25th May 1940
When the frontier defence of Belgium had been dislocated by the early capture of the Eban-Emael fortress, the Belgian III Corps had been forced to retreat to avoid being encircled. While such a retreat had actually been part of the defensive plan, the need to do this much sooner than expected had caused confusion and unnecessary losses. The situation had been complicated after the first day with refugees crowding and blocking the roads needed by the Allied troops and their supplies, and so while the Belgian Army did fall back to the Antwerp-Dyle line successfully, covered by demolitions and the actions of its rearguard units, it was not able to man the defence in the strength originally planned. Many of the units had been forced to abandon their heavier equipment, and were disorganised, needing to be pulled back behind the front lines to be put back into order. While the last week had helped, this process was still ongoing, and many units were effectively only armed with rifles. This meant that the forces behind the defensive line, while formidable on paper, were not as strong as they should have been.
The last week had enabled the troops to dig in more deeply along the Dyle line, and bring up ammunition and supplies using the Belgian rail network. Luftwaffe attacks had caused some disruption, and some things hadn't arrived on time or in the order expected, but with the main air effort being south in the Ardennes, this was manageable. The confusion led the Allied Army to believe they were weaker than the attacking German force, where in fact they outnumbered the German 6th Army, the main force opposing them. The delay had also helped the Germans; not only had it given them time to bring up additional infantry divisions, and resupply the leading groups, it had allowed them to bring forward much of the heavy artillery that had originally been intended to neutralises the Belgian frontier forts. With the collapse of these in some areas, they were now available to range on Antwerp and the area south of the city (between Antwerp and Brussels) where the main attack would come. This was seen as the weakest sector, held by the Belgian Army. While the Belgians had strong fortifications, there were weak spots, and they had no mobile armour reserve. The only mobile units capable of damaging a panzer division were the 47mm SP guns, and these were highly vulnerable to counterfire and to Luftwaffe attack. General von Richenau also considered the Belgians much more likely to panic and break, their failure to defend the original border had not impressed him.
At 0300, in the predawn light, the German artillery began to pound the defensive lines. Most of the effort was in the southern sector, but divisional artillery also hit the French divisions in the Stabroek area, where they were positioned on the east bank of the estuary, manning some of the pre-war fortifications. This was to confuse the defenders as to the direction of their main thrust. The heavy artillery also shelled the city itself, causing considerable damage and civilian casualties, and many of the troops in the city itself were needed to restore order and help clear the damage. Fortunately for them von Richenau had no intention of attacking into the city at this time.
The German infantry made steady progress in their thrust from the Albert canal. The intention was to penetrate the Belgian fortifications north of Lier, and in so doing bypass the strong line of forts south of there. While the Belgian soldiers defended their positions well, the German infantry attacked with determination, aided by strong Luftwaffe support and most of 6th Army's artillery. By the afternoon they had ground forward some four miles, and the constant bombardment was starting to make some of the Belgian positions crack. The RAF didn't have enough fighters available to counter the Luftwaffe in this area, a situation not helped by being in the middle of moving some squadrons to Holland. An urgent request was sent, asking for additional French Air Support for this new German attack, but this would take at least a day to arrive.
With reports in Brussels of heavy attacks pushing back the defences south of Antwerp, King Leopold III decides to assume direct command over the Belgian Army, which he feels will improve the morale of his troops.
The German High Command had realised that, as in earlier actions, the support of the Luftwaffe would be vital to breaking the defences. In order to distract the RAF, a raid was mounted on the rail junctions at Ashford and Canterbury, to draw off and confuse the RAF defences. 100 bombers, with escorting fighters (mainly Me110's), made the attack at about 1300.
The Luftwaffe had expected this attack to achieve surprise, this was the first serious bombing attack on mainland Britain, and the attention of the RAF should have been concentrated on northern Belgium. This reckoned without the British air defence system build around the Chain Home radars. The attack had been spotted early as it came in over the North Sea, and 11Group had scrambled its Spitfire and Hurricanes to intercept it. Not as efficiently as hoped - this was the first time they had attempted this against a real raid, and there were mistake made - but in general it worked.
The defending fighters came as a shock to the bombers. While of course they had expected a defence, this was much stronger and better organised than planned for. Another major problem was the inability of the Me110 to cope well with the Spitfires of 11 Group - although the Me110 was nominally a little faster, the Spitfire was much more manoeuvrable, and had better acceleration.
The result was a failure of the raid to do much damage. The bombers did press the attack home with great determination and bravery, and some damage was done to the targets, although this had been repaired by the next day. The damage also caused the first British civilian bomb casualties of the war.
The losses were too heavy to allow a repeat of the raid (especially with the need to concentrate on ground support), 15 He111 bombers had been shot down, along with ten Me110 and two Me109 fighters, for the loss to the RAF of five Hurricanes and two Spitfires. While the German pilots insisted they had destroyed at least twenty RAF fighters, more raids of this type were postponed until better fighter cover could be organised.
Germany
The first transport of prisoners arrives at the Mauthausen-Gusen Concentration Camp in southern Germany.
Britain
The new aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious is commissioned into service with the Royal Navy. The first of a new type of carrier, one equipped with heavy armour protection for her hanger, she was designed to survive the sort of air attacks the Royal Navy has been experiencing in Norwegian waters.
A convoy of tank transporters arrives at Bovington carrying some of the Panzers recovered from the battlefield, and are immediately directed to one of the testing sheds. The Panzers had been given priority for transport, as working out what they are actually facing - and working out what weaknesses can be exploited - has been seen as an urgent priority. The convoy is met by just about everyone who can find an excuse to be there and see an enemy tank at first hand, and there is considerable competition as to who gets 'first crack' at them.
A group of French tank experts is expected to arrive in a day or two, and they will help with the testing and make sure any useful information is reported to the French Army as soon as possible. The testing at Bovington will be shared with the French, who will be doing penetration and damage tests on some more-damaged panzers at their own facility.
Atlantic
The French aircraft carrier Béarn rendezvoused with the light cruisers Jeanne d'Arc and Émile Bertin in the Atlantic Ocean and transferred French central bank gold bullion to the light cruisers, which would carry it to Canada. In view of the recent actions, the French are looking to increase their purchases of aircraft and other military material from the USA, and this money will be available to pay for it.