1956 Nominations
In 1956 Adlai Stevenson was not looking good for re-election. His war in Iran failed to incorporate the rally-around-the-flag effect that some had expected. The Southern wing of the party hated him for appointing Truman to the supreme court. Meanwhile, the northern Democrats hadn’t grown enough by 1956 to completely overpower them. Even with said unpopularity, Stevenson still faced little opposition in the primaries. Maybe a state senator or two would challenge him as a favorite son, but none were successful. In the end, Stevenson steamrolled through his opposition through the primaries.
However, there was still the issue of the convention. However, Stevenson used great speakers such as Hubert Humphrey and Lyndon Johnson to pull the convention to a Civil Rights platform. After the success of civil rights at the convention, many Southerners wanted to leave again, and they did. Delegations from South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas left the convention, and other delegates from Virginia, Texas, Georgia, Florida, and North Carolina left the convention hall to form their own party.
The difference between the 1948 Dixiecrats and the 1956 ones is clear. The 1948 ones had a clear list of willing candidates. Meanwhile, the 1956 brand had a list, it’s just that no one wanted to be on it. Prominent leaders like Richard Russell Jr., Strom Thurmond, Orval Fabus, Fielding Wright, Harry F. Byrd, and James Eastland all declined. Even more less known or less popular candidates like Robert Byrd, Happy Chandler, or Hugh White declined. This conundrum lead to several draft candidacies. Most notably, a draft campaign for Douglas MacArthur, who had attempted to keep the troops segregated did quite well. To some Dixiecrat leaders, MacArthur could be appealing to the whole nation, and possibly give them more success nationwide than in 1948. However, when MacArthur was only two votes away from getting the nomination, a Texas delegate phoned him to announce the news, and MacArthur was livid. He called the Dixiecrats “second-class split offs” and refused the nomination. After MacArthur’s decline, the delegates shifted around, until one candidate finally threw his hat in the race on the thirteenth ballot.
Benjamin Travis Laney was the former governor of Arkansas and was largely considered to become the Dixiecratic nominee in 1948, but he declined. By 1956 he had been out of office for seven years and needed some recognition. So, he threw his hat in to be nominated. With only draft efforts and small-time candidates in the running, Lanley was nominated on the sixteenth ballot. After this, he needed a running mate. Once again, most candidates rejected the position, so Lanley selected Leander Perez, a kingmaker from Louisiana, in hopes that he would put the machines towards the ticket. Some Dixecrat leaders were unsure of this, and it would carry on to November sixth.
The Dixiecratic candidates
The Republican Party looked ready for a comeback after the Stevenson administration became unpopular in the south and twenty years of party fatigue gave any Republican a clear shot at the presidency. Out of these conditions two candidates arose. Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen and governor Harold Stassen. Harold Stassen is often credited with running the first “modern campaign” he didn’t rely on favorite sons, and instead got endorsements from prominent politicians from states he was competing in. This strategy worked in the primaries, and Dirksen’s campaign only managed to win four states.
Even though Stassen’s primary performance was fantastic, it reminded many of Estes Kefauver’s performance in 1952, and he still managed to lose at the convention. Dirksen managed to rally Conservative Republicans and establishment figures in the convention, while Stassen tried to ride completely off his primary performance, causing his convention loss. Stassen lost with dignity, but vowed to return to the national stage with a vengeance.
Photo of the entrance to the controversial 1956 Republican Convention