The Carlton Hotel
  • (Preface: I am new to the forum, and I thought it would be fun to join because I've recently been becoming a major alternate history nerd. I love the idea of world-building, and especially building a world based off of an alternate timeline of our own. I've been coming up with this timeline for a while and basically the idea was to create a modern Middle East that is different and perhaps more stable than the one that we have today. I decided to start with the partition of the Ottoman Empire post-WWI, seeing how it is essentially the start of what most would consider the modern Middle East.

    I am also aware that it is often disputed how likely Emir Faisal would have been to accept the fulfillment of an agreement with the Zionists. I'm gonna take a little stretch at the start here, but I feel like it will pay off with how this timeline goes.)


    3 January 1919, 9:30 AM - Carlton Hotel, London


    Emir Faisal ibn Hussein al-Hashemi sat in a chair in his hotel room. He had been told the previous night that Thomas E. Lawrence would be meeting with him at ten o’clock that morning. Sipping from fine British tea he had received from the hotel, he sat in his robes waiting for his old friend from the Arab revolt to enter.


    Sure enough, Lawrence entered the room right on the dot with two documents, one in English and one in Arabic.


    “Ah, Lawrence, right on time. What did you come to discuss?”


    “Your highness, Chaim Weizmann has a proposal for you on behalf of the Zionist Congress. I had the courtesy of creating a translation in Arabic for you.”


    “Allow me to read it,” Faisal calmly commanded.

    His Royal Highness the Emir FAISAL, representing and acting on behalf of the Arab Kingdom of HEJAZ, AND Dr. Chaim Weizmann, representing and acting on behalf of the Zionist Organization, mindful of the racial kinship and ancient bonds existing between the Arabs and the Jewish people, and realising that the surest means of working out the consummation of their national aspirations, is through the closest possible collaboration in the development of the Arab State and Palestine, and being desirous further of confirming the good understanding which exists between them, have agreed upon the following articles:

    Article I

    The Arab State and Palestine in all their relations and undertakings shall be controlled by the most cordial goodwill and understanding and to this end Arab and Jewish duly accredited agents shall be established and maintained in their respective territories.

    Article II

    Immediately following the completion of deliberations of the Peace Conference, the definite boundaries between the Arab State and Palestine shall be determined by a commission to be agreed upon by the parties hereto.

    Article III

    In the establishment of the Constitution and Administration of Palestine all such measures shall be adopted as will afford the fullest guarantees for carrying into effect the British Government’s Declaration of the 2nd of November, 1917 (Balfour Declaration-SEH).

    Article IV

    All necessary measures will be taken to encourage and stimulate immigration of Jews into Palestine on a large scale, and as quickly as possible to settle Jewish immigrants upon the land through closer settlement and intensive cultivation of the soil. In taking such measures the Arab peasants and tenant farmers shall be protected in their rights, and shall be assisted in forwarding their economic development.

    Article V

    No regulation or law shall be made prohibiting or interfering in any way with the free exercise of religion; and further the free exercise and expression of religious profession and worship without discrimination or preference shall for ever be allowed. No religious test shall ever be required for the exercise of civil or religious rights.

    Article VI

    The Mohammedan Holy Places shall be under Mohammedan control.

    Article VII

    The Zionist Organization proposes to send to Palestine a Commission of experts to make a survey of the economic possibilities of the country, and to report upon the best means for its development. The Zionist Organization will place the aforementioned Commission at the disposal of the Arab State for the purpose of a survey of the economic possibilities of the Arab State and to report on the best means for its development. The Zionist Organization will use its best efforts to assist the Arab State in providing the means for developing the natural resources and economic possibilities thereof.

    Article VIII

    The parties hereto agree to act in complete accord and harmony in all matters embraced herein before the Peace Congress.

    Article IX

    Any matters of dispute which may arise between the contracting parties shall be referred to the British Government for arbitration.



    As he concluded looking over the document, Faisal began to speak.


    “I do not know if I could approve such a deal.”


    “Why not?” Lawrence questioned.


    "My priority is to secure the independence of the Arab people. I cannot just give away land to another foreign entity.”


    “Your highness, many of my fellow Brits are adamant about supporting the Zionist cause. Balfour has already made a declaration declaring British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Perhaps giving the Zionists some of what they want will help to ensure the British and French support your rule over all other Arab lands in Syria, Mesopotamia, and Arabia.”


    “I still cannot simply hand Arab land over to a Jewish authority after we fought such a long, brutal campaign against the Turks. Surely you remember the intensity of our struggle.”


    “And so surely you can understand that just one more small sacrifice is worth it to secure the freedom of your people forever. Even Weizmann has promised to protect the rights of the Arabs of Palestine and to hand over control of all Islamic holy sites. He even guarantees a mutually beneficial alliance to help your country to flourish.”

    Lawrence knew that it would difficult to fully sway Faisal. However, he knew that securing this deal would be necessary to gain British support for the Pan-Arab Kingdom. He knew that a deal with Faisal would be the only way of possibly ensuring that the British and the French would not enact the plans drawn up by Mark Sykes and François-Georges Picot.

    From Faisal's perspective, it was true that Lawrence was mostly repeating to him what he had just read. It was true that reading Weizmann’s words had not convinced him. However, hearing it all from Lawrence made it different. He had begun to consider the possibility that maybe this deal, or some version of it, could be beneficial somehow.

    “I will take more time to look over the deal,” Faisal declared. “In the meantime, bring Weizmann to me as soon as possible. Perhaps we can negotiate."
     
    The Carlton Hotel (part 2)
  • 10 January 1919, 10:00 AM - Carlton Hotel, London


    As was requested, Lawrence brought Weizmann with him to meet with the Arabian Emir, and exactly one week after the previous meeting. He also came with two other men, one of them being British diplomat Mark Sykes and the other being French Diplomat François-Georges Picot. A table and several chairs had been set up in the room, one for each attendant to the meeting. Weizmann and Lawrence each had a copy of the original proposal written out in English, with Lawrence also holding two extra which he promptly distributed to Sykes and Picot, the two of whom were simply told to attend a diplomatic discussion with Lawrence and Faisal and were unaware of what would be going on. However, as soon as they had realized Weizmann was in the vicinity, the two men immediately realized that this party would not go smoothly for them. They were then each handed a copy of the document and seated at the small table. Faisal and Lawrence also each held a copy of the treaty in Arabic.


    “Your majesty,” Weizmann began. “I heard you have looked over my proposal and am aware that you requested to see me.”


    Lawrence translated Weizmann’s words into Arabic for his friend, who then responded.


    “That I did. I understand the needs of your people and I am aware that you do intend to forge a close alliance with us and protect the rights of the local Arabs, but I still cannot, unfortunately accept this proposal in it’s entirety.”


    “What then,” Weizmann asked, “are the terms that you are proposing.”


    “Unfortunately for you, I do not intend to give up the land that we fought for. However, I will accept the presence of the Jewish people in Palestine.”


    “I am sorry your majesty, but the Zionist Congress specifically requests that we form and maintain our own independent state in the region.”


    “As I have said before,” Faisal repeated, “I cannot give away land to grant you independence. However, I am willing to make a compromise. Perhaps I can make Palestine an autonomous region within my Kingdom. I can allow you and the Zionists control over the land, and depending on what I see I can either re-annex the land back to the kingdom proper or grant you your independence later down the line.”


    As Lawrence finished translating Faisal’s words to Weizmann, he also turned to Sykes and Picot and addressed them.


    “As for you two gentlemen, I would like to inform you why I have invited you here. I have quite recently been informed of some plans you had made a few years ago that undermine the plan to create an independent Arab Kingdom. We would like to inform you that if you go on with such a proposal, the blood of countless angry Arabs, Jews, and Kurds will be on your hands. I, personally, will make sure they all know about your deal should you choose to go through with it.”


    Despite knowing exactly where this meeting was headed, the two diplomats were left dumbstruck by Lawrence’s bluntness.


    “Now,” Lawrence said, “as long as there is no confusion, let us continue.”


    As the discussion continued, Lawrence continued to act as the the translator between the Emir and the Jewish chemist. It was not long before they had achieved a deal.


    ***


    On the 10 August 1920, Faisal and Weizmann would sign the Treaty of Sèvres in France along with diplomats from Britain, France, Italy, Greece, and the Ottoman Empire, which could barely still be called an empire. All Arab Lands in the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Hejaz would be given to the Kingdom of Hashemite Arabia. Palestine was to become an autonomous Arabian Mandate granted to the Zionists guaranteed by the UK and the League of Nations. The Mandate was to be given a 20-year charter, and at the end of those 20 years, the king would either renew the charter, fully annex the land, or grant it independence. The French would gain a sphere of influence over the densely Maronite region around Beirut and Mt. Lebanon, which would still remain part of the Arab Kingdom and be held on a 20 year charter. Spheres of influence would also be established by Britain, France, and Italy across the remainder of Turkish territory, and an international zone would be set up around the Sea of Marmara. The Kurdish representatives also took part in the treaty, securing the Kurdish majority lands to the north of the Arab Kingdom. Armenia would gain their independence in the Caucasus and northeastern Anatolia. The Turks, however, would continue to control the Hatay province.


    In reality, the signing of the treaty did not establish anything new. The Hashemites had already established their kingdom and the Kurds had already established their own state. All this treaty did was make that which already happening official under international law. Faisal, now King of Hashemite Arabia, simply prayed that he had made the right decision and that his new kingdom would be able to stand.
     
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    The Anatolian War
  • Despite diplomatic victory, the conflict against the Turks had not truly ended. Fighting had been going on continuously between Turkish nationalists lead by Mustafa Kemal Pasha and allied forces. Greek forces, with British and French support, had landed a little over a year ago in Smyrna, and fighting had now broken out across Anatolia. Italy too had sent its own force to Smyrna as well hoping to claim Western Anatolia as well, forming a third faction in the Greco-Turkish War. By the time the Treaty of Sèvres was signed, Turkish, Greek, and Italian forces had already been locked in another conflict. It was therefore no surprise when on 19 August 1920, only nine days after the treaty was signed, the Turkish Grand National Assembly proclaimed to not recognize the treaty and stripped the signatories of their citizenship. As a result, British and French troops encouraged Greece to push further into Anatolia. On August 28, the Greek forces advance from their holdings in northwest Anatolia to take the cities of Uşak and Afyonkarahisar. Despite this loss, the Turks push on and make the decision to invade Armenia, Kemal believed that the allies would be unlikely to intervene there and that since they were also fighting the Soviets, such a victory will help to boost moral. On September 24, the Turks begin to push northeast and invade Armenia. Beginning to fear Turkish ambitions to reconquer old territory, the Kurds and the Hashemites agree to declare war on Turkey. The southern front of the Anatolian War had now opened up.


    The Anatolian War


    1920


    Oct 22– French troops are forced to evacuate the city of Saimbeyli facing resistance by Turkish revolutionaries.


    Oct 24– Exactly one month after the Turkish invasion of Armenia, Hashemite (including Jewish) and Kurdish forces begin to push west from Aleppo into the Hatay province. Within 24 hours, the entire province falls. Antioch is captured by the Hashemites, and the cities of Alexandretta and Dörtyol are occupied by the Kurds.


    Oct 31– Turkey begins to divert troops from Armenia to the southern front to fight the Kurds and the Hashemites. By this point, the combined Arab and Kurdish force has advanced as far north as Elazig and as far west as Adana.


    Nov 18– Due to the success of the war with Hashemite and Kurdish entry on their side, Greek Prime Minister Venizelos, architect of the Greek advance, is reelected. On the same day, the Armenians begin to slowly advance west along the Black Sea coast further into Turkish territory.


    Dec 2– The Armenian government transfers power to a Soviet government backed by Soviet Russia. The new government pledges to continue the war against Turkey, proclaiming that there is no way that Turkey can win a three-front war.


    1921


    Jan 6-11– The Turks make a large stand at the Battle of Inonü. Greek commander Anastasios Papoulas manages to crush the Turkish force which is made easier by Çerkes Ethem’s defection from the Turkish Army.


    Feb 8– The Turks attempt to regain ground in an offensive against the Kurdish forces at Adiyaman, an attempt which miserably fails, causing the Turks to retreat back.


    Mar 7– The combined Kurdish-Hashemite force takes Elbistan, further solidifying their front line.


    Mar 8– Mustafa Kemal Pasha attempts to appeal to the Soviets to agree to a ceasefire on the Armenian front. The Soviets, seeing a clear victory, turn them down and Armenia stays in the war.


    Mar 26– Greek forces win the battle of Eskisehir, deeply hurting Turkish moral.


    Apr 1– Kurdish-Hashemite forces put down Turkish revolutionaries in Karaisali.


    Jun 21– In Inebolu, Greek ships begin to bomb the port and warehouses. Repeated shelling continues throughout the summer.


    Aug 4– Kemal is declared Commander-in-Chief by vote of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara.


    August 13– The Kurdish-Hashemite force takes Mersin.


    Aug 23– The Battle of Sangarios is fought between Turkish and Greek forces. The Greeks win and prepare to advance to Ankara.


    Aug 27– The Soviet Armenians capture the city of Samsun, dealing a major blow to the Turks on the Armenian front.


    Aug 31-Sept 7– The Battle of Ankara is the bloodiest of the Anatolian War. As a result of the devastating Turkish defeat, The Turkish Grand National Assembly retreats south to Konya. While this is going on, the Kurds and Hashemites take Silifke.


    Sep 14-Sept 23– The Greeks advance south from Ankara while the Kurds and Hashemites advance northwest from Silifke, preparing to corner Konya from both sides.


    Sep 24– With the Kurdish-Hashemite capture of Karaman, the Turkish Grand National Assembly surrenders to Greece, Armenia, Hashemite Arabia, and Kurdistan.


    ***


    On December 1, the Treaty of Thessaloniki officially brings an end to the Anatolian War. Greece annexes Constantinople and much of western Anatolia. Hashemite Arabia annexed the southern half of the Hatay province including Antioch, while the northern part of the Hatay Province, including Dörtyol and Alexandretta, are annexed by Kurdistan, giving the Kurds access to the Mediterranean. The Kurds also annexed the Kurdish-majority areas contiguous with their current territory. The Italians were angered by this treaty, having not gained anything out of either the Great War or the Anatolian War. The Turks meanwhile had an independent nation, but a damaged national pride. The people grew distrustful of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and now feared the communist threat to the northeast, which only grew after Armenia was annexed to the Soviet Union in 1922. The result was a chaotic political mess in Turkey for the next decade and a half, the type that could only be solved by a powerful strongman who could restore Turkey to its former glory. Meanwhile, in Greece, Kurdistan, Hashemite Arabia, and Zionist Palestine, people celebrated the newly found glory of their great nations having achieved victory in the war. This time of success saw a major uptick in Jewish immigration to the mandate. For Faisal and Weizmann, all seemed to be well, although no one could tell the future or see the great danger looming on the horizon.
     
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    1920s: Hashemite Arabia
  • Middle East Map: 1922 (fixed)

    Screen Shot 2018-04-08 at 4.04.41 PM.png

    27 March 1921, 9:15 AM - Jerusalem City Square, Palestine, Hashemite Arabia



    The day was Easter Sunday, and the annual Nebi Musa festival had begun. People had begun to gather in the Old City of Jerusalem, and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini stepped out on his balcony, a platform from which he had a perfect view of the gathering. As he stood out there, many in the square began to notice him and slowly turned their attention to him. He knew that at this moment he had the right crowd that he needed.

    “My Muslims brothers” he spoke. “During the Great War, a war in which the Arab people fought with great bravery and honor, the allies made a promise to us. They promised that we would all live as a free people, that Arabia would be a free country and we would no longer live under imperial rule. However, with the defeat of the Turks in that Great War, we in Palestine have not received our end of this deal. Our once brave and honorable Hashemite leaders who lead us through our revolution are now the people allowing us to once again fall to colonial rule. The Jews have robbed us of our freedom and now control our homeland, and it was the Hashemites who have betrayed us and allowed this to happen. It was by force with which we fought through the Great War, and it must be force with which we are to rid ourselves of the Zionists and Faisal’s tyranny and restore our honor.”

    With the fiery speech, Arabs began clashing with Zionist forces around the city, rioting against government institutions and attacking the Jewish quarter of the Old City. Jewish law enforcement opened fire upon the protesters, but were soon overrun. Witness Khalil al-Sakakini said the following:

    "[A] riot broke out, the people began to run about and stones were thrown at the Jews. The shops were closed and there were screams. … I saw a Zionist soldier covered in dust and blood. … Afterwards, I saw one Hebronite approach a Jewish shoeshine boy, who hid behind a sack in one of the wall's comers next to Jaffa Gate, and take his box and beat him over the head. He screamed and began to run, his head bleeding and the Hebronite left him and returned to the procession. … The riot reached its zenith. All shouted, 'Muhammad's religion was born with the sword'. … I immediately walked to the municipal garden. … my soul is nauseated and depressed by the madness of humankind.”



    ***


    The Kingdom of Hashemite Arabia: 1920s


    The Hashemite Kingdom was off to a promising start. The Treaty of Sèvres saw some British and French presence around their realm, yet the two great powers recognized and supported the Arab Kingdom, allowing the region to see massive developments. With the additional help of Zionist leaders, Hashemite Arabia saw the draining of swamps, the terracing of hills, and the irrigation of many areas of desert creating new farmland and living space. The Arab Army too would continue to be supplied with the latest in British and French weaponry, although it remained rather unorganized with different emirs and clans within the country maintaining their own militias.

    One particular Arab leader which had been causing some trouble was Hajj Amin Al-Husseini, the Mufti of Jerusalem and a major leader among Arabs and Muslims within the Mandate of Palestine. Throughout 1920, he considered his position in supporting the Hashemite regime. On Easter Sunday, 27 March 1921, he used the Nebi Musa festival as a chance to speak anti-Zionist and anti-Hashemite rhetoric to the crowds, resulting in a riot throughout Jerusalem, particularly in the Old City, which saw violence between Jews and Arabs. After over an hour of rioting, a division of the Zionist militia had gathered to quell the riots. The division was small due to a large portion of the militia being off fighting in Anatolia. The Zionists had already begun requesting Damascus to send more troops by the time the riots had finally been quelled a little after noon.

    The incitement ultimately backfired for Husseini. Arab newspapers, heavily influenced by the government in Damascus, told of Husseini’s radical nature and opposition to the existence of the Arab Kingdom, painting him as someone who supported the Turks with the war going on in Anatolia. The papers told that he fought for the Turks in WWI and only joined the Arab revolt because he was in Jerusalem when the rebels took the city. On top of the negative press, he was forced to flee the Kingdom and left for Egypt. Throughout the decade, he would travel North Africa, leading to more riots against Jewish communities, inadvertently causing them to leave their towns for Palestine. Across the Hashemite Kingdom, Husseini would continue to be seen negatively throughout the decade even among most Arabs in Palestine, although among some Arabs, both in Palestine and the rest of the kingdom, a hidden tension would remain. Many historians argue that if Husseini had been more decisive on his positions and incited the riots a year earlier, he may have succeeded in fueling greater antizionist sentiment among the Arabs due to the fact that they would not have been in a war at the time.

    The Anatolian War was key in the development of national pride amongst Arabs. With the capture of Antioch at the start of the war, there were celebrations in the streets from Baghdad to Mecca. As more and more Turkish cities fell to the combined Hashemite and Kurdish force, the Arab population grew more and more excited and satisfied with their new regime. The news of the capture of Karaman and the surrender by the Turkish Grand National Assembly was seen as a moment where the Arabs had finally put the Turks in their place after centuries of Ottoman rule, and the country had once again erupted into celebrations even more massive than the ones at the start of the war. The return of the occupying troops after the Treaty of Thessaloniki was seen as the start of an era of good feelings across interbellum Arabia that would last until around the end of the decade.

    In addition to the increase in national pride, relations also improved dramatically with Kurdistan and Greece, the latter of which was now known as the Hellenic Empire. Having fought on the same side of the Anatolian War and not having any real disputes with one another, the three nations would have excellent ties, which would continue to be improved over the attempt to keep in check the political instability that was now plaguing the Turkish government. Both Hashemite Arabia and the Hellenic Empire would invest in the development of the Kurdish ports of Alexandretta and Dortyol, and in turn the Kurds gave special trading rights to the Hashemites and the Greeks.

    The one region of the Hashemite Kingdom that did not gain much from the developments going on was the Nejd region in the central and eastern Arabian Peninsula. Although nominally considered by the rest of the world, including the League of Nations, to be a part of Hashemite Arabia, the Hashemites cared little for the land which was mostly desert and had little in the way of resources, and so they left the region to be ruled by the local clans and their emirs. However, it was clear that one clan, the Saudis, led by Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, was clearly in charge. Abdulaziz, as he was known, declared himself Sultan of the Sultanate of Nejd in 1921 and then began his decade-long campaign to take control over parts of the Nejd not yet under his control. The Hashemites did not think much of this challenge to their power. The Saudis had no foreign relations and virtually no resources, and were also surrounded by British Protectorates along the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea. Despite this, just in case, the Hashemites did train and fund smaller clans opposed to the Saudis. The Saudis still managed to complete the Nejd campaign by 1929.

