Una diferente ‘Plus Ultra’ - the Avís-Trastámara Kings of All Spain and the Indies (Updated 11/7)

- With St. Ignatius de Loyola at the helm of the Papacy does this mean that the Inquisition would constantly be under strict observation (especially by Pope Ignatius himself) for any excesses and abuses caused by it, particularly by the Spanish Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition as well as even the Mexican Inquisition, the Peruvian Inquisition, the Goa Inquisition, the Netherlands Inquisition, and even closer to home - the Roman Inquisition? I'm guessing that Pope Ignatius considers the abuses, excesses, other negative actions of the various Inquisitions (that he would likely personally witness and/or even herad of) to be counter-productive and even harmful to his Papacy's and the ATL Counter-Reformation Movement's efforts in conducting church reform as well as in its ongoing proselytzation efforts throughout the world? Will you write a chapter (or chapters) of the ATL version of the Inquisition for your ATL some time in the future?

- With a different Roman Catholic Christian Church that experienced the papacy of your ATL St. Ignatius de Loyola and much earlier and stronger Counter-Reformation Movement - does this mean that your ATL Matteo Ricci will be more successful somewhat in getting the Roman Catholic Christian Church to give a special dispensation to the Chinese Roman Catholic Christian converts in regards to honoring their family ancestors (aka the OTL Chinese Rites Controversy) as well as doing so for the Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese Roman Catholic Christian converts who also follow similar practices? Moreover, will the Gregorian China Missions be more successful, be more pervasive, and be more longer-lasting than the OTL Jesuit China Missions, especially if the Chinese Rites Controversy goes in favor of the Chinese (as well as Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese) Roman Catholic Christian converts?

- I'm guessing from the latest chapter that the Thirty Year's War still happens in your ATL, but happens much more differently than OTL? If so, how will the lives the more well-known as well lesser-known military commanders of the Imperial/Catholic side be like in your ATL such as: Count Albrecht von Wallenstein of Bohemia, Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Count Johann Tserclaes of Tilly, Count Raimondo of Montecuccoli, Don Ambrogio Spinola, Count-Duke Gaspar de Guzman of Olivares (a contemporary of Cardinal Richeliu) Ottavio Piccolomini, Count Peter Melander of Holzappel (the only Protestant military commander to serve on the Imperial side), the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria, the 3rd Duke of Feria, Franz von Mercy, Count Johann von Werth, Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, Gottfried Huyn von Geleen, Count Charles Bonaventure de Longueval of Bucquoy, Don Carlos Coloma, Dom Francisco de Melo, Matthias Gallas, and Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria?

- Will Cardinal Richeliu still steers France to greatness jut like in the OTL? Or will, he be opposed by the machinations of the Count-Duke of Olivares, who is the main minister of a more unified, more powerful, and a richer and more prosperous Iberian Empire, which is in the process of being more unified with its various overseas colonies throughout the world? If so, will the two men develop an epic and life-long rivalry with each other that is the stuff of legends? :cool::cool::cool:

- Will the Hapsburg's personal domain of Austria over time eventually encompasses not only OTL Austria, but also all of the OTL Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige, all of OTL Switzerland (especially once the Hapsburgs wiped out the remnants of the Swiss Confederation and made all of Switzerland Protestant-free?), all of OTL Liechtenstein (perhaps through a personal union - initially?), and all of OTL Slovenia (due to its OTL historical links with Austria) as well as all of the OTL Kingdom of Dalmatia? And that these aforementioned areas are under direct Hapsburg rule and control and are Protestant-free? Will Hapsburg-controlled Austria eventually and over time annex and control the equally and wholly Catholic Electorate of Bavaria through a personal union (a la Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)? Will this Austria-Bavaria??? later include the OTL Margraviate of Baden (predominantly Catholic) and perhaps even the OTL Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt as well as Nassau-Saabrucken aka the OTL Saarland, which is one of two German states where Catholics form the majority, the other is Bavaria)?

- Will Austria-Bavaria be united with the OTL Kingdom of Hungary to form a much bigger Austro-Hungarian Empire that survives and thrives to the present day, and which is completely or wholly Roman Catholic? Moreover, will this Austro(Bavarian)- Hungarian Empire later encompasses the lands of the OTL Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth either through conquest and annexation, or, through personal union - thus making this particular European empire a powerful hegemon in Central and Eastern Europe even to the present day? Moreover, will this particular European Catholic empire have overseas colonies in what is OTL North Borneo aka Sabah and the OTL Congo Free State, thus making this particular European empire late in the colonial game?

- Will the Swiss Guards not only remain in the employ of the French monarchs and of the Vatican like in the OTL (despite their homeland of Switzerland becoming an integral and permanent part of Austria and later Austria-Bavaria), but also be in the permanent employ and service of the monarchs of your ATL Iberian Empire (and also see service in its various overseas colonies; perhaps even working and fighting alongside their Sikh warrior and Japanese Roman Catholic Christian samurai counterparts in the Iberian Empires various colonial wars???:cool::cool::cool:; perhaps even forming overseas Swiss mercenary/military communities alongside their Sikh and Japanese Catholic samurai co-workers/compatriots throughout the Iberian Empire???:cool::cool::cool:) as well as in the permanent employ of the Hapsburg emperors of Austria and later Austria-Bavaria as well as in the employ of monarchs of the ATL Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which survives to the present day? Will the Hapsburg monarchs eventually enact a law that allows the Swiss to only serve in countries/kingdoms that are predominantly Roman Catholic Christian, and are ruled by Roman Catholic Christian rulers?

