Eisenhower in the Pacific: Part 1 The Shoestring Warriors of Luzon

Driftless

Donor
That is an interesting butterfly. I don't feel qualified to judge how significant, but surely very much so (Filipino history since 1945 is not exactly a strongpoint for me), but I wouldn't mind seeing someone come up with ideas.

I did kill off Ferdinand Marcus though so at least HE isn't going to be an issue

:biggrin: My knowledge of Philippine history is pretty sketchy too, but just thinking on the larger scale for your universe, they would have a very large number of NCO's, and more junior and senior level officers from all services, who have persevered - and had a few successes too. The pool of talent would be much larger than OTL. That larger leadership pool could help draw more international investment maybe? Send W. Edward Demings to the Philippines instead of Japan maybe....
 
The Japanese are losing a lot of men and holding up a whole lot of ships and men to... capture a few islands.

Kinda speaks for how bad Japanese resource allocation is.
 
And expending artillery ammunition and other supplies they cannot afford. The Japanese have lost tanks, trucks, and artillery that, in OTL, they never lost. Most recently they lost a Imperial Guard regiment, and part of another.

The Japanese CANNOT afford to continue these loses in the long term
 

Orry

Donor
Monthly Donor
And expending artillery ammunition and other supplies they cannot afford. The Japanese have lost tanks, trucks, and artillery that, in OTL, they never lost. Most recently they lost a Imperial Guard regiment, and part of another.

The Japanese CANNOT afford to continue these loses in the long term

Its not just the loses here - its the knock on effect of what those troops and that equipment was doing in OTL that now needs to be done with other forces - that can then not be doing the missions assigned to them and so on down the line.

Now if you have thousands of troops just sitting in barracks in reserve that might be not an issue. If however those troops are assigned to carefully timed strategic operations the wheels can come off the bus quite quickly.

There is also the improvement in American prestige over OTL through out the Far East (even if they do not realise it) - They have shown more clearly they can fight so a few less people will colaberate with the Japanese and a few more will actively oppose them. The Japanese will have to use just a few more of their own people - who will then not be available for what ever tasks they undertook in OTL.

The Japanese will be more cautious when attacking the Americans - they know that Bushido spirit is not always enough if even an Imperial Guard Regiment can fail. Thus there will be further delays as they bring up an extra Company or Battalion they had not planned to use in subsequent attacks. American morale will be a little higher such an example of what a small force can do which will again make it just a little harder for the Japanese.

For a normal plan this would not be critical but given how low on resources and how 'lucky' the Japanese were.......
 
The Japanese will be more cautious when attacking the Americans - they know that Bushido spirit is not always enough if even an Imperial Guard Regiment can fail.
"Insert Are You Sure About That.gif"

Even with the lessons in Guadalcanal IOTL, they didn't learn. Not sure if they gonna listen ITTL either.
 
OTL defence was enough to throw the Japanese plans off the time table and Homa was fired even though he won. Here the rock lasts almost two months longer and will cause even more problem.
 
The Final Days of the Siege (part 1)
The 3rd Bombardment and final tightening of the noose (June 22-June 24)

Admiral Niimi and General Tanaka now order the next step in finishing off the American fortress. The Army has moved its heavy 240 mm guns (8 operational), and 150 guns (8 operational) from the Malaria pesthole of Bataan to the somewhat less disease ridden Cavite province, joining the Kondo detachment (4 x 4.7 inch howitzers, 2 x 150 mm howitzers). On Bataan the remainder of the 7th Artillery command is in position with 36 x 105 mm guns, 48 x 75 mm guns, but for now those guns remain silent as their crews will not be moved into position until it is time for to cover the amphibious assault planned for July 5. Joining the bombardment force are the crews of 18 x 90 mm mortars which are ferried over to the newly captured Fort Hughes during the nights of June 22 and June 23.

For the air bombardment, the Army has 24 light bombers, 60 medium level bombers, 9 reconnaissance aircraft, plus several observation balloons (deployed at Bataan and Cavite provinces). The Navy has 27 dive bombers and 30 float planes assigned to the mission. Other Navy aircraft (flying boats, float planes and medium bombers) are patrolling the waters around the Philippine Islands.