    Meanwhile, in the city of Haifa in the Mandate of Palestine, a new cultural phenomenon had taken place. Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants and Arabs and Sephardi Jewish immigrants started to play music together, and quickly a new genre of music, combining klezmer, Middle Eastern-style music, and some elements of American jazz, was formed known as "Ruach" (from the Hebrew and Arabic word for "spirit"). Ruach music spread widely across Palestine, and then to the rest of Hashemite Arabia. It also spread to Kurdistan, and even made some impact in the Hellenic Empire and Iran due to the relations both the Hashemites and the Kurds had with those two countries. It also spread to Mutawakkilite Yemen, Asir, the British protectorates on the Arabian peninsula, Egypt, and the colonies of North Africa, although many of the locals opposed it due to the growing antizionism and antisemitism in the region. From the colonies and protectorates, it spread to Europe, and was particularly popular among the British. Historians would look back on Ruach and the culture surrounding it as instrumental to bringing Jews and Arabs closer together.

    Unfortunately, Hashemite Arabia’s progress throughout the decade was also its downfall. In 1929, the world began to fall into economic depression, and due to its connections to the world economy, economic ruin began to affect the Arab Kingdom as well. Banks and businesses would begin to collapse, and this would set the stage for the events of a new decade that was very different from the last.
     
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    1920s: Ottoman Turkey
  • “One cannot deny the sorry state of this country. Once masters of the crossroads of three continents, we are now a failed state ruled by a man set on destroying the last remnants of our once great empire."
    -Arslan Bozkurt, 1926​


    Ottoman Turkey: 1920s



    With the signing of the Treaty of Thessaloniki in 1921, Turkey had fallen far from the great empire it once was. The prized city of Istanbul and much of their coast had been stripped away by the Greeks, and the Armenians and Kurds had taken the eastern portion of their country.


    The nation would once again be set on high alert on 12 March 1922 following the annexation of Armenia into the Soviet Union. Turkey had been gripped by a Red Scare. In response, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, speaker of the Turkish Grand National Assembly and Marshall of the Turkish Armed Forces, began to crack down on supposed communists in the country, even purging much of his opponents the Grand National Assembly. No one in their right mind would dare to speak out against the regime. Although the Sultan remained on the Ottoman throne, it was clear to all that it was Kemal who held the reigns of what remained of the empire. There was a clear discontent among the people towards his regime. After all, this was the man who had brought them out of the frying pan and into the fire through the Anatolian War. However, he had brought also stability to the nation following the war.


    One of the parties that did oppose Kemal were the Ulku Birlik (Turkish for the “Idealist Union”). The Ulku Birlik was a minor party that had been formed as a result of the Red Scare on 3 October 1922. The party was in agreement with Kemal regarding the need to purge Turkey of communists, but beyond that, the ideals of the two parties diverged. Kemal slowly but surely had begun to normalize ties with the Allied Powers, and even Hashemite Arabia, Kurdistan, and the Hellenic Empire, seeing it as necessary to the formation of Turkey as a modern nationstate. This angered most conservatives, who still saw the countries that stripped them of their empire as enemies, especially the Greeks, who occupied what most still saw as rightful Turkish land. Interestingly, however, many members of the party had a rather admirable view of the Italian Benito Mussolini.


    It was this right-wing party that gave young Arslan Tekin a political platform. Born on 3 January 1892, Tekin had fought for the Ottoman Army during the First World War, seeing action at the Battle of Gallipoli. He then fought again during the Anatolia War, which saw the death of both his father and his older brother, Mehmet while serving under Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Fiercely anticommunist and angered by the state that Turkey had fallen into, he joined the Ulku Birlik as a volunteer political organizer on 23 December 1922.


    On 1 December 1925, on the fourth anniversary of the Treaty of Thessaloniki, Turks living in what was now part of the Hellenic Empire held an uprising known as the West Anatolian riots. In Constantinople, Smyrna, and other Greek-controlled cities that were once core territories of the Ottoman Empire, Turks began vandalizing buildings and attacking Greeks, causing the Hellenic Armed Forces to be deployed and for the cities, particularly the Turkish quarters, to be placed under martial law. Many of the rioters expected Ankara to come to their aid. The Hellenic Empire threatened the Grand National Assembly, and so Pasha, in no position to fight the Greeks, was forced to condemn them. With Pasha’s condemnation of the riots, both the rioters and the people of Turkey became infuriated. This gave Arslan Tekin the opportunity he needed. He organized a massive protest in Ankara on 11 December 1925. After giving a fiery speech, it was clear to all that this charismatic 33-year-old radical had the power to make change in the country. Many would go on to call him the “Bozkurt” (“Grey Wolf”), a title which he embraced and would soon adopt as his new surname.


    Although the Ankara Protest of 1925 had given more attention to the Ulku Birlik, the party remained small, but was slowly gaining more members every day. Many continued to be angered by Pasha’s reforms which began in 1926, secularizing Turkey’s government and culture, restricting public displays of religion, and the wearing of the veil. In cities such as Ankara, Konya, Antalya, Mersin, and Eskisehir, Ruach culture had begun to gain popularity. Night clubs sprung up and Turkish Ruach bands began playing music, which continued to anger more conservative members of the population who saw the Jews and the Hashemites as the enemy. Bozkurt would describe the music as “the song of the Zionists”, and as quickly as Ruach culture grew, the Ulku Birlik grew as well.


    By the time the Great Depression hit at the end of the decade, Turkey was divided. There were the Kemalists who supported Kemal. There was still a presence of communists, and even those advocating for a more democratic government. However, it was clear to all that Arslan Bozkurt, who had now taken the reigns as the leader of the Ulku Birlik and was now the age of 37, was by far the greatest challenge to Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s rule.
     
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    The Speaker's Death
  • (Okay, so I want to apologize that I haven't updated in a while and that this update is rather short. I've been busy with schoolwork lately, although hopefully I should be able to get back on here a bit more soon.)


    26 November 1932, 12:32 PM - Sultan’s Palace, Ankara


    Sultan Abdulmejid sat upon his throne, pondering the state of his once glorious empire. Divisions had been increasing with Kemal pushing more secularizing legislation and Bozkurt holding rallies almost every other day in protest, and for over ten years he had been degraded to sitting in Ankara rather than the city of Istanbul as his ancestors had. And now, with everything else going on, the world had slipped into an economic downfall, and Turkey had been hit hard. Rallies had been turning into riots as people lost their jobs and were forced to live on the streets, and he could not imagine how such a divided nation could repair itself in this state. However, he broke from his deep thought when his Grand Vizier Ahmet Dilaver Pasha entered the room.


    “Your highness,” he said. “I come bearing news.”


    “What is it?” the Sultan asked.


    “Kemal Pasha has been found dead in his house. There appears to be a bullet in his head and the glass in his window has been broken.”


    Abdulmejid grinned. For too long, his Sultanate had been in decline. This would give him the chance to change everything.


    “Who is responsible for the murder?” the Sultan asked.


    “We have just started an investigation. The news is not yet public. We’ve decided to come to you first. However, we do have some evidence that members of the Ulku Birlik were in the vicinity the other day and may have–“


    “No they were not,” the Sultan stated firmly.


    “Excuse me your highness?” the Grand Vizier replied.


    “As far as the public will know, the murder was a conspiracy planned by Greek and Armenian communists, and justice will be pursued.”


    “But your highness, we have only just started our–“


    “Well I have just provided your conclusion for you. You will alert the press on the matter immediately. And please remember not to get the story wrong.”


    “Yes your highness.”


    “Oh and Ahmet?”


    “Yes?”


    “Make sure to throw out an endorsement for Arslan Bozkurt as Mustafa Kemal’s replacement. Let the Grand Nation Assembly know that he is to be their next speaker.”


    The Grand Vizier had his objections. Could he really just lie to the public like this? However, he understood the Sultan’s commands.He understood that ultimately the Sultan made the right choice to fix the years of degradation plaguing the Turkish people, no matter what means it took to achieve. He understood that whatever the Sultan said, he would have to follow.


    “Yes your highness."


    "Good," the Sultan said grinning. "Hopefully this should set our country back in the right direction."
     
    Middle East 1930s
  • (It's been quite long. Hopefully this should be a good update. Get ready for the biggest update to this thread so far.)


    23 May 1933, 3:00 PM – Sultan's Palace, Ankara, Turkey




    With the coup defeated and the civil war just narrowly avoided, Bozkurt had been victorious. There was no one left, no Kemalist, liberal, communist, or even Assembly or Sultan, who could challenge his power. He stepped out onto the balcony of the damaged palace. He had set up the microphone and a large crowd had gathered.


    "People of Turkey,” he declared, “your Sultan is now dead. Just like Kemal, he was betrayed by the communists, the liberals, and the Christians, the Jews, and even Kemal’s former supporters have joined in on this act of brutality. However, order has been restored. The Grand National Assembly has been abolished, as has the Ottoman Empire after over 600 years. However, in its place, the Ulku Birlik has now established a New Turkish Empire, one that will rule for centuries more. Together, our new empire will destroy the communist threat once and for all. We will restore Turkey to its former glory and make those who stabbed us in the back pay for their treason. We will unite all Turkish people under our banner, and together, we will make Turkey an empire even greater than that of the Ottomans, the Seljuks, and even the Romans!”


    With this, he held up his right hand and saluted the crowd


    “Dolu Zafer!” he shouted.


    “Dolu Zafer!” the crowd responded saluting back. “Dolu Bashbu! Dolu Bozkurt!"



    The Middle East: 1930s


    The Roaring '20s had been an era of great prosperity across the Hashemite Kingdom. With the Arabs gaining independence and large portions of their territory seeing major developments, everything seemed to be going right for the nation. There were Ruach clubs in every city and a large cultural revival with Hebrew and Arabic literature, poetry, music, theatre, and even some films. New highways and railroads were built across the deserts, and people from Mecca to Antioch to Basra and the Persian Gulf. Similar developments would be seen by their Kurdish neighbors to the north. However, to the north of Kurdistan, what remained of the Ottoman Empire was full of clear tension and civil unrest. Mass protests had become part of daily everyday life in Ankara, with the Kemalists and the Ulku Birlik constantly at odds. However, a new decade would bring great change to the region, creating an atmosphere almost unrecognizable from the previous 10 years.


    By 1932, the Great Depression had hit its worst across the world. Across Hashemite Arabia, unemployment had reached over 20%. People in cities mostly lived in tent villages in empty lots and on the sides of streets. In rural areas, farmers had no one to sell their crops to, and land owners would typically fire or cut the wages of workers. The increasing class of homeless people began to blame the Hashemites and the Zionists for their misfortune. 1932 saw the rise of a group known as Al-Nar (Arabic for “The Fire”), a group of anti-Hashemite and mostly republican radicals inspired primarily by the words of Hajj Amin al-Husseini as well as the anti-Hashemite and anti-Zionist words of men like Bozkurt. It would quickly gain membership around the nation as more and more people lost their employment and saw it as a chance for a new start. The group would also see new members from the Saudi Nejd bringing the ideology of Wahabbism, causing one faction of the the organization to take an increasingly theocratic and fundamentalist tone as more members converted to the radical religious sect. Eventually, the group would fragment into two. The republican majority would remain in Al-Nar, while the smaller pro-Saudi islamist faction would become known as Al-Iihya ("The Revival/Restoration"). By the end of the decade, the two groups would contain a combined quarter of a million members across both Hashemite Arabia proper and the Mandate of Palestine. The two groups would also begin to spread across North Africa, with Al-Nar having more success. The Al-Nar instigated Algiers Riot of 1935 would last four days, resulting in hundreds of casualties among the French, Arab, Berber, and Jewish populations, with much of the Jewish community fleeing to Palestine. This lead to massive crackdowns by the European powers across North Africa from Port Said to Casablanca.


    In Palestine, the Depression and the radicalization that came with it began to undo the peace that had been built between Jews and Arabs over the past decade. Within the Mandate, Arabs were typically hit harder than the Jews, causing discontent with the oligarchy of Zionist leaders that ran the Mandate. The massive waves of immigration of North African Jews escaping antisemitic riots and the later wave of immigration of European Jews escaping an increasingly antisemitic Europe did not help. As a result, a large percentage of Palestinian Arabs joined Al-Nar and Al-Iihya, often rioting against Jewish neighborhoods. The Rothschild Boulevard Club, the largest Ruach club in the city of Tel Aviv, was bombed by the organization on 7 July 1932, and the Hebron Massacre would see the deaths of 57 Jews with many more injured less than a year later on 16 February 1933. In response, the Jewish paramilitary group HaMagen (Hebrew for “The Sheild”) was founded the same year, which also began to attack Arab Palestinian civilians. In response, Weizmann’s government put a price on the heads of members of both organizations. The Palestinian Mandate military began to crack down on both organizations. Meanwhile, in attempt to counter the effects of the depression, Chaim Weizmann put David ben Gurion, a leftist member of the regime, in charge of kickstarting and forming a new plan for the economic recovery of the Mandate. Ben Gurion would start a program to build new Kibbutzim across Palestine, often including both Jewish and Arab workers. He also began new public works policies, including the construction of new infrastructure (which would often be vandalized by members of various paramilitary groups) and rapid development of new land through terracing hills, draining swamps, and irrigating the Negev desert using new developments in drip irrigation technology. At the same time, acknowledging that there was a large probability of war, Ben Gurion began to increase the size of the Palestinian Mandate military, increase the manufacturing of guns, planes, tanks, and ships, and build a new system of bunkers and tunnels. This would put the already stressed out King Faisal on alert, but Weizmann assured him that they were fighting for the same cause against the radicals. Later in the century, Israeli historian Ilan Pappé would refer to David ben Gurion as the Franklin Delano Roosevelt of Mandate Palestine and later Israel. Near the end of the decade prior to the Second World War, HaMagen would be mostly gone, although Al-Nar and Al-Iihya would remain a threat.


    The decade also saw great change in Turkey. Tension from the previous decade would spill over into the new one. On 26 November 1932, Mustafa Kemal Pasha would be assassinated by an unknown sniper. Sultan Abdulmejid would declare that his assassination was at the hands of Greek and Armenian communists, although conspiracy theories would remain suggesting that the assassination was ordered by the Ulku Birlik, and later investigations would prove these theories to be true. The Sultan would order a new election be held immediately, in which both the Sultan and Grand Vizier declared their endorsements for the Ulku Birlik and their support of Bozkurt as the the new Speaker of the Grand National Assembly, an election which he promptly won. However, despite his victory, theories continued that the election was rigged, and many felt the Sultan’s call for an election was unconstitutional. Many in opposition to Bozkurt were also angered by his reversal of many of Kemal’s reforms. As a result, a force from the Ottoman Army, joined by Kemalists, liberals, and communists attempted a coup against the Ottoman government on 18 May 1933. During the coup, the opposition force stormed the Palace in Ankara, killing the Sultan and his family as well as the Grand Vizier. However, Bozkurt gathered the forces that did not defect as well as the Ulku Birlik’s secret military wing, the Kurt Kuvvet (abbreviated to “KK”; Turkish for “Wolf Force”), to put down the coup. Bozkurt’s efforts were a major success and the opposition force was defeated. With the Sultan dead and the Grand National Assembly having fallen apart, Bozkurt was now the undisputed Bashbu (Turkish for “leader”) of what he declared the New Turkish Empire on 23 May 1933, officially ending the Ottoman Empire after 634 years of existence. All those suspected to be involved in the coup were put on trial, and almost all of them were convicted and sentenced to death. Under Bozkurt’s new regime, there would be a massive military build up, a reversal of most of Kemal’s reforms, increased Islamic influence in the government, further limitations on civil liberties, and the increased persecution and subjugation of Christians and other minority groups. Over all, national pride would increase, and Bozkurt’s new changes would appeal to many of those suffering under the depression.


    On 17 January 1934, the day after Ramadan ended, Saudi forces would invade the independent emirates of Asir and Yemen in southwestern Arabia. The Hashemites would send their forces to intervene on the side of the emirates, assuming it would be easy to defeat the forces of a desert kingdom with little in the way of resources. However, to their surprise, the Saudis were equipped with modern weaponry, with which they quickly overran the unprepared defensive force. Within a month, the Saudis had completely conquered and annexed the two emirates, giving them access to the Red Sea and partial control of a major shipping lane. It would remain unknown how they had access to such technology until later in the decade when it was discovered that the Turks had been smuggling them weaponry. The Saudi victory caused many to see them as a serious rival to the Hashemites, which greatly increased membership of Al-Iihya. This would be even more so four years later with the Saudi discovery of oil around the Persian Gulf in 1938.


    On 25 November 1936, Bozkurt would sign the Anti-Comintern Pact in Berlin with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. Having powerful allies, Turkey was now beginning to be seen as a serious power. However, it had not achieved its status as a great power yet. Much of the Anatolian coast was still under the control of the Hellenic Empire. Much of the Turkish population by that point had been ethnically cleansed, but a sizeable portion still remained. Bozkurt began to gradually send more Turks back across the border and smuggled arms for the Turkish population. On December 1 that year, riots would once again erupt in Hellenic Anatolia. This year, they were exceptionally bad with Bozkurt’s regime financing the armed rebellion, prompting massive violent crackdowns by the Greek forces. Operation Sunset, conducted on December 10, saw the Turks pushing west and retaking the coast from the Greeks. This was followed by another push next day to the northern coast on the Black Sea. The Hashemites and Kurds sent troops and supplies to assist the Greeks, but did not directly enter the war out of fear of an attack from the north. The conflict, referred to by many historians as the Second Anatolian War, was much shorter than the first and saw a decisive Turkish victory against the Greeks with no involvement from the Soviets. The Treaty of Ankara, signed on 2 January 1937 saw the Greeks ceding all of their Anatolian territory, including the eastern part of Constantinople, now renamed to Istanbul, to the Turks. Following the treaty, the Hellenic Empire moved its capital from Constantinople to Athens, reverting back to the Kingdom of Greece, which would become a republic by the end of the year. Meanwhile, Turkish nationalism had been fueled further. By the end of 1937, the alliance with Germany and Japan would also include Italy. The four nations would go on to be referred to as the Axis Powers.


    Meanwhile, in Europe, Nazi Germany would also set its eyes on expansion. Appealing to the French government and the British government lead by Neville Chamberlain, allowing the German Reich to take over the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, which they did on 21 September 1938. However, he would continue this expansion by fully annexing the country on 15 March 1939. Hitler would then continue to further mobilize even more troops in the Rhineland and on the Polish border. Simultaneously, Turkey would mobilize its forces on the Kurdish border to the southeast.


    The escalating tensions would finally break out on 1 September 1939. At this time, the Nazis and the Soviets invaded Poland. Almost simultaneously, Turkey began its massive push into Kurdistan. Britain and France declared war on Germany, while the Hashemites and Kurds declared war on both Turkey. World War Two had officially begun.

    Middle East Map: January 1939

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    A Visit to Baku
  • 8 October 1939, 12:00 PM – Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union



    Poland had fallen to the Nazis and the Soviets. The Turks were quickly advancing through the hilly terrain of Kurdistan, with Amed and Iskenderun having fallen and a push beginning for Erbil. And now, Reza Shah Pahlavi, ruler of one of the few remaining neutral nations in the hemisphere, had been invited to meet with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in the city of Baku.


    Upon seeing Stalin, the great Shah of Iran could looked into his eyes and saw a man who was ice cold. He saw a man of great cunning who was willing to take what he wanted by any means. He saw a man who had struggled through the ranks in order to sit in the seat of power which he now held. He saw a man who was not too different from himself.


    “Mr. Stalin,” he said. “It is quite nice to finally see you.”


    “My thoughts are quite mutual,” he said. “I have been waiting for your arrival.”


    As the two men walked through the building, they continued the conversation.


    “So, Reza Shah, I imagine you have some idea why I have invited you here.”


    “I did assume that it would have something to do with the war,” Reza Shah replied.


    “You would be correct about that,” Stalin responded.


    “I have repeatedly stated that the current position of Iran is one of neutrality. We will not attack anyone unless attacked.”


    “And the Soviet Union is in the same position,” Stalin answered calmly. “We signed a pact with the Germans and invaded Poland simply for our own security. In reality, anyone with half a working mind can see that the Germans don’t intend to keep the peace. In the meantime, my goal is to prepare my country for when the inevitable happens, and I see Iran faced with similar circumstances. I must ask, Reza Shah, if you have truly considered the Turkish threat?”


    “I have,” Reza Shah admitted. “Bozkurt clearly desires control of the Caspian and intends to unite the Azeris and other Turkic peoples under their rule."


    The two leaders stepped out onto a balcony. From the platform, there was an incredible view of the great landlocked sea stretching east for miles. reporters, all of which were associated with the Communist Party, had also gathered around the building. Stalin waved at the people, and the Shah joined him.


    “That is why I have invited you here,” Stalin spoke. “A German push from the west and a Turkish push from the south are a threat to my country. A Turkish push from the west is a threat to your country. I believe that if the two of us sign a pact, declaring our intentions to remain neutral but for us both to join the war as allies should either of us be attacked, it would be of great benefit.”


    At the end of the meeting, a treaty was drafted rather quickly, and it was signed by both Stalin and the Shah. The Baku Pact would be seen as crucial in securing the fate of the Soviet Union during the war.
     
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    Attack on Cyprus
  • 31 December 1931, 5:42 AM – 2 nautical miles north of Kazafani, Cyprus


    While most of the British Empire had its focus on Germany’s campaigns in Europe, the Turkish threat was clearly felt on the island of Cyprus. The Turkish Empire had capitulated Kurdistan just over a couple months prior, with the exiled government fleeing through Iran to British India and a large remaining Kurdish force falling back into Hashemite territory. For further control of the Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean, control over Cyprus would be key for the Turks.


    Young sailor Connor Evans had been stationed on a British patrol boat off the northern coast of Cyprus, where tensions were high. The usually warm air of the East Mediterranean was now cool. The sun had merely begun to appear over the horizon, and Evans was tired. It was Sunday, and he was stuck keeping watch during the morning hours. It could be worse, he thought, he could have been stuck keeping watch around midnight and miss out on the festivities. Still, what he wouldn’t give for an hour or two more to sleep in, or perhaps for another cup of tea at least to keep him awake.