- Will gold and diamonds be discovered in Portuguese-controlled South Africa, Angola, and Mozambique much later or much earlier than in the OTL, thus giving the Iberian Empire a second wind/second chance, especially once the gold, silver, and precious gems in the Castilian/Aragonese parts of the Iberian Empire run dry and after suffering from a long financial crisis due to the overabundance of gold and silver from the Americas?

- Will the Japanese ninja/shinobi and their female kunoichi counterparts eventually find their way in the service/employ of the Iberian Empire as spies, saboteurs, and assassins as well as serving as proto-special forces operators in the armies of the Iberian Empire :cool::cool::cool:?

- Will the Iberian Empire become fully entrenched in the entire Caribbean region (i.e. the Caribbean becomes an Iberian Empire lake), thus making the Iberian empire's hold in that aforementioned region - permanent as well difficult to nigh impossible to dislodge by the other European powers entering the Americas?

- With the Portuguese (under the Iberian Empire) frequenting the Indian Ocean - does this mean that the Iberian Empire will sooner or later colonize most the islands found in this particular region for various reasons (especially strategic ones) such as: Madagascar (especially during the time of the Merina Kingdom; perhaps this kingdom becomes a client-state of the Iberian Empire and Roman Catholicism spreads into the island?' I'm also guessing that all of the different species of Lemur are considered protected species by the Iberian imperial authorities?); the Mascarene Islands including Mauritius Island, Rodrigues, Agalega, Reunion, Saint Brandon, the Seychelles, and the entire Chagos Archipelago including the Diego Garcia atoll (perhaps the Dodo of Mauritius does not become extinct in your ATL, but survives to the present day as exotic pets commonly found throughout Iberian Empire-controlled parts of the Indian Subcontinent, southern Africa, and the East Indies?); the islands that would be part of the OTL French Southern and Antarctic Lands including the islands of Bassas da India and Juan de Nova; the OTL Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the OTL Christmas Island; the OTL Ashmore and Cartier Islands; the OTL Andaman Islands (perhaps Roman Catholicism spread throughout the island?); the OTL Coco Islands (perhaps it becomes the main source of coconuts in the Iberian Empire?); the OTL Laccadive Islands; the OTL Moscos Islands; the OTL Nicobar Islands?

- Will the Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna Kingdom of 1650 be more successful in your ATL, especially with a Portugal that is part of a more unified, richer, and powerful Iberian Empire - and that the Jaffna Kingdom becomes a client state of the Iberian Empire and later as a colony of the Iberian Empire; that Roman Catholicism rapidly spreads into the area; and that the ATL Portuguese Ceylon would encompass all of the island of Sri Lanka unlike in the OTL?

- With parts of the Indonesian Archipelago under Portuguese control will this eventually lead to the Iberian Empire discovering Australia by accident? If so, which parts of Australia would be first settled/colonized by the Iberian Empire? Will it be coastal areas as well as the island of Tasmania? [I'm guessing the Thylacine aka the Tasmanian Wolf aka the Tasmanian Tiger and the Tasmanian Emu won't end up extinct like in the OTL but survive to the present day? I'm also wondering what the Iberian colonists will think of the Tasmanian Devil? :):):)] will the Iberian Empire begin discovering and settling/colonizing the many islands of the Oceania region (via the Portuguese from the East Indies and the Aragonese and Castilians from the Americas) such as: the OTL Coral Sea Islands; Norfolk Island; Papua; West Papua; Vanuatu; the OTL Federated States of Micronesia; Guam; Kiribati; the OTL Marshall Islands; Nauru; the OTL Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Wake Island; OTL American Samoa; the Cook Islands; Easter Island; OTL French Polynesia; the Hawaiian Islands; Niue; the Pitcairn Islands; Samoa; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; and the islands of Wallis and Futuna? [I'm guessing that the islands of Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands will need more brutal measures to be undertaken by the Iberian Empire because of the prevalence of cannibalism and cannibalism-based warfare?]

- Will the Portuguese in southern Africa eventually encounter the pastoral Maasai as well as the Xhosa (who are also a pastoral people) as well as the fierce Zulu? Will the hostile contacts between the Iberian Empire and the Zulu result in the creation of the Zulu Kingdom under a number of Shaka Zulu-like rulers much, much earlier than in the OTL due to constant warfare with the Iberian Empire? Will this also result in the creation of the Impi as well as the development of the Buffalo Horns formation much earlier than in the OTLin order to counter the Spanish Tercio formation?

- Will Japanese Catholic Christians eventually discover New Zealand, and that they name North Island and South Island as Small Kyushu and Small Honshu respectively while calling of these islands collectively as New Nippon? I'm also guessing that warfare between Japanese Catholic Christian samurai and Ashigaru versus hostile Maori - is very common?

- Lastly, will the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in your ATL not only be enlarged but also survive to the present day?

