainly a bit of a rickety organisation but there are a few things which have kept it alive:

    1) 'Indonesia' as such isn't a single entity within it, with the territory of OTL Indonesia being divided between Java, Borneo and East Indonesia. By 2010, this grouping also includes the Antilles and Suriname.

    2) The demographic dominance of East Asians within the Benelux has ensured that they're actually quite happy with the arrangement. Where there is notable separatist sentiment it generally comes from right wing Europeans.

    3) The parties we see at the federal level (Liberals and Socialists, People's, Radicals etc.) are coalitions of lower level parties, which allow the various different polities to have their own set of issues.

    4) The federal Benelux government is pretty light-touch, with the federal government being responsible basically for foreign, military, immigration and trade affairs. Pretty much all other governmental faculties are divided between the nine polities that make up the Union (Flanders, Wallonia, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Java, Borneo, East Indonesia, the Antilles and Suriname). Officially, all of the nine polities are co-equal in power and importance.

    But, yes, you're definitely not the only person TTL who's surprised that it's still around, even if there's notable support for the union amongst a majority of its population.

    Dannyboy said:
    Oh what there in Baden-Wurrtemberg?
    Click to expand...

    Salvador79 said:
    Erwin Teufel in a National Resistance Movement? LOL
    Click to expand...

    Teufel's National Resistance Movement is basically a big-tent right-wing organisation rather than what those words might conjour up. Teufel is basically kept in power by a combination of support from Italian business (who see B-W as a good place for outsourcing) and social conservatism at home.

    The two periods of military government were basically French-backed militias in the police force (basically all B-W is allowed of an army post-1945) to get rid of Italian-supported governments hostile to French interests.
     
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    Harry_Z_Trumen

    Harry_Z_Trumen

    Rattigan said:
    Malcolm Fraser; Liberal-National; May 1975 - March 198
    Gough Whitlam; Labor; March 1980 - November 1990
    John Button; Labor; November 1990 - December 1994
    Andrew Peacock; Liberal-National; December 1994 - March 1999
    Jan Burnswoods; Labor; March 1999 - March 2004
    Meg Lees; Liberal-National; March 2004 - March 2009
    Martin Ferguson; Labor; March 2009 - present
    Click to expand...

    Can I ask for any more detail on this list? I love the left-of-centre thinking (in all meanings of the term)!
     

    Rattigan

    Harry_Z_Trumen said:
    Can I ask for any more detail on this list? I love the left-of-centre thinking (in all meanings of the term)!
    Click to expand...

    The basic idea is similar to the story in the UK and Canada: the poor economic climate of the late 1970s discredits Fraser's wing of the Liberals, permanently sidelining people like Howard. This leaves the path open for Whitlam to pursue his reform package (in line with similar ones in the UK and across the Commonwealth at the same time) in the 80s. This basically means that Hawke's turn to the right doesn't happen (or need to happen, depending on your perspective). Whitlam and Button win four successive elections, which forces the Liberals to move to the left, resulting in successive shifts leftwards under Peacock and Lees.
     

    emaV

    Rattigan said:
    Presidents of the Council of Ministers
    1. Enrico Berlinguer; Communist; October 1969 - October 1982
    2. Aldo Moro; Christian Democracy; October 1982 - May 1988*
    3. Ugo La Malfa; Christian Democracy; May - July 1988
    4. Giulio Andreotti; Christian Democracy; July 1988 - November 1998
    5. Romano Prodi; Communist; November 1998 - October 2005
    6. Corrado Passera; Christian Democracy; October 2005 - present
    Click to expand...

    Well, La Malfa has never been a Christian Democratic, he was a fully fledged liberal/social-liberal (in the European sense). His OTL party "partito repubblicano" was related to Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi and well known for anti-clerical, anti-monarchist and anti-fascist stances. Not sure about political dynamics in TTL but I guess there would have been political space between the Communist and Christian Democracy and I can see him in this space.

    As for Romano Prodi in OTL is a clear product of technocratic faction of Christian Democracy. If you want a Communist for the '90s D'Alema could be your best choice (BTW in OTL there is an historical grudge between Prodi e D'Alema).
     

    Rattigan

    emaV said:
    Well, La Malfa has never been a Christian Democratic, he was a fully fledged liberal/social-liberal (in the European sense). His OTL party "partito repubblicano" was related to Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi and well known for anti-clerical, anti-monarchist and anti-fascist stances. Not sure about political dynamics in TTL but I guess there would have been political space between the Communist and Christian Democracy and I can see him in this space.