    All of a sudden, he saw enemy planes approaching over the horizon. Immediately, he grabbed his radio.


    “Admiral! The Turkish planes are coming. I expect they are bringing a fleet with them. Over.”


    One plane opened fire on the vessel. Evans turned to his right and his left and watched helplessly as his fellow men were torn up by bullets. With the next wave of planes, he was not so lucky.


    The British fleet would manage to prevent a Turkish landing on Cyprus for that day. However, the losses sustained in the battle would leave a weak point in the Royal Navy for the Turks to exploit as they continued to build up their own naval force.
     
    WWII 1 Sept 1939 – 1 January 1940
  • World War II



    1939


    September 1– The invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany starts at 4:45 AM with the Luftwaffe attacking several targets in Poland. The Luftwaffe launches air attacks against Krakow, Lodz, and Warsaw. Within five minutes of the Luftwaffe attacks, Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine orders the old Battleship Schleswig-Holstein to open fire on the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte in the Free City of Danzig on the Baltic Sea, but the attack is repulsed. By 8:00 AM, troops of the German Army, still without a formal declaration of war issued, launch an attack near the Polish town of Mokra. At 5:45 AM in Turkish time, the same time as 4:45 in German time, the Turks begin their invasion of Kurdistan. The Turkish Air Force begins by bombing the ports by bombing the port cities of Dortyol and Iskenderun as well as the Kurdish capital of Amed, while the navy begins to blockade the the Gulf of Alexandretta. The Turkish Army begins to push south, and by noon has begun its attack on the city of Marash just across the border. Norway and Switzerland both declare their neutrality. The British declare general mobilization of the British Armed Forces and starts evacuation plans in preparation of German air attacks, while Hashemite Arabia begins to mobilize troops to send to help the Kurds.


    September 3– The United Kingdom and France declare war on Germany while Hashemite Arabia officially declares war on Turkey.


    September 4– In the first British offensive action of the War, the Royal Air Force launch a raid on the German fleet in the Heligoland Bight. They target the German pocket-battleship Admiral Scheer anchored off Wilhelmshaven at the western end of the Kiel Canal. Several aircraft are lost in the attack and, although the German vessel is hit three times, all of the bombs fail to explode. The Dominion of Newfoundland declares war on Germany.


    September 5– The Hashemite Air Force attacks the Turkish naval forces in the Gulf of Alexandretta. The battle is a crushing defeat for the Hashemites, losing nearly a quarter of the planes sent out on the raid and causing no damage to the Battleships Osman and Antalya. The United States declares its neutrality.


    September 7– France begins an offensive into German territory near Saarbrücken referred to as the Saar Offensive,


    September 9– The Saar Offensive stalls at the Warndt Forest having advanced approximately 13 km (8 mi) into German territory.


    September 10– Canada declares war on Germany.


    September 13– Turkish forces launch an attack on the city of Dortyol beginning at 6:00 AM. They successfully push the Kurdish and Hashemite Army south to the city of Iskenderun.


    September 16– The German Army completes their encirclement of Warsaw. French troops retreat from German territory, ending the Saar Offensive.


    September 17– British Aircraft carrier HMS Courageous is torpedoed and sunk by U-29 on patrol off the coast of Ireland. The Turks take the city of Iskenderun, fully cutting off the Kurds from the Mediterranean. The Soviet Union invades Poland from the East.


    September 19– The German and Soviet armies link up near Brest Litovsk.


    September 25– The Turkish Army attacks the Kurdish capital of Amed. They successfully break through the enemy lines and take the city, causing the Kurdish and Hashemite armies to fall back further southeast. The Kurdish government escapes to a provisional capital in Erbil.


    September 28– German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty is signed by Molotov and Ribbentrop. The secret protocol specifies the details of partition of Poland originally defined in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.


    October 6– Polish resistance in the Polish September Campaign comes to an end. Hitler speaks before the Reichstag, declaring a desire for a conference with Britain and France to restore peace.


    October 8– Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and the Shah of Iran, Reza Shah Pahlavi, meet in Baku where they sign the Baku Pact, pledging that Iran and the Soviet Union would remain allies throughout the war and to join on the same side should either of them be attacked.


    October 10– The last of Poland’s military surrenders to the Germans.


    October 12– The Turks begin to siege Erbil.


    October 14– The British battleship HMS Royal Oak is sunk in Scapa Flow harbour by U-47, under the command of Günther Prien.


    October 16– First air attack on Great Britain, aimed at ships in the Firth of Forth, Scotland.


    October 17– After five days of fighting, Erbil falls to the Turks.


    October 20– The "Phoney War” begins in Europe. French troops settle in the Maginot line's dormitories and tunnels; the British build new fortifications along the "gap" between the Maginot line and the Channel.


    October 27– Belgium declares its neutrality.


    October 30– The British government releases a report on concentration camps being built in Europe for Jews and those opposed to the Nazi regime, further motivating Jewish conscription into the Hashemite Army.


    October 31– The Hashemite Battleship Al-Halab is sunk by a Turkish submarine just off the coast of Antioch.


    November 2– The Turks complete the campaign in Kurdistan, occupying the entire country, choosing to hold the line rather than begin a push south into Hashemite Arabia. The Kurdish government in exile flees through Iran to British India.


    November 4– The U.S. Neutrality Act is passed: the French and British may buy arms, but on a strictly cash basis. American isolationists find the act an "outrage.”


    November 20– The Luftwaffe and German U-boats start mining the Thames estuary.


    November 30– The Soviet Union attacks Finland in what would become known as the Winter War.


    December 14– The Soviet Union is kicked from the League of Nations in response to the Soviet invasion of Finland.


    December 18– The first Canadian troops arrive in Europe, Germany defeats Britain in the Battle of Heligoland Bight.


    December 27– The first Indian troops arrive in France.


    December 29– The Finns continue to have success in the Winter War, capturing many men and vehicles from their invaders.


    December 31– At 5:42 AM, Turkey launches its first attack on the Island of Cyprus, bombing the British fleet with its air force and torpedoing British ships with its submarine fleet. Although the Royal Navy managed to fend off the Turks from reaching the island, they were severely weakened.


    ***


    1 January 1940, 12:00 AM – Sultan’s Palace, Damascus, Hashemite Arabia



    The clock had struck midnight in the Hashemite Kingdom. It was a new year, and King Faisal could not sleep. However, this was not much different than most nights at this point. His kingdom was falling apart. The Kurdistan had fallen to Bozkurt’s forces, placing them right on his northern border. The British fleet at Cyprus had been attacked and was now weakened. The Saudis to the south had been pumping oil faster and faster every day.


    What stressed him the most was what to do about Palestine. The charter would run out that August, and there was no right choice on how to handle it. By fully annexing the territory, he would make enemies with the Jews and potentially the allies. By extending the charter or granting independence, it may cause the discontent Arab population to turn even more so against the government. He looked back at his past. Did he make the right choice those twenty years ago to sign away Palestine? He was younger and more foolish back in those days, and was unable to see the danger.
     
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    WWII 1 January 1940 – 14 August 1940
  • (Okay, here we go, the long awaited update y'all have been waiting for. Strap in your seatbelts because a lot's about to go down.)


    10 January 1940, 10:00 AM – Niavaran Complex, Tehran, Iran




    Reza Shah sat in the dining room, awaiting the arrival of the Palestinian diplomat. He was surprised to see a 41-year-old woman entering with a pair of bodyguards.


    “Reza Shah,” she said. “I am Golda Meir, here on behalf of the of the Zionist Council of Palestine.”


    “Yes," he said, “I have been expecting you. Shall we proceed with the negotiations?”


    “Of course,” she responded. “I come regarding the issue of the war.”


    “Mrs. Meir, you know that I have an agreement with Soviet Union that I must uphold. I cannot enter the war yet under any circumstances.”


    “Of course, I didn’t expect you to agree to that,” she said, adding “to be quite honest” under her breath in Hebrew. “However,” she continued, “as you know, reports are coming out about the treatment of the Jewish people, my people, across Europe. We request that you accept any Jewish refugees who make it to your borders, and that you also agree to take in refugees fleeing Hashemite Arabia and Palestine should the Turks invade.”


    “And what about my borders? Do I have no right to keep them secure?”


    “Well should you be attacked you will have the full might of the Soviet Union crashing down upon Bozkurt’s army."


    Reza Shah could not help but notice something about this relatively young woman, some sort of incredible charm, but at the same time a spirit of determination, like she would not back down from these terms.


    “Well, Mrs. Meir, I must admit that there is something quite remarkable about your wit and determination.”


    “Well then hopefully something should come out of our negotiations.”



    ***



    World War II (cont.)



    1940



    January 1: 10,000 Japanese troops launch a counter-attack in eastern Shanxi Province in China in an attempt to relieve the nearly-surrounded Japanese 36th division.


    January 2: The Soviet offensive is halted by several Finnish victories.


    January 7: The Second Battle of Northern Cyprus sees the the Turks launching another devastating attack on the Royal Navy. Among other ships, the battleship HMS Bravery is sunk. Following this battle, the Turks continue to launch regular raids against the British fleet at Cyprus.


    January 10: Chaim Weizmann arrives in London and the relatively young diplomat Golda Meir arrives in Tehran. Each are sent with the mission to convince Britain and Iran respectively to agree to take in Jewish refugees, promising that they would be brought to Palestine once the war had ended. Reza Shah agrees to allow Jewish refugees into Iran. Neville Chamberlain, after much more extensive negotiations, declares that he will not allow any refugees into Britain out of fear of German spies entering amongst them, but agrees to allow them into British India.


    January 16: Captured documents reveal Hitler's plans for the invasion of Scandinavia and a postponement of the invasion of France and the Low Countries until the spring, when the weather is more compatible for an invasion.


    January 21: A U-boat sinks British destroyer HMS Exmouth and its crew of 135 are all lost.


    January 24: Reinhard Heydrich is appointed by Göring for the solution to the “Jewish Question”.


    January 27: Germany makes final plans for the invasion of Denmark and Norway.


    February 9: Turkey launches its first air raid on the island of Cyprus itself. These bombings become a regular occurrence.


    February 15: Hitler orders unrestricted submarine warfare.


    February 16: British destroyer HMS Cossack forcibly removes 303 British POWs from the German transport Altmark in neutral Norwegian territorial waters.


    February 20: The first major action on Turkey’s Middle Eastern front since the fall of Kurdistan takes place with a small Hashemite offensive against Kirkuk intended to divert Turkish troops east in order to invade Iskenderun. The Hashemites have some success and temporarily retake Kirkuk, preparing to push into Iskenderun, but are then pushed back by the Turks, restoring the front lines to their previous condition.


    March 1: Golda Meir is reassigned to go to Moscow to attempt to convince Joseph Stalin to allow Jewish refugees into the Soviet Union. However, Stalin is far more stubborn. He eventually agrees to transport Jews through the Soviet Union to Iran, Siberia, and Central Asia, but not to let them settle in any Soviet land in Europe.


    March 3: Soviets begin their attack on the Finish city of Viipuri.


    March 6: Finland sends emissaries to Moscow to negotiate a peace treaty.


    March 12: Finland signs a treaty with the Soviet Union and are forced to give up significant territory in exchange for peace. Despite Soviet victory, the Winter War would be seen as an embarrassment for the Soviets.


    March 16: The German air raid on Scapa Flow causes the first British civilian casualties of the war.


    March 21: With Daladier’s resignation, Paul Reynaud becomes Prime Minister of France.


    March 30: Japan establishes a puppet regime at Nanking, China under Wang Jingwei.


    March 31: With the British fleet at Cyprus having taken a massive beating, and the island having been bombed repeatedly, a large Turkish force makes landings along the northern coast of Cyprus. Despite taking heavy casualties, the Cyprus Landings succeed.


    April-May: 22,000 Polish officers, policemen, and others are massacred by the Soviet NKVD in the Katyn massacre.


    April 3: The Ministerial Defence Committee, with the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill as its chair, replaces Lord Hatfield’s ministerial position of Minister for Coordination of Defence.


    April 4: The Turks secure their victory on Cyprus as the British forces there flee west to defend Crete, south to protect Egypt, and east to help the Hashemites hold their line should the Turks continue their advance. Many Greek Cypriots attempt to flee to Greece.


    April 7: With the negotiations with Chamberlain now wrapped up, Chaim Weizmann goes to Washington in attempt to convince President Franklin Roosevelt to agree to take in Jewish refugees. Having previously denied them entry, Roosevelt remains stubborn. In response, Weizmann begins to organize American Jews to lobby the President and Congress. Despite personal reservation, Roosevelt caves to political pressure and agrees a few months later.


    April 9: The Germans land in several Norwegian ports and take Oslo. The Norwegian Campaign lasts two months. Denmark is invaded and surrenders in six hours.


    April 10: The Germans set up a Norwegian government under Vidlun Quisling, former minister of defense.


    April 11: In the First Battle of Narvik, British destroyers and aircraft successfully make a surprise attack against a larger German naval force. A second attack 2 days later is also a British success.


    April 12: British troops occupy the Danish Faroe Islands.


    April 14: British and French troops start landing at Namsos, north of Trondheim in Norway. The same day, a bomb goes off in the Hashemite capital of Damascus, killing 51 people in a crowded square. King Faisal declares that Al-Nar and Al-Iihya, unsure which organization set off the bomb, would both be purged from the nation.


    April 15: British troops land at Harstad, near Narvik, Norway.


    April 16: More British landings in Norway occur, mostly north and south of Trondheim. The struggle for the city continues until around the 22nd, and British begin to pull out on the 27th. The Turks launch their first air raids against Egypt which continue and become progressively worse throughout the spring.


    April 20: A riot occurs against Cairo’s Jewish community, causing many to flee for Palestine.


    May 1: The Allies begin evacuating Norwegian ports.


    May 5: A Norwegian government in exile is established in London.


    May 8: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, already viewed in a negative light by many as the man who lost Cyprus weeks earlier, resigns due to a clear loss in the Norway debate, hoping to prevent the opposition from taking power. He immediately regrets the decision with Winston Churchill’s rise to the position of Prime Minister.


    May 10: Germany invades France and the low countries. The United Kingdom invades Iceland, in order to hold onto it for the Danish. Belgium declares a state of emergency. Churchill is called on to form a wartime coalition government. German paratroopers capture the Belgian fort of Eben Emael, but are fought off by the Dutch in the Battle of the Hague.


    May 11: Luxembourg is occupied.


    May 12: The Belgians blow up all the bridges over the Meuse River to halt the German advance. The Battle of Hannut begins in Belgium.


    May 13: The Dutch government in exile is established in London. General Heinz Guderian’s Panzer corp breaks through at Sedan, France. Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands flees to the UK. Churchill delivers his “blood, toil, tears, and sweat” speech to the House of Commons. The Dutch lose the battle of the Grebbeberg to the Germans.


    May 14: The Dutch defeat the Germans at the Battle of the Afsluitdijk. Meanwhile, the Germans win the Battle of Rotterdam, causing many civilian deaths and a great amount of damage. The Netherlands surrender.


    May 16: Churchill visits Paris while the Belgian government leaves for Bordeaux, from where it later moves to London.


    May 17: The Germans take Brussels and Antwerp. Paul Reynaud forms a new French government.


    May 19: German forces surround Amiens and Arras, while other German forces reach the English channel.


    May 20: German panzers take Abbeville.


    May 25: The Allied forces retreat to Dunkirk. Hitler halts the advance and decides to use the Luftwaffe to attack while the British R.A.F. defends their forces. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union begins staging conflicts with the Baltic states in preparation of a total takeover.


    May 26: After a daring push against the Germans meant to divert attention from Dunkirk, Calais surrenders. Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of 340,000 troops from Dunkirk begins.


    May 28: Belgium officially surrenders to the Germans.


    May 31: The Japanese heavily bomb the Chinese Nationalist capital of Chungking.


    June 1: Al-Iihya, which had steadily been gaining membership over the course of the war, begins more riots in Alexandria, Cairo, Port Said, and other Egyptian cities attacking Jewish and Coptic communities as well as British troops. Under this distraction, the a combined Jewish and Turkish force lands on the Sinai Peninsula and push west towards the Suez Canal.


    June 2: British troops stationed in the Middle East are instructed to go to Egypt to defend the canal.


    June 3: Operation Dynamo ends over 220,000 British troops and over 120,000 French and Belgian troops having been evacuated. The same day, the battle of Port Said ends in a decisive Axis victory. Italy officially enters the war, with another combined Axis force pushing west into Egypt from Libya. That same day, Saudi Arabia declares war on the British and Hashemites. Saudi forces and Al-Iihya militants attack the British protectorates of Aden, Oman, the Trucial States, Qatar, and Kuwait. The Hashemites begin to divert more troops from their northern border to the Red Sea coast and the border with the Saudis.


    June 4: In response to the evacuation from Dunkirk and the invasion of Egypt, Churchill gives his rousing “We shall fight on the beaches” speech to the House of Commons, declaring that the British will fight on and never surrender.


    June 7: Due to the fall of the Suez Canal and the Arabian British protectorates, Britain secures a deal with Iran for oil. Iran agrees ship oil to British India, from where it can be transported around Africa to Britain. The British also evacuate soldiers from Egypt to Crete.


    June 10: Norway surrenders to the Germans.


    June 11: The French government moves to Tour. The siege of Malta begins.


    June 12: The Hashemite navy attempts an assault on the Turkish vessels entering through the Suez Canal. The Battle of the Tiran sees the destruction of a large portion of the Turkish fleet, but the Turks still manage to take the islands of Tiran and Sanafir, establishing a base mere miles away from the Arabian Peninsula.


    June 13: Paris is occupied by German troops. The French government moves to Bordeaux. The Hashemites launch an offensive south into Asir.


    June 14: French naval forces based in Toulon carry out offensive operations against Italy along its northwestern coast.


    June 16: Philippe Pétain becomes premier of France with Reynaud’s resignation.


    June 18: General De Gaulle forms a French government in exile. The Baltic States are occupied by the Soviet Union. After a Hashemite defeat at the battle of Al Qunfudhah, the Saudi forces retreat back up north into the Hejaz region, ending the Asir Offensive.


    June 20: Kuwait falls to the Saudis.


    June 21: Italy invades France. Soviet-led coups in the Baltic States face little resistance.


    June 22: A Franco-German armistice is signed.


    June 23: The Trucial States and Qatar both fall to the Saudis.


    June 24: A Franco-Italian armistice is signed. Bahrain is invaded by the Saudis and is conquered quickly.


    June 25: France surrenders to Germany. The Turks begin a naval blockade of Jeddah and other coastal Hejazi cities.


    June 26: The Soviets demand Bessarabia and northern Bukovina from Romania. Aden falls to the Saudis.


    June 28: The Soviets occupy Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. The Luftwaffe bombs the British channel islands.


    June 30: Germany invades the channel islands.


    July 1: The sultan of Oman agrees to an armistice with the Saudis. Later that day Oman surrenders and is occupied by Saudi troops.


    July 2: After a long period of stillness on its own borders, the Turks and Saudis launch a two front attack against the Hashemites. The Saudis push north from Kuwait, cutting off the Hashemites from the Persian Gulf and seizing Basra, and also push north from Asir and west from the Nejd into the Hejaz Region. The Turks land on the Hejazi coast, and both begin a push towards the cities of Mecca and Medina. Rather than invade the heavily defended border of Syria, the Turks invaded the more lightly defended Mesopotamia from Kurdistan. The Axis agrees not to push east from the Sinai Peninsula as to keep the front calm to make sure control over the Suez Canal was kept.


    July 3: Cardiff is bombed by the Luftwaffe. The British attack and destroy the French fleet to prevent it from falling into German hands, causing the Vichy French to break off relations with Britain. Jeddah falls to the Turks.


    July 6: The Turkish and Saudi forces storm into the city of Mecca. Many soldiers begin to desert from the Hashemite Army, favoring the Saudis and Al-Iihya, and to a lesser extent Al-Nar.


    July 8: The Saudis and Turks surround and begin to shell the city of Medina. They enter the city the following day, seizing it with little effort.


    July 9: Medina falls to the Saudis and the Turks.


    July 10: The Battle of Britain begins with Luftwaffe raids on channel shipping. President Roosevelt asks Congress for huge increases in military preparations. The city of Basrah surrenders to the Saudis, who then begin their march north to meet with Turkish forces in Mesopotamia. The Saudis and Turks are repelled at the battle of Tabuk.


    July 11: RAF raids on enemy emplacements in the Netherlands and on German munitions factories occur. The Battle of Baqubah ends in a decisive Turkish victory. The Turks march south to Baghdad.


    July 12: The Luftwaffe attacks Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The Battle of Baghdad begins with the Turks heavily bombing the city.


    July 13: The Turks push into the city of Baghdad, but are met with heavy fighting in the streets by both Hashemite forces and Al-Nar, the latter of which is simultaneously attacking the Hashemites. The Turks fall back and continue bombing.


    July 14: The Soviets organize rigged elections in the Baltic States. The parliaments will be in the control of the Soviets. Infighting continues within Baghdad between the Hashemites and Al-Nar, all the while the city is being bombed from above by the Turkish Airforce.


    July 15: The Saudi troops arrive on the outskirts of Baghdad. A second push into the city, this time with Saudi and more Al-Iihya support, is more successful.


    July 16: Baghdad officially falls to the Turks and Saudis.


    July 18: The Vichy French Air Force bombs Gibraltar.


    July 19: Allied ships clash with two Italian light cruisers, sinking one in the Battle of Cape Spada.


