Excerpt from China in the Second world war by General (class AAAAA) Leang*
(Continued)
One of the battles that would set the tone for China's bloodiest war was one of the first major battles; the battle for Shanghai. The Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party both realized that China could not fight Japan evenly. Japan's soldiers were better trained, equipped, and supplied, while all China had at its call was size, numbers, and knowledge of the terrain. So it was decided to make use of these advantages by forcing Japan to fight in another front by attacking Japan's legation in Shanghai; hopefully dividing Japan's resources from its crushing offensives from Manchuria.
On paper, this strategy was sound. Japan's superiority in air, armor, and sea assets would be mitigated by the confines of the city; which would make air attack more difficult and absorb the shells of cruisers and battleships while mitigating Japan's overwhelming superiority in the numbers of tanks it had. Similarly, Japan's great superiority in artillery would also be nullified by fighting within the city rather than the open field. However, Japanese fortifications proved to be extremely difficult to penetrate, easily resisting the light artillery China brought either in towed form or mounted on vehicles. The only artillery that could reliably defeat these fortifications; large 150+mm guns, were not available in anywhere near enough numbers.
This forced Jiang Jieshi's crack divisions of foreign (often German) trained troops and the much less capable "formations" of warlord troops, to have to attempt to encircle each bunker and get close enough to throw grenades through the window. This almost immediately brought the Chinese advance through the city to a dead stop, which was further worsened by the lack of training in combined arms tactics leading to precious tanks, assault guns, armored cars, and SPGs driving well out of the reach of infantry and being cut down by Japanese artillery and tanks who would then move in counter offensives that threatened to repel the offensive entirely. However, China had a secret weapon; precious Soviet and American produced 45mm cannons were available that were quite capable of repulsing the Japanese tanks in the city, helping to press the Japanese legation to the sea.
Unfortunately, the general staff had underestimated the time that Japan could reinforce shanghai by sea. Japan had anticipated that in the event of war with China; its legations would likely come under attack, and had prepared troops for just such an occasion and now hoped to catch and crush as many of China's best troops as possible. The IJN soon swarmed the city and landed fresh troops; including the elite Japanese Sentai marines; and this relief force came with a secret weapon of Japan's own. Char B1 tanks bought from France as part of France's hopes to contain America's pacific ambitions and mollify Japan rolled out of the landing craft like turtles crawling to shore, their armor proving to be essentially impervious to any Chinese weapon on the field and their own capable of scything through any obstacle in their path. Foreign bought assault guns and natively produced urban warfare weapons such as flamethrowers would help seal the fate of the Chinese forces in the city as Japan had laid its trap.
The orders given to Iwane Matsui and his fellow commanders were simple; destroy as many of China's foreign produced and trained assets as possible and seize all of Shanghai. Now it was the National Revolutionary Army on the defensive, and while they fought as well as they possibly could have, they could not hold. The Imperial Japanese Army had prepared to encircle the city and in doing so; ensure the annihilation of hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops and seize thousands of tonnes of foreign materiel. However, the Chinese refused to go quietly, fighting block by block, trench by trench, house by house, and room by room against the Japanese, even if it meant going with rifles and pistols against submachine guns, flamethrowers, and swords. Even if they had nothing to harm Japanese tanks, they would still lob Sanjurjo cocktails, Grenades and rifle fire at their roofs in hopes of stopping them or even launch defiant suicide attacks if nothing else was available. Again and again would the Japanese be forced to torch whole buildings with flamethrowers to drive out the Chinese or collapse them with cannon fire or air strikes, increasingly frustrating the Japanese advance. Sometimes, even the naval guns would be called upon to reduce Chinese holdings to ruin and rubble so that they could be slain by the IJA and Sentai.
While the NRA had nearly twice as many troops committed to the battle, the simple fact was that the Japanese advantage in firepower was insurmountable. Even with their training, the NRA's divisions could at best, only delay the encroaching Japanese. Any concentration of strength could be reduced through the weight of fire the Japanese could bring to bear, and while there were advantages to fighting within a city, the NRA soon found that these advantages apply more to an army with the tools to make the most out of them. The Chinese forces were lacking in the appropriate weapons to engage in city warfare in equal terms to the Japanese, and though the NRA's troops generally fought admirably, the forces of Allied warlords proved to be substantially flakier and less disciplined, ceding numerous locations that they could have held for substantially longer had they possessed steelier nerves.
And in the fighting outside the city itself, the advantages held by the IJA simply became more and more pronounced. Thanks to Japan's superior industrial capacity and greater reserves of hard currency with which to buy weapons, the Japanese in the open field were capable of fielding all the panoply of modern war. Having intently studied the actions in the ongoing Spanish civil war and other modern day conflicts with observers that Japan could afford to send in much greater numbers than the Chinese could; the IJA applied all the lessons of warfare in the thirties to smashing the troops the Republic of China could commit to the fray. China, forced to by lack of equipment as much as tactics to fight in a capacity much more reminiscent of earlier phases of warfare, could not contest such a show of force indefinitely. Little by little, the NRA's attempted second front was unfolding into a major debacle as the Imperial Japanese Army was not only winning, but inflicting heavily disproportionate casualties on their opponents.
It was soon clear that further resistance was hopeless and escape was attempted from the Japanese vise. With the aid of CCP guerrillas and local warlords, many NRA and warlord forces entrapped by the IJA managed to slip through in a retreat from the city, including a number of vital foreign trained soldiers and materiel assets. However the majority of the Chinese soldiers would not be so lucky, and were left to the mercies of Japanese treatment. With Shanghai lost, nearby Nanking was left vulnerable and Jiang Jieshi and the GMD's leadership soon realized as much and ordered a full evacuation of the city. And with the IJA's tempers flared after what was supposed to be a quick affair beginning on the 27th of June only to stretch out until the 10th of September, the CCP and GMD were keenly aware that anything left in Nanking was likely to suffer tremendously.
(To be continued)