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And as a reward an update:
Spain & Italy (1919-1924)
By 1924 both Spain and Italy were controlled by Collectivist governments, and the two had along with France signed the Palma Pact; a tripartite alliance aimed at spreading Collectivism throughout Europe. The two countries would have very different journeys however.
Spain was hit hard by the Great Crash. A scene of heavy fighting in the Great War, Spain had been a battleground as Allied forces (principally British, Spanish and Portuguese) forced out the Bourbons in Aragon and their French allies. Spain had suffered 300,000 casualties in the fighting, and in the post-war era had to not only repair the damage done to the country but oversee the integration of the former Kingdom of Aragon. The Aragonese under the Bourbon monarchs had been independent for about a century, The result of this was a fostering of a unique sense of national identity that Madrid was never quiet able to crush. The people of this region would remain more conservative and opposed the parties of the radical left even after the Collectivist government took power in Madrid. To recover from the war, Spain had been heavily reliant on Anglo-Portuguese financial support. This dried up immediately following the Crash in 1919 and plunged Spain into an era of uncertainty. By 1921 unemployment was over 12% and the centrist political parties were haemorrhaging support to left and right. Right-wing nationalists and Aragonese separatist parties each enjoyed a sizeable boost of support. It was the Collectivists however that were the greatest beneficiaries. Already boasting elected representation the Collectivists painted the crisis as an inevitable consequence of the global economic system and advocated new radical policies to avert the crisis. They were helped by the fact that the only country that offered any sort of aid in this period was France. The Collectivist regime had avoided the worst of the Crash (the benefit of being virtually outside the global economic system) and had been able to help Spain out somewhat. Regardless in the 1922 Spanish election the Collectivists won a majority of 61% and soon set to dealing with the crisis.
The Spanish Collectivists were (primarily) adherents to the Democratic Collectivist interpretation of the ideology. One of the three major Collectivist branches (the other two being Totalism and Monterrism), Democratic Collectivism was the most moderate of the three. It remained committed to a democratic process (though separatism was outlawed) and tended to favour the decentralisation of Monterrism over the all powerful state of the Totalist regime in Paris. Upon taking power the Collectivists immediately signed a full alliance with France. This drew criticism from Portugal (which broke its alliance with Spain as a result) and from the British loyalist regime (the Collectivists in Britain applauded the move). Seeking to tackle unemployment the government in Madrid launched ambitious public works programmes, military expansion and better access to education. It also gave the vote to all men and women over 20. These projects slowly, but surely, began to ease Spain back from the brink. A separatist rising in Barcelona was crushed in 1923. Further afield there were problems for Spain. Cuba, long part of Spain, finally tired of its submission to Madrid and had risen in revolution in 1921. The Cuban revolutionaries however were divided between right-wing and left-wing elements. Soon Cuba was embroiled in a three way conflict between loyalists, right-wing rebels and Collectivist rebels. The new Spanish government dispatched a fleet to the island in 1924 to re-assert Spanish authority. This led to a diplomatic crisis as América had been aiding the Collectivist rebels, eager to bring the island under its sphere. Spanish forces gradually re-asserted control over the east of island as the rebels were fractured, but were prevented from taking Havana. Américan naval forces soon sailed for the island. France, desperate to prevent its two Collectivist allies from fighting offered to mediate. Cuba was granted full political autonomy (independent in all but name but still under Spanish protection and technically subservient to Madrid). In exchange América was allowed to establish a naval base at Guantanamo Bay, as a base in the central Caribbean. After the crisis Madrid refocused its eyes closer to home as they continued their efforts to strengthen Spain and watch with interest the events in Italy.
Spanish forces in Cuba:
The creation of the Second Italian Republic and the success of the Collectivists in Italy was a lot less rosy than it had been in Spain. Italy had been a politically divided country even before the crash. Regionalism, radicalism and irredentism were rife in Italy, creating a wild and colourful political climate. An ally of Spain since 1909, Italy likewise was hit hard by the crash. Unlike in Spain however, in Italy all the extreme parties benefited. The Italian nationalists were dominated by the Aquilists.
Aquilism comes from the Italian word Aquila or eagle. The Aquilists took this symbol of ancient Rome as their emblem and heralded Italy as the heir to the Roman Empire. Advocating irredentism, nationalism, centralization of power and corporatism the Aquilists wanted to take power and reclaim ‘rightful’ Italian lands (chiefly Venetia, Tunis and parts of southeastern France). They were supported by Prussia and Poland and were popular in parts of the northwest of Italy. On the other side were the Collectivists, backed by France and Spain and strong in the south and the islands. As unemployment pushed passed 15% in the early 1920s the centrist parties bled supporters to either side. Street fights and rioting between the left and right was rife. Sicily, the south, Tuscany and Rome (aka pre-Great War Italy) were largely controlled by the Collectivists. Lombardy, Piedmont and a few other areas were under the wings of the Aquilists. At the election of 1924 the Collectivists won enough support to become the largest party. The election was not a fair one with both sides intimidating voters, cheating and altogether not playing by the rules. Aquilists almost immediately began setting up a rival regime in Turin, Italy seemed to be heading for Civil War. France however had other ideas. French forces, who were suspiciously ready for the exercise, swept over the border into Italy. Crushing any right-wing opposition they found they joined with Italian forces and announced their recognition of the Collectivist government in Rome. Spain followed suit immediately. The Prussians protested angrily but they had not expected the move and it seemed too late to intervene now, but Berlin would not forget. Vienna was worried but wasn’t sure if the Collectivists or the vehemently anti-Hapsburg Aquilists were worse so did nothing. With French and Spanish aid, the Italian government exerted its control over the country (a control tentative at best in parts of the north). In August of 1924 the three countries (France, Spain and Italy) signed the Palma Pact on the island of Majorca in the western Mediterranean. A new political bloc had emerged in Europe and one eager to shake the continent's foundations.
Flag of the Second Republic of Italy
Exchanging the old red for Collectivist black and including the Collectivist symbol of a fist. The fist has the tails of a flame simulating Italy rising from the ashes of the economic and political crisis.