    July 20: More Hashemite forces arrive from the northwest and manage to retake Baghdad and force the Saudis and Turks further south in the Hejaz region.


    July 21: Shiites, Christians, and other religious and ethnic minorities in Mesopotamia flee to Iran where some begin to receive asylum. The brief Hashemite recapture of Baghdad is quickly ended with an even more massive force. The combined Turkish and Saudi forces begin their march westward. The Baltic States, all effectively controlled by the USSR, request membership into the union.


    July 22: The Havana Conference meets; the nations of the Western hemisphere meet to discuss neutrality and economic cooperation.

    Fumimaro Konoye is named the Prime Minister of Japan.


    July 23: The British “Home Guard" is officially established, drawing on elderly men and those considered unable to serve in the regular armed forces.


    July 24: After a large push by the Hashemites and Axis begin to stalemate around Shuwaq.


    July 25: With Syria no longer as heavily guarded as it was before, Turkey begins Operation Selim, a push into Syria starting with an attack on Antioch at 3:00 AM. The city falls to Turkish control that evening as Faisal attempts to call more troops from the south and east. All women and children are ordered to evacuate Gibraltar.


    July 26: The Turks invade Aleppo and Ar Raqqah as the Saudis take Tabuk. The United States of America activates the General Headquarters (GHQ), United States Army, which is designed to facilitate mobilization by supervising the organization and training of the army field forces within the continental United States, which is code named the Zone of the Interior.


    July 27: After successfully seizing Ar Raqqah, the Turks push south along the Euphrates, while the Saudis begin another offensive north into the deserts of southwestern Mesopotamia.


    July 28: The Saudis and Turks seize the city of Aqaba and begin shelling Eilat. Casualties in Eilat remain relatively low as a result of the massive construction of bomb shelters, and the Saudis and Turks agree to hold off on invading Palestine until the Hashemite proper was dealt with.


    July 29: Aleppo falls to the Turkish forces. The Turks seize Qa’im and the Saudis take Rutba, effectively cutting off the Hashemite forces in Mesopotamia from Damascus. The Hashemite army in Mesopotamia is forced to surrender.


    July 30: The Turks continue their offensive south through Syria, while the Saudis push north into Transjordan.



    ***



    3 August 1940, 12:32 AM– Sultan’s Palace, Damascus, Hashemite Arabia



    King Faisal could not sleep. How could he? Nearly 20 years ago he established his kingdom, and now it was being conquered by foreign armies, one of which had been the one from which he had hard fought for his people’s independence. He looked out the window, thinking only about how he had failed. He had failed to hold his people together. He had failed to fend off against the invaders. He had failed the Arab people.


    He rose out of bed and left his room. He began to pace the halls of the palace. It was a beautiful building that had been built for him from which he could rule his people fairly and justly. However, what gave him the right to this palace? What good had his rule brought? There had been prosperity in the early days of his Kingdom, when he had made peace with the Zionists, when he had reigned victorious from the Anatolian War, when he had made allies with the Greeks and the Kurds, when the sweet sounds of ruach filled the streets from Jeddah to Baghdad. But those days were gone. Now, there was nearly nothing left.


    “Your highness–"


    The Sultan, who had been forced to snap out of his deep thought, turned around to see his secretary Aisha.


    “Aisha,” he said.


    “I’m sorry your majesty,” she said, “did I startle you?”


    “No, no,” he said, “it’s quite alright. I was just taking a little stroll, that’s all. Shouldn’t you be in bed?”


    “Yes, but I have some news to report to you.”


    “What is it?”


    “Homs has fallen,” she said. “We just received word.”


    “Well then,” he said, “we'll need to leave as soon as possible. We don’t know when the Turks are going to reach Damascus, but we’ll want to be out when they do.”


    “Where can we go?” Aisha asked. “They’ll make it to Lebanon just as quickly as they will Damascus. Amman’s been seized by the Saudis. We’re surrounded by enemies on all sides.”


    “Well then I want you to send a message to David ben Gurion immediately letting him know that we will be going to Jerusalem.”


    “Yes your highness,” she said.


    Faisal went back to his room and tried again to sleep. He would need it for the journey of the following day.



    ***




    August 1: The Italian Royal Navy establishes its BETASOM submarine base in Bordeaux and joins the “Battle of the Atlantic.”


    August 2: The Battle of Homs serves as one of the major last stands of the Hashemites. A decisive Turkish victory opens up the road into Lebanon and Damascus. With nowhere else to turn, Faisal and his government flee Damascus through the Golan heights into Palestine. The USSR annexes Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.


    August 3: The Saudis win the Battle of Na’ur, allowing them to march onto Amman. The Turks take Tripoli. The USSR formally annexes Lithuania.


    August 4: The Battle of Damascus begins. The Turks face constant resistance on every street and attempt to stamp out various armed guerrillas throughout the city. A similar situation unfolds in Beirut, which is also heavily bombarded by German and Turkish ships, causing it to fall later that same day. Thousands of refugees begin to pour into Palestine. Italian forces under General Guglielmo Nasi, aided by Turkish and Saudi troops from Yemen, invade and occupy British Somaliland during the East Africa Campaign.


    5: Failure to achieve air superiority and bad weather in the Channel results in a postponement of the invasion of Great Britain. The USSR formally annexes Latvia.


    August 6: Damascus is fully brought under Turkish control with most seeds of resistance being effectively destroyed. The USSR formally annexes Estonia.


    August 7: Sidon is captured.


    August 9: Tyre is captured. The Golan Heights are incorporated into Palestine to make the territory more defensible against the eventual Axis attack on the region.


    August 10: On the day of the 20 year anniversary of the Treaty of Sevres which officially established Hashemite Arabia as an independent nation, the entirety of its former territory was officially brought under control. The charter on the mandate runs out, but Ben Gurion requests that Faisal hold off on taking action, since the Hebrew month of Av, the first nine days of which were dedicated to mourning, had recently begun, and Ben Gurion feared that any sort of action would disturb the more religious Jewish community.


    August 11-13: The Battle of Tug Argan is fought in British Somaliland during the Italian invasion, aided by Italy’s Middle Eastern allies. To avoid encirclement, the British withdraw.


    August 13: During the early morning of Tisha B’av, the ninth day of the Hebrew month of Av, the Turks begin a massive bombing campaign on Eilat, Palestine's Mediterranean coast, and the Judean hills, beginning the Battle for Palestine, which would later be known as the Battle for Israel. Due to many Jews being disconnected from their radios and other forms of communication at the time to observe the holy day, casualties quickly mount. Later that evening, with Tisha B’av coming to a close, Ben Gurion gives Faisal the go ahead to take action on the charter. Not in a position to deny anything to the Zionists, not having anything else to lose, and hoping that it may inspire them to put up a fight, Faisal agreed. Meanwhile in Europe, this is “Adler Tag" or "Eagle Day”. Hermann Göring starts a two-week assault on British airfields in preparation for invasion.


    ***



    14 August 1940, 5:30 PM – Jerusalem, Autonomous Mandate of Palestine



    The Zionist Council of Palestine had been gathered in Jerusalem. However, unlike the usual gathering, they had also been joined by leaders of all different Jewish and Arab communities from all across Palestine, and the cherry on top had to be the Hashemite Sultan himself.


    Faisal had been to Jerusalem many times, and had even met with the Zionist Council under both the leadership of David ben Gurion and Chaim Weizmann, his old friend who had gone overseas as an ambassador. However, this time was different. He was not here to check up on the affairs of his own autonomous mandate, but to witness as they changed history together as one. He had signed off the end to the charter earlier that day, and he knew what was now about to happen.


    Finally, David ben Gurion walked out. The man was short, only around five feet tall, yet when he walked into the room, his large presence shadowed all, even the Sultan. And so, with that, he walked up to the podium and began to speak.


    “The Land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books.

    After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom.

    Impelled by this historic and traditional attachment, Jews strove in every successive generation to re-establish themselves in their ancient homeland. In recent decades they returned in their masses. Pioneers, defiant returnees, and defenders, they made deserts bloom, revived the Hebrew language, built villages and towns, and created a thriving community controlling its own economy and culture, loving peace but knowing how to defend itself, bringing the blessings of progress to all the country's inhabitants, and aspiring towards independent nationhood.

    In the year 5657 (1897), at the summons of the spiritual father of the Jewish State, Theodore Herzl, the First Zionist Congress convened and proclaimed the right of the Jewish people to national rebirth in its own country.

    This right was recognized in the Balfour Declaration of the 2nd November, 1917, and re-affirmed in the Faisal-Weizmann Agreement,…”

    King Faisal noticed Ben Gurion giving him a warm, friendly look as he mentioned the agreement he had made with Weizmann over 20 years ago.

    "…and again with the Treaty of Sevres and the League of Nations Mandate, which gave international sanction to the historic connection between the Jewish people and Eretz-Israel and to the right of the Jewish people to rebuild its National Home, provided that we do so in peace, alongside our Arab brothers.

    The catastrophe that now befalls the Jewish people, the Arab people, and the free world has shaken our people to the core. The Nazis, the Ulkus, and all of their allies have been and continue to be the death of many free nations from Europe to the Pacific Ocean. However, it is time that our people become the masters of our own fate and, like the other great nations of the world, claim our own sovereign state.

    Accordingly we, the members of the council, and representatives of our great communities and the Zionist council, assembled on the day in of the termination of the Hashemite Mandate over Eretz-Israel, by virtue of our natural and historic right, hereby declare the establishment of an independent state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.

    We declare that, until the end of this long and brutal war, the Zionist Council shall act as a Previsionary government of our nation. The State of Israel will be open for Jewish immigration and for the Ingathering of the Exiles; it will foster the development of the country for the benefit of all its inhabitants; it will be based on freedom, justice and peace as envisaged by the prophets of Israel; it will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; it will guarantee freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture; it will safeguard the Holy Places of all religions; and it will be faithful to the principles of liberty, justice, and equality. The Jewish people extend out their hand to our Arab brothers, and declare that all those who wish to live in peace are to be full and equal Israeli citizens.

    Placing our trust in the Almighty, we declare that today, the 13th of August and the 10th of Av, will go down in history as the day that the tides turned. From millennia of laying dormant scattered across the world, the nation of Israel will rise again. We will rise like we did against Pharaoh, when we made our Exodus from Egypt. We will rise like we did out of Babylon, reclaiming our home. We will rise like David against Goliath, like Daniel against the lions, and like the Maccabees against Antiochus. We will rise against our oppressors. We will rise against our conquerors. We will rise against Hitler, and Mussolini, and Abdulaziz, and Bozkurt. We will rise to claim our dignity. We will rise to claim our freedom. We will rise like a light unto the nations, a beacon of hope fending off the darkness in these dark times. We will rise to never again be knocked down. We will fight on, and no matter the horror we face, Israel will rise again!”

    As Ben Gurion finished reading the declaration, the entire room stood up in applause. It started with Ben Gurion’s close supporters, and soon enough, everyone, Jew and Arab, joined in the standing ovation. Faisal, too, the last one sitting, could not bare to remain seated any longer and joined the celebration. It seemed that his deal had at least in some sense paid off. He had brought pride and a newly invigorated spirit to Jew and Arab alike, a spirit he had not seen in a long time. He thought, if these people, surrounded by the forces of their enemies, could have such spirit and determination to rise again, he too could fight on. For the first time in a long time, Faisal had felt something that he had never thought he could feel again: hope.

    David ben Gurion was the first to sign the declaration, followed by the other council members and community leaders. Ben Gurion knew exactly what struggle would be coming his country’s way. They were indeed surrounded on all sides. However, he had faith in both God and in his people. No other country had such a perfect network of tunnels and bomb shelters. No other country had as strong of a defensive line as that which had been formed on the Jordan Rift Valley and the Golan Heights. The Israeli, Hashemite, and Kurdish militaries had all been brought together in one place from which they could put up a strong defense, and the people of Israel would never accept defeat at the hands of Bozkurt. They were ready. The time had come to rise again.
     
    Last edited:
    El-Zoubi: Just the Palestinian we're looking for
  • (I apologize in advance how short this update is given how long it's been. I really haven't had much time to myself to write recently. I originally planned to have this be part of a larger update, but I realized it made more sense to release this one separately.)


    11 August 1940, 8:03 PM – Nazareth, Autonomous Mandate of Palestine




    Seif el-Din el-Zoubi was a young man, only 27 years of age, but he had seen a great deal of action already. Having enlisted as one of the few Arab soldiers in the Palestinian Militia years prior, he had fought as a captain on the Syrian front against the Turks, playing a significant role in the evacuation of refugees from Damascus as the city was falling. After spending the entire war so far guarding the now-fallen Syrian front, he had been allowed to return to his home briefly before he was to be reassigned to a position guarding the Palestinian border.


    He was just arriving home from dinner with his family at his parents house when he was surprised to see four armed body guards in suits, and the men they were guarding were none other than David ben Gurion and the Sultan Faisal himself.


    “Your Majesty,” he said stuttering with surprise. "Mr. Ben Gurion, I wasn’t expecting to see you. I was just on my way home from dinner. I don’t suppose you would like something to eat?”


    “We already ate, thank you,” the Sultan said.


    “I don’t understand, why wasn’t I just invited to come meet with you in Jerusalem? Why did you decide to come here?”


    “We didn’t want to force you to schlep on down to Jerusalem during your vacation. We don’t need to talk long for now.”


    Faisal and Ben Gurion sat down at on the couch, while el-Zoubi seated himself in a chair. The bodyguards stood guard.


    “We would like to make a proposal to you,” said Ben Gurion. “As you know, the Turks and Saudis are preparing to invade Palestine but are hesitating due to the dense concentration of Hashemite and Kurdish troops as well as other defenses.”


    “On top of this,” Faisal said, “I intend to sign off on the charter in a few days and allow Palestine to declare its independence. However the issue is that many local Arabs do not support the decision.”


    “We expect large numbers of Arabs to defect and possibly join Al-Iihya or even Al-Nar as well,” Ben Gurion continued. "However, with the support of a larger percentage of the Arab population, we can prevent this chaos and increase the size of our army.”


    El-Zoubi was humbled by simply having these two men in his living room. However, he was still confused.


    “So where do I come in?”


    “Mr. Ben Gurion has been telling me quite a lot about you,” said Faisal. “Since I’ve arrived, he’s told me about how you have excelled in your training. He’s told me of your courage, charisma, and abilities as a leader. Of course I wouldn’t expect any less of someone from the noble Zoabi family. Nonetheless, I thought I might as well come along on this trip to meet with you.”


    “As Faisal said,” Ben Gurion added while el-Zoubi was still blushing, “you have shown great skills, and I believe you have even greater potential. That is why I would like to have you placed in a greater role. We need a figure who can stand as a proud example of a noble Arab man fighting for Palestine, or Israel as it will be known in a few days. We would like you to lead a campaign to bring more Arabs into the army. If you wish to accept this offer, you can expect several promotions in military rank.”


    El-Zoubi could not believe what he was hearing.


    “I would be honored" he said.


    “Good,” said Ben Gurion. “I would like for you to come down to Jerusalem at your earliest convenience. I do not want to disturb you on your vacation, although I would like to invite you to a special ceremony in Jerusalem on August 14th at 5:30 in the evening.”


    El-Zoubi shook hands with Ben Gurion and the Sultan before the two men left with their bodyguards. It was true his vacation would be cut short, but he knew that it was his destiny to serve this greater purpose. He would not let them down.
     
    WWII: 14 Aug 1940 – 1 Dec 1940
  • “Israel is a nightmare. There is a rifle behind every building. There are traps at every crossing. There are mines on every field. The Jordan River crossing was one of the bloodiest days for the Turkish Army, and every day we take losses unlike those we sustained during the invasions of Kurdistan and [Hashemite] Arabia.”

    -Diary of Yaser Ufuk, private in the Turkish Army



    15 August 1940, 5:08 AM – just south of Allenby Bridge, east of Jericho, Israel



    The celebration of the previous night was finally beginning to die down. There had been word of an Al-Iihya bombing in Jerusalem during the festivities, although only a relatively small number of people were killed during the attack. Even terrorism, however, could not break the spirit of the Israeli people in these first twelve hours of their country’s existence.


    Tamir Orel was rather upset that he was unable to stay up late celebrating. However, he knew he had to be up early to take watch with the attack going on. He was tired nonetheless. The heat of August was cooled by the slight morning breeze as he watched the sun rise over the Jordan River Valley. He knew that on the other side, Turkish and Saudi forces were preparing their invasion.


    All of a sudden, the sound of aircraft engines could be heard from above. Turkish war planes appeared to fly straight out of the rising sun and towards the Israeli line. Soon, the aircraft were straight up ahead and began their bombardment. Orel fell to the ground, ducking under his arms. He could almost feel the shockwaves hit him. He looked to his left and to his right. several men on either side of him were now either injured or dead. He had been spared.


    Coming from behind him, he could see the Israeli pilots taking to the skies, and one was soon on the tail of the three Turkish planes. Orel could not stop watching. One of the three Turkish planes, hit by an anti-aircraft gun from the ground, came crashing down somewhere in the middle of the valley. The two remaining Turkish planes split apart, with one attempting to get behind the Israeli pilot as he followed the other. Just then, another Israeli plane came soaring in from the west and fired into the Turkish plane behind his countryman, which burst into flames and exploded somewhere behind the Israeli line. The final Turkish plane began to retreat back east, but not before the original Israeli pilot took out the enemy aircraft, which then crashed back into the Turkish and Saudi line.


    As he watched the final Turkish plane plummeting east across the valley, he could faintly see a small tank division. The defeated Turkish plane crashed into one, causing an explosion. As the other tanks moved forward and began to enter into the valley, a series of mines went off, slowly stopping the advance. Those that did not set a off a mine were now easy targets to be taken out from a distance by anti-tank guns. Each line of tanks after began to get stuck behind those in front as they went down into the valley.


    The tanks were followed by infantry who made it down to the river and began to board rafts. Israeli planes, still in the air, began their bombardment of the Turkish and Saudi soldiers. Orel could see them falling into the river, with some successfully getting out on the other side. Orel took aim and fired at the soldiers emerging from the river. They fired back, although he could see that many of their guns had trouble firing. He took shelter behind the barricade, and used his uphill advantage to continue firing down onto the enemy soldiers who began to helplessly fall back down into the valley.


    To his left he saw tanks and foot soldiers crossing the Allenby Bridge. He was prepared to run over and help to hold back the crossing. However, he heard the booming voice of his overseeing officer shouting orders, telling the men not to go near the bridge, but to stay away and leave those crossing alone. Not long after he gave the order, he saw the bridge burst into flames. Explosives lain all across the structure had gone off. Allenby Bridge came crashing down, and all tanks and soldiers on it fell straight down into the middle of the valley.


    The fighting would cease around noon, with the Turkish and Saudi assaults from across the Jordan River ceasing. Not all fronts would see the same success, yet a statement had been made: this tiny country, less than a day old and the size of a fingernail on most maps, would not go down without a fight.



    ***



    World War II (cont.)



    1940



    August 14- British scientist Sir Henry Tizard leaves for the United States on the Tizard Mission, giving over to the Americans a number of top secret British technologies including the magnetron, the secret device at the heart of radar, which is already proving itself in the defense of Britain. Meanwhile, King Faisal of Hashemite Arabia signs off on the charter for Palestine, allowing the mandate to become independent. David ben Gurion forms a conference, and later that day Israel declares its independence. That night, a member of Al-Iihya sets off a bomb during the celebration, killing 3 and injuring 15 others.


    August 15- Operation Babylon begins with the Turks and Saudis invading Israel on all sides. The Turks and Saudis are unable to break in from the east across the easily defensible Jordan Rift Valley. The Turks begin to push back Israeli forces in the north, but the advance is incredibly slow due to the heavily defended mountains. The Turks see the most success in the south with an invasion from the Sinai Peninsula capturing Eilat and Khan Yunis, but face many casualties at the hands of guerrilla fighters and armed civilians in edition to the Israeli, Kurdish, and Hashemite soldiers. On the same day, The Israelis begin a campaign to bring local Arabs to the Israeli side led by successful Arab Israeli Captain el-Zoubi. Meanwhile, RAF victories over the Luftwaffe continue, in a wide-ranging fight along the East coast. British fighter aircraft production begins to accelerate. The Greek cruiser Elli is sunken by a Turkish submarine.


    August 16: The Turks reach the city of Nahariyya and capture Deir al Balah, but are repulsed from advancing east at Nirim.

    The Battle of Britain continues. The Germans are hampered by poor aircraft range and British extensive use of radar.

    A first draft of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement by the US and Britain is made public


    August 17: The Turks are repulsed from Nahariyya, but continue to make their way north along the coast before a confrontation at Bureij. The Turks continue to attempt a breakthrough along the Jordan Rift Valley, but have little success.

    Hitler declares a blockade of the British Isles.

    Axis forces take Berbera, the capital of British Somaliland, causing the British to flee to Kenya.


    August 18: Heavy goes on in the Battle of Britain. The Germans suffer severe losses on bomber formations. Göring declares cowardice among his fighter pilots and orders them to closely guard the bombers, further restricting their capabilities.

    The Turks are halted at Bureij.


    August 19: Operation Dead Man Floating sees Turkish and Saudi infantry attempting to cross the Dead Sea on rafts in order to capture Israeli territory. This ends in failure.


    August 20: Italy announces a blockade of British ports in the Mediterranean area.