Again, please let me know your answers to my questions very soon. Thank you!!! :):):)
 
- With St. Ignatius de Loyola at the helm of the Papacy does this mean that the Inquisition would constantly be under strict observation (especially by Pope Ignatius himself) for any excesses and abuses caused by it, particularly by the Spanish Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition as well as even the Mexican Inquisition, the Peruvian Inquisition, the Goa Inquisition, the Netherlands Inquisition, and even closer to home - the Roman Inquisition? I'm guessing that Pope Ignatius considers the abuses, excesses, other negative actions of the various Inquisitions (that he would likely personally witness and/or even herad of) to be counter-productive and even harmful to his Papacy's and the ATL Counter-Reformation Movement's efforts in conducting church reform as well as in its ongoing proselytzation efforts throughout the world? Will you write a chapter (or chapters) of the ATL version of the Inquisition for your ATL some time in the future?

- With a different Roman Catholic Christian Church that experienced the papacy of your ATL St. Ignatius de Loyola and much earlier and stronger Counter-Reformation Movement - does this mean that your ATL Matteo Ricci will be more successful somewhat in getting the Roman Catholic Christian Church to give a special dispensation to the Chinese Roman Catholic Christian converts in regards to honoring their family ancestors (aka the OTL Chinese Rites Controversy) as well as doing so for the Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese Roman Catholic Christian converts who also follow similar practices? Moreover, will the Gregorian China Missions be more successful, be more pervasive, and be more longer-lasting than the OTL Jesuit China Missions, especially if the Chinese Rites Controversy goes in favor of the Chinese (as well as Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese) Roman Catholic Christian converts?

- I'm guessing from the latest chapter that the Thirty Year's War still happens in your ATL, but happens much more differently than OTL? If so, how will the lives the more well-known as well lesser-known military commanders of the Imperial/Catholic side be like in your ATL such as: Count Albrecht von Wallenstein of Bohemia, Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Count Johann Tserclaes of Tilly, Count Raimondo of Montecuccoli, Don Ambrogio Spinola, Count-Duke Gaspar de Guzman of Olivares (a contemporary of Cardinal Richeliu) Ottavio Piccolomini, Count Peter Melander of Holzappel (the only Protestant military commander to serve on the Imperial side), the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria, the 3rd Duke of Feria, Franz von Mercy, Count Johann von Werth, Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, Gottfried Huyn von Geleen, Count Charles Bonaventure de Longueval of Bucquoy, Don Carlos Coloma, Dom Francisco de Melo, Matthias Gallas, and Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria?

- Will Cardinal Richeliu still steers France to greatness jut like in the OTL? Or will, he be opposed by the machinations of the Count-Duke of Olivares, who is the main minister of a more unified, more powerful, and a richer and more prosperous Iberian Empire, which is in the process of being more unified with its various overseas colonies throughout the world? If so, will the two men develop an epic and life-long rivalry with each other that is the stuff of legends? :cool::cool::cool:

- Will the Hapsburg's personal domain of Austria over time eventually encompasses not only OTL Austria, but also all of the OTL Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige, all of OTL Switzerland (especially once the Hapsburgs wiped out the remnants of the Swiss Confederation and made all of Switzerland Protestant-free?), all of OTL Liechtenstein (perhaps through a personal union - initially?), and all of OTL Slovenia (due to its OTL historical links with Austria) as well as all of the OTL Kingdom of Dalmatia? And that these aforementioned areas are under direct Hapsburg rule and control and are Protestant-free? Will Hapsburg-controlled Austria eventually and over time annex and control the equally and wholly Catholic Electorate of Bavaria through a personal union (a la Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)? Will this Austria-Bavaria??? later include the OTL Margraviate of Baden (predominantly Catholic) and perhaps even the OTL Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt as well as Nassau-Saabrucken aka the OTL Saarland, which is one of two German states where Catholics form the majority, the other is Bavaria)?

- Will Austria-Bavaria be united with the OTL Kingdom of Hungary to form a much bigger Austro-Hungarian Empire that survives and thrives to the present day, and which is completely or wholly Roman Catholic? Moreover, will this Austro(Bavarian)- Hungarian Empire later encompasses the lands of the OTL Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth either through conquest and annexation, or, through personal union - thus making this particular European empire a powerful hegemon in Central and Eastern Europe even to the present day? Moreover, will this particular European Catholic empire have overseas colonies in what is OTL North Borneo aka Sabah and the OTL Congo Free State, thus making this particular European empire late in the colonial game?

- Will the Swiss Guards not only remain in the employ of the French monarchs and of the Vatican like in the OTL (despite their homeland of Switzerland becoming an integral and permanent part of Austria and later Austria-Bavaria), but also be in the permanent employ and service of the monarchs of your ATL Iberian Empire (and also see service in its various overseas colonies; perhaps even working and fighting alongside their Sikh warrior and Japanese Roman Catholic Christian samurai counterparts in the Iberian Empires various colonial wars???:cool::cool::cool:; perhaps even forming overseas Swiss mercenary/military communities alongside their Sikh and Japanese Catholic samurai co-workers/compatriots throughout the Iberian Empire???:cool::cool::cool:) as well as in the permanent employ of the Hapsburg emperors of Austria and later Austria-Bavaria as well as in the employ of monarchs of the ATL Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which survives to the present day? Will the Hapsburg monarchs eventually enact a law that allows the Swiss to only serve in countries/kingdoms that are predominantly Roman Catholic Christian, and are ruled by Roman Catholic Christian rulers?

