A Path Less Travelled - Part VII
The Very Perfect, Gentle Giant Returns
The
1936 United States presidential election was the 38th quadrennial
presidential election, held on Saturday, November 7, 1936. In the midst of the
Long Depression, incumbent
American Liberal President Hamilton Fish III was defeated by former
Progressive President
George W. Norris of
Nebraska. Norris won the
highest share of the popular and electoral vote since the largely uncontested
1820 election. The sweeping victory consolidated the
People's Deal Coalition in control of the
Fifth Party System. It marked the fifth victory for a Progressive nominee in the last seven elections. Norris became the third President to be
re-elected after leaving office, joining
Grover Cleveland and
Theodore Roosevelt in doing so.
President Fish and
Vice President John Nance Garner were re-nominated without opposition at the
1936 American Liberal National Convention, despite significant concerns with his national standing. Although there was much debate about replacing the incumbent leading up to the Convention, the lack of primaries in 1936 for the American Liberals meant that the Party
establishment controlled the selection process and stuck with the President. The Progressive Party had a somewhat more contested nomination process. Former Vice-President
Franklin D. Roosevelt was considered the favorite initially. He had been the party's nominee in
1932 and had won the popular vote then. His support was strongest amongst the
Pine Tree Progressives. But many blamed the Pine Tree Progressives moderation for their loss in 1932 and felt Roosevelt was tainted. A ‘
Draft Norris’ campaign (that the former President did not endorse) emerged during the
primaries and at the
1936 Progressive Party Convention, its proponents united the moderates and the reformists behind renominating the man who had just four years prior been talked off running. The
white supremacist Conservative Democratic Party nominated
Josiah Bailey of
North Carolina and
Richard Russell Jr. of
Georgia.
The election took place as the Long Depression entered its sixth year. Fish’s early moves to break apart the
bureaucratic state,
deregulate and bail out
big businesses and banks had become incredibly unpopular with the American people as the economic situation worsened across the country. In particular, Fish’s attempts to end
Social Security early in his presidency had backfired with the public. With the situation worsening, Fish signaled willingness to change course, but public opinion was sharply opposed to his and the American Liberal agenda. Norris was seen as a champion of the people and rejected Fish’s policies as “overwhelmingly concerned with the well-being of the well-off.”
Most
political pundits expected Fish’s re-election campaign to be a wasted effort. Norris went on to win the greatest electoral
landslide since the 1850s. Norris took 59.3% of the popular vote, while Fish won 34.2% and Bailey won just over 2%, the worst showing for the Conservative Democrat Party in its short history. Norris carried every state except
Connecticut,
South Carolina and
Vermont, which together cast twenty-two electoral votes. By winning 574 electoral votes, Roosevelt received 96.31% of the electoral vote total, which remains the
highest percentage of the electoral vote won by any candidate since 1820. Norris also won the highest share of the popular vote since 1820, though
Huey Long would later win a slightly higher share of the popular vote in
1948. Norris won the most electoral votes ever at the time of the election, though this mark has since been passed as the
Electoral College grew in size over the succeeding decades. Norris’ 574 electoral votes marked the first time in
American history where a presidential candidate received over 500 electoral votes in a presidential election.
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APLT - Index
Part I. 1912 U.S. presidential election
Part II. 1916 U.S. presidential election
Part III. 1920 U.S. presidential election
Part IV. 1924 U.S. presidential election
Part V. 1928 U.S. presidential election
Part VI. 1932 U.S. presidential election