    August 21: The Battle of Gaza begins. The Turks enter the city hoping that the locals will flock to their side, however after being rallied behind the Israeli banner by el-Zoubi, the Gazans put up a massive fight to resist the Turkish occupation. The city soon turns into a battleground between Turkish forces and their Al-Iihya allies led by Turkish General Mazhar Teke and former Mufti Al-Husseini, Al-Nar guerrilla forces, and the Israeli army lead by el-Zoubi with their Gazan supporters.

    After a heavy bombardment of Eilat, the Turks retake the city and push north to Be’er Ora.


    August 22: The Turks, lead by General Münir Terzi, finally break through across the Jordan Rift Valley near Jericho and capture the city, where they are also met by Israeli forces led by General Yisrael Galili and fierce guerillas.

    The Germans begin to shell Dover and the nearby coastal area with long-range artillery.


    August 23: Gaza falls to the Turks. The Israeli forces fall back. The Turks finally capture Nahariyya, but are confronted at Shavei Zion by the Israeli forces led by General Yaakov Dori.


    August 25: Churchill orders the bombings of Berlin in retaliation for the previous night’s bombing of a church in Cripplegate.


    August 26: Both London and Berlin are bombed.

    The Israeli National Council, the renamed Zionist Council of Palestine, orders for the evacuation of troops and civilians from Jericho.


    August 27: Douala in French Cameroon is captured. The rest of the colony is captured soon after.


    August 28: The Turks take Jericho, which has been deserted by its civilian population. The Turks begin a massive fortification of the city, referred to by many as the "Wall of Jericho”. Having evacuated all civilians, Israel begins to heavily bomb the city.


    August 30: London is bombed in retaliation for the bombing of Berlin, beginning the “London Blitz.” Hitler and Mussolini force Romania to hand over Northern Transylvania to Hungary.


    September 1: Germany’s Jews are ordered to wear yellow stars for identification. Many as a result attempt to flee the country. Guerrilla fighters force the Turks to retreat from Gaza.


    September 2: The Destroyers for Bases Agreement is completed. Britain obtains 50 destroyers in exchange for giving the United States land grants in various British possessions for the establishment of US naval and air bases, on ninety-nine-year rent-free leases on bases in the Bahamas, Antigua, St. Lucia, Trinidad, Jamaica, and British Guiana.


    September 3: Hitler postpones Operation Sea Lion, the plan to invade Britain, as the Luftwaffe fails to break the British defenses.


    September 5: The Turks win the battle of Karmiel, opening up the Galilee to a Turkish invasion.


    September 6: King Carol abdicates the Romanian throne in favor of his son Michael while control of the government is taken by Marsha Antonescu.


    September 7: In a major misjudgment, the Luftwaffe shifts focus to London and away from the RAF airfields.


    September 9: Tel Aviv is bombed by the Turkish air force causing 137 deaths.


    September 10: The Italian Air Corps is formed to fight in the Battle of Britain. Operation Sea Lion is set to take place on September 24.


    September 12: The Turks push through Acre and begin their march for Haifa.


    September 14: Operation Sea Lion is postponed until September 27.


    September 15: The Battle of Haifa begins with fighting just outside of the city. The Turkish navy blockades the port while the Turkish Army advances from the northeast. The Turks are kept at bay at the Kishon River. Although the Israelis are forced to fall back before the day’s end, they manage to inflict far more casualties on the Turks than they sustain themselves. Massive German bombing flights take place on English cities, but most are driven off. The RAF begins to claim victory in the Battle of Britain.


    September 16: The Turks enter the city of Haifa where they encounter fighting on every street and corner, inflicting heavy casualties upon the Turks.


    September 17: Fighting continues on every front in Israel. The Turks and Saudis begin to push west from the heavily fortified city of Jericho towards Jerusalem, where they encounter resistance throughout the Judean Hills. The Turkish navy and Airforce bombards Israel’s western coast. The Battle of Haifa continues, and the Saudis and Turks begin a push across the Negev desert. A decoded message reveals that Hitler has postponed Operation Sea Lion until further notice.


    September 21: Turkish General Eren Rauf, leading the invasion from the north, calls for the Turks to evacuate the city. Bozkurt, angered by the number of cities evacuated as a result of guerrilla warfare, demands that Rauf remain in the city or else he will be relieved of his command. Rauf is forced to comply with his orders.


    September 22: The Japanese occupy French Indochina. Local French administrators become only figurehead authorities.


    September 23: Free French and British forces attempt a landing at Dakar in French West Africa. Vichy French naval forces open fire sporadically for two days, and the expedition is called back. Israeli forces, along with their Hashemite and Kurdish allies, confront the Turkish and Saudi forces at Wadi al-Qilt, where the invasion is pushed back once again.


    September 24: Berlin suffers a large bombing raid by the RAF. In response to Dakar, the Vichy French Air Force bombs Gibraltar for the first time since July 18.


    September 25: Vichy French aircraft return to Gibraltar for a second day of bombings. Japanese 5th Division marches into Hanoi, French Indochina.


    September 26: The Turks attempt a failed landing north of Ashdod.


    September 27: The Pentapartite Pact is signed in Berlin by Germany, Turkey, Italy, Japan, and Saudi Arabia, promising mutual aid. An informal name, "Axis", emerges.


    September 30: Another attempted Turkish landing on the Israeli coast north of Ashdod goes successfully, although not without large casualties.


    October 1: The Turks begin to push west from their position north of Ashdod towards Jerusalem.

    Chinese Nationalist and Chinese Communists fight each other in southern China. Meanwhile Japanese forces have a setback at Changsha.


    October 2: The bombing of London continues throughout the month.


    October 3: Warsaw's Jews are directed to move into the Warsaw ghetto. The battle of Yavne results in a Turkish victory.


    October 4: Adolf Hitler, Arslan Bozkurt, and Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass to discuss the prospects in the war.


    October 7: Responding to a Romanian request made on September 7, Germany deploys a military mission to Romania to provide training for the Romanian Army and guard the Romanian oilfields.


    October 9: Eren Rauf, making use of his tank divisions, begins to push south from Haifa. Turkish and Israeli forces fight around Mount Carmel and Nir Etsion forest. Meanwhile, the Battle of Umm Kalkha opens the road to Jerusalem from the west.


    October 11: Israeli, Hashemite, and Kurdish forces, under the leadership of Yaakov Dori, advance from the southeast and reinvade Haifa. The heavily battered Turkish forces are forced to retreat, angering Bozkurt. Yaakov Dori begins to advance south from Haifa on General Rauf’s tail.


    October 12: Any German invasion of Britain is postponed until spring 1941 at the earliest. The Royal Navy clash with and defeat several Italian ships which attacked them after a convoy mission to Malta.


    October 13: The Turks win the battle of Bet Shemesh, leaving Jerusalem exposed. General El-Zoubi retakes Yavne and Ashdod from the Turks, cutting off the supply line of the Turkish force marching east to Jerusalem. However, the Turks continue on their march. British civilians are still being killed by German bombs though the attacks have dropped off significantly.


    October 14: Jerusalem is invaded from both sides. The Israeli National Council flees north to the Magen Tsiyon bunker several miles south of Nablus.


    October 15: Mussolini and his closest advisers decide to invade Greece without first consulting Bozkurt or Hitler. Meanwhile, in Israel, much of the coastal region is retaken by Yaakov Dori in his continuing fight against the aggressive military tactics of Eren Rauf. Mazhar Teke and Seif el-Din el-Zoubi continue to fight over the south, particularly in the Negev. El-Zoubi becomes known for rallying the bedouins of the Negev to his side, causing a massive bedouin revolt against the Turkish forces. Meanwhile, Yisrael Galili and Münir Terzi fight over Jerusalem in a battle which becomes even more intense than those in Gaza and Haifa. On one side was the Israelis, Kurds, and Hashemites. On the another side was the Turks, the Saudis, and Al-Iihya. Yet on the third side was the guerrilla forces of Al-Nar.


    October 16: Draft registration begins in the United States.


    October 18: A Druze contingent from the Golan Heights, lead by Amal Mansour, leads a push into the Galilee against the Turkish forces, causing many Druze in the north of the country to revolt against the Turks.


    October 20: The Italians bomb the port of Mombasa in Kenya.


    October 23: Adolf Hitler meets with Franco at Hendaye near the Spanish-French border. Hitler attempts to convince Franco to enter the war on the Axis side. Franco states that he will enter the war if he continues to see the Axis be successful, but in the meantime declares that Spain is in no state to enter immediately.


    October 24: After meeting with Franco, Hitler goes to Montoire where a meeting with Philippe Pétain took place signifying the start of organized French collaboration with the Nazi regime. The Italian Air Corps sees its first action during the Battle of Britain.


    October 25: Berlin and Hamburg are bombed heavily. The Battle of Netanya ends in an Israeli victory, with Dori defeating Rauf and forcing him to fall back north towards Hadera. Meanwhile, the Turks begin to heavily bombard the city of Tel Aviv. The city suffers massive destruction, but the prevalence of bomb shelters prevents the casualties from amounting too high.


    October 26: Teke and el-Zoubi clash at the battle of Be’er Sheva, which ends in an Israeli victory. Following this battle, el-Zoubi decides to turn his attention towards the strip of Turkish-occupied land along the coast from the Sinai peninsula to Gaza, under the control of former Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Hajj Amin Al-Husseini.


    October 28: At about 3:00 AM the Italian ambassador to Greece issues ultimatum to Greece and Greek Prime Minister Metaxas replies: "So it is war". The Italian Royal Army launches attacks into Greece from Ablania and begins the Greco-Italian War. Hitler is angered at the initiative of his ally. Meanwhile, Bozkurt is fuming with rage, due to his desire to conquer Greece for Turkey. He immediately recalls Eren Rauf from his post in Israel to return to Ankara so that he can be reassigned to invade Greece. He also reassigns nearly half of the Turkish divisions fighting in Israel to Greece and demands that the Saudis send more troops to they other fronts in the war besides the one in the east. After voicing his disapproval of Bozkurt’s plan, he knows better than to disagree with the Bashbu.


    October 29: Very heavy convoy losses occur as the number of German U-boats increase. Eren Rauf returns to Ankara, allowing Dori’s troops to liberate increasingly more land in the Galilee and along the northern portion of the west coast.


    October 31: With his success on the northern front, Yaakov Dori agrees to send divisions to Yisrael Galili to aid in the intense ongoing battle in Jerusalem. Meanwhile, el-Zoubi has fought his way to the Mediterranean, cutting the coastal strip of Turkish occupation in half.


    November 1: In an air raid of Jerusalem, the Turks accidentally bomb the Old City. This causes damage to various Holy Sites in the city. The Church of Holy Sepulchre is damaged in the raid. The Temple Mount is also hit, damaging Al-Aqsa and narrowly missing the Dome of the Rock. This bombing, as well as the new divisions arriving from the north, is key in turning the tide in the long-lasting Battle of Jerusalem. Those in the city who had been neutral or had not cared to fight took up arms against the Turks and Saudis. Even several Saudi and Turkish soldiers and Al-Iihya militants ditch their armies as the reinforcements arrived.


    November 2: The Italian advance into Greece continues. Vovousa is captured and Italian aircraft bomb Thessaloniki.


    November 3: An incredibly hastily planned Turkish invasion of Greece begins under the leadership of General Eren Rauf with a landing in Greek Constantinople across the Strait of Bosphorus. Although sustaining many casualties and experiencing many setbacks due to the lack of planning, Eren Rauf’s aggressive tactics allow him to succeed. By the end of the day, Turkish tanks roam through the streets of the city.


    November 5: President Roosevelt wins a third term. The British see this event as promising of more help from the US. The HMS Jervis Bay, a merchant cruiser, is sunk on convoy duty, but much of the convoy escapes. The loss becomes a major media event.

    Meanwhile, el-Zoubi has defeated al-Husseini and successfully retaken the Israeli coast. After this, el-Zoubi turns his attention back towards Teke’s forces and begins a the Negev Campaign, which would also become known as “El-Zoubi’s March to the Red Sea”.


    November 7: Jerusalem is successfully liberated, much to Bozkurt’s anger. With General Dori having liberated most of the north, he begins to send even more divisions to Jerusalem to push out the Turks and Saudis.


    November 8: The Battle of Elaia-Kalamas ends and the Italians put a halt to their futile offensive in Greece. The Turks, meanwhile, have successfully brought all land from Istanbul to Alexandroopoli under their control and are advancing west towards Kavala.


    November 11: British naval forces launch attack against Italian navy at Taranto. The Turks invade the island of Crete.


    November 12: In the Battle of Gabon, the Brits liberate central Africa from the Vichy French.


    November 13: Molotov meets with Hitler asking for acceptance to liquidate Finland, however Hitler now resists any attempts to expand Soviet influence into Europe. He sees Britain as defeated and offers India to the Soviet Union.

    With the Battle of Pindus, the Greeks are able to push the Italians back to Albania, but the Turks also begin their attack on Thessaloniki, which falls the next day.


    November 14: Another offensive occurs against Jerusalem. The Turks still manage to surround the city, hoping to starve it out.


    November 15: The Soviets are invited to join the Pentapartite Pact and share in the spoils of the British Empire, but do not accept the offer.

    Wasrsaw’s Jewish ghetto is cordoned off from the rest of the city.


    November 17: Eren Rauf’s troops attack the Greeks who are attacking the Italian forces, causing the Greek offensive in Albania to pull back into Greece.


    November 20: Hungary signs the Pentapartite Pact. El-Zoubi’s Negev campaign finally reaches Eilat, which had been under Turkish occupation since the beginning of the Turkish invasion of Israel. This allows him to return back north towards Jerusalem, where the Turks continue to shell Jerusalem. Dori also goes to Jerusalem, leaving Mansour to hold the north.


    November 21: The Battle of Trikala in Greece ends in a Greek and Turkish victory. The Greeks draw a defensive line across the country just south of the city.


    November 23: The Turks camped to the west of the city attempt to escape west towards the Mediterranean but several divisions are surrounded by Dori and el-Zoubi’s forces and are forced to surrender, being taken as prisoners of war. Romania signs the Pentapartite Pact.


    November 24: Dori, Hagalili, and el-Zoubi begin to push east from Jerusalem into the Judean hills. The Slovak Republic sings the Pentapartite Pact.


    November 27: The Israeli, Kurdish, and Hashemite forces within Israel all attack Jericho, a major Saudi-Turkish-occuppied stronghold along the Jordan River Valley.


    November 28: A Greek Counteroffensive into Ioannina succeeds.


    November 29: Catching the Turks off guard, the Greeks also push north to Larissa.


    December 1: The Israelis break through the Saudi and Turkish fortifications around Jericho, allowing them to push into the city and causing the Saudis and Turks to retreat. The Jerusalem Post reports “The Wall of Jericho has come Tumbling Down”.


    ***



    1 December 1940, 8:00 PM – Bozkurt’s Office, Sultan’s Palace, Ankara



    Bozkurt sat waiting in his office. He had told his advisors to arrive at 8 o’clock on the dot, and they were already late.


    Finally, all at once, Hürset Himmet, Yusuf Gürel, and Hisham Güray entered the room. They saw the Bashbu sitting at his desk, and they could see that he looked angry.


    “You are all late.”


    “We are sorry, Bashbuim” Güray replied, “it won’t happen again. What are we here to discuss?”


    “You know exactly what this is about. How were we able to conquer Kurdistan and Arabia in the course of less than a year, and then lose multiple divisions in a failed invasion of Palestine?”


    “Bashbuim,” said Gürel, “That one piece of land contained the remaining remnants of the Kurdish and Hashemite Armies. The Zionists have been preparing for war for years, and we overestimated the number of locals who would join our side. We were not prepared for this invasion.”


    “We were prepared enough to take over a tiny region the size of a sliver on a map.”


    “Bashbuim,” Gürel continued, “if we prepare a new, larger army, continue to bomb the Israelis, and then begin a new invasion, we should be able to–“


    “Bashbuim,” said Himmet, cutting off Gürel, “you assigned General Rauf and moved half of our divisions in Palestine to fight the Greeks. Obviously we cannot recall our troops from Greece while the Italian invasion is also going on, so we must hold off on doing another push into Palestine. In the meantime we form a defensive line to avoid a counter offensive and reassign more divisions to Greece. We can handle the Israelis once the rest of our war goals have been achieved.”


    “I agree with Himmet,” said Bozkurt. “We must withdraw our remaining divisions from Palestine. Right now the Greek campaign is more important."
     
    Last edited:
    WWII 1 Dec 1940 – 22 Jun 1941
  • 5 May 1941, 6:08 PM– Guenete Leul Palace, Addis Ababa



    Five years.


    It had been five years since he had seen this city, the throne of his ancestors. It was from here that he had ruled the cradle of mankind, all of its mountains and forests and lakes and deserts. It was here that the line of Solomon commanded the great, diverse, and ancient nation of Ethiopia.


    Emperor Haile Selassie passed through the great palace gates, crowned by great carved lions. Walking through his former residence, he felt the people around him come alive and his kingdom reawaken. All those he passed kneeled before him, their emperor, now returned from exile.


    He returned to the room in the palace where his throne still stood. He approached it steadily and with confidence and took his seat, and as the sun set upon Ethiopia, a new dawn had come.


    “Long live the King!” the people shouted. “Long live the Emperor! Long Live Ethiopia!”



    ***



    World War II (continued)



    1940


    December 1: Bombing raids are exchanged throughout the month between Germany and Britain. First German bombs, then Britain’s.


    December 2: Following the fall of Jericho, skirmishes continue throughout Israel. Bozkurt orders that troops be withdrawn for another invasion at a later date. He begins to send more troops to the Greek front. The Turks continue to bomb Israel, and the Israeli military continues to engage with Al-Iihya and Al-Nar. The Israeli government and Hashemite government in exile move from the Magen Tsiyon bunker back to Jerusalem.


    December 5: The RAF bombs Düsseldorf and Turin. The Turks begin another push south, led by General Erin Rauf. With new reinforcements and more tank divisions, they become successful, recapturing Larissa and continuing to press southward.


    December 6-9: British and Indian troops launch Operation Antelope, a push northward into Italian Ethiopia and Somaliland. The British successfully destroy two Italian divisions. Conspiracy theorists would continue to suspect that Turkish troops in the region assisted the British in order to secure their own campaign in Greece, although this was unlikely.


    December 8: While the Italians continue to struggle with the Greeks in the west, the Turks have pushed to Lamia.


    December 12: The Solomon Society, a Ethiopian nationalist group, is founded with the intention of throwing out the Italians and reestablishing their independence. It is formed with the assistance of the British, who see the East African front as the most vulnerable front of the War against the Axis, and believe it is necessary to win in order to regain control of Egypt and the Suez Canal.


    December 13: The Battle of Athens begins. The Turks heavily bomb the city before sending in tanks and infantry. The Athenians attempt to resist the occupation, but are ultimately less prepared for urban guerrilla warfare than the militants in Israel. The Greek government flees to Kalamata. Meanwhile, the Italians continue steadily south through western Greece.


    December 16: The first RAF raid on Mannheim, Germany occurs.


    December 17: The Italians take Preveza.


    December 18: Hitler issues directive to begin planning for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union.


    December 19: After a successful seizure of Athens, Turkish troops reach the outskirts of the Peloponnesian peninsula and the Greeks make a stand at the Isthmus of Corinth.


    December 22-24: Bombing raids occur on Manchester.


    December 25: The Turks push into the Peloponnesian Peninsula.


    December 26: The Italians reach the Gulf of Patras and begin to land troops onto the Peloponnesian Peninsula.


    December 29: Large German air-raids take place on London; St. Paul’s Cathedral is damaged.


    December 30: Greece surrenders to Turkey and Italy. The eastern part of the country is occupied by Turkey, while the west is occupied by Italy. Bozkurt and Mussolini remain somewhat bitter towards each other. Bozkurt is angered by the fact that Mussolini abruptly began their own invasion of Greece without consulting Turkey, and Mussolini is bitter that despite launching the invasion of Greece, the Turks took more than half of the country, including Athens as well as most of the Islands. Bozkurt also plans to move the Turkish capital back to Constantinople



    1941



    January 1: The RAF bombs aircraft factories in Bremen, Germany.


    January 2: German bombers, likely off course, bomb the Irish Free State for the second night in a row.


    January 3: RAF bombers attack Bremen and the Kiel Canal in Germany. The Kiel Canal Bridge suffered a direct hit and collapsed on Finnish ship Yrsa.


    January 5: The British promise the Somalis currently under Italian rule or occupation independence should they rebel. As a result, the Somali Revolutionary Force (SRF) begins to rebel in Italian Somaliland, former British Somaliland, and the Ogaden region of eastern Ethiopia. Meanwhile, the leader of Wallonia's fascist party, Léon Degrelle, gives a speech in the German-occupied city of Liège announcing the support of the Rexist Party for German Nazism.


    January 9: With Somali support, the British forces take the key port of Kismayo in southern Italian Somaliland.


    January 10: Lend Lease is introduced into the US Congress. The German-Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement is signed. German aircraft damage aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious, which is heading for Malta. The German Luftwaffe now clearly has command of air over the Mediterranean.


    January 11: In London, 57 people are killed and 69 injured when a German bomb lands outside the Bank of England, demolishing the Underground station below and leaving a 120-foot crater.


    January 12: A massive anti-Italian riot tears through the streets of Addis Ababa, incited by the Solomon Society.


    January 13: British and Australian troops of XIII Corps prepare for the assault on Italian-held Mogadishu. That night, there is a heavy Luftwaffe raid on Plymouth.


    January 14: First use of “V for Victory” by Victor de Laveleye on the BBC's Belgian service, Radio Belgique.


    January 15: The rivalry between Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists becomes more evident. Large numbers of the latter faction are forced to reluctantly give up their arms.


    January 16: German bombers pound Valletta, Malta, and HMS Illustrious is hit again.