- Will gold and diamonds be discovered in Portuguese-controlled South Africa, Angola, and Mozambique much later or much earlier than in the OTL, thus giving the Iberian Empire a second wind/second chance, especially once the gold, silver, and precious gems in the Castilian/Aragonese parts of the Iberian Empire run dry and after suffering from a long financial crisis due to the overabundance of gold and silver from the Americas?

- Will the Japanese ninja/shinobi and their female kunoichi counterparts eventually find their way in the service/employ of the Iberian Empire as spies, saboteurs, and assassins as well as serving as proto-special forces operators in the armies of the Iberian Empire :cool::cool::cool:?

- Will the Iberian Empire become fully entrenched in the entire Caribbean region (i.e. the Caribbean becomes an Iberian Empire lake), thus making the Iberian empire's hold in that aforementioned region - permanent as well difficult to nigh impossible to dislodge by the other European powers entering the Americas?

- With the Portuguese (under the Iberian Empire) frequenting the Indian Ocean - does this mean that the Iberian Empire will sooner or later colonize most the islands found in this particular region for various reasons (especially strategic ones) such as: Madagascar (especially during the time of the Merina Kingdom; perhaps this kingdom becomes a client-state of the Iberian Empire and Roman Catholicism spreads into the island?' I'm also guessing that all of the different species of Lemur are considered protected species by the Iberian imperial authorities?); the Mascarene Islands including Mauritius Island, Rodrigues, Agalega, Reunion, Saint Brandon, the Seychelles, and the entire Chagos Archipelago including the Diego Garcia atoll (perhaps the Dodo of Mauritius does not become extinct in your ATL, but survives to the present day as exotic pets commonly found throughout Iberian Empire-controlled parts of the Indian Subcontinent, southern Africa, and the East Indies?); the islands that would be part of the OTL French Southern and Antarctic Lands including the islands of Bassas da India and Juan de Nova; the OTL Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the OTL Christmas Island; the OTL Ashmore and Cartier Islands; the OTL Andaman Islands (perhaps Roman Catholicism spread throughout the island?); the OTL Coco Islands (perhaps it becomes the main source of coconuts in the Iberian Empire?); the OTL Laccadive Islands; the OTL Moscos Islands; the OTL Nicobar Islands?

- Will the Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna Kingdom of 1650 be more successful in your ATL, especially with a Portugal that is part of a more unified, richer, and powerful Iberian Empire - and that the Jaffna Kingdom becomes a client state of the Iberian Empire and later as a colony of the Iberian Empire; that Roman Catholicism rapidly spreads into the area; and that the ATL Portuguese Ceylon would encompass all of the island of Sri Lanka unlike in the OTL?

- With parts of the Indonesian Archipelago under Portuguese control will this eventually lead to the Iberian Empire discovering Australia by accident? If so, which parts of Australia would be first settled/colonized by the Iberian Empire? Will it be coastal areas as well as the island of Tasmania? [I'm guessing the Thylacine aka the Tasmanian Wolf aka the Tasmanian Tiger and the Tasmanian Emu won't end up extinct like in the OTL but survive to the present day? I'm also wondering what the Iberian colonists will think of the Tasmanian Devil? :):):)] will the Iberian Empire begin discovering and settling/colonizing the many islands of the Oceania region (via the Portuguese from the East Indies and the Aragonese and Castilians from the Americas) such as: the OTL Coral Sea Islands; Norfolk Island; Papua; West Papua; Vanuatu; the OTL Federated States of Micronesia; Guam; Kiribati; the OTL Marshall Islands; Nauru; the OTL Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Wake Island; OTL American Samoa; the Cook Islands; Easter Island; OTL French Polynesia; the Hawaiian Islands; Niue; the Pitcairn Islands; Samoa; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; and the islands of Wallis and Futuna? [I'm guessing that the islands of Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands will need more brutal measures to be undertaken by the Iberian Empire because of the prevalence of cannibalism and cannibalism-based warfare?]

- Will the Portuguese in southern Africa eventually encounter the pastoral Maasai as well as the Xhosa (who are also a pastoral people) as well as the fierce Zulu? Will the hostile contacts between the Iberian Empire and the Zulu result in the creation of the Zulu Kingdom under a number of Shaka Zulu-like rulers much, much earlier than in the OTL due to constant warfare with the Iberian Empire? Will this also result in the creation of the Impi as well as the development of the Buffalo Horns formation much earlier than in the OTLin order to counter the Spanish Tercio formation?

- Will Japanese Catholic Christians eventually discover New Zealand, and that they name North Island and South Island as Small Kyushu and Small Honshu respectively while calling of these islands collectively as New Nippon? I'm also guessing that warfare between Japanese Catholic Christian samurai and Ashigaru versus hostile Maori - is very common?

- Lastly, will the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in your ATL not only be enlarged but also survive to the present day?

Again, please let me know your answers to my questions very soon. Thank you!!! :):):)
It's always enjoyable to see you ask your questions.