Shipping delays have kept sufficient ammunition (and a number of replacement guns to substitute for those worn out in the previous two bombardments) from reaching their deployment areas until June 23. But now everything is ready. The final bombardment is ready to begin.

At 0900 hours the Army medium bombers make their attack at 12,000 feet, while Army light bombers come in at 8,000 feet with orders to attack American AA guns as they fire. The Americans only have 9 3 inch guns remaining, scattered around Topside but still have a large number of heavy machine guns scattered on Topside and on Malinta Hill. American flak now lacks centralized control and is forced to rely on local sights, so the accuracy is far diminished, although the relatively low level of the attackers makes up for this somewhat. Several Japanese bombers are heavily damaged by 3 inch bursts, 2 more are shot down, and bombing accuracy is poor and none of the bombs land in the gun pits of Battery Geary or Battery Way (where a single mortar remains operational at each). The light bombers attack the flak guns as they are spotted, but heavy machine gun fire damages most of the Army bombers, and 5 crash into the sea. The Japanese consider the attack a success however, as all of the American anti-aircraft guns are spotted by observation balloons and their location is quickly forwarded to Japanese gunners.

At 0910, a massive barrage begins, with every Japanese heavy and medium gun opening up at once, and shells rain down on American anti-aircraft positions. This quickly slows down in pace, but one shell is landing every minute on those positions and this continues for the next 5 hours. The defenders suffer heavy casualties, with the 1st and 2nd battalions 60th Coast Artillery losing nearly half of its men within the first few minutes as the shellfire catches many as they attempt to reach cover or are still at their guns. Only 4 of the 3 inch guns survive the bombardment, and all of them are damaged to the point of being non-operational while the remaining guns are hopeless wrecked.

An afternoon bombing raid by Army bombers meets no flak at all, and bombing is thus superb, with bombs hitting every gun pit and a followup strike by Navy dive bombers a few minutes later is equally successful. Spotter planes are now able to fly over the island at medium altitude and when shelling resumes a couple of hours before dark, and heavy shells blast apart the 12 inch mortars of Fort Mills, destroying every one.

The defenders suffer a very bad day, with nearly 600 casualties taken (including 140 dead) and their flak guns and heavy mortars are now effectively out of the fight. The Japanese can now bomb at medium level with impunity. Worse, the Japanese can now fly comfortably overhead and spot their fire easily.

As night falls, the bombing and shelling ends for a few hours, from 1700 Hours until 2200 Hours. The Japanese take this time to feed and rest their gun crews, move up more ammunition and prepare for the night to come. The Filipino-American defenders take this time to recover their many casualties and to assess damage.

Beginning at 2200 hours, the next phase of the bombardment begins. Shell fire begins at a steady pace, with 1 round landing every minute from heavy and medium guns aimed to cover the entire island over the course of the night as harassment. This keeps the defenders under cover and also covers the noise of the Japanese float planes as they make several passes over the only remaining anchorage area available to the American submarines and drop a total of 56 mines that night. Deafened by the bombardment, the defenders fail to notice this, and it also becomes clear that attempting to move troops around the island to Cheney ravine is now highly risky and certain to produce result in casualties.

At 0500 the shelling ends, and again the Japanese take a break until 0900 when the next bombing raid begins. This time there is no flak available, and the Japanese bombers plaster battery James and Morrison, wrecking the 6 and 3 inch coast defense guns there and suffering no losses. At noon the heavy guns open up again, concentrating on Battery Stockade, destroying the 155 mm guns there before the Japanese again take their dinner break. A bombing raid completes the day, this time consisting of small bombs dropped all over Topside aimed at producing casualties, although few are inflicted.

Night falls finally after a grueling couple of days for the Filipino-American defenders. Meanwhile, the submarines Barricuda, Bass and Bonita are approaching their planned anchorages just off Cheney ravine.
 
The Japanese have battered the rock in to a mess. At this point whenever they decide to land troops that will be that, there will be a price to be paid however the end is near. The Americans have delayed the Japanese significantly totally screwing up their time table and costing them men, materiel, etc well in excess of what they lost OTL. If I recall correctly, the command has been split so the surrender of Corregidor won't mean surrender everywhere in the PI. Between that, the continuing of some level of resistance, and the cost/casualties this defense has extracted from the Japanese, I have great concerns about what happens to any American and Filipinos who are alive when the white flag goes up. All of them being executed is not impossible.
 