    January 17: The Battle of Ko Chang ended in a decisive victory for the Vichy French naval forces during the Franco-Thai War.


    January 18: The Battle of Mogadishu ends in a decisive Anglo-Somali victory against the Italian and Turkish forces. Air raids on Malta are increasing in focus and intensity.


    January 19: Hitler, Bozkurt, and Mussolini meet at Berchtesgaden. Hitler agrees to provide aid in East Africa, which is at this point seen as the most critical front in the war. Hoping to gain a leg up over Mussolini in the Balkans, Bozkurt proposes his plans, Operation Suleiman, for the invasion of Yugoslavia.


    January 23: HMS Illustrious, heavily damaged, leaves Malta for Gibraltar.


    January 30: British forces take Baidoa in Italian Somaliland.


    February 1: Operation Suleiman, with the leadership of Turkish General Eren Rauf, begins in Yugoslavia. The Turks push into Slavic Macedonia from the south and advance rapidly. From Albania, the Italians lead slightly less successful pushes into Montenegro, Macedonia, and Serbia (Kosovo). The Italians also make a smaller push into Slovenia. The Germans and Hungarians invade south into Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia. The Romanians also invade Serbia. Yugoslavia is quickly overwhelmed, and the entire country surrenders by the end of the week. Bulgaria grows increasingly concerned with Turkish expansion in the Balkans.


    February 3: German Lieutenant General Erwin Rommel is appointed head of "German Army troops in Africa." This unit is later to be officially designated as the “Afrika Korps.” Germany forcibly restores Pierre Laval to office in Vichy.


    February 8: Yugoslavia formally surrenders and is carved up by the Axis powers. Meanwhile, the US House of Representatives passes the Lend-Lease bill.


    February 9: Seeing the entire Mediterranean (with the exception of Israel and Gibraltar) fall to the Axis Powers, Spain finally agrees to Hitler’s proposal to join the Axis Powers. Meanwhile, Mussolini is informed that German reinforcements are on their way to the Horn of Africa. Churchill pleads with the US, saying “give us the tools.”


    February 10: With Spanish entry into the war, António de Oliveira Salazar declared that Portugal would remain neutral, supporting Nationalist Spain and opposing communism, but also fearing the Axis Powers and opposing their expansion. At this point through March, Malta is under heavy daily attack.


    February 11: Elements of the Afrika Korps begin to arrive in Italian East Africa.


    February 14: Rommel arrives in Asmara. The Africa Korps starts to move southward towards the the British positions in Italian Somaliland.


    February 15: Deportation of Austrian Jews to ghettos in Poland begins.


    February 19: the start of the “three nights Blitz" of Swansea, South Wales. The Swansea town centre is almost completely obliterated in these three nights.


    February 20: German and British troops confront each other at Ceel Bacad.


    February 24: The German U-boat offensive in the Atlantic is now increasingly successful. Meanwhile, the Spanish force the British out of Gibraltar. Admiral Darlan is appointed the head of the Vichy government in France.


    February 28: The Germans, Italians, and Turks begin to push the British back towards Mogadishu. In Asmara, members of the Solomon Society continue to riot against Italian rule.


    March 1: Hitler gives orders for the expansion of Auschwitz prison camp, to be run by Commandant Rudolf Höss. Meanwhile, due to increasing concern over the Bulgarians, Bozkurt and his generals plan Operation Bayezid, a planned invasion of Bulgaria.


    March 4: British commandos carry out attacks on oil facilities at Narvik in Norway.


    March 5: The SRF launches a massive guerrilla attack against Rommel’s forces, greatly weakening them and forcing them to halt their advance.


    March 8: Buckingham Palace is hit in a bombing of London.


    March 9: The Solomon Society seizes control of most of the city of Addis Ababa, holding many Italian leaders hostage.


    March 11: United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs the Lend Lease Act (now passed by the full Congress) allowing Britain, China, and other Allied nations to purchase military equipment and to defer payment until after the war.


    March 12: German Panzers arrive in Somaliland providing heavy armor for the Germans.


    March 13: The Luftwaffe strikes with a large force at Glasgow and the shipping industry along the River Clyde.


    March 19: Worst bombing of London so far this year, with heavy damage from incendiary bombs; Plymouth and Bristol are bombed again.


    March 24: Rommel attacks and reoccupies Mogadishu in a major offensive. The British begin to retreat.


    March 26: With the Ethiopian Revolution growing by the day, the Italians, Germans, and Turks send troops to Italian-occupied Ethiopia to attempt to combat the Solomon Society’s actions. Meanwhile, the SRF begins to fight the Italians in Hargeisa in former British Somaliland.


    March 27: Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa arrives in Honolulu, Hawaii and begins to study the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor.


    March 31: The Afrika Korps continues the German offensive in East Africa. Buur Hakaba is taken.


    April 1: The British continue to retreat south. Rommel continues his offensive. During this month the heavy bombing of British cities continues, and convoy losses remain heavy.


    April 3: Bristol suffers another heavy air attack.


    April 7: Bozkurt issues an ultimatum to the Bulgarians: declare allegiance to the Turks and allow them to occupy the territory with their troops, or face invasion. Believing the rest of the Axis Powers will oppose this motion, Prime Minister Bogdan Filov declares that his country refuses said ultimatum.


    April 8: Turkey invades Bulgaria in Operation Bayezid. Hitler is annoyed, since Bulgaria had previously been sympathetic to the Axis cause, although he does not care enough to do anything about it, and either way Bulgaria is a Slavic country. Mussolini, however, is further enraged by Bozkurt’s increasing power in the Balkans. Despite this, he too is unable to object. Turkey’s invasion is led by General Eren Rauf, who leads the push north from Thrace. Meanwhile, Münir Terzi leads a push west from Turkish-occupied Serbia and Macedonia.


    April 10: Greenland is occupied by the United States. With the approval of a "free Denmark", the US will build naval and air bases as counters to the U-boat war. The Germans encircle the port of Baraawe and begin their siege. They are fought off by the British and SRF. The destroyer USS Niblack attacks a German U-boat that had just sunk a Dutch freighter. The Niblack was picking up survivors of the freighter when it detected the U-boat preparing to attack. The Niblack attacks with depth charges and drives off the U-boat.


    April 11: Though still a "neutral" nation, the United States begins sea patrols in the North Atlantic. Meanwhile, heavy Luftwaffe raids on Coventry and Birmingham, England.


    April 12: Terzi’s forces take Sofia, Bulgaria. Meanwhile, Rauf’s forces have occupied much of southern Bulgaria.


    April 13: Malta is bombed again. The island nation it continues to be a thorn in the side of German supply movements in the Mediterranean. Japan and the Soviets sign a neutrality pact. Meanwhile, the the Solomon Society and the SRF become increasingly powerful, with both groups gaining more and more territory and their respective countries, and conducting more and more guerrilla attacks against German, Italian, and Turkish troops.


    April 14: Needing to put down the Ethiopian and Somali insurrections, Rommel is forced to turn back, allowing the British to once again advance north through Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia as well. To combat this, the other Axis countries call for Franco to send more troops from Spain.


    April 15: British destroyers intercept an Afrika Korps convoy and sink all five transports and the three covering Italian destroyers.


    April 16: A heavy Luftwaffe raid on Belfast, Northern Ireland.


    April 19: London suffers one of the heaviest air raids in the war; St. Paul's is mildly damaged but remains closed; other Wren churches are heavily damaged or destroyed.


    April 21: The British are able to retake Mogadishu with the support of the SRF. The British also begin to push more into Ethiopia, where they are greeted by the locals as liberators. Fighting continues in Bulgaria.


    April 24: Plymouth suffers the third night of heavy bombing by the Luftwaffe.


    April 25: Rommel successfully puts down a large SRF branch in eastern Somalia. However, the British continue their advance.


    April 27: The British and Solomon Society take Finchawa from an underprepared Italian force.


    April 28: Rommel attacks the British line at Adale and Jalalaqsi, but still fails to retake Mogadishu from the British.


    April 30: Rommel is ordered to cease attacks on Tobruk after another failure. Meanwhile, the British forces and the Solomon Society advance further north, taking Dilla and Awassa, connecting the British line to territory already recaptured by the Solomon Society surrounding Addis Ababa.


    May 1: Seven nights of bombing of Liverpool by the Luftwaffe begins, resulting in widespread destruction.


    May 2: Bulgaria, having been almost entirely occupied by the Turks, finally issues a formal surrender. Bulgaria is incorporated into the Turkish Empire.


    May 3: Belfast, Northern Ireland, experiences another heavy bombing by the Luftwaffe. The British and Ethiopians continue to fight the Italians and expand their territory in Ethiopia.


    May 5: Five years from the day he was forced to flee, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie triumphantly enters his palace in Addis Ababa. This causes great celebration among members of the Solomon Society, whose faction had been named in honor of the great emperor’s dynasty. Hitler and Mussolini are both angered by how undefended they left much of the Ethiopian interior due to all of the troops they focused in Somalia. Immediately, thousands of Italian troops and arriving Spanish troops are sent to the forests of Ethiopia.


    May 8: Heavy convoy losses in the Atlantic continue. However, one U-boat (Uis captured by the British navy and another copy of the "Enigma" machine is discovered and saved. It will help to turn the fortunes in the Atlantic battle. Meanwhile, the Luftwaffe bombs Nottingham.


    May 9: A Japanese brokered peace treaty signed in Tokyo ends the Franco-Thai War.


    May 10: Rudolf Hess is captured in Scotland after bailing out of his plane. His self-appointed mission was to make peace with the United Kingdom.

    The United Kingdom’s House of Commons is damaged by the Luftwaffe in an air raid. Other targets include Hull, Liverpool, Belfast, and the shipbuilding area of the River in Scotland. This is close to the end of the Blitz, as Germany shifts its focus toward Soviet Union and the East.

    Meanwhile, the “Strike of 100,000" begins in Liège in Belgium on the anniversary of the German invasion of 1940. It soon spreads across the whole province until nearly 70,000 workers are on strike.


    May 12: The RAF bombs several German cities, including Hamburg, Emden, and Berlin.


    May 14: The British successfully advance north through Somalia, recapturing Adale. Meanwhile, the British and Ethiopians continue to fight the mostly Spanish and Italian forces in the forests of the Ethiopian highlands.


    May 15: First Civilian Public Service camp opens for conscientious objectors in the United States. Turkish General Mazhar Teke is sent to Ethiopia.


    May 16: Rommel defeats a British attack on Haradhere. The two sides continue to trade Haradehere and Dhuusamareeb back and forth.


    May 18: At the Battle of Metu in Ethiopia, the British and Ethiopians defeat a Spanish and Italian force. Teke arrives in Asmara and begins to move south with his Turkish forces.


    May 21: The US merchantman SS Robin Moor is sunk by German Submarine U-69. The incident startles the nation, and President Roosevelt shortly announces an "unlimited national emergency.”


    May 23: Teke’s forces are met with heavy Ethiopian guerrilla attacks. At the Battle of Rema, a Turkish advance into Ethiopia is repelled.


    May 24: British battlecruiser HMS Hood is sunk by a powerful salvo from German battleship Bismarck in the North Atlantic.


    May 25: After securing control of both Haradhere and Dhuusamareeb, the British and SRF take Galkayo and Hobyo, dealing a major blow to Rommel’s forces.


    May 26: In the North Atlantic, Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish aircraft from the carrier HMS Ark Royal fatally cripple the Bismarck in a torpedo attack.


    May 27: The German battleship Bismarck is sunk in the North Atlantic by the Royal Navy, after evasive tactics, and a damaged steering system which forced it into an endless series of circular movements.


    May 30: The Germans begin to heavily firebomb Ethiopian and Somali cities hoping to break the spirits of the locals. Rommel manages to gain more ground in Somalia, breaking through the British line, but the bombings ultimately backfire as even more Ethiopians and Somalians are rallied to take up arms against the Axis.


    May 31: Heavy Luftwaffe bombing occurs on Dublin, neutral Ireland’s capital, resulting in numerous civilian casualties.


    June 1: Rommel retakes Galkayo from the British and advances as far south along the coast as El Hur.


    June 2: Tuskegee Airmen begin with the formation of the 99th Fighter Squadron.


    June 4: Kaiser Wilhelm II, former German Emperor, dies in exile in the Netherlands.


    June 6: Malta, one of the last remaining Allied beacons in the Mediterranean, surrenders.


    June 8: British, Somali, and Ethiopian forces push west into the Ogaden region and then use this position to go around the Germans and attack from behind. The British and Ethiopians also win the Battle of Weldiya, bringing them further north into Ethiopia.


    June 9: The Meanwhile, in Israel, air raids continue, as do attacks by Al-Nar and Al-Iihya. The battle against these two groups sees the rise of young commander Moshe Dayan, who loses an eye in this fighting. The Turks, occupied in Africa and making preparations for Operation Barbarossa, decide that rather than divert troops to invade Israel, they will instead go with an attrition strategy, allowing them to swoop into the territory and take over later. Meanwhile, Finland initiates mobilization, making preparations against a possible attack by the Soviets.


    June 12: British Operation Warhammer allows the British and Somalis to slam into the German line from behind in Somalia after their journey into the Ogaden.


    June 13: The Soviets begin deporting Lithuanians to Siberia. Deportations continue for five days and total 35,000 Lithuanians, among them 7000 Jews.


    June 14: All German and Italian assets in the United States are frozen. 10,100 people from Estonia, 15,000 from Latvia, and 34,000 from Lithuania are deported to Siberia by the Soviet Union.


    June 15: British and Ethiopian forces, having advanced north against the Italians, Spaniards, and Turks, attack Amba Alagi where Italian forces under the Duke of Aosta have taken up defensive positions.


    June 16: All German and Italian consulates in the United States are ordered closed and their staffs to leave the country by July 10.


    June 18: The Duke of Aosta, Viceroy of Italian East Africa, surrenders his forces at Amba Alagi. The British and Ethiopians begin to advance north towards Eritrea.


    June 20: Under the directives of the United States Department of War, the bulk of the personnel of what had been known as the United States Army Air Corps up to this date are brought into what becomes the United States Army Air Forces from this date forward, with General Henry H. Arnold as its first commander. As part of the reorganization, General Headquarters Air Force is renamed Air Force Combat Command; the new Army Air Forces organization consists of Air Force Combat Command (its combat element), with the existing logistics and training element retaining the older "United States Army Air Corps" designation.


    June 21: The British push into Eritrea, where the locals had been in rebellion against the Italians. The Italian Viceroy is assassinated by rebels, and the British face little resistance as mere remnants of the fractured Italian troops keep on fighting. By the end of the day, they have marched to the Red Sea Coast. Nearly all of Ethiopia had been liberated, and the next operation would be to March east and finally push the Germans out of Somalia.



    ***





    21 June 1941, 5:02 PM – Northern coast of Eritrea, Ethiopia



    Field Marshall Archibald Wavell had led a long, difficult campaign in East Africa, and there was still a long way to go. However, with the Italian Viceroy defeated, all that was left was Teke, Rommel, and a handful of pesky Spaniards.


    As he stood upon the sandy beaches, he looked out across the Red Sea, and despite all of the chaos and bloodshed, what he had now was a sort of warm calmness. This war, he thought, will be long and bloody. However, at the end of this dark tunnel, is hope.



    22 June 1941, 8:00 AM – Jerusalem, Israel



    David ben Gurion woke up. It was just another morning of the war, and through its hardships, he was thankful to be alive. He was preparing to make his way to the Knesset building when a man approached his door with a telegraph.


    “Mr. Ben Gurion,” he said. “A telegram.”


    Ben Gurion took it from the man’s hand and began to read it. Earlier that morning, an offensive had begun. Germany had invaded the Soviet Union, and the Turks, under General Eren Rauf, had invaded the Soviet Union and Iran. Both Iran and the Soviets had entered the war on the side of the Allies, and Reza Shah promised “victory whatever the cost.” He could not stop staring, but then began to smile.


    “Mr. Ben Gurion,” he said. “What is it?”


    He could only respond with one word.


    “.תקוה"
     
    Last edited:
    WWII 22 Jun 1941 – 8 Dec 1941
  • (I again apologize that it's been forever. Fortunately, I'm almost done with school at this point and should be able to write more. However, I am also considering changing up my style to do more of a summary than an in detail timeline. Please tell me what you think.)


    1 November 1941, 12:00 AM – 10 miles west of Nineveh



    Shlemun had left Nineveh hours ago, although he knew that he should have left back when his city fell to the Turks. With him, was his wife, Layah, holding his young son, Haron, while his 4-year-old daughter, Istir, held onto his hand. He had left the city at the cool of dusk, hoping to travel in the darkness of night towards the Israeli border. It was a risk, but one that he was willing to take for the safety of his family.


    All of a sudden, there was a flashlight in his face.


    “Stop,” he heard a soldier say in Arabic.


    Shlemun put his hands in the air. The soldier came over to him.


    "What is your name?” the man asked.


    “Suleiman,” he responded back in Arabic. “I come from Mosul. This is my wife, Yasmeen, my daughter Aisha, and my son Abbas.”


    “Do you happen to have any ID?”


    “No,” said Shlemun. "I’m sorry. I have nothing.”


    “Why are you traveling at night?”


    “It’s cooler now.”


    “Where are you going?”


    “Al Hasaka. My brother and his family live there.”


    “Does he have a car? Can he not visit you?”


    “No sir,” he said, trying to hide his fear in his voice.


    “Then it is awful peculiar that two brothers without cars would live so far apart then.”


    “He’s working for the Turkish Empire.”


    “Doing what exactly?”


    “I… I don’t know.”


    “Well,” said the soldier, “You do know that it is illegal for you too travel at night like this and not carry your papers with you.”


    “I’m sorry sir, I was unaware. I will know next time.”


    “Very well,” said the soldier. “I am feeling rather nice today. Carry on.”


    “Thank you very much,” Shlemun said.


    Shlemun continued down the road. He knew his family was still in grave danger. What he didn’t know, however, was that it would come a mere two seconds later when he heard several gunshots and fell to the ground with his family.





    ***





    World War II (continued)



    1941


    June 22: Operation Barbarossa, the German and Turkish plan to push against the Soviets and Iranians begins. The Germans aim for Moscow and Leningrad, while the Turks begin a push for the Caucasus and Tehran. Romania also joins and invades south-western border areas of the Soviet Union in Europe on the side of Germany.


    June 23: German troops massacre 42 at Ablinga, Lithuania.


    June 24: German forces enter Vilnius. Lithuanian militia men go on shooting spree, killing dozens of Jews on the streets, with civilian spectators cheering them on. The Germans kidnap 60 Jewish "hostages" and 30 Poles. Only 6 return.


    June 25: The Soviet Union bombs Helsinki. Finland pronounces a state of war between Finland and Soviet Union. Turkish forces under Eren Rauf completely sack and lay waste to Trapizon, killing over 100 Armenian civilians.


    June 26: The Battle of Hargeisa in Italian-occupied British Somaliland ends in a British victory. Hungary and Slovakia declare war on the Soviet Union.


    June 27: The British and SRF take Tawfiq on the Somali east coast. The occupation of Lithuania starts officially. The Turks take control of the Khuzestan province of Iran, but find difficulty pushing into the highlands to the east.


    June 28: Germans successfully encircle 300,000 Red Army troops near Minsk and Bialystok. British and SRF troops take Burco in the northwest and Galkayo and Xamur in the east. Turks and Iranians continue to fight on the eastern borders of the Khuzestan province as the Turks slowly begin their advance.


    June 29: Finnish and German troops begin Operation Arctic Fox against the Soviet Union. Nuremberg Laws are imposed on Jews of Lithuania and Vilnius in particular. The Turks defeat the Iranians at Urmia, a city inhabited primarily by ethnic Azeris. Bozkurt addresses the nation, declaring “our Azeri brothers under Persian occupation are being liberated. This is just the start of our goal to liberate all Turkic peoples under the New Turkish Empire.” Many Assyrians, Armenians, and other Christians living in the city are rounded up and massacred, with many of those not killed being sent off to ghettos.


    July 1: All American men over 21 are required to register for the draft. German troops occupy Latvia's capital, Riga, on the way to Leningrad. The British, meanwhile, once again take Galkayo, beginning to corner the Axis forces on the tip of the Horn of Africa. Rommel requests more men and supplies from Berlin and for a counteroffensive from Turkish- and Italian-occupied Sudan, but Hitler instead orders that he makes plans to evacuate across the Gulf of Aden to Saudi Arabia.


    July 2: The Ponary massacre killings begin, with the shooting of Soviet POWs captured during Operation Barbarossa, which began two weeks earlier, and with the deportation of hundreds of Jews from Vilnius to Soviet dug fuel tank pits near the Ponariai suburb of Vilnius, where they are shot or buried alive. Reports by survivors are accepted as hallucinations. The mass deportations and shooting of Jews would continue until 1943. Hungarian troops take over Stanisławów and other towns in what is now Ukraine.


    July 3: Stalin Announces a “scorched earth policy.” . The United States of America elevates its General Headquarters, United States Army in order to command and plan for military operations within the Zone of the Interior. The British and Ethiopians defeat Turkish General Teke and liberate Asmara. The Turks defeat the Soviets at Kars, opening the path to the Caucasus, and the Iranians at Marand, opening the path to Tabriz.


    July 4: A mass murder of Polish scientists and writers is committed by German troops in the captured Polish city of Lwów. In a display of force, the Turks line up and massacre 50 Armenian civilians in Kars.