The Ninja/kunoichi one though...Japanese as spies in Europe, in the early 1600s? They wouldn't be very conspicuous would they, no use except as night assassins. Maybe the catholic church gives shelter to Fujibayashi Nagato or another branch of the Iga clan and in return they promise to serve forever the "king of the Catholics" eventually forming the "Igani" family in Naples and the "Japon" family in Spain, which form the basis of the silent service of Spain. Otherwise known as the "Black and Red hands of Spain." They eventually resemble Europeans more and more, but retain the loyalty of their Ninja roots etc. Something like that would be fun to read.:cool::cool::p
 
*inhales deeply* ooh yeah dis the gud stuff

There's at least 10 chapters not reflected in the table of contents in your first post, @Torbald. And at least 2 chapters aren't threadmarked.

Thank you! And yeah, I'll be fixing that soon...

Take Navarre! Beat those dirty, opportunist, effeminate, frog-eating Frenchys silly. For the glory of Hapsburg Germany, for the honor Avis-Trastamara Iberia!!!

The Spanish always show up just in time for when the French really need some knocking around :)

Interesting update and very informative, but beyond the nice ending cliffhanger... I cannot avoid asking... if and/or when the HRE situation will turn still more 'Tupsy-turvyness' situation and one that would 'evolve' into a three (at least) sided war!

Everybody's going to want a piece, that's for sure.

Down with the Papists, An end to those who would deny the faithful.
Habsburgs be gone!

Come at us HERETIC! Our swords are ready, all true loyalists of the one true Holy Hapsburg Roman Emperors unite! Keep the Empire Holy!!!

Hahaha, we're all about sectarian violence here! ;) Can't have a good 16th century TL without it!

Well that escalated quickly. Things are looking pretty bleak for the Hapsburgs, but hopefully Spain can give France the comeuppance it rightfully deserves.

I tend to think less Hapsburgs in Spain = more focus on the administration of both Spain and the HRE, which inevitably brings things to a head much quicker than IOTL. But yes, let's hope the French learn to respect some boundaries for a while. :)

Well, does this mean a Thirty Years' War a century early? Or will this just be another Schmalkaldic League?

Something in between with elements of the last of the OTL Italian Wars, but also something different entirely.
 
- With St. Ignatius de Loyola at the helm of the Papacy does this mean that the Inquisition would constantly be under strict observation (especially by Pope Ignatius himself) for any excesses and abuses caused by it, particularly by the Spanish Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition as well as even the Mexican Inquisition, the Peruvian Inquisition, the Goa Inquisition, the Netherlands Inquisition, and even closer to home - the Roman Inquisition? I'm guessing that Pope Ignatius considers the abuses, excesses, other negative actions of the various Inquisitions (that he would likely personally witness and/or even herad of) to be counter-productive and even harmful to his Papacy's and the ATL Counter-Reformation Movement's efforts in conducting church reform as well as in its ongoing proselytzation efforts throughout the world? Will you write a chapter (or chapters) of the ATL version of the Inquisition for your ATL some time in the future?

Strangely enough, I hadn't thought about dedicating a chapter solely to the Inquisition, but now it seems that I should. It would be greatly beneficial for Spanish Catholicism to see the Inquisition transition from a dreaded institution to more of a moral watchdog Legion of Decency-type organization.

- With a different Roman Catholic Christian Church that experienced the papacy of your ATL St. Ignatius de Loyola and much earlier and stronger Counter-Reformation Movement - does this mean that your ATL Matteo Ricci will be more successful somewhat in getting the Roman Catholic Christian Church to give a special dispensation to the Chinese Roman Catholic Christian converts in regards to honoring their family ancestors (aka the OTL Chinese Rites Controversy) as well as doing so for the Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese Roman Catholic Christian converts who also follow similar practices? Moreover, will the Gregorian China Missions be more successful, be more pervasive, and be more longer-lasting than the OTL Jesuit China Missions, especially if the Chinese Rites Controversy goes in favor of the Chinese (as well as Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese) Roman Catholic Christian converts?

Ricci and his ITTL colleagues and counterparts will have an easier time due to both a few more avenues being open to them back home - with more resources available from Italian patrons due to the lack of Italian Wars ITTL - and also due to the way things will transpire in China, which will be a bit more disjointed, shall we say.

The Chinese Rites controversy is going to occur in some shade, however, as there's no getting around the undeniably religious tone that a lot of Confucian traditions held. Nonetheless, without the Jesuits and their very close link to Rome, there will probably be a lot more leeway given to the Chinese converts. Luckily, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam are also all still tethered to the ways of the Chinese and their guidance, so more success for Christianity in China means more success for Christianity in the Far East in general.

- I'm guessing from the latest chapter that the Thirty Year's War still happens in your ATL, but happens much more differently than OTL? If so, how will the lives the more well-known as well lesser-known military commanders of the Imperial/Catholic side be like in your ATL such as: Count Albrecht von Wallenstein of Bohemia, Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Count Johann Tserclaes of Tilly, Count Raimondo of Montecuccoli, Don Ambrogio Spinola, Count-Duke Gaspar de Guzman of Olivares (a contemporary of Cardinal Richeliu) Ottavio Piccolomini, Count Peter Melander of Holzappel (the only Protestant military commander to serve on the Imperial side), the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria, the 3rd Duke of Feria, Franz von Mercy, Count Johann von Werth, Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, Gottfried Huyn von Geleen, Count Charles Bonaventure de Longueval of Bucquoy, Don Carlos Coloma, Dom Francisco de Melo, Matthias Gallas, and Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria?

