Chapter 92: Tomoyoshi’s Administration and the Conclusion of the Luson War
Kanbe Tomoyoshi, a brother of the great Oda Nobutomo, now presided over the governance of Japan. He brought with him 29 years of experience as the governor of Luson province and a vast military record in both Luson and in the home islands. As the former governor of Luson, he was also uniquely knowledgeable about Japan’s foreign trade relations and the kingdoms and realms distributed across Southeast Asia. This knowledge along with his vast experience made him the right man to lead a realm reeling from the effects of civil war and still fighting Spain in the Philippines.
Firstly, he focused on reforming and stabilizing the fundamental politics of Azuchi. The previous succession edict decreed by Nobutomo as part of the Kanei Reforms was expanded further to address situations when the new head of the main Oda bloodline was underage. Under the expanded succession edict, in the case of the new clan head too young to take on the responsibilities of government, a senior member of the Oda clan would be appointed to become the daijo-daijin until the head of the Oda clan became of age to take over. Furthermore, the Oda heir would no longer serve as the lord of Gifu Castle as an adolescent, instead growing up in Azuchi Castle surrounded by his immediate family and the state apparatus. The Oda clan’s direct vassals in Mino province and appointed magistrates would subsequently have a greater role in governing the lands under the direct control of the central Oda clan. Gifu, already impacted by two sieges in two different wars, would decline in importance after its special status as the heir’s stronghold was removed.
Tomoyoshi also resurrected the Kudō clan, whose bloodline had been exterminated by Azuchi during the Manji War, by making his younger son Tomofuyu (神戸朝冬) its new head, the latter changing his name to Kanefuyu (工藤包基冬). Kudō Kanefuyu would be assigned as a page to the young Nobuhiro and would play a big role by his liege’s side throughout the latter’s later tenure. Finally, to avoid sowing resentment among those who had remained loyal to Azuchi and Konoe Toshishige during the civil war, Tomoyoshi followed a policy of amnesty, only confiscating lands from the Shibata and Kitabatake clans in Kaga and Kii provinces respectively. Oda Nagaaki, son of the late Oda Tomoaki, himself would be transferred from northern Echigo to Kaga province.
Portrait of Oda Nagaaki, son of the late Oda Tomoaki
Tomoyoshi’s most significant reforms, however, dealt with the military power and structure of the realm. The daijo-daijin came to the conclusion that the regional daimyo lords were too capable of raising sizable armies relatively quickly and that the shogunal structure had been too ineffective to suppress the rebellion, even if he now governed Japan as a result of said rebellion. To remedy this, he summoned the Shinka-in for a special session and convinced them to agree to a new recruitment ratio wherein the various lords would commit more money and resources towards the maintenance of the regional shogunal armies and capping the size of their own individual armies and retinues. At the same time, the size of the shogunal armies would be regulated to dissuade any thoughts of future rebellion by the regional shoguns. This had the long-term effect of demilitarizing Japan as in future wars, the number of combatants relative to the population would be smaller, and the local daimyo would spend less time and resources towards the maintenance of their militaries. Finally, he oversaw the demilitarization and even deconstruction of many castles in order to reduce the defenses of each individual lord, limiting each lord to much smaller numbers of functional castles. On the other hand, Tomoyoshi understood the importance of having a strong navy to protect Japan’s mercantile and geopolitical interests at home and abroad and so sought to expand and upgrade it, making Tagawa Seikou the new naval shogun and the highest ever ranking non-Japanese deputy of Azuchi and the imperial court.
Tomoyoshi’s government also worked towards economic recovery as swaths of the countryside in central and northern Japan had been devastated due to the civil war, starting with relaxing taxation. Azuchi coordinated land reclamation efforts with the daimyo lords, paying particularly close attention towards transitioning landless ronin to agricultural and commercial work. Additionally, Tomoyoshi’s military reforms pushed many samurai retainers towards their domains’ central commercial enterprises, increasing the latter’s importance within Japan’s economy on the regional level. Finally, Tomoyoshi expanded the customs house of Sakai to accommodate the resumption of trade negatively affected by the civil war and future mercantile expansion. This last act was taken on the advice of the wealthy merchant Saidaniya Gonpei (才谷屋権平), Sakai’s biggest freight shipper. Gonpei had built his wealth and enterprise upon expanding Sino-Japanese trade from the 1630s and had at one point headed Sakai’s urban council of merchants and craftsmen and his successors would become one of Japan’s most influential non-samurai families in the coming decades.