    As for Romano Prodi in OTL is a clear product of technocratic faction of Christian Democracy. If you want a Communist for the '90s D'Alema could be your best choice (BTW in OTL there is an historical grudge between Prodi e D'Alema).
    Click to expand...

    Couple of points regarding Italian politics TTL, which I think might make the list of presidents more explicable:

    1) Italian social democracy takes a pretty hard hit by the fascist takeover and by 1946 the only viable political entities are Christian Democracy and the Communists. Christian Democracy is thus able to be a big tent centrist party even if its initial leaders are drawn from the centre-right.

    2) The PCI makes an early break from the Soviets and a turn to Eurocommunism in the late 1940s (although they do urge closer relations with the Soviets than Christian Democracy do but that's largely a policy difference).

    3) TTL's Italian electoral system is different from OTL, with a minimum vote level required before you can get seats in the assembly. This encourages the two largest parties to have internal diversity rather than lots of splits into smaller parties. There is a Liberal Democratic party in the assembly but it's main purpose is to act as a coalition partner for Christian Democracy, where relevant. La Malfa was meant to be from that party, saying he was in Christian Democracy was a typo.

    4) Moro's first term from 1963-69 was the sign of the victory of the left(ish) faction of Christian Democracy and a general leftwards turn in Italian politics which finds its apogee in Berlinguer's long tenure in office.

    5) That being said, the victory of the PCI also comes as a result of it moderating its message on several key points. In particular, it accepts the institution of the monarchy (TTL the Italian experience of republicanism in the 20th century is kind of horrific, which probably helps) and had a limited rapprochement with the Church in 1951 and then more thoroughly around Vatican II (TTL the Church also has a better relationship with Liberation Theology). This has encouraged many left technocratic social democrats to migrate to the PCI, seeing in the party the opportunity to turn it into something a bit like TTL's Labour Party.

    6) Moro returns to power in a Christian Democracy-Liberal Democrat coalition that is basically centre left, even if several members of his own party are frustrated by the leftwards drift. Moro is then assassinated in 1988 by Mario Moretti (the Years of Lead don't happen TTL but the Red Brigades are still around, albeit in a smaller form) and La Malfa, as Vice President in the coalition, then takes over on an interim basis while Christian Democracy elects a new leader.

    7) Andreotti's selection as leader and subsequent long tenure in office, combined with Moro's death, marks the start of a rightward shift in Italian politics in response to the fear of far-left terrorism. This has the effect in the PCI of giving it the impetus of turning it into a technocratic, albeit solidly left wing, social democratic party, of which Prodi's election as leader is the final flowering. Of course, Prodi remains controversial within his own party and was trusted only so long as he was winning elections. Of particular controversy was his decision to support the NATO invasion of Yugoslavia in 2005 (so think something like a cross between OTL Blair and Schroeder).
     
    Popes (1846-2010)
  • Index

    • Rattigan

    Just because I mentioned it as a sidebar in another update, I thought I'd post the list of Popes I've had in my files since I started this TL. The basic idea is that John XXIII lives longer than OTL, meaning that Vatican II isn't curtailed by his successor as in OTL and instead lasts for a few more years and brings Liberation Theology into the heart of the Vatican through the influence of various Latin American theologians and (later on) Cardinals. After John's death, Paul VI (OTL John Paul I) lives longer and has more time to present the Vatican's humane face to the world, which is then built on by his successors. The corollary of this is that you don't have the hardcore anti-communism of OTL as exemplified by OTL John Paul II.

    As ever any comments/queries/abuse are welcome.

    Popes since 1846 (papal name; birth name; dates of papacy)
    1. Pius IX; Giovanni Ferretti; June 1846 - February 1878
    2. Leo XIII; Gioacchino Vincenzo; February 1878 - July 1903
    3. Pius X; Giuseppe Sarto; August 1903 - August 1914
    4. Benedict XV; Giacomo Chiesa; September 1914 - January 1922
    5. Pius XI; Achille Ratti; February 1922 - February 1939
    6. Pius XII; Eugenio Pacelli; March 1939 - October 1958
    7. John XXIII; Angelo Roncalli; October 1958 - June 1973
    8. Paul VI; Albino Luciani; June 1973 - September 1992
    9. Benedict XVI; Basil Hume; October 1992 - June 1999
    10. Innocent XIV; Gustavo Gutierrez; July 1999 - present
     
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  • Index
    • Nyvis

    Nyvis

    Rattigan said:
    Just because I mentioned it as a sidebar in another update, I thought I'd post the list of Popes I've had in my files since I started this TL. The basic idea is that John XXIII lives longer than OTL, meaning that Vatican II isn't curtailed by his successor as in OTL and instead lasts for a few more years and brings Liberation Theology into the heart of the Vatican through the influence of various Latin American theologians and (later on) Cardinals. After John's death, Paul VI (OTL John Paul I) lives longer and has more time to present the Vatican's humane face to the world, which is then built on by his successors. The corollary of this is that you don't have the hardcore anti-communism of OTL as exemplified by OTL John Paul II.
    Click to expand...