This is a difficult question, because with the first PoD in 1498, I'm unsure as to just when I should stop using OTL historical figures, at least in Europe. Naturally different marriages are going to be arranged, different children are going to be born, and different lineages are going to die out. So I'm not sure!


- Will Cardinal Richeliu still steers France to greatness jut like in the OTL? Or will, he be opposed by the machinations of the Count-Duke of Olivares, who is the main minister of a more unified, more powerful, and a richer and more prosperous Iberian Empire, which is in the process of being more unified with its various overseas colonies throughout the world? If so, will the two men develop an epic and life-long rivalry with each other that is the stuff of legends? :cool::cool::cool:

I do want to see another mega-cardinal of the likes of Cisneros or Richelieu somewhere in this TL, but if I put one in France I'll probably put another in Austria or elsewhere too. France will be taking something of a different path ITTL, with a renewal brought about by societal (and even constitutional) changes, as opposed to being brought about by a selection of highly driven strongmen as in OTL (e.g. Richelieu, Louis XIV, etc).

- Will the Hapsburg's personal domain of Austria over time eventually encompasses not only OTL Austria, but also all of the OTL Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige, all of OTL Switzerland (especially once the Hapsburgs wiped out the remnants of the Swiss Confederation and made all of Switzerland Protestant-free?), all of OTL Liechtenstein (perhaps through a personal union - initially?), and all of OTL Slovenia (due to its OTL historical links with Austria) as well as all of the OTL Kingdom of Dalmatia? And that these aforementioned areas are under direct Hapsburg rule and control and are Protestant-free? Will Hapsburg-controlled Austria eventually and over time annex and control the equally and wholly Catholic Electorate of Bavaria through a personal union (a la Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)? Will this Austria-Bavaria??? later include the OTL Margraviate of Baden (predominantly Catholic) and perhaps even the OTL Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt as well as Nassau-Saabrucken aka the OTL Saarland, which is one of two German states where Catholics form the majority, the other is Bavaria)?

The Hapsburgs are on track to absorb most of German-speaking Switzerland (and of course Liechtenstein), with the rest of it seriously divided. There is bound to be more Hapsburg control in Switzerland once they are forced to intervene in the religious struggles of the area. Also, take note that the canton of Vaud was never annexed by the Bernese Swiss from Savoy as it happened IOTL in 1536...

The kingdom of Hungary and its Slovakian and Croatian possessions have been brought into the Hapsburg fold by Charles V's marriage to Anna, the daughter of Vladislaus, but we'll see how long it stays in Hapsburg hands (or at least in the hands of the Hapsburg main branch). As for Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau-Saabrucken, the Saarland, and Bavaria, you'll just have to wait and see!

- Will Austria-Bavaria be united with the OTL Kingdom of Hungary to form a much bigger Austro-Hungarian Empire that survives and thrives to the present day, and which is completely or wholly Roman Catholic? Moreover, will this Austro(Bavarian)- Hungarian Empire later encompasses the lands of the OTL Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth either through conquest and annexation, or, through personal union - thus making this particular European empire a powerful hegemon in Central and Eastern Europe even to the present day? Moreover, will this particular European Catholic empire have overseas colonies in what is OTL North Borneo aka Sabah and the OTL Congo Free State, thus making this particular European empire late in the colonial game?

The Hapsburgs and Jagiellonians have got a good thing going for now, although I'll have to admit I've long wanted to write up a TL about Austria-Bohemia uniting with Poland instead of with Hungary.

As for Borneo, you're right that I plan on giving it to a power that's late to the colonial game, although it might not be who you think...

- Will the Swiss Guards not only remain in the employ of the French monarchs and of the Vatican like in the OTL (despite their homeland of Switzerland becoming an integral and permanent part of Austria and later Austria-Bavaria), but also be in the permanent employ and service of the monarchs of your ATL Iberian Empire (and also see service in its various overseas colonies; perhaps even working and fighting alongside their Sikh warrior and Japanese Roman Catholic Christian samurai counterparts in the Iberian Empires various colonial wars???:cool::cool::cool:; perhaps even forming overseas Swiss mercenary/military communities alongside their Sikh and Japanese Catholic samurai co-workers/compatriots throughout the Iberian Empire???:cool::cool::cool:) as well as in the permanent employ of the Hapsburg emperors of Austria and later Austria-Bavaria as well as in the employ of monarchs of the ATL Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which survives to the present day? Will the Hapsburg monarchs eventually enact a law that allows the Swiss to only serve in countries/kingdoms that are predominantly Roman Catholic Christian, and are ruled by Roman Catholic Christian rulers?

