O Allah, send your grace onto the Rashidun Caliphs; Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Zubayr and Hasan! And bestow your mercy on the Mother of the Believers and Calipha, Ayesha. We ask you to admit them into Paradise, O generous of the generous!
-Excerpt of Friday Khutbah (sermon) Duaa
The assassination of Caliph Uthman and ascension of Ali to his position sparked immediate controversy in the Ummah. Despite having opposed Uthman during his lifetime, a triumvirate comprising of Zubayr ibn Al-Awam, Talhah ibn Ubayd-Allah and the Prophet's widow Ayesha bint Abu Bakr set off from Mecca in order to demand vengeance for Uthman's death. Following their capture of Basra, Ali would respond by raising an army in Kufa and marching to confront the faction. Attempts to negotiate would fall apart, devolving into the infamous Battle of the Camel which proved to be a humiliating defeat for Ali and saw the death of Talhah on the battlefield.
Ali thus found himself in a deeply precarious situation. The threat of a
Fitna had become a reality, as many prominent Quaryashis and Mu'wiya (the Ummayad Governor of Syria) had outright refused to pledge their allegiance towards him, alongside the open conflict with the forces of Zubayr and Ayesha. Although minor skirmishes had continue, there was little appetite to continue fighting amongst the combatants. While Zubayr was a strong contender for the position of Caliph, he had little interest in usurping Ali militarily. He and Ayesha had deeply regretted the start of hostilities. Following the pyric victory of Alid forces in the Battle of Umm Qasr, efforts to mediate between the two parties would begin. Spearheaded by Ayesha's half-brother Muhammed, Ayesha and Zubayr would reach a settlement with the Caliph, withdrawing back to Mecca. The successful arbitration would deeply anger radical contingents of Ali's supporters leading to the emergence and the initial wave of defections of the Kharijite sect.
Sensing Ali's vulnerability, Mu'awiya had spent much of the early stages of the civil war rapidly expanded his influence, rallying a secure base of supporters and allies. With the withdrawal of the Zubyrid-Ayesha faction confirmed, Ali set his sights on securing his authority in Syria. He had achieved the re-enlistment of many Kharijites through the promise of immediate punitive action against Mu'awiya for his rebellion. Alid and Ummayad forces would confront one another in multiple battles across the Euphrates, culminating in stalemate. Spurred on by rumours circulating that Ali was considering an arbitration, the Kharijites would revolt, assassinating both Ali and his son Husayn.
The assassination of Ali startled even his fiercest opponents. Zubayr was swiftly elected Caliph, immediately facing the crisis of the Kharijite uprising which would dominate his tenure. Multiple prominent figures, including Mu'awayia, would be assassinated by the Kharijites in a wave of terror. Meanwhile Ayesha had cultivated a base of loyal supporters and allies, dubbed (quite ironically)
Shiat Ayesha, or the Partisans of Ayesha. Already reputable for her influence and leadership in jurisprudence, her role as a figure of leadership had only been further strengthened following the Fitna. She preached fiery Jumuah sermons in the Prophet's Masjid and had demonstrated competence in leading soldiers into battle. Increasingly as disturbing number of influential Qurayshis where killed during the Kharijite Revolt, Ayesha emerged all the more appealing, escaping multiple assassination attempts herself.
Following Zubayrs' death, debate raged over his successor. While Hasan Ibn Ali had appeared the most probable successor, the electoral council would shockingly back Ayesha. Totally unprecedented, the ascension of the first "Calipha" sent shock waves throughout the Muslim world. While Ayesha's tenure is often contemporarily praised as a watershed moment for the advancement of women's rights in Islam, the respect she commanded did not allow her to transcend her gender. In fact her election would spark the Second Fitna, with multiple factions emerging within the Caliphate, refusing to accept her authority.