27 February 1942. Birmingham, England.
Chief Production Engineer for the Nuffield Organisation, Andrew Robertson wasn’t looking forward to the arrival of the delegation from the Ministry of Supply. The seven firms under the Nuffield umbrella had been contracted to build 2,062 Crusader tanks to be delivered by May 1942. At the end of February, despite Robertson’s best efforts, 1044 was the total produced so far. Production was now running at over 190 per month, so they would complete the order by the end of July or beginning of August, just a few months late. There were a lot of reasons for the failure, not least the time it took to overcome some of the design problems which had plagued the early production models. There had been bottlenecks in getting armour plate and especially guns, the emphasis on more spare parts being produced had contributed to failure to complete the order on time.
Sir Miles Thomas, the Vice-Chairman of the Nuffield Organisation, arrived along with the Ministry of Supply team and by the looks on their faces, Robertson thought that there was more bad news than just the failure to complete the order on time. He wasn’t wrong.
The three biggest producers of the Crusader: Mechanizations and Aero Ltd, Morris Commercial and Ruston Bucyrus were all preparing to move onto the Mark III Crusader beginning in May. The redesigned turret was able to squeeze in the 6-pdr gun, at the cost of the loader. The new mark would have the Mk. IV Liberty engine, which they hoped would fix many of the reliability issues previously encountered. With updated water pumps and the cooling fans being driven by a drive shaft rather than the chain drive, the primary problems of reliability should be fixed.
Lord Nuffield had believed that the improvements to the Crusader would increase its desirability, winning large enough orders to keep the seven firms producing it busy until its replacement, the Cromwell, would be ready for production. The Cromwell prototype with the Mk IV Liberty engine was due to be delivered in March, and it was hoped production could begin before the end of the year. Getting a 6-pdr tank into production had necessitated the change to the Crusader’s turret, as the Cromwell was still far off production.
The men from the Ministry of Supply did their best to break the bad news as gently as possible. Two of the firms, Mechanizations and Aero Ltd and Morris Commercial would indeed build the Crusader III, but the hulls only. The various ‘funnies’: AVRE, self-propelled artillery and anti-aircraft guns, Artillery Observation Post would be built on the improved hull. The army had rejected the new turret as it would mean the commander acting as loader, thereby reducing efficiency. A two-man turret was a retrograde step that the Royal Armoured Corps wouldn’t accept.
The bad news kept coming. The prototype Cromwell with the Liberty Engine would undergo tests, but it’s power to weight ratio would probably not be acceptable. The addition of about 8 tons on the Cromwell over the Crusader, with the same engine, when other better engines were available wouldn’t make sense. If Lord Nuffield was wedded to the Liberty Engine, then the Ministry of Supply would have to review what his two main firms would be able to contribute to the tanks of the future.
The other five companies that were currently building the Crusader (Ruston-Bucyrus; John Lysaght; Milners Safe; West’s Gas and Fodens) would be transferred to Vickers-Armstrong’s umbrella group to build the Victor tank. This would take a bit of time to learn the welding techniques required. Because each of the sites were only able to deliver a minimum of five and a maximum of ten tanks per week, the Royal Ordnance Factory in Leeds had been undergoing expansion as a dedicated tank factory. The companies would provide the trained workforce and such machine tools as required. The Ministry of Supply would compensate the firms for the dislocation, and the Ministry of Labour would look after the rehousing of the employees and their families. All of this should result in moving the combined capacity of the five firms from about 130 tanks per month, to nearer 200.
Robertson and Thomas didn’t know it at the time, but the original reasons for having an alternative to the Vickers tanks for insurance was now being dropped. The M4 American tanks coming from Lend Lease would fulfil the role that previously the Nuffield Organisation had undertaken. Concentration on building the Victor as the main British tank for Armoured Divisions would allow for standardisation. Nuffield’s Cromwell, like the Crusader didn’t have the capacity to be improved upon, unlike the Victor that was designed with a powerful enough engine to up-gun and increase armour on it.