It makes sense to me for the Hapsburgs to form a Swiss Guards-like division of their own, but I'm not sure how they'll do it en masse considering the Swiss have had their urban liberty (which greatly contributed to their robust mercenary market) undermined heavily ITTL. You have given me an idea, however, involving the Swiss Guard and Spain ;)

- Will gold and diamonds be discovered in Portuguese-controlled South Africa, Angola, and Mozambique much later or much earlier than in the OTL, thus giving the Iberian Empire a second wind/second chance, especially once the gold, silver, and precious gems in the Castilian/Aragonese parts of the Iberian Empire run dry and after suffering from a long financial crisis due to the overabundance of gold and silver from the Americas?

More than likely they will be. However, at that point, there will be other colonial powers to contend with over its ownership.

- Will the Japanese ninja/shinobi and their female kunoichi counterparts eventually find their way in the service/employ of the Iberian Empire as spies, saboteurs, and assassins as well as serving as proto-special forces operators in the armies of the Iberian Empire :cool::cool::cool:?

It's always enjoyable to see you ask your questions.

The Ninja/kunoichi one though...Japanese as spies in Europe, in the early 1600s? They wouldn't be very conspicuous would they, no use except as night assassins. Maybe the catholic church gives shelter to Fujibayashi Nagato or another branch of the Iga clan and in return they promise to serve forever the "king of the Catholics" eventually forming the "Igani" family in Naples and the "Japon" family in Spain, which form the basis of the silent service of Spain. Otherwise known as the "Black and Red hands of Spain." They eventually resemble Europeans more and more, but retain the loyalty of their Ninja roots etc. Something like that would be fun to read.:cool::cool::p

I can see the Spanish highly prizing their Japanese mercenaries as saboteurs or as less conspicuous spies in the Far East/China - thanks for the idea, again :)

- Will the Iberian Empire become fully entrenched in the entire Caribbean region (i.e. the Caribbean becomes an Iberian Empire lake), thus making the Iberian empire's hold in that aforementioned region - permanent as well difficult to nigh impossible to dislodge by the other European powers entering the Americas?

They are going to make a more concerted (and more successful) effort of it ITTL, although their ownership of the Greater Antilles will make the rest of the islands less appealing (as happened IOTL). Nonetheless, the Spanish will be more capable of defending TTL's Spanish main.

- With the Portuguese (under the Iberian Empire) frequenting the Indian Ocean - does this mean that the Iberian Empire will sooner or later colonize most the islands found in this particular region for various reasons (especially strategic ones) such as: Madagascar (especially during the time of the Merina Kingdom; perhaps this kingdom becomes a client-state of the Iberian Empire and Roman Catholicism spreads into the island?' I'm also guessing that all of the different species of Lemur are considered protected species by the Iberian imperial authorities?); the Mascarene Islands including Mauritius Island, Rodrigues, Agalega, Reunion, Saint Brandon, the Seychelles, and the entire Chagos Archipelago including the Diego Garcia atoll (perhaps the Dodo of Mauritius does not become extinct in your ATL, but survives to the present day as exotic pets commonly found throughout Iberian Empire-controlled parts of the Indian Subcontinent, southern Africa, and the East Indies?); the islands that would be part of the OTL French Southern and Antarctic Lands including the islands of Bassas da India and Juan de Nova; the OTL Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the OTL Christmas Island; the OTL Ashmore and Cartier Islands; the OTL Andaman Islands (perhaps Roman Catholicism spread throughout the island?); the OTL Coco Islands (perhaps it becomes the main source of coconuts in the Iberian Empire?); the OTL Laccadive Islands; the OTL Moscos Islands; the OTL Nicobar Islands?

- Will the Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna Kingdom of 1650 be more successful in your ATL, especially with a Portugal that is part of a more unified, richer, and powerful Iberian Empire - and that the Jaffna Kingdom becomes a client state of the Iberian Empire and later as a colony of the Iberian Empire; that Roman Catholicism rapidly spreads into the area; and that the ATL Portuguese Ceylon would encompass all of the island of Sri Lanka unlike in the OTL?

The OTL Portuguese had incredible luck with Ceylon (literally being bequeathed the kingdom of Kotte by its ruler) and many of the inhabitants proved receptive to Christianity, so the loss of such a rich and geographically advantageous island is just another unfortunate example of misplaced priorities and harmful tactics employed by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese have received Kotte ITTL, and Estêvão and Cristóvão da Gama have used Portugal's improved situation in India to lead campaigns against Jaffna, so the island is more of a priority for sure.

For most of the other islands in the Indian Ocean, I'm not sure yet, although Spain will most likely take the Laccadives.

- With parts of the Indonesian Archipelago under Portuguese control will this eventually lead to the Iberian Empire discovering Australia by accident? If so, which parts of Australia would be first settled/colonized by the Iberian Empire? Will it be coastal areas as well as the island of Tasmania? [I'm guessing the Thylacine aka the Tasmanian Wolf aka the Tasmanian Tiger and the Tasmanian Emu won't end up extinct like in the OTL but survive to the present day? I'm also wondering what the Iberian colonists will think of the Tasmanian Devil? :):):)] will the Iberian Empire begin discovering and settling/colonizing the many islands of the Oceania region (via the Portuguese from the East Indies and the Aragonese and Castilians from the Americas) such as: the OTL Coral Sea Islands; Norfolk Island; Papua; West Papua; Vanuatu; the OTL Federated States of Micronesia; Guam; Kiribati; the OTL Marshall Islands; Nauru; the OTL Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Wake Island; OTL American Samoa; the Cook Islands; Easter Island; OTL French Polynesia; the Hawaiian Islands; Niue; the Pitcairn Islands; Samoa; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; and the islands of Wallis and Futuna? [I'm guessing that the islands of Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands will need more brutal measures to be undertaken by the Iberian Empire because of the prevalence of cannibalism and cannibalism-based warfare?]

