Libya has suffered a humanitarian crisis since 2020. The death of Libyan dictator - Khalifa Haftar, has led the country into ruins due to his lack of foresight and impending military bickering from his generals. It’s the most disastrous catastrophe since the Syrian Civil War due to its scale and similarity, with +500,000 Libyans have suffered throughout the Third Civil War. Many are either internally displaced, forced into human trafficking, or killed from armed clashes.
While UNSC Resolution 3023 was adopted to impose sanctions against the warring faction, the results were futile due to their surprising resilience and dubious markets that provide them with spare parts and weaponry. Here, the piece articulates the basic premise of the crisis.
2020 Libyan Migrant Crisis
Libya has faced a wave of migrants funneling through Europe. While most are originated from Sub-saharan Africa, largely from countries such as Nigeria and Liberia, Libyans are also forced to leave their homes and head north due to the worsening livelihood and unsustainable economy.
The total estimate rose from 200,000 during 2020 to 3,000,000+ this year, with Libyan refugees accounting for over 125,000. Data accumulated from various sources ranging from freelance journalists, former bureaucrats, and humanitarian NGOs. Others suggested that these numbers are more conservative than believed, and the current estimates are inaccurate due to the infeasibility of such a premise.
The crisis was ignited due to various factors, but the situation faced in these recent times is mostly due to the destabilization of Libya and the lack of a coherent government to control the crisis, turning the country into an open but risky gateway to Europe. Attempts were made to mitigate the calamity but failed due to the lack of proper support from the local population.
Paranoia and discrimination against refugees have become commonplace. The frequent rise of kidnapping and human trafficking through Southern Europe has exacerbated the already worsening xenophobia, with places such as Italy and France facing frequent cases of deliberate and even systematic discrimination.
Sabha Human Trafficking Crisis
Human trafficking has always persisted throughout the country ever since 2011. While Haftar's regime did manage to curb down the illicit crime, the collapse of his government has worsened the already troubling trafficking schemes. And with the rise of the Free State of Sabha, human trafficking and forced labor have skyrocketed over the southern areas.
Many journalists and NGOs were reluctant to observe its regional hotspot - Fezzan, mostly due to the frequent disappearances and liquidation of their confidants. The only reliable data concerning the numbers of victims available is from the likes of Julia Kaufmann - a travel journalist meandering around the desert of the country. Her sources claim there are more than 350,000 in Libya, 225,000 alone in the Free State of Sabha (FSA), although her numbers leave much to scrutiny.
Most are originated from Sub-saharan Africa, people who migrated from their homes to reach Europe. Their lack of awareness of the dangers of crossing Libya and lack of safer alternative has forced them to cross through the Libyan desert. Many of them faced the prospects of being caught by bandits and raiding parties organized by the Free State of Sabha, many of them eventually become victims of the trade.
Massive efforts were made by various countries to curb down the scheme. A coalition was formed around the Mediterranean Sea to prevent suspicious ships sailing towards Libya and the Niger and Chad are attempting to curb this growing practice from spreading throughout. However, these efforts are met with mixed results, with many doubting their early success could actually turn the tides.
Violence and Civilian Deaths
Interfactional violence throughout the country has cost thousands of lives, with many taking desperate and surprisingly innovative measures to avoid such an onslaught. Despite the decline of civilian loss in 2026, the situation after Haftar’s death was drastic enough to cause more than 125,000 in 2020 alone.
Clashes between factions are most frequent throughout the coastal regions of Western Libya and Eastern Libya. Districts such as Jabal Al-Ghabri and Al-Marj faced massive exchange of fires, with heavy weapons and chemical weapons involved; causing hundreds of to die from the onslaught. Warlords in Eastern Libya have seen frequent use of chemical agents as both a military asset and a tool to subjugated any mass dissent. Airstrikes from the coalition have tried to destroy the program but to no avail.
According to the Libyan Commission on Human Rights (LCHR), many civilians have died from armed clashes from both sides, making over 42 percent of all causes of death. The rest of the following includes: 18 percent from bombings, 18 percent from gunshot wounds, 12 percent from chemical agents, and 10 percent from collateral damage.
Fortunately, the rates of violence have declined since 2023, with the numbers of demises have reduced to less than 5,000 deaths; both combatants and non-combatants, in 2026. But the rise of the Green Army within the region of Western Libya seems to break the status quo, with skirmishes throughout Al-Marj and Zintan threatening to break the uneasy peace.