    July 5: The British Government rules out possibility of negotiated peace with Nazi Germany. British torpedo planes sink an Italian destroyer at Eyl. German troops reach the Dnieper River. Although many Azeris initially viewed the Turks in a positive light, many are beginning to grow discontent with the Turkish occupation. The Turks reach the border of the Georgian SSR to the northeast and the Aras and Akhurian Rivers, where they face heavy Soviet resistance.


    July 7: British and Canadian troops in Iceland are replaced by Americans.


    July 8: Britain and the USSR sign a mutual defense agreement, promising not to sign any form of separate peace agreement with Germany. The Battle of Tabriz, one of the largest of the war, begins as the Iranians take up defensive positions and the Turks siege the city. They seize control of Tabriz and the surrounding area as necessary to secure their operations in the Caucasus and their advance to Tehran.


    July 9: Vitebsk (Belarus) is captured; this opens the Battle of Smolensk, an important communications centre, considered by the German high command to be "the gateway to Moscow.” Iranian forces begin the Sulaymaniyah offensive, hoping to catch the Turks off guard and invade the Kurdish city of Sulaymaniyah. They manage to successfully break through the Turkish line, causing the Turks to fall back towards Kirkuk.


    July 10: The occupation of Latvia starts officially. Guderian's Panzers take Minsk. the Germans advance farther into Ukraine. Units of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia begin to arrive, including units from Italian Croatia. The Iranians have taken the cities of Sulaymaniyah and Bazian from the Turks. After a hard fought push through mountainous terrain, the Turks take Yerevan, slaughtering hundreds of civilians. The Yerevan Massacre would be remembered as a major Turkish war crime during the war.


    July 12: An Assistance Pact is signed between the UK and the USSR. The Battle of Kassala in Turkish-occupied Sudan ends in an Axis victory. More Spanish troops begin to arrive in Africa and Rommel arrives in Sudan, and the Spanish, Germans, Italians, and Turks begin to form a major defensive line against the British advance. The Turks capture Ahar, Iran.


    July 13: Montenegro starts an uprising against the Axis Powers shortly after the Royalists in Serbia begin theirs. Questionable Communist plans instigate parallel uprising and civil war. The Turks take Batumi in the Georgian SSR and win the Battle of Qoshachay in Iran. Tabriz, however, continues to stand.


    July 15: The Red Army starts a counter-attack against the Wehrmacht near Leningrad. The Argentia naval air base is set up in Newfoundland; it will prove an important transfer station for the Allies for some years. The Naarist Rebellions, lead by supporters of Al-Nar, begin in Libya against Italian rule, from where they begin to spread across North Africa against Axis rule.


    July 16: German Panzers under Guderian reach Smolensk, increasing the risk to Moscow.


    July 19: The “V-sign", displayed most notably by Churchill, is unofficially adopted as the Allied signal, along with the motif of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony.


    July 20: Heinrich Himmler visits Soviet POWs near Minsk and Lublin and decides to build the concentration camp near Lublin known as Majdanek.


    July 21: The Luftwaffe strikes heavily at Moscow. The Turks surround Kermanshah Iran, facing heavy resistance, and successfully capture Dezful.


    July 22: The Turks capture Xankendi in the Lesser Caucasus mountains of the Azerbaijan SSR.


    July 24: The Turks take Ardabil from the Iranians, bringing them to the Caspian Sea. Bozkurt officially moves the capital to Istanbul.


    July 26: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States. Germans order a Judenrat established in Stanislawow, Galicia. It is headed by Israel Seibald. The Turks are held back about 5 miles south from Tbilisi.


    July 28: Japanese troops occupy southern French Indochina. The Vichy French colonial government is allowed by the Japanese to continue to administer Vietnam. French repression continues. The Vichy French also agree to the occupation by the Japanese of bases in Indochina. The Germans push against Smolensk, and in the meantime solidify their presence in the Baltic states. The native Jewish populations of the Baltic states are being exterminated, although many escape into the USSR.


    July 31: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS general Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution of the Jewish question.” The Japanese naval ministry accuses the United States of intruding into their territorial waters at Sukumo Bay, and then fleeing. No evidence is offered to prove this allegation. Lewis B. Hershey succeeds Clarence Dykstra as Director of the Selective Service System in the United States. The Ecuadorian-Peruvian War ends.


    August 1: The US announces an oil embargo against "aggressors." The Japanese occupy Saigon, Vietnam.

    The Germans declare Galicia as the fifth district of the Generalgouvernment.


    August 2: All civilian radios in Norway confiscated by the German occupation. SS Commander Hans Krueger orders the registration of hundreds of Jewish and Polish intelligentsia in Stannislowow, who are subsequently tortured and murdered. This is the first implementation of the "one bullet one Jew" method in Galicia.


    August 3: The Turks Capture Masalli and prepare to advance north towards Baku.


    August 4: The Battle of Rasht sees Turkish control of the city on the Caspian Sea. The Turks then prepare to march back inland to capture Zanjan.


    August 5: German armies trap Red Army forces in Smolensk pocket and take 300,000 soldiers; Orel is taken.


    August 6: Germans take Smolensk. American and British governments warn Japan not to invade Thailand.


    August 11: Chungking, the nominal capital of Nationalist China located far up the Yangtze River, suffers several days of heavy bombing.


    August 12: Hitler, against the advice of his generals, shifts some forces from the Moscow front to Leningrad and the Crimean offensives.


    August 15: The Turks capture Baku, bringing the Azerbaijan SSR under Turkish control and giving the Turks access to the Baku oil fields.


    August 18: Adolf Hitler orders a temporary halt to Nazi Germany's systematic euthanasia of mentally ill and handicapped due to protests. However, graduates of the Action T4 operation were then transferred to concentration camps, where they continued in their trade. Bozkurt, taking inspiration from the Germans, orders the construction of Camp Osman in the middle of the deserts of Northern Iraq as a place for Assyrians, Armenians, Greeks, Arab Christians, Jews, and political dissidents to be sent to be either assimilated into Turkish culture or killed.


    August 22: German forces close in on Leningrad; the citizens continue improvising fortifications.


    August 27: German U-boat U-570, being forced to surface off Iceland is captured by the British Royal Navy and is later put into combat service as HMS Graph


    August 28: German forces with the help of Estonian volunteers take Tallinn from Soviets. The Turks finally defeat the Georgians at Tbilisi.


    August 30: The Shetland bus, a clandestine special operations group that made a permanent link between Shetland, Scotland and German-occupied Norway, begins operations. Rommel leads an offensive against the British in the horn of Africa, retaking Keren from the British and the Ethiopians.


    August 31: The first signs appear that a Leningrad "siege" is beginning. “The Great Provocation” occurs in in Vilnius when German forces stage an attack on their soldiers by Jews, leading to a 'retaliation' mass arrest of the residents of old Jewish quarter, to be murdered at Ponary, three days later.


    September 1: With the assistance of Finnish armies in the north, Leningrad is now completely cut off. All Jews under German rule must wear the yellow star of David badge with "Jew" clearly written in it, are forbidden to live with or marry non-Jews, and are forbidden to leave their towns without written consent, in accordance with the Nuremberg Laws of 1935. The decree, signed by Heydrich, is to take effect on September 19.


    September 2: Turkish forces are repelled at the Greater Caucasus, but successfully reach Tehran and begin to siege the city. This was the beginning of the great Battle of Tehran, seen as a key turning point and one of the bloodiest battles of the war. By this time, Reza Shah had already retreated to Mashhad.


    September 3: The murder of all 3,700 residents of the old Jewish quarter in Vilnius begins at the Ponary death site along with 10 members of the Judenrat. First written testimony of occurrences at Ponary by a survivor. Vilna Ghetto Jews required to hand over any gold or silver.


    September 4: The USS Greer becomes the first United States warship fired upon by a German U-boat in the war, even though the United States is a neutral power. Tension heightens between the two nations as a result. The U.S. is now committed to convoy duties between the Western Hemisphere and Europe.


    September 5: Germany occupies Estonia. A large Iranian force charges into the Turkish supply line to Tehran, but fails to actually break the siege despite causing significant damage. In the Zagros mountains, Iranian military and guerrillas continue to fight of the Turks.


    September 6: 6,000 Jews shot at Ponary, a day after the order to form the Vilna Ghetto was issued.


    September 7: Berlin is heavily hit by RAF bombers. An assassination attempt against a Turkish officer provokes the Turks to shoot approximately 2,500 Armenians in Yerevan in a single day. Many Armenians flee north through the Caucasus, although many of them die in the mountains.


    September 8: The siege of Leningrad begins. Stalin orders the Volga Germans deported to Siberia.


    September 10: Germans now have Kiev completely surrounded. Naarist rebels in Libya force the Italians out of Benghazi.


    September 11: Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the United States Navy to shoot on sight if any ship or convoy is threatened.


    September 15: "Self-government” of Estonia, headed by Hjalmar Mäe, is appointed by German military administration. "Moving Aktion” in Vilna Ghetto takes place. Of 3,500 Jews "moved" between ghetto sections, only 550 arrive. The remaining 2,950 Jews are shot at the Ponary Massacre death site.


    September 19: German capture of Kiev is now formal. The Red Army forces have suffered many casualties in defending this chief city in Soviet Ukraine. Spanish and Vichy French forces are sent to put down a Naarist revolt in Algiers.


    September 26: The U.S. Naval Command orders an all-out war on Axis shipping in American waters.


    September 27: The first “Liberty Ship", the SS Patrick Henry is launched. Liberty Ships will prove to be major parts of the Allied supply system.


    September 27: The National Liberation Front (EAM) is founded in Greece.


    September 28: German SS troops kill over 30,000 Jews at Babi Yar on the outskirts of Kiev, Soviet Ukraine, in response to sabotage efforts which the Germans attributed to local Jews.


    September 30: The Battle of Darial Gorge ends in a decisive Soviet victory, denying the Turks their passage into the Russian Caucasus.


    October 1: Majdanek concentration camp (later extermination camp) is opened. Vilna Ghetto Yom Kippur Aktions (German annihilation operations) begin. In four separate incidents 3,900 Jews are kidnapped, shot and killed at the Ponary death site, continued with an additional 2,000 Jews kidnapped and killed there, in the next two days.


    October 2: Operation Typhoon– German "Central" forces begin an all-out offensive against Moscow. Leading the defense of the capital is General Georgi Zhukov, already a Hero of Soviet Union for his command in the conflict against the Japanese in the Russian Far East and at Leningrad.


    October 3: Mahatma Gandhi urges his followers to use passive resistance against British rule in India.


    October 7: Heavy RAF night bombings of Berlin, the Ruhr, and Cologne.


    October 8: In their invasion of the southern Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol. However, there are signs that the invasion is beginning to bog down as rainy weather creates muddy roads for both tanks and men.


    October 9: The Battle of Tehran continues to heat up. Fighting occurs in the suburbs and the hillsides around the city, while the Iranians continue to conscript both young men and boys.


    October 10: German armies encircle about 660,000 Red Army troops near Vyasma (east of Smolensk); some make a glowing prediction of the end of the war.


    October 12: In the Bloody Sunday Massacre at Stanisławów, 8,000–12,000 Jews were rounded up and shot into pits by SIPO (Ukrainian police) together with German uniformed SS men. Dr. Tenenbaum of the Judenrat heroically refuses the offer of exemption and is shot along with the others.


    October 13: Germans attempt another drive toward Moscow as the once muddy ground hardens.


    October 14: Temperatures fall further on the Moscow front; heavy snows follow and immobilize German tanks.


    October 15: The Germans drive on Moscow. The Battle of Tangiers, the nickname for massive Naarist revolt against Spanish rule in northern Morocco, begins.


    October16: Soviet Union government begins move eastward to Samara, a city on the Volga, but Stalin remains in Moscow. The citizens of Moscow frantically build tank traps and other fortifications for the coming siege. 3,000 Jews are killed in the Vilna Ghetto Aktion.


    October 17: The destroyer USS Kearny (DD-432) is torpedoed and damaged by U-568 near Iceland, killing eleven sailors. They are the first American military casualties of the war, despite the nations official neutrality. The government of Japanese prime minister Prince Fumimaro Konoye collapses, leaving little hope for peace in the Pacific. More Iranian troops arrive in Tehran from the east, even including some Indian volunteers.


    October 18: Red Army troop reinforcements arrive in Moscow from Siberia; Stalin is assured that the Japanese will not attack the USSR from the East. General Hideki Tojo becomes the 40th Prime Minister of Japan.


    October 19: An official "state of siege" is announced in Moscow; the city is placed under martial law. German-occupied Luxembourg is declared “Judenrein” (“Cleansed of Jews”).


    October 21: Troops from New Zealand arrive in Ethiopia. Negotiations between the US and Japan seem to be failing. Starting with the assassination of 9 Turkish officials in Cairo, the Egyptian Naarist revolt begins.


    October 22: The Odessa massacre begins and continues for two days. 25,000 to 34,000 Jews are led in a long procession and are shot and killed in an antitank ditch, or burnt alive after being crowded into four buildings. The massacre began after a delayed bomb planted by the Soviets kills 67 people at the Romanian headquarters, including the Romanian commander General Glogojeanu. 35,000 Jews are expelled to the Slobodka Ghetto and are left in freezing conditions for 10 days. Many perish in the cold.


    October 24: In Ukraine, the important mining and industrial centre of Kharkov falls to the German Army Group South forces. In the Vilna Ghetto Gelbschein I Aktion. 5,500 Jews including 140 old or paralyzed people killed. The Turks are defeated at Khorramabad in the Zagros mountains of Iran.


    October 27: German Army Group South forces reach Sevastopol in the Crimea, but the tanks of the "Northern" forces are slowed or stopped entirely by mud. The Battle of Tangiers continues as the Naarist Revolt spreads to the rest of Spanish Morocco and south into the rest of Morocco.


    October 28: In the Bolekhiv first action massacre, 1,000 of the leading Jews rounded up by list, tortured, and on the following day 800 of the surviving Jews, were shot or buried alive at a nearby forest. The re-discovered atrocities and testimony in 1996 lead to Patrick Desbois's research on the German method of "One Bullet, One Jew" extermination in 1941 and 1942.


    October 29: Vilna Ghetto II liquidated. 2,500 Jews killed. Turkish troops in Nineveh massacre 1,900 Assyrians.


    October 30: Roosevelt approves US$1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.


    October 31: The destroyer USS Reuben James is torpedoed by Erich Topp’s U-552 near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors. It is the first loss of an American "neutral warship.”


    November 1: President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces that the U.S. Coast Guard will now be under the direction of the U.S. Navy, a transition of authority usually reserved only for wartime.


    November 3: The Germans take Kursk. In the Vilna Ghetto Gelbschein III Aktion, 1,200 Jews are killed. 2,300 more Assyrians are killed in Nineveh by Turkish troops.


    November 6: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin addresses the Soviet Union for only the second time during his three-decade rule (the first time was earlier that year on July 2). He states that even though 350,000 troops were killed in German attacks so far, that the Germans have lost 4.5 million soldiers (a gross exaggeration) and that Soviet victory was near.


    November 7: Heavy RAF night bombings of Berlin, the Ruhr, and Cologne, but with heavy losses.


    November 12: Temperatures around Moscow drop to minus 12 °C and the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city.


    November 13: Germans start a new offensive against Moscow as the muddy ground freezes again.


    November 15: The Iranians defeat the Turks at Bijar.


    November 17: Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan, cables the State Department that Japan had plans to launch an attack against Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (his cable was ignored).


    November 18: The Battle of Ad-Damazin in southern Sudan ends in a British victory.


    November 19: Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and the German Auxiliary cruiser Kormoran sink each other off the coast of Western Australia. All 648 crewmen are lost on HMAS Sydney.


    November 21: In the Battle of Rostov, Rostov-on-Don, an important hub on the southern front, is taken by the Germans.


    November 22: Britain issues an ultimatum to Finland to end war with the Soviet Union or face war with the Allies.


    November 23: The United States reaches an agreement with the Dutch government in exile whereby the Americans occupy Suriname to protect the bauxite mines there.


    November 24: The United States grants Lend Lease to the Free French. The Spanish, French, and Italians continue to take casualties in North Africa trying to put down the Naarist revolts.


    November 26: A Japanese attack fleet of 33 warships and auxiliary craft, including six aircraft carriers, sails from northern Japan for the Hawaiian Islands. The Hull note ultimatum is delivered to Japan by the United States.


    November 28: In the Battle of Rostov, Rostov-on-Don is recaptured by the Red Army. German Panzers are on the outskirts of Moscow, near the Moscow-Volga Canal.


    November 29: The Battle of Gondar ends with the British successfully holding off an Axis advance.


    December 1: Fiorello H. La Guardia publishes Administrative Order 9, creating the Civil Air Patrol for U.S Coastal Patrol and naming its national commander Major General John F. Curry. Approximately 20,000 Stanisławów Jews are ordered into the Ghetto area, and non-Jews are ordered out. SS officer Karl Jaeger reports "Lithuania clean of Jews" with some exceptions.


    December 2: Prime Minister Tojo rejects "peace feelers" from the US. A German combat engineer patrol reaches the town of Khimki while scouting for a hole in the Russian defense perimeter around Moscow. It is the closest advance the Germans make to the Russian capital. Camp Osman is completed. The Turks are fended off in an attempt to cross the Northern Caucasus at the Battle of Mamison Pass.


    December 3: Conscription in the United Kingdom now includes all men between 18 and 50. Women will not be neglected since they will serve in fire brigades and in women's auxiliary groups. A general strike begins among native mine-workers in the Belgian Congo. The Vilna Ghetto "Criminal Aktion” begins and is continued the next day. 157 Jews are killed at Ponary.


    December 4: The temperature on the Moscow front falls to −31 °F (−37 °C). German attacks are failing. Japanese naval and army forces continue to move toward Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia.


    December 5: Germans call off the attack on Moscow, now 11 miles away; the USSR counter-attacks during a heavy blizzard. Meanwhile, Tehran grows colder as well.


    December 6: The United Kingdom declares war on Finland. In the Vilna Ghetto Gestapo Workers Aktion 800 Jews and 10 Poles shot at the Ponary massacre death site. Temperatures are minus 23 degrees Celsius.


    December 7: (December 8, Asian time zones) Japan launches an attack on Pearl Harbor, declares war on the United States and the United Kingdom and invades Thailand and British Malaya and launches aerial attacks against Guam, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Shanghai, Singapore and Wake Island. Canada declares war on Japan. Australia declares war on Japan. Adolf Hitler signs the German “Night and Fog decree" dictating the elimination of anti-Nazi resistance activities in Western Europe.


    December 8: The United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and New Zealand declare war on Japan. Japanese forces take the Gilbert Islands (which include Tarawa). Clark field in the Philippines is bombed, and many American aircraft are destroyed on the ground. Japanese troops attack Thailand in the Battle of Prachuab Khirikhan.

    The Battle of Hong Kong begins,

    The Malayan Campaign begins.

    Kamenka, Krasnaya Polyana, and Kriukovo, are liberated by the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army. The Germans are never again within artillery range of Moscow.



    ***





    8 December 1941 – Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.



    A Joint Session of Congress had gathered. President Roosevelt knew this moment was going to come. He knew there would be a time when the United States gave up it’s neutrality. This time was now. Standing before Congress, he spoke:


    “Mr. Vice President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives:

    Yesterday, December 7th, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.

    The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific.

    Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. And while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack.

    It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time, the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.

    The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu.

    Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya.

    Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong.

    Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam.

    Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.

    Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island.

    And this morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island.

    Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation.

    As Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. But always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us.

    No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.

    I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us.

    Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger.

    With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph—so help us God.

    I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire.”


    The speech was successful, as everyone stood up and applauded. Only an hour later, the United States would declare war and officially enter the war greater than any in history before it.
     
    WWII 9 Dec 1941 – 31 Aug 1942
  • World War II (continued)





    1941


    December 9: China officially declares war on Japan, although they have already been fighting. China also declares war on Germany and Italy. Australia declares war on Japan. Germany and Italy declare war on the United States.


    December 11: The Japanese successfully invade Burma, while their attack on Wake Island is repelled. The first prisoners, mostly Christians and Yezidis, arrive at Camp Osman.


    December 12: Now officially at war with the US, Japanese forces continue to attack the Philippines, landing on the island of of Luzon as well as several others, including Samar and Leyte. They prepare to also invade Mindanao.


    December 13: Japanese under General Yamashita continue their push into Malaya. Under General Homma the Japanese forces are firmly established in the northern Philippines. Hong Kong is threatened.


    December 16: Rommel leads another German push into Ethiopia. Meanwhile, the Commonwealth forces push into southern Sudan. Japan invades Borneo, and the Germans are halted around Moscow.


    December 17: The Battle of Sevastapol begins as German forces invade from the north while the Turks send their naval forces on the Black Sea to blockade the port. They achieve victory in just over a month.


    December 21: The inmates at Bogdanovka concentration camp are massacred to quell an outbreak of typhus, killing 40,000.


    December 22: Japanese naval forces begin to blockade Manila Bay.


    December 23: Japanese forces land on Sarawak in Borneo. In response to an uprising, an entire neighborhood in Yerevan is slaughtered. Many other Armenians are sent to camp Osman.


    December 24: Japanese troops land on the Bataan peninsula and around Manila and Quezon City. The Battle for Manila has begun. The Japanese also bomb Rangoon.


    December 25: Still struggling to break through the Caucasus, the Turks finally see some success as the Battle of Sochi begins. Allied forces retake Juba in southern Sudan. The German advance reaches in Ethiopia reaches Dangla.


    December 28: Japanese paratroopers land on Sumatra. Japanese forces in Luzon continue to face resistance, especially in Manila.