Sketch of Saidaniya Gonpei, Sakai’s biggest freight shipper
Although the civil war had ended, the Luson War still raged to the south. Between when Tomoyoshi had departed for Kagoshima and the conclusion of the Manji War, the Japanese had made both progress and hit roadblocks on the path to victory. Pangasinan was retaken in the first half of 1661, with only disparate unrest persisting for the rest of the year. This was followed by a march on Manila by Kanbe Tomozane with another army fielded by the Spanish easily defeated. However, in the seas Tagawa Seikou was unable to break the Spanish navy and blockade Manila. As a result, governor general de Lara was able to bring in Siamese mercenaries to bolster the defenses of Manila in anticipation of a Japanese siege. When it did happen, these mercenaries proved invaluable in fending off the Japanese. Due to Manila’s stubborn resistance and Spanish control of the city’s waters, the siege dragged on for a few months and after enduring harsh weather and outbreaks of disease Tomozane’s army was forced to halt the siege and fall back for the time being. This was the situation the Japanese found themselves in against the Spanish when the civil war finally ended.
Upon Tomoyoshi’s appointment as the new daijo-daijin, Kanbe Tomozane was officially made the new governor of Luson province. Shimazu Norihisa was charged with sailing south along with 25,000 men and joining the new Luson governor in taking Manila and defeating the Spanish. Most of these men were veterans who had directly fought under the command of Tomoyoshi and ranked among the realm’s best troops, and it was expected that their arrival would finally bring Manila under Japanese control. However, these men would not face the Spanish in battle, as Japan’s decisive victory that would end the war would take place in the ocean. After Tagawa Seikou was made the new naval shogun, he was able to consolidate the various squadrons in the Azuchi navy towards the war effort against the Spanish and gathered a large fleet to confront Beaumont’s Filipino-Spanish navy at the 2nd Battle of the Lingayen Gulf on September 19th, 1662. Seikou’s navy numbered 70 ships, including 25 Chinese junks, while Beaumont’s numbered 45, and Japan’s numerical superiority as well as Seikou’s own tact as an admiral led to a crushing victory, with Spanish naval strength in the Philippines reduced to tatters. This left Manila vulnerable to a Japanese blockade and overnight Manila’s chances of holding out until the Japanese would be forced to retreat evaporated. Left with no other choice, governor general de Lara sued for peace. Although some in Azuchi wanted Japan to take over the rest of Luzon island including Manila, Tomoyoshi knew all too well how difficult it had been to suppress Roman Catholic zealotry even within the borders of Japanese Luson and how dependent Asia was on Spanish silver and goods from the Americas. Finally, Azuchi simply needed more money.
Depiction of the 2nd Battle of the Lingayen Gulf
In 1663, under what would be known as the Peace of Manila, Azuchi would once again directly collect 10% of the galleon trade. Furthermore, Spain was forced to agree to reduce the Manila fleet to just 20 ships. However, Japan would not demand the cession of further lands, avoiding having to subjugate an incensed native Catholic population. Indeed, the Peace of Manila overall was not the humiliation Manila expected, allowing it to be a long-lasting peace. In the long run, however, it would permanently weaken Spanish power in Southeast Asia and further tarnish the reputation of the Catholic faith in the East. A sign of this was Siamese king Chaofa Chai’s pivot away from the kingdom’s longtime ally in Spain, moving towards stronger ties with other European powers and direct imposition of its own power upon native kingdoms and sultanates throughout the region. Spanish commercial decline also allowed Japanese mercantile and political power in Southeast Asia to continually expand and fully recover from the disruption of the Manji War.