The
1968 Canadian federal election was held on July 9, 1968 to elect all 264 members of the House of Commons to the 28th Canadian Parliament. The incumbent
Liberal government, led by Prime Minister Robert Winters, sought to secure a third mandate from voters, having first been elected in 1963 under Lester B. Pearson.
Pearson and the government had overseen dramatic change during their time in power, despite the fact that they lacked a parliamentary majority in the House of Commons. Among their achievements included the federal involvement in universal healthcare, the creation of both the Canadian Pension Plan and Student Loans Program, as well as the creation of a new Canadian flag. However, increasing scandals and economic uncertainty had rendered the idea of the aging Pearson seeking a third term unlikely. In the ensuing leadership election, Trade and Commerce minister Robert Winters narrowly defeated National Defence Minister Paul Hellyer. With a new leader at the helm, Liberals were confident that voters would be prepared to forgive past transgressions.
The
Progressive Conservative (PC) opposition, meanwhile, had replaced their own aging leader John Diefenbaker with the popular and longtime Premier of Nova Scotia, Robert Stanfield. Although Stanfield’s measured and admittedly stodgy personality lacked the charisma of the former prime minister, his calming and managerial style brought newfound order to the famously chaotic PCs. As such, shortly after Stanfield’s election as leader, polls showed the Tories amassing a large lead over the governing Liberals, and appeared poised to sweep into power. Hoping to make a play in Quebec, where their only opponents for the right-wing vote were
Ralliement créditiste (RC) under Réal Caouette, Stanfield and the PCs had recruited numerous star candidates, and had made alliances with Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr. and the Union Nationale.
As for the
New Democratic Party (NDP) and their leader, former Saskatchewan Premier Tommy Douglas, the rightward tilt undertaken by the Liberals their new leader sparked outrage amongst the government’s more left-wing supporters, many of whom felt that the new Prime Minister was in some ways more conservative than his conservative opponent. There was also the fact that Quebecers, having handed Lester Pearson their support in his battles against Diefenbaker, now found that the party had abandoned them in favour of yet another Ontario leader, abandoning the long tradition of alternating between Anglophone and Francophone leaders. Having recruited star candidates of their own, such as Montreal lawyer Robert Cliche, the NDP hoped to make inroads of their own in the predominantly French-speaking province come Election Day.
Still, despite his conservative-leanings, Prime Minister Winters was supportive of the ideas of Duex Nation, the idea that Canada was formed by two dstinct nations, English and French, within a united Canada. His only opposition, however, was towards official bilingualism, which he felt overstepped. Although his position had the potential to undercut the both the Tories and NDP’s support with nationalists, it greatly angered staunch federalists, who found themselves without much option.
The campaign itself was largely a quiet affair. Stanfield and the PCs criticized the Liberals for their waste and mismanagement, while the Liberals criticized the Tories and NDP for being in bed with the growing sovereigntist movement, despite Winters’ shared support for Quebec distinct status. By the midway point polls showed the Tories in front, with the Liberals only a few points behind, and the New Democrats gaining strength. Unfortuntely for the Liberals, it would also be around this time that tradgedy would strike. Whilst on a break from the campaign trail, the Prime Minister would suffer a fatal heart attack, leaving both the country and the Liberal Party in shock. In an emergency caucus meeting, Liberal MPs selected Justice Minister Mitchell Sharp as his temporary replacement, with the intention of selecting a permenant replacement at a later date. While this meant that Sharp had become Prime Minister, he remained effectively a placeholder, and his opposition to many of the policies pushed by the more right-wing Winters caused division and confusion for many of the MPs and candidates, who were left unsure of what the party was actually campaigning on.
Such confusion further increased the lead of the PCs held in the polls, and continued to disrupt the numbers in Quebec. Although French voters agreed with Sharp on policy, the fact that he had reportedly narrowly beat out fellow cabinet minister Jean Marchand further enraged Quebecers, who had increasingly appeared open to the NDP.
(Huge thanks to @Hubert Humphrey Fan 1968 for the map and assistance)
Prime Ministers of Canada
Louis St. Laurent (Liberal) 1948-1957
John Diefenbaker (Progressive Conservative) 1957-1963
Lester B. Pearson (Liberal) 1963-1968
Robert Winters (Liberal) 1968
Mitchell Sharp (Liberal) 1968
Robert Stanfield (Progressive Conservative) 1968-
For the first time in ten years, the Tories had secured a majority government, capturing 140 seats of the 264 seat House of Commons. The PCs near sweep of Atlantic Canada was combined with a landslide in Ontario, where they captured 58 out of a total 88 seats. Out west the Tories kept much of the NDP rise at bay, capturing last minute swing and soft Liberal voters worried about the growing possibility of a government led by Tommy Douglas. As for the NDP, the election provided the social democratic party their best showing in their brief history, enough to become the Official Opposition for the first time. Quebecers, including both federalists mistrustful of the Liberals and nationalists looking for a new home were enamored by Douglas’ left-wing policies, and delivered 39 seats to the NDP, rendering the Liberals a distant second with only 16. Mitchell Sharp and the government were humiliated; left in an embarrassing third place for the first time in their history. Sharp himself only narrowly hung onto his own riding, bringing the total for the Liberals at 55 seats, or at most 57 seats when former Speaker Lucien Lamoureux and Liberal-Labour candidate John Mercer Reid rejoined their ranks.
This would be the first election, often dubbed “the campaign of three prime ministers”, where a former provincial premier would be selected as Prime Minister following the victory of his party at the polls. Robert Stanfield had finally broken the curse that had fell past Tory leaders like John Bracken and George Drew. It would also mark the last federal election fought by both Douglas and Sharp, both of whom would retire during the 28th Parliament. Douglas, who believed the party’s fortunes could only be progressed with a Quebecer at the helm, retired in favour of Robert Cliche. Sharp, left holding the bag for his inability to stop the bleeding during the election, was in turn replaced by Quebecer and staunch federalist Gerard Pelletier.