Ryazan uprising and Bashkir revolt
In 844 (1440), a new taxation was formulated based on the census conducted couple of years prior. The new thing about it was that instead of community based taxing extracted from local chieftains, they were to merely act as helpers to the darugachi (tax official) who would collect tax from each household in person. Though this was aimed to limit exploitation by the local influential, corruption was inevitable. And Qizil Hatun would taste the first major opposition against her running of the state.
Ryazan was a major trade city of the Golden horde which received a lot of commercial traffic as it sat upon the Moscova river, not so far from Moscow, the capital of of Principality of Muscovy. With the new tax inacted, businessmen from Rus lands began to shift their focus from Ryazan to elsewhere, most notably Kazan, which was again growing after decades of rebuilding. There was also a short duration famine which resulted in families getting poorer. Things would have recovered if taxation was avoided for some time. unfortunately the time of the famine coincided with the new taxation. But the uprising didn't start as a revolt against over taxation. It was against the local boyar named Milkhail Ulyanov who converted to Nestorian branch and thus was hated by clergy. He supported his son Gregory who reportedly converted to Islam and pursued the daughter of a local orthodox deacon. Historians dispute the claims of forced marriage in this regard as the two families were familiar with each other for a while. But the notion of a heretic's heathen son marrying a good woman of the church stirred up controversy in the nobility of Ryazan and soon the Boyar's enemies, particularly one man named Simeon Krasnov instigated the populace to revolt against the 'Tatar and their collaborators'. The population, mostly civilians discontent over the new tax imposition opened up in revolt and stormed the boyar's house, killing him and sending his son fleeing. Unfortunately, the boyar's wife who took shelter in a church was dragged out publicly beaten to death, despite being an orthodox herself. The news of the revolt soon reached local darugachi Engen, an Uighur Muslim and he called upon his bitimgerler troops, mostly Rus Nazarenes to crush the rebellion. But they proved insufficient in terms of number and some defected to the rebels. The rebels were able secure the city in 2 months whilst the countryside stayed contested.
Image: mounted bitimgerler soldiers during Ryazan uprising.
Gregory retreated to Kazan and called for help from Toqtay Beg. He secured his family's position as the beg of Ryazan through family marriage with Toqtay's niece. With 2,000 Tatar and Oirat troops he returned after a year, burning through the countryside and soon besieged the city. He opted to starve the damned city which killed his parents out of vengeance despite Engen's request not to do so. Engen, realizing that Gregory wouldn't listen to him as the latter has Kazan beg's support, sent letters to Beklar beg Samiu'n. Only after a letter from the second highest position in the state did Gregory stopped and accepted the surrender of Ryazan. Toqtay was able to persuade Samiu'n to revoke tax imposition upon the devastated city for 2 years. This marked the rise of Toqtay as a major player in the western part and soon he would lock horns with Qimir's beg Olej Muxammat in establishing influence.
Image: Toqtay, beg of Kazan
Whilst the rus people of Ryazan were angry at the horde administration for various reasons other than tax, the fiercely independent semi nomadic Bashkir clans were outright furious only for taxation. The new taxation would render their nomadic lifestyle impossible. What really bothered them was that the new tax would require all individual household to participate, unlike the previous system where a portion of the clan could remain nomadic and the sedentary portion paid both of their taxes, which was relatively low and clan based. Not this time, the surveillance and the tax amount ensured that they would have to stay at one place or be hunted by Darugachi retinues. They claimed it as an assault upon their ancestral tradition and lifestyle. What followed was unlike anything seen in Golden horde before. In 845 (1441), the Bashkir leader Krajuk Buga declared insubordination and chased out the darugachi from his lands in Bashguria*, prompting other chieftains to do the same. The Bashkirs were mostly part of Aral Sanjak under Nazimuddin of Shaybanid dynasty. he was terrified at the notion of fighting these hardened steppe warriors who outnumbered his bitimgerler retinue. He wanted to resolve the conflict peacefully as he didn't trust Qizil Hatun to leave a competing Chingissid in charge of an important province, thinking the rebellion as a ploy by Sarai to assert control. But all negotiations failed and a Tatar army under Buyji noyan was sent to crush the rebellion.