Operation Shoe String (Part 3)
Disaster in Manila Bay
The Japanese are not aware of the approaching American submarines, nor of the submarines off Leyte in Ormac Bay which are already offloading the 15th Signals Battalion (Philippine Army) and tons of small arms, ammunition, signals equipment and medical supplies to waiting stay behind forces in Leyte which will be spreading those valuable personnel and equipment through out the island chain. The Japanese also fail to spot the pair of American submarines operating off Lingayen Gulf which discover that the Japanese are no longer using their landing beaches as a supply route. The American submarines Sculpin and Skipjack fail to spot any enemy ships off Subic Bay other than heavy surface patrols by Japanese Navy. The 3 submarine transports easily slip by Japanese Navy patrols off Manila Bay as night falls, only surfacing a few thousand yards from their planned anchorage. A few miles away, the submarines Seawolf and Swordfish also surface, both of which have SJ radar which can be used not only to spot enemy targets, but also for communication for ships so equipped. They quickly acquire the Japanese blockade force, which at this point consists of 4 torpedo boats and 2 gunboats, which are all over 5 miles offshore during the night time hours.

It is 2130 Hours as the American submarines are approaching, and they have surfaced and are exchanging blinker messages with spotters on Fort Mills. Everything is going to plan, the 900 men, all Filipino troops, selected for evacuation are assembling in Chaney Ravine, the submarine crews are on deck getting the rubber boats and the outboard engines ready for use, and the few supplies planned for unloading (cigarettes and medical supplies) are on deck.

At 2137, the USS Barracuda plows right into an old US Navy mine purchased second hand by the Japanese after the last war and which happened to be in stock in Formosa. The mine, similar to the Japanese type 5 mine, has 176 pounds of explosive, which is plenty to crack the hull and open 2 forward compartments of the submarine to flooding. The blast also alerts the Japanese that enemy ships are in the harbor. Still evaluating what happened, the skipper of the Bonita fails to react quickly enough and she too hits a mine, and then another, opening 5 compartments to flooding and she quickly begins to sink. The skipper of the Bass does react quickly, and manages to stop his boat and then begins to back out of what is clearly a minefield.

However, at 2140, shells begin raining down on the anchorage and on Cheney Ravine as the Japanese open fire, and unlike the previous nights, this is full barrage with every gun shooting as quickly as possible, aided now by a barrage of 90 mm mortar shells from Fort Hughes. All three ships are hit and a 240 mm round near misses the Bass, starting a fire in the battery room which spreads to the aft torpedo room and starboard main electric motor that kills many of the crew before they can escape. On all three submarines the rubber boats that were to be used for an evacuation now become life boats.

By 2200 hours are 3 submarines have been abandoned, their surviving crews aboard the rubber boats heading as quickly as they can for the only direction possible...out to sea in hopes of reaching the escort submarines. A frantic radio message reaches Captain Momson aboard the Seawolf, who can only watch in horror as the disaster overwhelms the mission. The Seawolf moves up to pick up the survivors as they race toward her, while the Swordfish fires a full spread of 4 torpedoes, followed as quickly as they can be loaded by 4 more, at the Japanese blockade force in hopes of drawing them off. She succeeds admirably, with a torpedo blowing apart the Japanese gunboat Saga, and forcing the remaining Japanese ships to take evasive action.

Japanese float planes arrive now, and they begin dropping flares and more mines, as several aircraft were already in the air when the American ships met their fates. Shellfire is meanwhile inflicting severe casualties on exposed troops in Cheney Ravine, who are forced to scatter and seek shelter.

Reports that the American ships have sunk ends the bombardment by midnight but the last attempt to evacuate personnel from Corregidor has been a disaster. Only 38 officers and men of the 150 aboard the 3 submarines are picked up by the Seawolf. Luckily both the Seawolf and Swordfish manage to escape in the night without damage avoiding frantic Japanese efforts to find them. This is the only good news for the US Navy for the evening.


