The
European Union, previously known as the
Union of Britain and France or more simply
The Union, came about in 1940 with the Declaration of Union between France and the United Kingdom. Union formally merged the two nation's militaries and offered an alternative to French seeking a separate peace with Germany in the opening salvos of the Second World War. Following the Union, the French government relocated to Algiers.
There was during the Second World War little high-level formal discussion about the shape which The Union would take, if indeed it took any shape, in the post-war world. Following the final German surrender in 1944, multiple summits convened in the extended London Conferences of 1944-46. The conferences ended with the publication of the Instrument of Union, in which the United Kingdom and France would agree to maintain the single command of their militaries as well as a single market, single currency, single foreign policy, single monetary policy, and a common policy on trade and agriculture. The Instrument proved controversial, and was rejected by the National Assembly of France before amendments were made to ensure the protection of the French legal code, to require bilingualism as a qualification for the position of Chancellor, and to introduce a single assembly which would hold the central government accountable and authorise all of its spending.
The Union is credited with the rapid economic revival enjoyed by Britain and France following the Second World War, but was also endangered on numerous occasions amid the twilight of European colonialism. French actions in Transjordan, Indochina, and Algeria in aid of maintaining imperial rule were all opposed by Britain and contributed to the French referendum of 1956 on whether to withdraw from the Union entirely. The referendum failed to pass, triggering a serious political crisis in France from which emerged the government of Charles de Gaulle and the independence of Algeria. Throughout the 1960s, the Union appeared to find greater purpose with a deepening of economic integration and the pursuit of an independent foreign policy, especially amid the Vietnam War being waged by the United States.
After many years of debate over potential expansion of the Union, it finally took place on January 1st, 1970 when Belgium and the Netherlands became official members to create the European Union. The Belgian and Dutch economies were integrated into the Union while their militaries were formally abolished and existing formations incorporated into the Union Armed Forces. Following a prolonged economic crisis throughout the 1970s, fueled by the international oil crisis, Belgium and the Netherlands were particularly badly affected which was widely blamed for dragging Britain and France into recession. This triggered much debate about the merit of future expansion and led to the publication in 1984 by the government of Chancellor Valentine Charbonneau of the Points of Accession which laid out stringent terms for potential future members. With the merging of militaries being a particular sticking point, major European powers such as Spain and Italy elected not to join which led to the creation in 1987 of the European Free Trade Association of which most European states are now a member and which has been credited with maintaining European unity and disparaged for allegedly turning Europe into a "captive market" to the benefit of the Big Four (Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands).
In 1994, Denmark chose in a public referendum to join the European Union and became its newest member on January 1st, 1997. With the end of the Cold War the following year, the security outlook of the Union shifted from working alongside the United States in the Defence Organisation of the West to a far more internationalist outlook. Under the liberal interventionist government of Chancellor Joseph Nightingale the European Union undertook unilateral military interventions in Albania, Afghanistan, and Haiti while condemning the U.S. interventions in Iraq and Iran. The European Union undertook its most recent military expedition in 2016 with the Falklands War against Argentina and Brazil, achieving victory.
The EU government is presently undergoing initial talks regarding potential future accession with Iceland, Luxembourg, and, crucially, Canada, which opens up enormous new possibilities for the future of the Union.
At an estimated 2018 value of US$7.1 trillion, the European Union possesses the third-largest gross domestic product in the world after Japan and behind the United States and China, and has been described as a potential superpower, though some analysts have argued that it already fits the term for its substantial economic, military, and cultural power internationally. It is also the most populous country in Europe with 192,000,000 residents as of the 2012 census. It has been a recognised nuclear power since 1950 and is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.