Image: Bashkir horsemen in Kokqala
But defeating a nomadic clan was easier said than done. Many bashkir clans fled east to Sibir. Many escaped to Aqbars khanate but most of them created resistance pocket in Kipchak steppes. This rebellion was large and also problematic as the northern portion of silk route trade was hampered. This rang alarm bells for the authorities in Sarai. But Qizil was a crafty woman. She began appeasing minor chieftains with promises of gifts and permanent posts in horde military. To protect the trade route a local militia was created comprising of Chuvash, Bolgars, Oirats and loyalist Bashkirs. Unlike bitimgerler, these troops were permitted the use of gunpowder weapons, particularly muskets, a first for a paramilitary force in the horde. They were placed under the command of Tekudar noyan and Aral Sanjakbeg Nazimuddin assumed the responsibility of their provisions. Thus began the story of 'Nayzagay' or lightning corps.
Image: Nayzagay troops (circa 1400 AH)
The rebellion gradually fizzled out within 850(1445) due to rebel's inability to disrupt trade route and the divide and conquer policy of Qizil Hatun. After defeating the revolt, Qizil Hatun was in an even stronger position than before. She proved that she was not just reaping benefits of her brother's work but was a capable statesman herself. It also left no doubt that Jalaluddin Khan was nothing short of a puppet of his aunt. This would bring reactions from various powerful factions within the horde, including some of Qizil's allies who grew fearful of her newfound strength.
*Bashkoristan
(From 'Empire of the Steppes' by Mahmud Sakafi)
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Ahmad Ar Riyadh: beginning of insafiyya
Ahmad was born in a noble family in Herat in 7 Muharram 832 ( 25 October 1428). His father had been a Qadhi at the local court, so he received more education than his peers in the local institutions. But his thirst for knowledge would make him journey across his homeland into the heart of central Asia. He started studying in Gurigan Madrasa, the largest institution in Islamic world at that time from 16 years of age.
Image: Ahmad Ar Riyadh (drawn circa 1200 AH)
He completed his education in 852 (1449), at a time of great upheaval for his homeland in Taraghid Shahdom. The revolts of Baysungur against his brother Mirza Ulugh Beg upset the southern portion of the silk route. After returning to Herat which was relatively peaceful, Ahmad got married and moved to Samarkand with his entire family. Despite peace returning to Persia in 855 (1452), he opted to stay in Samarkand as he earned his name as a teacher in the jewel of Mawarennahar.
Image: Gurigan Madrasa, biggest educational institute of the Muslim world at its time and hub of Timurid renaissance.
The idea of humans as Allah's representatives on earth was an early Islamic context. But Ahmad elaborated on this topic and expanded it to directions beyond anyone ever took. He amalgamated the idea of 'Wahdatul wujud' ( creator's incarnation in creation) and created a new idea, insafyya. In broad sense it was just man being best of creation so he has duty to his fellow humans, animals, plants and even inanimate objects and avoid exploitation and transgression. The highest stage for a man, according to Ahmad was 'Ihsan' where he sacrifices his pleasures for the good of greater world. His reversing of Wahdatul wujud created a lot of controversy amongst the thinkers of his period. He thought a creation was not to be respected because it has Allah's essence in it but because respecting Allah's creation since Allah says so would result in the man's own essence being uplifted. The argument he used for it is fasting in Ramadan, when humans attain the divine qualities of food and carnal abstinence identical to Allah.
Image: Al Hazar Ziyadatullah, notable student of Ahmad Ar Riyad and one of the founders of Insafiyya order
Though Ahmad's insafiyya was merely a thought on personal purification and making a human attain divine qualities by listening to divine revealtions and general desire to do good, it soon gained a following as a Sufi order in Aqbars Khanate, started by some of his students, of them Al Hazar Ziyadatullah and Abdul Gaffar Bahri. They started their activities around Samarkand and soon gained foothold in central Asia and Khurasan. Their growth was loathed by landlords whom the insafiyya opposed due to the treatment of serfs and labour slaves. In their opinion, slaves should be treated like Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said, almost equal to masters in receiving amenities. Anything short and the person was losing his essence and would be dishonored in front of Allah here and hereafter. In all sense, it was just a mystic order and not a threat to establishment. But the political propulsion of insafiyya would begin with writings of Al Hazar Ziyadatullah, regarded by modern scholars as 'father of modern political science and welfare state'.
(From "Tarikh Ul Fars Wal Mashreq" by Ali Adnani)
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14 Saffar 843( August 25, 1439)
Nikea, Ottoman empire
Kuban sipped on his coffee as the afternoon sun was gradually tilting to the west. He usually avoids coffee after Asr prayer, but not on Thursdays.
He looked on to the sparring match in front of him with awe and inspiration, seeing two ladies of his life engaged in a sword fight. Anastasia against Shehzadi Iladi Hatun. They didn't want to be discreet about it, so their blades clashed against each other in full swing emitting loud noise repeatedly.
