When news of war spread, many Mexicans began putting aside their differences. Having a common enemy now, Carranza reached out to the 2 revolutionaries he had previously been fighting: Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. The trio got together in a meeting and hashed out an agreement. In return for fighting against the Gringos, Carranza promised to enact land reform measures. Thus, a coalition of unlikely allies was created known as ‘El Frente Unido’ -- ‘The United Front’.
For the Americans, the outbreak of war meant that their mission had now turned from a simple, punitive expedition into an all-out assault on enemy territory. More worryingly, the expedition was outgunned and outnumbered. For General Leonard Wood, his task just got much harder. The US army was had only 84,000 regulars and 70,000 National Guardsmen. On the opposing side, the Mexican army was over 100,000 men strong with an unknown number of Villistas and Zapatistas alongside them.
Pancho Villa and his men. They were Mexico's version of the Rough Riders
In terms of logistics and organization, the Americans were inefficient and inadequate. They had to bring in supplies by truck convoys since Carranza didn’t allow them to use the Mexican railways during their expedition. Wood debated either to withdraw his forces back to the border or stay put and hold his position. In the end, he decides to stay put but keeps an exit route open in case things go south.
Once he recovered from having been chased across the border areas, Pancho Villa went on the attack. He harassed US convoys heading south to Chihuahua and raided their supplies. Carranza, on his part, mobilized the army with huge popular support. Flocks of men signed up, fueled with nationalism and anti-Americanism.
Back in the States, the federal government instituted a nationwide selective draft. Men between the ages of 21 to 31 (later from 18 to 45) were called for military service. In the first six weeks of the war, 73,000 volunteers enlisted and tens of thousands more were drafted. Despite the huge numbers, the army was still barely small in the initial stages though it would grow over time.
Young men registering for conscription in New York
Siege of Chihuahua City
The first shots of the war were fired when a Mexican scouting party got into a firefight with an American patrol on the outskirts of Chihuahua city. When General Wood was notified about this, he feared the worst and ordered defensive positions to be set up around the city. In late July, that moment came.
Far out in the distance, American troops could see the Mexicans encircling the city and setting up artillery positions. Whenever they tried to take out their guns, the Villistas would come in and beat off the American raiders. Soon enough, the Mexicans began raining down shells on the city. At the same time, they encircled the city closing it off from the outside world. It was beginning to look like a siege. On each day, the Mexican army would try to storm the city only to be beaten back by American firepower.
During this siege were two officers who had accompanied on this expedition, Lieutenant Charles Young and George Patton. Both of these men had been charged with defending parts of the city, with Young in command of the Buffalo Soldiers part of the force and Patton in charge of a cavalry and infantry division guarding the outskirts. During the breaks in the fighting, both men had met and became good friends.
But this was not to last when an enemy forayed into the defenses was beaten back with Patton leading the men armed with a shotgun and Young with his trusty pistol. When the smoke cleared, however, Patton saw Young lying on the ground. An eyewitness reported that he shed a few tears as he looked upon the fellow Lieutenant’s corpse. The short friendship with Young made Patton later become more acceptable to black soldiers compared to other Generals in the later war to come. When someone once argued against using blacks in combat, Patton would retort “
You maybe think they’re unfit for combat, but I saw those bastards fight like hell at Chihuahua City. Sure, they’re just niggers, but they’re the finest niggers I ever had the honor to fight alongside with.”.
Lieutenant Charles Young
George S. Patton
After 2 weeks of savage fighting, US forces had arrived from across the border and lifted the siege of the city. When the Americans saw the sight, they cheered to the point the whole city could hear it. The battle would later be elevated into mythical status thanks to film and literature.
Other Fronts
As summer turned to autumn, US forces were still mobilizing. This didn’t stop them from taking more territory as an army of regulars and National Guardsmen launched an invasion of the Baja California peninsula, advancing down to Cabo San Lucas. On the other side, US troops cross the Rio Grande River and march on Monterrey. A third army conducts an incursion from Arizona into Sonora, overrunning the border city of Nogales and splitting in two. One heading for Puerto Penasco and the other to Santa Ana with their ultimate target, Hermosillo.
US infantry column on the move, late 1916
At the onset of winter, the Mexicans would win a few battles against the Americans. This mostly consisted of skirmishes with the defenders having the upper hand due to knowledge of the terrain and fighting on their home soil. Eventually, the victories would be meaningless as the US sent more men down south.
While advancing in enemy territory, American troops had to deal with another threat: Guerrillas. These fighters would hide in the hills and mountains of Northern Mexico and attack at will. This hampered the Americans’ advance as they have to deal with each guerrilla hotspot before moving on to their next objective.
The Home Front
Having gotten America into a war, President Hughes naturally won the 1916 election by campaigning as a wartime leader. The Republicans also maintained control of both houses of Congress. While the Democrats decried the war as an unjust one, there was not much they could do as they must support the war effort in the name of national unity.
As the US Army battled across the northern deserts, reforms, and reorganizations were happening at home. The National Defense Act of 1916 had been enacted with both the National Guard and the regular Army being increased in size and training becoming more efficient. Even the navy was going into full speed as the construction of new ships becoming more faster. The war would also see the first use of planes for a variety of missions.
The war wasn’t over yet and the fighting would continue for the next year.