The Unification of Romania was noticed only by its neighbours.
The Unification of Germany got almost all of Europe involved.
The German War
1611
Most Protestant German States join the German Empire.
The largest are
Saxony,
Brandenburg,
Pomerania,
Mecklenburg,
Braunschweig-Lüneburg and
Württemberg. They contribute the most part of the Empire's military, but conscription is instituted all over Germany anyway.
Only a few German Princes share the enthusiasm of the German Nationalists. Most of them choose to join the German Empire for various reasons:
- Internal Nationalist pressure ranging from printed articles and small demonstrations to outright revolution.
- External Nationalist pressure ranging from demonstrations of force to actual invasion.
- The desire to look progressive and court the good will of the
Nationalist Party, by now a formidable force.
- Fear of the republicans of
Radical Germany, the Catholics and their Emperor, external intervention - Denmark, Sweden, Poland, France, Spain, etc.
- It simply looks unavoidable: the few States which actually refused to become Federal States of the newly created German Empire were ruthlessly invaded, outright annexed and even had their Princes deposed as in the cases of
Anhalt and
Hessen-Darmstadt.
By the end of the year, almost all Protestant Germany was united in the Federal German Empire.
The notable exceptions were: the
United Netherlands (already independent
de facto), the Protestant Cantons of
Switzerland (already independent
de facto) and the States of the Bohemian Crown:
Bohemia,
Silesia and
Moravia (still under the rule of Emperor Matthias,
de jure). The quite numerous Protestants in Catholic
Austria were obviously not included as well.
1612
The few small remaining Protestant States finally join the German Empire.
The Protestants are gaining influence in several small Catholic States. Some of them join Germany as well.
No overt military action is taken against any Catholic State yet, but sporadic fighting erupts in various States.
22 March
Prince Augustus of Saxony is elected
Emperor of Germany by the German Parliament with 73% of the total votes.
He assumes the legendary name Siegfried and is crowned
Siegfried I Augustus Emperor of Germany. His intention was to have Augustus look like an Imperial Title rather than a given name. It worked. All future Emperors of Germany would take the name (or title) Augustus.
23 March
Augustus abdicates as Prince of Saxony. It has been previously decided by the German Parliament that the Emperor must be striclty neutral and not connected to any of the Federal States in order to eliminate favouritism.
The Ernestine Branch of the House of Wettin assumed power in Saxony.
31 March
The Prague Parliament disolves the Bohemian Crown and deposes King Matthias. Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia adhere to the German Empire as three distinct Federal States.
7 April
Emperor Matthias dies in Vienna under unclear circumstances. Most people believe he commited suicide.
19 April
Albert VII renounces his rights to the Archduchy of Austria in favour of his cousin Ferdinand II. Albert remains sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands and Ferdinand assumes the Crown in Vienna.
The election of a new Holy Roman Emperor is rendered impossible by the lack of quorum. Of the former seven Electors, four no longer exist (Bohemia, Palatinate, Saxony and Brandenburg are part of the German Empire, not of the Holy Roman Empire) and one has no means of leaving his enclave (Mainz).
4 May
Ferdinand creates the
Kingdom of Austria out of his remaining territories: Austria proper, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Tirol, the Hungarian and Croatian regions annexed in 1602 by the Pressburg Peace Treaty and other small areas.
For all intents and purposes, the Holy Roman Empire is defunct.
8 August
King Ferdinand of Austria rescinds all laws enacted by his predecessors granting religious rights to the Austrian Protestants. The Kingdom of Austria is supposed to become a pure Catholic State. The forced conversion of the Protestant population is attempted.
22 August
The German Empire asks for the rights of the Protestants to be respected in all German States. An Ultimatum is delivered to Austria.
31 August
The
Holy Alliance is signed by Austria and most of the other Catholic German States, including almost all Bishoprics.
16 September
The German Empire orders general mobilization. Large armies are levied all over Germany.
23 September
The Holy Alliance also starts preparing for war.
27 September
Spain joins the Holy Alliance. Numerous Spanish troops are sent to Italy wherefrom to start their long march towards Germany.
30 September
Sarmatia (Poland-Lithuania) joins the Holy Alliance and starts preparing for the invasion of Germany.
October-November
The low level hostilities slowly escalate to full-blown war. Heavy fighting is reported in Central Germany, especially in the vicinity of the rivers Rhine and Main.
10 December
The German armies from Bohemia invade Austria and start advancing towards Vienna. The Austrians manage to stop them at the gates of their Capital.
1613
January-May
With no foreign armies on German soil, the German Empire has the upper hand and manages to subdue all territory East of the Rhine including Bavaria and the Western parts of Austria in a matter of months. They fail however to capture Vienna.
2 June
The half-hearted Sarmatian intervention begins.
Sarmatia had hundreds of thousands of soldiers deep into war-torn Russia and many others guarding the Black Sea and the Baltic Littorals in order to fend off any possible Ottoman and respectively Swedish invasions.
Other important army effectives were scattered all over the large Sarmatian territory dealing with the Zaporogian Cossacks, the Orthodoxes who refused the Union with Rome and the Protestants from the Baltic Lands.
Less than 100,000 Sarmatian soldiers would be deployed in Germany at any given time.
