Japan was a realm dominated by its military. From the late 12th century till the mid 19th, Japan was ruled directly by the shogun and his will enforced by the samurai. 680 years of military rule dramatically impacted Japan's national, cultural and political psyche, ensuring that even in post-Meiji Japan, the military's will was what the nation's administration had to fulfill. Any civilian-oriented leader of Japan found an immense uphill battle in passing their policies.
However, the Taisho era gave adequate support for reformers. Emperor Taisho was a sickly man, and thus progressives, liberals and reformers had more freedom in debating, demanding and pushing through democratic reforms. Yet, as Takashi discovered in '21, there was still much push back from Nihon's reactionaries. However, the failed attempt on his life only bolstered support for the till-then unpopular prime minister, giving Takashi newfound support for his progressive policies.
Takashi retained his friend and fellow moderate Saito Makoto as governor-general of Korea. Initially, the concessions the Koreans received were seen as inadequate and did not help the Catholic Prime Minister initially, but with the assassination attempt revealing to the Korean republic the political situation on the ground in Japan in terms of views on more conciliatory attitudes towards the Korean people, their goodwill towards Takashi grew tenfold; Prime Minister Takashi would receive praise in the years to come in pacifying Korea.
(Governor-general Saito Makoto was a friend and ally of Prime Minister Takashi. Their shared commitment to sensible moderation won them accolades in the liberal press, and helped Takashi earn a domestic and global respectability.)
With his Catholic faith turning towards acute zealotry following the infamous train station incident, Takashi became more and more committed in anti-corruption measures.
"It is clear that one of the, if not the biggest factors for Takashi's growing support was his anti-corruption stance. He developed an image of an honest statesman, caring for the common man, fighting for the little guy. His humble abode where he served as Prime Minister connected with the rice farmers and arms manufacturing workers of the country in a way that the florid military leadership could not comprehend." -
Lessons in Leadership by Shinzo Abe, Japanese historian and politician.
Now, with much of the nation behind him, Takashi backed through with newfound ferocity universal male suffrage with the General Election Law of 1922. Socialists and liberals rallied around their newfound hero, epitomizing the newfound spirit in Taisho era Japan. The common masses who were enfranchised by Takashi would reward him greatly, especially helpful during times of trouble.
Those times of trouble would emerge. The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 served as the mainspring of an economic depression, leading to numerous businesses going bankrupt.
"Generally, a prime minister finding himself in Prime Minister Hara's shoes would have lost his political mandate, but not Prime Minister Hara himself. The common man, who embraced the simple, relatable and honest administrator, stood by him as he worked frantically to remedy the crisis. They reasoned that as he fought tooth and nail for their voting rights, they could not be so flimsy as to turn away from their hero." -
Lessons in Leadership by Shinzo Abe, Japanese historian and politician.
Prime Minister Takashi's economic curative was again more progressive than the norm. His administration, with the advice of British economist John Meynard Keynes intervened through the Bank of Japan and issued discounted "earthquake bonds" which overextended the banks. More public works projects were also promoted, with a major focus on sanitation works in major cities across Japan, especially in Tokyo. The economic crisis was rectified, earning both Takashi and Keynes global praise. The working-class felt that their loyalty was rewarded, and Takashi won reelection handily in the 1924 General elections. Kato Takaaki, the opposing candidate, while not surprised he lost, was shocked when his party lost seats (Saiyukai jumped to 308 seats and Kenseikai dropped to 91).
(Economist John Maynard Keynes played an instrumental role in Takashi's economic policies. The two developed a great admiration for each other and Keynes for a year was known colloquially as the "overseas finance minister". Keynes advanced his international brand working with the Prime Minister, and for the rest of his life praised Hara Takashi as "one of this century's most forthright leaders" and "an exemplar of this generation".)
Takashi did not embrace the radical left. He thoroughly condemned Daisuke Namba, the would-be assassin of crown-prince Hirohito in the 1923 during the Toranomon incident. He despised radicalism on any side, preferring as he put, "sensible reform ove violent and sensationalist rebellion". Takashi was also deeply offended as a proud Japanese citizen who, even though he found himself at odds constantly with Nihon's conservatives and reactionaries, adored the imperial family. Regicide to him was beyond condemnable: it was sinful. And he made that very clear in his formal response that as a Catholic, he knew that "Namba was burning in the lakes of hell". He personally wrote a letter to the royal family sending his personal condolences to the royal family. His conservative critics could label him soft, but could never label him a traitor or even a radical.
Takashi's Catholic faith inspired him for supporting the construction of many more schools and hospitals :to educate and heal the people". Not only were they short term public works projects, but were also long-term investments into the nation's future. American Senator Adolph Hitler was very fond of his fellow Catholic, writing that, "Japan has a very sensible leader. His understanding of sensible reform will transform Japan from a backwards, Oriental nation to an advanced imitator of the Occident. He's a follower of a Christ and an embracer of the west, and so of course he is leading his heathen citizenry into an enlightened state". Takashi earned wide praise from many other sources, especially during the 1927 Japanese Showa financial crash. The economy, still sensitive, crashed in '27, leading to 14 banks declaring bankruptcy. Takashi increased stimulus in fiscal policy (cutting taxes and increasing government spending, especially into schools and hospitals) and monetary policy (issuing emergency bank loans and a two-week bank holiday). The strategy worked and Takashi won reelection in 1928, however with a reduced margin. The reason why are vital shifts in Japanese history:
From the '27 crash, smaller banks took the brunt. The Zaibutsus, opponents of Takashi politically, grew in strength as their competition weakened. With their increased economic power they financed the opposition, supporting conservative leader Uchida Kosai's candidacy for Prime Minister in 1928. Takashi ended up losing 60 seats in '28, still commanding a majority in the National Diet. The Zaibutus had organized the military, he bureaucrats, ultranationalists and conservatives under a new political apparatus lead by Uchida. This newly organized opposition would find itself molding history, especially with the good graces of the new Emperor Hirohito.
(Moderate, game-changer, closet catholic, open zealot, many titled have been attributed towards Prime Minister Takashi. But the greatest legacy he left was that Japan would be a proper democracy where the citizens, not the zaibutsus or military were in charge. American commentators during the late 20's noted he shared common qualities with both Presidents Jackson and Wilson, a populist at one hand an a progressive intellectual at another. However, Takashi was not celebrated by all of Japanese society, with many viewing him with intense hostility. The clash between his democratic, civilian supporters and military, bureaucratic and aristocratic opponents would shape Japan's history for generations to come.)