    1942



    January 1: Twenty-six Allied countries signed the Declaration by United Nations during the Arcadia Conference. The Siege of Tehran continues, although Iranian forces continue to attack Turkish supply lines. Tabriz, meanwhile, is finally overrun with Turkish troops and is officially captured.

    As the new year begins, riots continue across North Africa for the next several months, aided by the British and French.


    January 2: General Douglas MacArthur continues to defend Manila from the Japanese, although with little success, as Japanese troops occupy most of the area around the city.


    January 6: At the Battle of Debre Markos, British and Ethiopian troops halt Rommel’s advance.


    January 7: The Soviets launch a counter-offensive against the Germans lead by General Zhukov.


    January 8: The Bataan Peninsula has mostly fallen to the Japanese, although the Americans and Filipinos continue to defend Manila. Japanese forces push into Kuala Lumpur in Malaya.


    January 9: Japan continues to easily advance into Borneo with little resistance and officially declares war on the Netherlands.


    January 11: Japanese troops capture Kuala Lumpur, and Japan invades the Dutch East Indies.


    January 13: The German U-boat offensive comes closer to the shores of the US.


    January 15: Russian forces take Kirov and Medya. German authorities deport Jews from Lodz to Chelmno Concentration Camp.


    January 16: Sochi falls, and the Turks finally break through the Caucasus. Iranian forces in the Zagros mountains take Kuhdasht.


    January 18: The Red Army counteroffensive against Germany begins to come to an end as more and more Red Army troops are sent south to deal with the Turks in order to attempt to push them back over the Caucasus Mountains and protect the oil fields in the Northern Caucasus. The Germans prepare to make another push, this time into the south in order to form a combined front with the Turks. Sevastopol falls, and the Turks positioned in Crimea prepare to march east to combine forces with the Turkish troops coming north from Sochi.


    January 19: Japanese forces take large numbers of British troops prisoner, north of Singapore.


    January 20: At the Mitte Conference, German leaders agree that the Solution to the Jewish question is extermination, as relocation would just mean the creation of trouble elsewhere as seen in the Middle East.


    January 21: In a surprise attack, Rommel’s forces take Gimbi and Guyi.


    January 23: The Battle of Lassul begins on the island of New Britain.


    January 24: American troops land in Samoa to stop the Japanese advance in the Pacific.


    January 25: Thailand declares war on the US and UK. Japanese troops invade the Solomon Islands.


    January 26: The first American forces in Europe arrive in Northern Ireland.


    January 27: The British withdraw all troops back into Singapore.


    January 28: Brazil breaks off relations with the Axis powers.


    January 29: Rommel’s Afrika Korps captures Nekemte.


    January 30: Hitler speaks at the Berlin Sportpalast and threatens the Jews of the world with annihilation.


    January 31: The Japanese take the port of Moulamein, Burma. The last organized Allied forces leave Malaya. Manila falls to the Japanese.


    February 1: The Germans retake Kirov and prepare for their southward advance.


    February 3: Japanese air power conducts airstrikes against Java, especially the naval base at Surabaya. The Battle of Krasnodar begins in the northwestern Caucasus. To the east, the Turks capture Derbent.


    February 4: On “Red Wednesday”, various Iranian militias deliver their largest blow yet to the primary arteries of the Turkish supply lines to Tehran.


    February 7: The Americans and Filipinos defend Calamba from a Japanese attack. The Germans capture Oryol.


    February 9: British troops are now in full retreat into Singapore for a final defense. Top United States military leaders hold their first formal meeting to discuss American military strategy in the war.


    February 11: The “Channel Dash" - Two German battleships with a heavy cruiser rush out of Brest through the English Channel to northern ports, including Wilhelmshaven, Germany; the British naval units fail to sink any of them.


    February 15: Singapore surrenders to Japanese forces. The Turks capture Kermanshah.


    February 16: Being discussed in high American government circles are plans for the internment of Japanese-Americans living generally in the western US.


    February 17: Orders are given for Rangoon to be evacuated as Japanese forces approach.


    February 19: Japanese aircraft attack Darwin, in Australia’s Northern Territory. President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066 allowing the military to define areas as exclusionary zones. These zones affect the Japanese on the West Coast, and Germans and Italians primarily on the East Coast.


    February 20: Japanese troops cross the important Salween in Burma. They also invade Bali and Timor by a combined use of paratroops and amphibious troops.


    February 21: The American Air Corps is now firmly established at bases in the UK.


    February 22: Roosevelt orders General MacArthur to evacuate the Philippines as Calamba falls to the Japanese.


    February 25: The internment of Japanese-Americans begins.


    February 28: After defeating the Dutch in a naval battle, Japanese forces invade Java.


    March 3: Japanese aircraft raid the airfield and harbor at Broome, Western Australia.


    March 4: Krasnodar falls to the Turks. Meanwhile, they manage to also successfully break through the Caucasus in the west, taking Makhachkala.


    March 5: The Japanese capture Batavia, the capital of the Dutch East Indies.


    March 8: The Japanese land at Wasu and Kanomi on New Guinea.


    March 9: The Japanese capture Rangoon, Burma.


    March 11: The Japanese land on Mindanao. While the American troops begin to land in Nouméa, New Caledonia.


    March 13: The RAF launches an air raid against Düsseldorf, Germany.


    March 14: The Japanese land in the Solomon Islands.


    March 16: General MacArthur arrives in Australia after leaving the Philippines.


    March 20: The Germans capture Voronezh.


    March 26: Jews in Berlin must now clearly identify their houses. After several more attacks on Turkish lines and forces around Tehran, it becomes increasingly clear that the siege will not last much longer.


    March 28: The RAF sends a raid against Lübeck, destroying over 30% of the city, and 80% of the medieval centre. Hitler is outraged. British commandos launch Operation Warhorse, a raid on the port at Saint Nazaire, France. HMS Oakdale, filled with explosives on a time-delay fuse, rams the dock gates and commandos destroy other parts of the naval service area. The port is completely destroyed and does not resume service till 1947; however, around two-thirds of the raiding forces are lost.


    April 1: The Pacific War Council meets for the first time in Washington. Intended to allow the smaller powers involved in fighting the Japanese to have some input into US decisions, its purpose is soon outstripped by events, notably the collapse of the ABDA.


    April 2: Japan continues to land in New Guinea, most notably in Lae and Madang.


    April 4: Germany plains “Baedeker raids” on historic and significant British sites as revenge for the Lübeck bombing. Japan attacks Ceylon.


    April 5: With a victory at Nalchik, the Turks now control the entirety of the Caucasus Mountain range.


    April 8: The RAF bombs several German cities, notably Hamburg.


    April 9: The Japanese capture Davao, essentially bringing the Philippines under their control.


    April 11: Japanese forces capture Migyaungye in Burma. After a major stall in action in East Africa, General Rommel continues his offensive, seizing Jimma.


    April 17: The Germans capture Pavlovsk from the Soviets.


    April 18: Doolittle Raid on Nagoya, Tokyo, and Yokohama boosts morale for Americans.


    April 20: Roosevelt and Churchill meet to plan for an offensive against the Axis. Churchill wants to send more troops to the East African front, while Roosevelt wants to take advantage of the tense situation in North Africa by landing in Morocco and Algeria, bringing them closer to the soft underbelly of continental Europe. Ultimately they compromise. American General George S. Patton would arrive with more troops to assist the front in West Africa, while General Dwight D. Eisenhower would attempt the landings in the Maghreb. The latter of the two plans are scheduled for September.


    April 22: Turkish forces capture Stavropol.


    April 23: The Braedeker Raids on English towns begin.


    April 26: Seeing victory on other fronts and having starved out the Israelis long enough, the Turks attempt another invasion of Israel, although this time with a smaller force due to the majority of forces being sent to Iran, the Soviet Union, and East Africa. However, the assumption that the Israelis have been starved out is soon proved wrong, as they still had the large amounts of stockpiled weapons and supplies from years before the war started.


    April 29: The “Baedeker raids” continue, focused on Norwich and York.


    April 30: The Germans retake Juba from the allied forces.


    May 2: The Australian garrison is evacuated from Tulagi.


    May 3: In the initial move of the Japanese strategic plan to capture Port Moresby, New Guinea, Japanese forces under Admiral Kiyohide Shima make unopposed landings on Tulagi, opening the Battle of the Coral Sea. American General Joseph Stilwell decides to evacuate Burma.


    May 5: At the Battle of Ambo, the British just barely prevent Rommel’s forces from recapturing Addis Ababa.


    May 7: Having achieved some victory in East Africa, the British forces begin Operation Steamship, the invasion of Vichy French Madagascar.


    May 8: In the Coral Sea, each side finally locates the other's main carrier groups, consisting of Japanese carriers Shokaku and Zuikaku, and American carriers Concord and McHenry. Several attacks follow. Only Shokaku escapes unscathed; Zuikaku has her flight deck bent, requiring two months' repairs; Concord is sunk and McHenry damaged. Fletcher retires; this action closes the Battle. While arguably a stalemate or even tactical victory for the Japanese, who have sunk the most tonnage and the only large carrier, the Battle of the Coral Sea is usually seen as a strategic victory for the United States, as Admiral Inoue cancels the Port Moresby operation, the first significant failure of a Japanese strategic operation in the Pacific Theatre. In addition, McHenry will be repaired in time to make important contributions at Midway (although she will not survive), whereas neither the damaged Zuikaku nor Shokaku (which, although not directly attacked, has suffered unsustainable losses in aircraft), will be able to refit in time for Midway, giving the Japanese only four operable carriers available for that battle.


    May 9: On the night of 8/9 May 1942, gunners of the Ceylon Garrison Artillery on Horsburgh Island in the Cocos Islands rebelled. Their mutiny was crushed and three of them were executed, the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War.


    May 12: German submarine U-553, commanded by Kapitänleutnant Karl Thurmann, sinks British freighter Managua near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, signalling the opening of the Battle of St. Lawrence.


    May 14: The Turkish siege of Iran is lifted as Iranian General Haj Ali Razmara leads a massive force coming in from the southeast and encircling the Turkish forces. The attack is a major blow for the Turkish force. General Razmara leads a new Iranian offensive west.


    May 15: More united and determined than ever, the Israelis successfully push the Turks out of their country for the second time of the war with the help of the exiled Hashemite and Kurdish forces.


    May 16: The German and Turkish forces meet up at Rostov-on-Don and along the Don River, preparing to make a push northeast along the Don River towards Stalingrad, after which the plan would be to turn southeast along the Volga River, effectively cutting off southern Russia and the Caucasus from the rest of the USSR.


    May 17: General Razmara recaptures the city of Karaj.


    May 18: The Germans and Turks attack Tsimlyansk.


    May 20: The Japanese conquest of Burma is complete; it is called a "military catastrophe". The Iranians retake Chalus.


    May 22: Mexico declares war on the Axis.


    May 25: In preparation for the next battle, the Japanese naval strategists send diversionary forces to the Aleutians.


    May 26: The Anglo-Soviet Treaty: their foreign secretaries agree that no peace will be signed by one without the approval of the other.


    May 27: In France and Belgium, wearing the yellow Star of David becomes compulsory for Jews.


    May 29: Japanese forces have large successes south of Shanghai. Rommel’s forces invade Keren, while the British manage to push his forces out of Jimma.


    May 31: Tsimlyansk falls to Axis forces. The Red Army is in retreat.


    June 1: First reports in the West are made that gas is being used to kill the Jews sent to “the East”.


    June 3: Japan attacks Alaska, although the real major offensive is against the island of Midway.


    June 7: Japanese forces invade Attu and Kiska. This is the first invasion of American soil in 128 years. The Japanese occupy the islands. The Battle of Midway comes to a close. The USS McHenry sinks, while fours Japanese carriers and one cruiser are sunk, serving as a turning point in the Pacific War.


    June 13: The summer of 1942 begins a new massive wave of riots. In uprisings in Tangiers, Casablanca, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, Benghazi, Fez, and Rabat, Naarist (pro- or associated with Al-Nar) rebels burned government buildings; attacked German, Italian, Spanish, and Vichy French officers; vandalized ports, and overall made governing the territories very difficult.


    June 17: The Germans and Turks reach Stalingrad, where a massive Red Army force has gathered to defend the city. The massive Siege of Stalingrad begins. German and Turkish troops are engaged by the Red Army forces in the suburbs, while civilian men and boys are conscripted by the Red Army to assist in the defense.


    June 18: The Brooklyn Project, the American attempt to research and develop nuclear weapons, begins.


    June 20: The US planning team for Operation Matchstick arrives in London. The operation is named due to the analogy that just like a single matchstick can set a fuze ablaze, a few landings in North Africa can be the spark that causes the already unstable Axis control over North Africa to explode.


    June 24: General George S. Patton arrives in Ethiopia, ready to take command of American forces in East Africa.


    June 25: Another massive British "Thousand Bomber" raid, this time on Bremen; the raiders suffer grievous losses.


    July 1: The Iranians retake Zanjan from the Turkish forces.


    July 3: Guadalcanal is now firmly in the hands of the Japanese.


    July 4: An uprising occurs in Vanadzor, Armenia. It is put down, and several thousand residents of the city are either killed or sent to Camp Osman. First air missions by the US Air Force in Europe occur.


    July 16: On order from the Vichy French government headed by Pierre Laval, French police officers mass arrest 13,152 Jews and hold them at the Winter Velodrome before deportation to Auschwitz.


    July 19: German Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz orders the last U-boats to withdraw from their United States Atlantic coast positions in response to an increasingly effective American convoy system.


    July 20: After landing in the Buna-Gona area, the Japanese in New Guinea move across the Owen Stanley mountain range aiming at Port Moresby in the south-eastern part of the island, close to Australia; a small Australian force begins rearguard action on the Kokoda Track.


    July 21: Under George S. Patton’s leadership in East Africa, Axis forces are pushed out of Nekemte.


    July 22: The systematic deportation of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto begins.


    July 24: Allied and Axis forces clash at Gondar once again, this time with Patton leading the charge against Rommel. Patton’s forces win the battle.


    July 27: A heavy RAF attack occurs on Hamburg.


    July 29: The Japanese take Kokoda, halfway along the Owen Stanley pass to Port Moresby.


    August 1: Despite the heavy casualties, Stalingrad still stands.


    August 3: Young Al-Nar leader Gamal Abdel Nasser leads a group of Naarists in Cairo in assassinating three Turkish officers and holding one other captive.


    August 5: Henrik Hersch Goldschmidt aka Janusz Korczak and almost 200 children of his orphanage, along with his staff, are led to the Treblinka II death camp, and killed there that day, probably with gas.


    August 7: Operation Lookout begins the Guadalcanal Campaign as American forces invade Gavutu, Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Tanambogo in the Solomon Islands.


    August 9: Rommel begins another attack into Ethiopia, but by September he is back to his original lines.


    August 13: The Iranian forces successfully march through the Zagros Mountains where they are greeted as liberators.


    August 17: First US Army Air Forces B-17 heavy bomber raid in Europe, targeting the Sotteville railroad yards at Rouen, France.


    August 18: In New Guinea, both Japanese and Australia reinforcements arrive.


    August 19: Operation Anniversary, a raid by British and Canadian forces on Dieppe, Frands ends in disaster as they come under heavy gunfire and eventually most are killed or captured by German defenders.


    August 22: Brazil declares war on the Axis due to the people’s anger at the sinking of Brazilian ships. Jews are massacred in Stanislau, Poland in what the Nazi authorities describe as a “reprisal action”. 1000 Jews are shot, including women and girls who are raped beforehand at Gestapo headquarters.


    August 24: In the naval battle of the Eastern Solomons, the USS Endeavor is badly damaged and the Japanese lose one light carrier.


    August 26: The battle of Milne Bay begins as Japanese forces land and launch a full-scale assault on the Australian base near the eastern tip of New Guinea.


    August 30: At the Battle of Kassala in Sudan, General Patton’s first major offensive shows success.


    August 31: General Razmara’s forces retake Ahvaz, allowing for the Iranian forces to enter into Khuzestan.

    02-19430101_gaf_u39_013-1.jpg

    Iranian soldiers in a trench defending Tehran from the Turkish siege (circa January 1942).


    D23183.81141844_std.jpg

    American General George S. Patton in the Eritrea region of northern Ethiopia.


    220px-Ali_razmara-1.jpg

    Iranian General Haj Ali Razmara, viewed as one of the greatest Allied commanders of WWII, who was responsible for breaking the Siege of Tehran, seen as one of the most important events leading to the Allied victory on the Eastern Front.
     
    Excerpt from Memoirs of a Young Woman
  • "The reality is that I do not remember much from that morning. I had spent all night awake to the sounds of the women coughing as they lay in their hard, cold beds. It was around noon when when I was near the fence and felt the ground shake beneath me, and when I gazed into the distance, past the wire and saw two flags fluttering in the distance: one with the hammer and sickle and one with the Star of David. As they came closer and closer, it was clear to all that the chains were finally being broken.


    Upon our liberation, the first thing on everyone's mind was food, and then sex. That night, the men and women ate, and several went to bed together for the first time in years.


    When all had gone to sleep for the night, I looked up at the stars, the same ones I looked at every other night. For all the darkness that existed around me, there were points of light. It was thinking of this beauty all around me that had allowed me to survive in the darkest of places. Through confusion, misery, and death, peace and tranquility had returned again. However, it was different from the life I lived before and even during my time in the attic. The world, through its darkness, could only be saved through the actions of those who sought to find the light. If the world were to return to a time of peace, I told myself, I need not wait a single moment to improve the world."

    -Memoirs of a Young Woman
     
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    Excerpt from a 1970s interview with a Naarist leader
  • 197_

    Reporter:
    Mr. _______, how was it that you initially got involved in the Naarist movement.


    __: I think it really started before [World War II], and before I was born actually, when the [Egyptian] government closed on my father's land. He went to court over the situation for 25 years, but he didn't get it back, and that really turned my family against the Sultan's government. So of course, when the depression came around and discontent increased in Palestine and the Hashemite realm, my parents related with the common struggle of those Arabs. Of course I was still young at the time, but I still remember the anger in the air. And with [World War II], all of the greatest heroes rebelling against the Turks [in Egypt] were not the Sultan's forces, but young revolutionary Naarist leaders like Naguib and Nasser, and then once I enrolled in the University of Cairo following the war, those views were further enforced. Due to my leanings, I was unable to visit my father's family in Gaza and my mother's family in Jerusalem, although all that did really was make me even more firm in my beliefs.

    Reporter: Yes, now you mentioned World War II. How did that impact you?


    __: I grew up during the war. It began when I was only ten years old and ended when I was a teenager. I remember the fear I felt when the Turks first occupied Cairo. Seeing the resistance of the Al-Naar fidayeen was what taught me strength and courage, and I aspired to be like them. I would even throw rocks at occupying Turkish soldiers, trying to be like my heroes, and truly following in their footsteps is a great honor, and that's what the Bronze Eagles set out to do.


    (Any ideas about this guy?)
     
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    Dear Hafez
  • 27 April 1942

    Dear Hafez,

    I do not know if this letter will reach you successfully in Jerusalem. I have recently received word that the Turks have attempted another offensive into Israel. I want to tell you, my son, to be brave, yet to also be safe. I know you have a strong desire to go out and fight, but you are still young, and that time is not now. Although you have the strength of the lion in you, you are not ready to go up against the brutality of the Turkish forces. You must swear, both to me and to God, that if the Turks should once again near Al-Quds, that you will retreat to Magen Tsiyon again with the government officials and their children.

    Inshallah, the war shall come to an end soon and we can both return home to Latakia.

    Sincerely,
    Your Father

    His Excellency Ali-Sulayman al-Assad, Hashemite Ambassador to France
     
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    The Streets of Cairo
  • 1 July 1942, 1:42 PM – Cairo, Egypt


    Walking through the streets of Cairo, young 11-year-old Abdel was surrounded by ruin. For months, the Egyptian Naarists had been rioting against the occupying Turkish forces, and the unrest showed no sign of stopping. In the city streets and sidewalks, asphalt and concrete had been broken up into chunks of hard pavement rock used to throw at Turkish soldiers. Windows were shattered, and broken glass littered the floors of buildings and the ground outside. The walls were covered in graffiti, expressing anti-Turkish slogans such as "Almawt laBozkurt" ("Death to Bozkurt"), "Almawt lil'atrak" ("Death to the Turks), and "Tahya Masr" ("Long Live Egypt"). Next to the words would often be a flame, the symbol of Al-Naar.


    Upon seeing three Turkish soldiers, Abdel looked down and saw chunks of concrete. He picked one up– not too big to throw, but not too small to pack a punch. Abdel hit behind a corner, and then threw the chunk of concrete, hitting the helmet of a soldier. He ducked for cover. The soldiers turned around, beginning to come towards his hiding spot. Abdel bolted away as the Turks approached the corner.


    Looking behind him, he saw that the three soldiers had caught up with him, having turned the corner and taking their aim. He heard three gunshots and fell down to the ground, huddled under his arms.


    However, those three gunshots were not fired by the Turkish soldiers, and as he turned around to check what had happened, he saw that they were all lying down on the ground dead. Instead, he saw a young Egyptian man, mature looking, yet no older than 25.


    "You should be more careful kid."


    "I was fighting our occupiers."


    "I know, but you could have gotten yourself killed."


    "Then I would die fighting for Egypt and the Arab people."


    "Now is not your time to die," he said. "We will need a new generation if we want to keep the flame (al-naar) of the Arab people going."


    "Thank you for saving me," Abdel said, not wanting to argue further with this man who had saved his life. "What is your name?"

    "Gamal," he said, "Gamal Abdel Nasser. And you?"

    "Abdel," he replied proudly. "Abdel Rahman Arafat."
     
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