Respublica Christiana: the Roman Empire from 1087-~1500
Respublica Christiana is a historiographic term for the period from 1087 to roughly year 1500 where the Roman Empire's senate elected emperors from among themselves, usually the heads of patrician families from Pisa, Ancona, Venice, Ragusa, and Ravenna. This era succeeded the
Empress era from 904-960, where women held unprecedented power and during the reigns of empresses Mariuccia (928-937) and Augusta (945-960) reigned as Roman empresses, the
Mancini dynasty from 960-1014, and the
Castrensi dynasty from 1015-1086. The last Castrensi Emperor,
Silvestre II (1050-1086) ordered the
Great Crusade of 1066 on behalf of the Pope to help the Pizenacs and the secure the Levant and more importantly to Roman history, granted the Senate, previously a assembly of nobles whose sole power was to give petitions to the Emperor from themselves, the right to elect the Roman emperor from their own, ending the hegemony of landowning families from Latium. With the flood of wealth and culture to the coastal cities due to the opening of trade with the Near East and the Silk Road, the patrician class rose in power. The first post-Castriensi Emperor,
Leone V (1086-1100, Ancona), was from Ancona and of a wealthy family.
With the newfound wealth of the Roman Empire, a new phase of expansionism began. Emperor
Raniero (1100-1119, Pisa), declared himself King of Italy in response to Italy's extended interregnum. This began a 170 year struggle between the Kings of Italy and the Kings of Sicily and the Roman emperors usually called
the Usurpation Conflicts. the Kingdom of Italy split between two different factions, the pro-Roman
Aquile and the Pro-Milanese
Corone with fiefs splitting allegiance, but the main cities of Aquile alliegiance were Genoa, Verona, Modena, Siena, and Lucca. The Kingdom of Sicily was brought into the struggle when Gandolfo I marched an army into Rome, forcing the Emperor to acknowledge him as King of Sicily. His elevation to Caesar of the Orient increased the rivalry between the Sicilians and the Romans. His successor Osmondo the Good's open support of the Corone caused a split in the nobility of the Kingdom of Sicily. the mainland nobility grew pro-Roman, while the multiconfessional island nobility supported the pro-Italian position. In 1208, in the midst of a succession dispute, Roman emperor
Bertrando (1197-1220, Venice) declared himself King of Sicily with the help of the nobility of the mainland.
The
Mongol Invasions of Europe devastated large parts of Europe, most notably annihilating the medieval kingdoms of Uzia (1242), Poland (1241), the Sclaves (1230), and the much of the Balkans (1250s). The Mongols formed
the Blue Horde from the ashes of their Central European domain. The Po Valley was devastated during an invasion, and both the Kingdom of Italy and the Roman Empire became a tributary to the Great Khan. This put a temporary halt to the conflicts between the Italians and the Romans. In 1253,
Emperor Vittorio II (1243-1261, Ravenna) declared himself king of Arberia and began an extensive operation to conquer the warring tribes. Years of grievances with the emperors in Sicily boiled over in 1274, when on All Saint's Day after the Isha prayer, citizens of Palermo armed themselves and killed their gubernator. the rebellion, dubbed the
Sicillan Iscia or the All Saint's Day revolt, rapidly spread to other cities in the isle.
Riccardo of Patti, a peasant, was declared King and Caid Riccardo I of Sicily by the populace. In 1285 a peace deal was made by the Romans, splitting the old kingdom of Sicily in two: the island the Kingdom of Trinacria and the mainland the
Kingdom of Samnium. the struggle between the Italians and the Romans came to a close in 1289 with the
Battle of Pavia, where the King of Italy Rodolfo IV gave up his crown to the Emperor.