Um Novo Reino
In 1474, the Castilian and Aragonese crowns united through the marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand V of Aragon of 1469, giving birth to the Spanish monarchy. Nevertheless, Castile also got closer under the previous reigns with the kingdom of Portugal by different marriages. John II and Henry IV were both (re)married to Portuguese princesses and their offspring will even dispute the succession during a war that will take the whole of the Iberian Peninsula - the War of the Castilian Succession between Isabella, daugther of John and Joanna, daugther of Henry.Because, if Isabella was supported by Aragon then Joanna was supported by Portugal, even marrying King Alfonso V. A victory for Joanna's supporters meant the union of Portugal with Castile. Nevertheless, the Isabella-Ferdinand couple managed to take the advantage and won the victory while opposite the old Alfonso was not interested in supporting the rights of his barely adolescent wife. Yet the formation of a Lusitano-Castilian kingdom would have had enormous consequences in the history of Europe – so much does one know the impact that Castilo-Aragonese Spain had in the exploration and colonization of the world , the relationship between the European kingdoms and the wars which resulted from it.
Imagine then that the Catholic queen had died in infancy, as was common at the time? That Joanna got married to a young Portuguese prince? Imagine that Portugal and Castile unite?
1450's
3 December 1453 – Infanta Isabella of Castile, fourth daughter of John II of Castile, obtained from his second marriage with Isabella of Portugal, dies at the age of three;
20 July 1454 – death of John II, his first son ascends the throne under the name of Henry IV of Castile;
1454–1466 – Thirteen Years' War;
21 May 1455 – Henry IV marries Joan of Portugal, after having divorced her cousin Blanche of Navarre two years earlier;
1455–1487 – War of the Roses;
July 1456 – Regent of Hungary John Hunyadi succeeds in lifting the siege of Belgrade by the Ottoman troops;
1460's
29 March 1461 – Battle of Towton; victory of Edward IV. Beginning of the reign of the House of York in England;
22 February 1462 – after 6 years of marriage, Joan of Portugal gives birth to a girl, named Joanna;
1462–1472 – Catalan Civil War;
5 June 1465 – Farce of Ávila – a group of Castilian nobles revolt against Henry IV and install his half-brother Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, under the name of "Alfonso XII";
5 July 1468 – Prince Alfonso of Asturias, dies of the plague in Cardeñosa;
1470's
1470 – marriage of Joanna, Princess of Asturias with John, Hereditary Prince of Portugal;
1471 – capture of Tangier by the Portuguese;
11 December 1474 – death of Henry IV, his only daughter Joanna ascends the throne;
1475–1479 – War of the Castilian Succession;
5 January 1477 – Batlle of Nancy, defeat of Burgundians armies and death of Duke Charles of Burgundy;
1480's
1480 – Great Stand on the Ugra River;
1481 – death of Alfonso V of Portugal, his son succeeds him on the throne under the name of John II (king of Castile and Leon under the name of John III since 1475);
1482–1492 – Grenada War between Castile-Portugal Union against the Emirate of Grenada. The conflict ends with the fall of the last Muslim kingdom in Western Europe, thus completing the Reconquista;
25 August 1485 – Battle of Bosworth; defeat and death of Richard III. Beginning of the reign of the House of Tudor in England;
1487–1491 – French-Breton War;
1488 – the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias discovers and crosses the extreme southern tip of the African continent – the Cape of Good Hope;
1490's
3 May 1491 – the ruler of Kongo, Nzinga-a-Nkuwu, converts to Catholicism at the instigation of Portuguese missionaries and adopts the name of John I (João);
6 December 1491 – marriage of Anne of Brittany to Charles VIII of France marking the beginning of the unification of Brittany with France;
1494–1497 – First Italian War, provoked by the claims of King Charles VIII of France to the Neapolitan crown and ends with the defeat of France.
1494–1498 – the Florentines drive out Piero de' Medici and a theocratic republic settles down with at its head the monk Girolamo Savonarola;
1495 – the Diet of Worms approves the Imperial reforms (Reichsreform) of Maximilian of Austria;
1497–1499 – Vasco da Gama's first voyage: first Portuguese entry into the Indian Ocean and discovery of the Seychelles and Mascarene Islands;
Europe around 1500
1500's
22 April 1500 – discovery of the New World by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral. This is the beginning of the exploration and colonization of a new continent, named Brazil;
1510's
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3 December 1453 – Infanta Isabella of Castile, fourth daughter of John II of Castile, obtained from his second marriage with Isabella of Portugal, dies at the age of three;
20 July 1454 – death of John II, his first son ascends the throne under the name of Henry IV of Castile;
1454–1466 – Thirteen Years' War;
21 May 1455 – Henry IV marries Joan of Portugal, after having divorced her cousin Blanche of Navarre two years earlier;
1455–1487 – War of the Roses;
July 1456 – Regent of Hungary John Hunyadi succeeds in lifting the siege of Belgrade by the Ottoman troops;
1460's
29 March 1461 – Battle of Towton; victory of Edward IV. Beginning of the reign of the House of York in England;
22 February 1462 – after 6 years of marriage, Joan of Portugal gives birth to a girl, named Joanna;
1462–1472 – Catalan Civil War;
5 June 1465 – Farce of Ávila – a group of Castilian nobles revolt against Henry IV and install his half-brother Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, under the name of "Alfonso XII";
5 July 1468 – Prince Alfonso of Asturias, dies of the plague in Cardeñosa;
1470's
1470 – marriage of Joanna, Princess of Asturias with John, Hereditary Prince of Portugal;
1471 – capture of Tangier by the Portuguese;
11 December 1474 – death of Henry IV, his only daughter Joanna ascends the throne;
1475–1479 – War of the Castilian Succession;
5 January 1477 – Batlle of Nancy, defeat of Burgundians armies and death of Duke Charles of Burgundy;
1480's
1480 – Great Stand on the Ugra River;
1481 – death of Alfonso V of Portugal, his son succeeds him on the throne under the name of John II (king of Castile and Leon under the name of John III since 1475);
1482–1492 – Grenada War between Castile-Portugal Union against the Emirate of Grenada. The conflict ends with the fall of the last Muslim kingdom in Western Europe, thus completing the Reconquista;
25 August 1485 – Battle of Bosworth; defeat and death of Richard III. Beginning of the reign of the House of Tudor in England;
1487–1491 – French-Breton War;
1488 – the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias discovers and crosses the extreme southern tip of the African continent – the Cape of Good Hope;
1490's
3 May 1491 – the ruler of Kongo, Nzinga-a-Nkuwu, converts to Catholicism at the instigation of Portuguese missionaries and adopts the name of John I (João);
6 December 1491 – marriage of Anne of Brittany to Charles VIII of France marking the beginning of the unification of Brittany with France;
1494–1497 – First Italian War, provoked by the claims of King Charles VIII of France to the Neapolitan crown and ends with the defeat of France.
1494–1498 – the Florentines drive out Piero de' Medici and a theocratic republic settles down with at its head the monk Girolamo Savonarola;
1495 – the Diet of Worms approves the Imperial reforms (Reichsreform) of Maximilian of Austria;
1497–1499 – Vasco da Gama's first voyage: first Portuguese entry into the Indian Ocean and discovery of the Seychelles and Mascarene Islands;
Europe around 1500
1500's
22 April 1500 – discovery of the New World by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral. This is the beginning of the exploration and colonization of a new continent, named Brazil;
1510's
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