    Liberation Theology in the Vatican really makes a difference.

    What countries do those popes come from? Do they get one directly from Latin America?
     
    African and Asian Political Leaders (1976-2010)
  • Index

    • Rattigan

    traveller76 said:
    What is the situation in southern India these days?
    Click to expand...

    Ask and ye shall receive...

    * * *
    ​
    Kingdom of Arabia

    Kings
    1. Hussein II; November 1935 - February 1999; July 1972 - February 1999
    2. Abdullah II; January 1962 - present; February 1999 - present
    Prime Ministers
    1. Salah al-Din al-Bitar; Renaissance Party; July 1968 - June 1977
    2. Michel Aflaq; Renaissance Party; June 1977 - June 1978
    3. Hafez al-Assad; Renaissance Party; June 1978 - February 1979
    4. Jamal al-Atassi; Workers' Party; February 1979 - May 1996
    5. Hafez al-Assad; Renaissance Party; May 1996 - June 1997
    6. Jamal al-Atassi; Workers' Party; June 1997 - January 2000
    7. Yasser Arafat; Workers' Party; January 2000 - August 2002
    8. Ahmad Jarba; Tomorrow Movement; August 2002 - present

    Republic of China

    Presidents
    1. Yen Chia-kan; Progress and Development; March 1973 - March 1981
    2. Zhao Ziyang; Democratic Socialist; March 1981 - March 1989
    3. Lee Yuan-tsu; Progress and Development; March 1989 - March 1997
    4. Wei Jingsheng; Democratic Socialist; March 1997 - March 2005
    5. Zhou Yongkang; Progress and Development; March 2005 - present
    Premiers
    1. Zhou Enlai; Democratic Socialist; March 1973 - January 1976*
    2. Deng Xiaoping; Democratic Socialist; January 1976 - September 1982
    3. Hu Yaobang; Democratic Socialist; September 1982 - April 1989*
    4. Deng Xiaoping; Democratic Socialist; April 1989 - March 1993
    5. Zhu Rongji; Progress and Development; March 1993 - March 2003
    6. Wen Jiabao; Democratic Socialist; March 2003 - March 2008
    7. Ma Ying-jeou; Progress and Development; March 2008 - present
    *Died in office

    Sultanate of Egypt

    Sultans
    1. Faud II; January 1952 - present; March 1965 - present
    Prime Ministers
    1. Fouad Serageddin; Wafd; November 1972 - November 1983
    2. Saad Eddin Ibrahim; Liberal Constitutional; November 1983 - August 1992
    3. Mustafa Kemal Murad; Wafd; August 1992 - May 1994
    4. Farag Foda; Liberal Constitutional; May 1994 - October 2002
    5. Numan Gumaa; Wafd; October 2002 - September 2007
    6. Ayman Nour; Liberal Constitutional; September 2007 - present

    Empire of Ethiopia

    Ethiopia finished the World War in a relatively exalted position: recognised as an important member of the Allies (whose troops had lead the line in the war in eastern Africa) and, along with Egypt, the most important African countries. After the war, the country prospered under the Lismore System as a series of economic plans grew domestic industries and opened the economy up to outside trade. A new constitution was promulgated in 1955 adopting a parliamentary system. In practice, however, the monarch retained a tight control over executive matters and the government was generally autocratic and illiberal. For a long time, resentment was held down by economic expansion but this became harder when an economic recession hit in 1971. Haile Selassie conceded free elections in 1973, resulting in the election of the socially democratic People’s Union under the leadership of Mikael Imru, a relative of the royal family. Following Haile Selassie’s death two years later, his successor, his grandson Zera Yacob, cooperated on the drafting of a constitution in 1976, which further curtailed the powers of the monarchy. While the Emperor remained head of state, the remainder of his political power was removed.