An eunuch messenger's arrival turned Kuban's attention away from his battling wives.
"My Pasha, Iskander bey has arrived. He has brought news from Rumelia. The sultan is returning to Konstantinyye. The situation in Anatolia is getting dangerous. Iskander bey will tell you the rest." he spoke.
As much as Kuban wanted to finish the sparring match, he had to see Iskander. As if on cue, Anastasia lost her sword and the fight came to an abrupt halt.
"Yes, looks like my trick finally paid off!" Iladi shouted, then lowered her voice to make sure Kuban was out of hearing range.
"Looks like this week's Friday night belongs to me, princess." she whispered. Anastasia smiled.
"Hmm, you got lucky today. I admit I was slow but your attacks were relentless this session. You are a good melee fighter shehzadi." The wallachian woman spoke and her Turkish counterpart smiled.
"Despite you being older and mother to a teenage boy you sure did block numerous of my assaults. I won just because you got tired." Iladi replied and the two women shared a moment of good laugh.
"I am NOT old! One of these days I will make sure you miss two Friday nights in a row, heh." Anastasia replied, smile still plastered on her face.
"I wonder one thing, Ana. Does pasha know that we are deciding who he beds on Friday night by this sparring match?"
"Men are not considerate when it comes to that. Do they speak of our choices when they fight over us? Then why should we give them when we have the chance? To the victor goes the spoils, it should go both ways." Anastasia replied as the two began retiring for the evening and servant girls were clearing the arena.
Back in the guestroom, the atmosphere was tense.
"By Allah, I never knew Shehzade Mahmud to be used as pawn, nevermind for the Ishfendyarids! He must have death wish." Kuban spoke as his guest indulged himself in grapes and apple.
"Pasha, the sultan was angry the entire time on his way to Konstantinyye. he was grumbling that if this revolt didn't happen he would have razed Bosnia to the ground. He thinks he's getting too old for it. He is toying with the idea of retirement early and handing over power to shahzade Muhammad. "
"Nonetheless, I think its best that we depose the Ishfendyarids, they have clearly outlived their usefulness. All the beyliks in Anatolia are absorbed and only these peolpe are living happily in their place as hereditary pashas appointed by sultan."
"Well it is not the entire Ishfendyarid line is at fault. The Ishfendyarid usurper Khizir bey wants to remove his father so that he could take Candar elayet himself. But we won't let that happen. Isfandeyar's son Kasim bey is in our custody now and he won't be reinstated by the Sultan when the rebellion is over. Ishfendyar bey is also a lost cause and there are no signs of him after the rebellion erupted." Iskander causally spoke as Kuban was getting more nervous.
"So who takes Candar elayet?" he asked cautiously though he knew he should have kept his mouth shut.
"That's where you come in Pasha, you will be the new ruler of Candar elayet. As for Anatolia elayet, I will take it over. The sultan trusts you a lot. He believes you are the one to govern a province fruitfully after rebellion."
The colours dranied from Kuban's face at the mention of Candar elayet and he stammered.
"W-well, congratulations on your promotion.....Iskander Pasha. But, ugh, why Candar Elayet?" he groaned.
"Come on pasha, don't tell me you are afraid of a pashalik just because it is near the Kara sea. You are not a Chingissid anymore, like you stated earlier. You are a relative of Osman dynasty and a pasha of the Sultan." Iskander looked as if he was pleading the older man as he took his hands in his own hands.
He neared the frightened and glum man and whispered:
"And your son Batyr is growing up. Who knows, maybe someday he or his descendants will lay claim on the throne to Sarai with support from us?"
Kuban winced at the thought. For now he was averse to the idea. But that would be seen in the future.
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Selam guys! back after a long pause but it will be a shower in desert as my main exam starts from from late February. So not gonna be posting for a while. My mock test was postponed due to rising covid cases in our country and I myself have been diagnosed positive, without much symptoms. Hope Allah grants me Shifa.
So rebellions in Golden horde but Qizil is one of a kind, she almost has villian like efficiency to handle crisis. But she does know how to take tough measures as you will see in the future, now that she is making new enemies who want her gone from power. And Insafiyya, the alternate humanist ideology focusing on good conduct of human to everything in his surroundings and beyond. Already their stance on treatment of slaves and serfs is stirring heads. If they come to power in future, human labour might become expensive enough to force the rich landholders look for alternative options....
And my last piece a prologue to new in universe novel "Kaiser I Rum". Kuban the lucky guy eh? I think you all know who is Iskendar bey at this point. Needless to say he will be an important character in future. Keep your eyes on Batyr, son of Kuban as to what he will do next.