Morocco interests me immensely--from high, snow-capped Atlas mountains, to blue-painted villages, bustling markets and cities, vast deserts, and beautiful seaside views, the country is an interesting blend of Europe, Asia, and Africa, all in one. Indeed, Morocco's history since it's conquest by the Arabs has been intrinsically tied to these two separate continents. Although it is part of the "Arab World," Berbers, the indigenous people that have inhabited the area since Roman times, have, and continue to influence the country's course in history.
Europe, too, played a large role in Morocco's history--from the invasion of Al-Andalus in Spain, to the expelling of thousands of Spanish Moors into North Africa, to the subjugation of the Moroccan nation by the French and Spanish. Once, Morocco ruled a massive empire spanning from Gao in Mali to Zaragoza in Spain. It's territories became somewhat more limited thanks to the concentrated efforts of the Christian marches of Spain, and, later, the burgeoning Ottoman Empire.
During the most powerful periods of Morocco's history , it could stretch it's hand across the Maghreb and project it's power deep into West Africa, across the dunes of the Sahara. However, the last attempt at such an invasion was by Ahmad Al-Mansur of the Saadi Sultanate.
The Saadi conquest of the Songhai Empire would look truly magnificent on modern maps: even Timbuktu was Moroccan for a brief span. The flag seen here is the original flag of the Saadi Sultanate.
The Saadis, though they claimed to be Arab, were actually Berbers. It's members claimed to be descendants of Muhammad, part of the wide
r Ahl al-Bayt. It rose to power during the mid-1500s, in a moment of pause for the Arab world--after centuries of advance into Spain, they had been fully defeated. Now, a powerful Islamic non-Arab nation, the Ottoman Empire, was making a rise in the Mashriq (eastern Islamic World). Yet the Saadis would never be conquered by that state. Instead, they would maintain their independence by way of a
detente and even alliances with other European powers. Tensions with Spain, so common over the previous centuries, eased. The Ottoman Empire, who had conquered 70% of the Maghreb in one fell swoop, became a shared enemy. No longer could Morocco afford to be an adversary of Europe. Throughout the reign of the Saadis, they shared good relations with Spain. They also began to develop friendships with England and France. Portugal, with it's incessant invasion attempts along the Strait of Gibraltar, remained a fierce enemy.
The battle against the Ottomans was incredibly difficult. The Saadis lost much of their land in Algeria to them, and one of their Sultans was even assassinated on the orders of Suleiman the Magnificent. However, they maintained their independence thanks to their alliance-building with Europe. However, because of Spain's consistent import of gold from their colonies in the Americas, they began to worry about becoming monetarily irrelevant next to the giants of the Ottomans and Spanish. For this reason, Ahmad Al-Mansur tried to directly control the trans-Saharan gold trade-routes by invading the Songhai Empire of West Africa. This greatly enriched the empire with gold, but it turned out that such a wide area of desert was difficult to control, and Al-Mansur spent the rest of his days fighting successor states of the Songhai.
After Al-Mansur's death, the Saadi Sultanate collapsed into civil war. The decline of the Saadi state was not caused by incompetence on the part of the rulers. It was caused by this succession crisis, caused by infighting between Al-Mansur's sons and the Black Plague. Al-Mansur had a chosen successor, Muhammad Al-Mamun, but his sons disputed this after his death (which was also caused by the Black Plague).
However, in this alternate timeline, all of Al-Mamun's brothers die of the black plague, leaving a very sad but more successful Mamun. Without a major succession crisis and civil war, the Saadis continue their rule into modern times, in much the same process as the Alouites did (who have ruled Morocco after the collapse of Saadi power in 1666). However, the Saadis are more successful than the Alouites, managing to take advantage of the lapse in Ottoman power over the Maghreb by invading Algeria in the early 1800s. A more wealthy and successful Morocco is able to better fend off European attempts at influence during the Scramble, and although the Saadis become a nominal protectorate of France in 1912, they assert their independence during the 1st and 2nd World Wars, eventually gaining total independence in 1956. During WWII, they manage to completely fight off Fransisco Franco's invasion of Morrocco. A dispute between French-supported Mali and Morocco over the former conquests of Al-Mansur continues to this day, as well as heated territorial disputes between Algeria and Morocco.
State Flag of the Saadi Sultanate of Morocco
Civil Ensign of the Saadi Sultanate of Morocco
The Flag: The flag of Morocco, officially named the Saadi Sultanate of Morocco (and the only country to be named a Sultanate in the world), consists of the two dynastic colors of the Saadis--red and gold. Near the hoist lies a "pilllar" of three squares:
1. The first showing a scene of a seven-pointed stars over the Atlas Mountains of interior Morocco. The mountains represent the hardiness of the people and the beauty of Morocco, while seven-pointed star stands for the seven dynasties of Morocco: Abbasid, Idrisid, Almoravid, Almohad, Marinid, Wattasid, and Saadi.
2. The second shows the symbols contained within the royal banner of the Saadi Sultans, a large Rub el-Hizb (Islamic Star) from the original Saadi flag surrounded by four smaller Rub-el-Hizbs. Together, these symbols represent the five pillars of Islam.
3. The third square shows a golden crescent moon represents the Berbers of North Africa, and also Morocco's claim on Algeria's lands (the crescent is taken from the flag of Tlemcen, an early Algerian kingdom).
The main centerpiece of the flag is the giant Rub-el-Hizb, a new interpretation of the ancient Saadi dynastic symbol. It represents the modernization of Morocco and hope for the future. The four other Rub el-Hizbs mimic the royal standard of the Saadis, symbolizing the importance of the monarchy in the revival and resurrection of Morocco. The civil ensign simply takes the main portion of the flag and enlarges it.
Note: my brother was of great help when designing this flag, giving plentiful awesome advice on it's design.