The boats of Lingayen remain for a week before they too head for home, while the two off Subic Bay do manage to torpedo an ammunition ship and a freighter before they are driven off by Japanese counterattacks.

 
authors notes
The Japanese Navy did purchase a lot of Royal and US Navy mines left over from World War I, and used them during the war.

Luckily for the Allies, the Japanese were limited to contact mines only, and almost never used them offensively, but I decided that Admiral Niima was sufficiently aware of Allied antisubmarine mining in World War I to use them here.

The final parts of the story coming soon....
 
This is by far the worst disaster in the history of the service - AFAIK the previous record for losses in a short time was S-44 on 7/10/43, Wahoo 4 days later, and Dorado on 13 Oct to friendly fire from Gitmo aircraft.
 
This is by far the worst disaster in the history of the service - AFAIK the previous record for losses in a short time was S-44 on 7/10/43, Wahoo 4 days later, and Dorado on 13 Oct to friendly fire from Gitmo aircraft.

true. However these submarines were considered expendable, otherwise they wouldn't have been assigned to this mission which was viewed as very high risk. But at least some of the crew survived
 
The Final Act, the Curtain Falls
June 25 early morning hours
Japanese shelling is reduced to a more sustained level after midnight, but is still heavy enough to make movement difficult and to continue to exhaust the endurance of the remaining defenders. At 0500 hours the shelling stops again, and the defenders are finally able to take stock.

Oil and debris from the sunken submarines is drifting ashore, along with the bodies of some of the crew. The Filipino troops in Cheney Ravine have suffered horribly, with over 600 of the 900 killed or wounded and many of the survivors in deep shock. Few guns remain operational, and all of them are clearly doomed by the pinpoint and massive Japanese shelling and painfully accurate bombing.

Meanwhile General Moore has had a chance to finally hear the report from the fall of Fort Hughes. The only survivor tells of wounded slaughtered where they lay, morale collapsing and men running in panic over the side of cliffs, and a desperate attempt to surrender failing in the darkness and chaos of a night battle.

His garrison is down to less than 9,000 effectives, the rest have been killed, evacuated, or now filling the hospital wards of Malinta Tunnel or hiding in holes and tunnels effectively out of the fight from shell shock and exhaustion. Only around 2,000 of these troops can be considered infantry, and his beach defense guns are mostly gone so they only have machine guns and mortars to defend with. The constant shelling has wrecked most of the barbed wire, and now an amphibious landing can be expected from practically any direction. Moore can only be certain of having guns to defend the minefields with for only a few more days, at best, due to the rate his batteries are being neutralized.

It is clear to him that if the Japanese land his men are going to be massacred, no matter how many casualties they inflict and a landing similar in size to the previous one will certainly take the island.

He comes to the only decision he can. A radiogram is sent to Eisenhower in Australia informing Commander Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) that with no choice, the garrison will surrender on June 26. A final report is sent out by radiogram reporting the slaughter of the garrison of Fort Hughes, the dire state of the remaining defenses of Fort Mills, and the failure of Operation Shoestring. Eisenhower forwards the report to Washington by officer courier as well as a brief statement by radiogram informing General Marshall and President Roosevelt that he is giving General Moore permission to surrender at the discretion of Moore but at the approval of SWPA.

Meanwhile, the Rock undergoes another day and night of bombing and shelling and General Moore orders the destruction of the remaining artillery and small arms.

The end
General Moore sends a message by radio to the Japanese commanders and orders white flags be shown at Malinta Hill and multiple locations on Topside beginning at dawn on June 26. Tanaka orders a postponement of the days bombardment and sends with the help of the Navy a delegation to accept the American surrender.

At noon, June 26, 1942, local time, the last American fortress in the Philippines surrender, with 12,068 men (4,000 Americans, the remainder Filipino) going into captivity. Ahead is a long captivity at the hand of a brutal enemy and many (nearly 20%) would not survive it. But the long siege of the Gibraltar of the Pacific is at an end.

In the rest of the Southwest Pacific Area Command, at the direction of General Eisenhower, Taps is played in honor of the defenders of the Rock even as the American flag is hauled down far away in the Philippines.

A long gallant stand has ended....
 
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