In the following two years, the Sarmatian armies would attempt unsuccessfully to cross the Oder, most of the fighting being in Eastern Pomerania, Eastern Brandenburg and parts of Silesia.
August-September
The Spanish armies begin to arrive in Austria and relieve Vienna.
In the following months, they enter Bavaria but fail to advance further into Germany.
December
The fighting becomes less intense, neither Germany nor the Holy Alliance being able to win a decisive victory. The bad weather contributes to the lull.
1614
Germany has around 1,300,000 soldiers deployed over its entire territory, while the Holy Alliance did not manage to levy more than 600,000.
11 March
Long and difficult negotiations between the German Empire and France are finalized with the
Treaty of Verdun.
France recognizes the German Empire as the sole representative of all Germans and agrees to enter the war on their side.
Germany agrees to cede its Westernmost Catholic territories to France, i.e. the Habsburg Netherlands, Lorraine, Burgundy, Savoy and some Bishoprics.
17 March
Radical Germany declares that the
Nationalist Party has betrayed Germany by accepting to cede German territories to other countries.
The Radicals say that they represent all the Germans, not merely the Protestants and all the Catholic Germans should become part of Germany as well.
19 March
The Radicals attempt a
coup d'état and storm the German Parliament. The German army enters Dresden and quells the rebellion.
April-July
A lesser civil war between the Nationalists and the Radicals takes place inside the areas controlled by the German Empire. Helped by the army, the Nationalist Government prevails and the Radicals are completely defeated.
Taking advantage of this situation, the forces of the Holy Alliance manage to take some territories, advancing up to 100 miles in some areas.
30 June
France joins the German War on the side of the German Empire.
The French armies attack in all directions: at the Pyrenees, in the Spanish Netherlands, in Lorraine and Burgundy.
July-December
France entering the War greatly changes the balance in favour of Germany.
With their Western flank secure, the German armies attack vigurously in the South and East.
The Spanish and German Catholic armies are pushed back into Austria and the Sarmatians are expelled from German soil.
1615
The war becomes less of a German Civil War and more of an European War. Religious issues become less important because France, a Catholic country, took the side of Protestant Germany in 1614 and Protestant Denmark and Sweden are to join the Catholic Holy Alliance.
19 January
Germany captures the Sarmatian City of Danzig. Sarmatia calls its armies from Russia to defend their homeland.
3 February
Denmark invades Germany from Danish controlled Holstein.
12 February
A Swedish army led by Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus invades Pomerania by Sea.
1 March
Sarmatia exits the war. A
white peace is signed with Germany.
Sarmatia recognizes the German Empire and its rights over all German States,
status quo ante bellum is accepted and all German armies retreat into Germany. No reparations are payed.
The Sarmatians could have continued the war, but the prospect of being allied with their old foe Sweden was probably too much for them. By this time, the Sarmatians were actually not sure if they preferred a stronger Sweden or a stronger Germany.
January-April
After occupying all the territories promissed by Germany, the French armies cross the Rhine into Southern Catholic Germany and advance towands Lake Constance.
March-May
The Spaniards attack in Savoy and along the Pyrenees. France has to retreat a few armies to defend against the Spanish invasion.
17 July
The Germans decisively vanquish the invading Danes. The Danish armies in Mecklenburg and Holstein are obliterated before joining the Swedes from Pomerania.
July-October
Germany occupies Holstein, then Schleswig, then Jutland.
The Swedes are defeated in Pomerania and sail for Denmark leaving behind tens of thousands of casualties and prisoners of war.
20 November
The Swedish and Danish armies are defeated near Copenhagen. The war in Scandinavia is over. The following day, Denmark capitulates and Sweden sues for peace.
It became painfully clear that in that new Europe of large National States with armies based upon general conscription, countries with small population like Sweden and Denmark had no further prospect of ever being Great Powers again.
1616
The German Empire is victorious on all fronts but nearly bankrupt. It controls almost all of the former Holy Roman Empire, except the areas occupied by France, about half of Austria still held by the Holy Alliance, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the Italian States.
France has realized all its goals and is getting reluctant to help Germany any further. The Pyrenees campaign has turned into a stalemate.
Sarmatia and the Scandinavians are already out of the war.
Spain has realized that defeating both France and Germany is impossible.
5 March
Peace negotiations begin in Prague between France, the German Empire, Spain and Austria.
23 March
Germany invades the Netherlands. England is helps the Netherlands.
After heavy fighting, the German armies reach the Zuiderzee and cut the Netherlands in half.
25 March
Germany invades Switzerland. The Protestant Cantons welcome the Germans. The Catholic Cantons fight back vigorously.
1 April
France threatens Germany to withdraw its support.
April-May
Sporadic low intensity fighting goes on in Austria. No further attempt is made to take Vienna. Spain is getting desperate to find a way out of the war. Germany claims that Switzerland and the Netherlands are German territories, though neither are fully occupied.
4 June
The German Empire, Austria, France and Spain sign an armistice for a period of five years. Temporary demarcation lines are agreed upon.
The first phase of the German War is over.
Almost two million Germans are dead, chaos and destruction are widespread, but the consensus in war-torn Germany is that the war was worth fighting.