    Emperors (Solomonic Dynasty - Sewan Line)
    1. Menelik II; August 1844 - December 1913; March 1889 - December 1913
    2. Iyasu V; February 1895 - November 1935; December 1913 - September 1916
    3. Zewditu I; April 1876 - April 1930; September 1916 - April 1930
    4. Haile Selassie I; July 1892 - August 1975; April 1930 - August 1975
    5. Zera Yacob I; August 1953 - present; August 1975 - present
    Ministers of the Pen
    1. Abebe Aregai; independent; November 1955 - November 1957
    2. Kassa Hailu; independent; November 1957 - April 1961
    3. Aklilu Habte-Wold; independent; April 1961 - March 1973
    4. Mikael Imru; People’s Union; March 1973 - July 1976
    5. Endelkachew Makonnen; Homeland Union; July 1976 - September 1987
    6. Mikael Imru; People’s Union; September 1987 - April 1991
    7. Abdulahi Mohamed Sa'adi; Homeland Union; April 1991 - August 1995
    8. Kifle Wodajo; People’s Union; August 1995 - March 1997
    9. Abdiqasim Salad; People’s Union; March 1997 - March 1999
    10. Ermias Sahle Selassie; Homeland Union; March 1999 - January 2002
    11. Tewelde Ghebreselassie; Reform; January 2002 - April 2003
    12. Ermias Sahle Selassie; Homeland Union; April 2003 - April 2005
    13. Debretsion Gebremichael; People’s Union; April 2005 - March 2014
    14. Ermias Sahle Selassie; Homeland Union; March 2014 - November 2016
    15. Ably Ahmed; People’s Union; November 2016 - present

    Republic of India

    Prime Ministers of India
    1. Indira Gandhi; INC; March 1972 - July 1976
    2. Balasaheb Deoras; People's; July 1976 - November 1984
    3. Indira Gandhi; INC; November 1984 - November 1988
    4. L.K. Advani; People's; November 1988 - June 1992
    5. Rajiv Gandhi; INC; June 1992 - May 1996
    6. L.K. Advani; People's; May 1996 - May 1999
    7. Rajiv Gandhi; INC; May 1999 - February 2001
    8. H.V. Sheshadri; People's; February 2001 - November 2004
    9. Narendra Modi; People's; November 2004 - February 2009
    10. Uddhav Thackeray; People's; February 2009 - present

    Imperial State of Iran

    Shahs
    1. Mohammad Reza; October 1919 - July 1980; September 1941 - July 1980
    2. Reza II; October 1960 - present; July 1980 - present
    Prime Ministers
    1. Ali Shariati; Democratic; March 1966 - April 1976
    2. Ali Amini; Democratic; April 1976 - May 1979
    3. Jamshid Amouzegar; New Iran; May 1979 - November 1980
    4. Ebrahim Yazdi; Democratic; November 1980 - June 1984
    5. Dariush Homayoon; New Iran; June 1984 - April 1992
    6. Habibollah Peyman; Democratic Party; April 1992 - May 1996
    7. Shahriar Shafiq; New Iran; May 1996 - June 2001
    8. Mir-Hossein Mousavi; Democratic; June 2001 - May 2009
    9. Reza Moridi; Democratic; May 2009 - present

    Empire of Japan

    Prime Ministers
    1. Kasuga Ikko; Social Democratic Party; August 1974 - April 1976
    2. Takeo Fukuda; Constitutional Democratic Party; April 1976 - April 1980
    3. Tetsuzo Fuwa; Social Democratic Party; April 1980 - April 1992
    4. Shintaro Ishihara; Constitutional Democratic Party; April 1992 - April 2000
    5. Yoshihiko Noda; Social Democratic Party; April 2000 - April 2008
    6. Shinzo Abe; Constitutional Democratic Party; April 2008 - present

    Democratic Republic of Kerala

    A parliamentary republic with a symbolic president selected by the legislature every five years. Executive and legislative power is held by the prime minister. The Communist Party was dominant for the first six years until it lost the 1990 elections to the National Front, a coalition of parties largely made up of former INC members.

    Prime Ministers
    1. E.K. Nayanar; Communist; April 1984 - November 1990
    2. Vayalar Ravi; National Front; November 1990 - May 1996
    3. E.K. Nayanar; Communist; May 1996 - October 2003
    4. V.S. Achuthanandan; Communist; October 2003 - May 2004
    5. A.K. Antony; National Front; May 2004 - present
     
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  • Index

    • Rattigan

    Ogrebear said:
    So where are the best Global tourist hotspots per decade please?

    Where should One be seen on vacation?
    Click to expand...

    Oof, I think I'm going to have to have a bit of time to formulate an answer to that. I'm at a wedding all weekend but will try and get you an answer next week along with my regular updates. If I forget then feel free to PM me to remind me.
     
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