Abandoned Terraces were a common sight in this era.
While Titu Cusi strove to put the Tawantinsuyu on equal military footing with Spain, he was also trying to keep the empire knitted together in a period of unprecedented chaos. The population of the empire was in a complete downward spiral, and would remain so for far longer than anyone could live[1]. The mass die off unleashed social changes that Titu Cusi and his successors in power would have to reckon with.
Less people in the empire did mean less mouths to feed, but that did not stop famine from sweeping the land. Agricultural production plummeted as farms lay untended and crops rotted in the fields. When men went off to war, or were sent to the mines farms lost much of their labor supply. The women of the Tawantinsuyu were not inexperienced in farming, but the farms still had lost nearly half of their labor force, before even accounting for deaths due to the diseases that swept the realm. Traditionally the Tawantinsuyu kept all surplus food in great storehouses, to be distributed to the people in times of great need, or passing armies. The storehouses had been emptied, mostly to feed armies far to the North of the current borders, yet the times of great need remained. Fields grew covered in weeds, preventing any further crops from being grown for the time being.
Famine swept the land.
Titu Cusi has been accused of not caring for his people. And indeed, such care would not have been expected of an Apu, his true service being to the Sapa Inka and the gods. However it would be wrong to state that he left the people of the realm to die. Action was taken to try and alleviate the food shortages. The traditional Andean model of total control over the economy proved helpful here. Families were (forcibly) relocated, consolidating farmland and ensuring that no hands were idle during the harvest. Food was transported as rapidly as possible from areas of relative plenty to locations where the famine hit hardest. Llamas made superfluous by mules were put to the sword. When not on active duty soldiers were sometimes sent to find and slaughter cuy to be fed. Human sacrifices were offered which can be considered evidence that Titu Cusi was concerned with ending the famine while simultaneously being horrifying and ineffective.
The Breakfast of Champions
So the tales of Titu Cusi callously abandoning his people to their fates are myths. But such tales did not arise from nowhere. For one, the relief efforts were heavily biased towards Quallasuyu, in part because that was because he had the most power and authority but also because the Apu looked out for his own. While the bad harvests continued Titu Cusi insisted on planting coca trees in every viable field he could find. He had heard of European demand, and sought to make a profit selling the leaves to the Portugese. Of course, when this occurred as hundreds of thousands were on the brink of death it became quite callous. As did his insistence that his grand plans for progress continue. The mines were kept open, the fortresses built with no thought for the declining population. The effects were particularly harsh on those Mapuche who remained in the Empire. The longstanding practice of forcibly removing resistive populations to different regions of the Tawantinsuyu[2] had been disrupted by earlier events, but Titu Cusi would not allow his southern flank to be compromised, particularly with the still independent Moluche clinging to life on the border of the Empire.
The forcible relocation of most of the remaining Mapuche killed most of the remaining Mapuche. Disease had thinned their numbers, and they did not get the aid that others received. And so they starved. Some fled to the Moluche, or attempted to make the dangerous crossing to the river valleys that others had fled to, but these numbers remained low. Most were forced to move north, with most ultimately aimed at Antisuyu. Many perished along the path, and unfamiliar with the land more died upon their arrival. Within a few decades the Mapuche within the empire had more or less been destroyed as a distinct group. In their place various groups from around the Empire would be settled. The south would still be a hotbed of discontent and a mishmash of culture, but there would be no great rebellions at the moment.
New administrators were appointed frequently
As Apu Titu Cusi asserted a heretofore unseen level of independence. When selecting local leaders he kept his own council, raising and lowering men through the ranks with abandon. This irked the lower level officials, who often held hereditary offices and typically managed their own affairs. While Titu Cusi never technically upset the order, he raised certain men to prominence in a way that left everyone else feeling left out. And when local bloodlines died out, he acted unilaterally in replacing them. Titu Cusi was personally quite able in terms of interpersonal relations, and, being a serial flatterer himself, was no susceptible to brown nosing. However, in order to fuel his micromanaging he often relied on the testimony of others, and not everyone was as immune to flattery. On the balance Titu Cusi raised energetic men of good birth to prominence, and brought the government of the Quallasuyu behind his efforts. However, his rampant micromanaging and demanding of loyalty to him strained the bonds between the people and the government.
In the upper echelons of the Quallasuyu as well as his personal followers in Cusco Titu Cusi favored men from a specific group. Men from what was now the Kingdom of Kito who had come south during the conquest of the Mapuche and never returned home. Many had summoned their families South rather then return to a now occupied homeland. The heads of provinces came nearly exclusively from this bloc. This alienated locals in the South, but on the other hand it ensured Titu Cusi maintained a monopoly on force inside Quallasuyu.
Had Quisipe Tupac not been on the throne, these actions might have offended the Sapa Inka. But Titu Cusi was able to smooth out any issues with his cousin with grandiose declarations of loyalty. He garnered support from the Cusco nobility by granting them positions of power within the city itself and the three other suyu. Most had already finagled their way into the higher levels of government via Quisipe Tupac’s pro-Cusco stand. But Titu Cusi, taking a cue from himself, allowed unprecedented power in local affairs. This earned him more power and influence, but also shattered the traditional mold of governance in the empire. Tawantinsuyu government had always been centralized, but it had always had local born leadership at the lowest levels. In his haste to unite the empire behind his vision Titu Cusi had shattered this balance. The general chaos in government contributed to famines, as the near constant shake ups often paralized response to the crisis.
Using his new found power Titu Cusi made moves to increase the efficiency of the empire. Waystations were fitted with stables for horses and mules, not just llamas and alpacas. Where it was possible roads were widened to allow for cavalry and carts. It was Titu Cusi, a great believer in the power of words, who built up the first collection that could really be called a library in the Tawantinsuyu Empire. And it was officials working under him who first began to create a written Quechua. Said officials were among the few who were literate in Spanish. Their methods were somewhat crude. They used the letters of the Latin alphabet, found sounds and used them to recreate the Quechua word. The result was an extremely blunt script. No silent letters, no odd pronunciations, just the words sounded out. The script was also extremely inconsistent. Spanish has multiple letter combinations that can create similar sounds, and so every man had different spellings of various words. At the moment these developments remained isolated to a miniscule number of men in Titu Cusi’s entourage. For the moment literacy in Quechua required literacy in Spanish, which limited its uses. The Quipu remained the preferred method of communication in the empire for now, as far more people were able to utilize knots then paper.
The Tawantinsuyu that emerged from the decade following Titu Cusi’s ascent to power was one that had seen much change. The Inkap Rantin would have two sons in the interval. His eldest, born in 1558 was named Amaru Capac, and another in 1562, Tupa Marachi. Cusco celebrated the births, and looked happily towards the future.
But the world did not stand still during these years of peace. And it would be these changes that led Titu Cusi to end them.
......
1: I will freely admit that I am taking a low estimate of the percentage of Andeans killed by disease alone as my basis. That doesn’t mean that they aren’t in a spiral of depopulation and death.
2: It’s ethnic cleansing folks, no two ways around it.