Australia will be discovered by the Spanish, albeit not in its fullness (obviously) nor with too much interest. I do like the idea of the dodo and the Tasmanian critters not going extinct, however.

Also, as the Portuguese presence in the East Indies is primarily opportunistic, I imagine most of them won't endeavor to subdue any large part of Papua New Guinea or the Solomon Islands, at least not for the next couple centuries.

- Will the Portuguese in southern Africa eventually encounter the pastoral Maasai as well as the Xhosa (who are also a pastoral people) as well as the fierce Zulu? Will the hostile contacts between the Iberian Empire and the Zulu result in the creation of the Zulu Kingdom under a number of Shaka Zulu-like rulers much, much earlier than in the OTL due to constant warfare with the Iberian Empire? Will this also result in the creation of the Impi as well as the development of the Buffalo Horns formation much earlier than in the OTLin order to counter the Spanish Tercio formation?

I'm not sure about the Maasai, but the Sulafricanos have met the Xhosa and will surely meet the Zulu too. Whether or not they'll have the capabilities to subdue either group before anyone else does (if they get subdued at all), the Portuguese will undoubtedly encounter some hostilities with them, as colonial powers more often than not bring coherent, expansionist states into existence (e.g. the Comancheria). The thought of the Zulu developing the Buffalo Horns as a response to the tercio is really cool, though.


- Will Japanese Catholic Christians eventually discover New Zealand, and that they name North Island and South Island as Small Kyushu and Small Honshu respectively while calling of these islands collectively as New Nippon? I'm also guessing that warfare between Japanese Catholic Christian samurai and Ashigaru versus hostile Maori - is very common?

I don't know if they'll colonize it, but I can see Japanese Catholics becoming a reliable burgher and laborer class for other colonial powers in the area (similar to how they were welcomed in American Hawaii) due to their religion, their long affiliation with Western powers, and their good work ethic. Imagine an updated, uniformed foreign legion-type "Samurai" company under European officers fighting tattooed Maori :)

- Lastly, will the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in your ATL not only be enlarged but also survive to the present day?

Again, please let me know your answers to my questions very soon. Thank you!!! :):):)

I've been wondering about that myself, but for the moment I think I'd definitely like to see it survive. However, I'm considering having Poland consolidate its gains and attempt to reform itself politically and socially rather than anything like having it conquer Russia or subdue the Balkans.

Thank you so much for the attention and for giving me a lot to think about!

This is good. Subscribed.

Thank you :)
 
25. Entra España
~ Entra España ~

RoyalStandard.png

El estandarte real de las tropas españolas en Europa bajo rey Juan Pelayo

Juan Pelayo’s personality was formed in a whirlwind of symbolism. Bearing the name of the ancient hero of a united, Christian Spain, Juan Pelayo had been raised with the knowledge that he would be the first to inherit all three crowns of Spain at once, and thus bring a full and indivisible Iberian union one step closer to becoming a reality. Apart from his cognomen, he was also technically the third John to rule Castile, Aragon and Portugal. What added to this perceived grandeur was Juan Pelayo’s Valois blood - his grandfather was the king of France, and, if not for the Treaty of Toulouse, he would have inherited the duchy of Brittany through his mother Claude. This French heritage factored heavily into Juan Pelayo’s early life, as he was fluent in his mother’s language and, more significantly, had some nebulous designs on claiming the French throne. The union of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon - and their dependencies and subordinate titles in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Italy - had come about so rapidly and so dramatically that it was easy for Juan Pelayo to believe that the linking of thrones would not end with Spain. Juan Pelayo’s tantalizing closeness to the French crown was made all the more tantalizing by the prospect of restoring the Western Roman Empire through a united France, Spain, and even Italy - even more so after the election of a Spanish pope, Ignatius. The practical inevitability of it to Juan Pelayo’s young and ambitious mind made too much sense in light of the semi-apocalyptic vision for the future of Spain espoused by his father Miguel, with all the realms of Christendom banding together by whatever means for an end-of-the-world clash with Islam. These sentiments seemed to have been part of a trend amongst the other potentates of the West - across the Islamic world, many were clamoring for the Ottomans to take custody of the holy cities and re-form the Caliphate, while in the West there were calls for crusade of a fervor that had not been seen for centuries. There were also similar trends concerning Juan Pelayo’s imperial ambitions - while Juan Pelayo was becoming intensely fascinated with Roman jurisprudence, the Ottomans had claimed the Second Rome and its heritage as their own and had designs on Italy, and the Hapsburgs began to emphasize the Roman element of their imperial office both politically and symbolically.

Needless to say, Juan Pelayo’s implicit desire for the French throne caused a good deal of often unspoken and sometimes loud and clear animosity between Juan Pelayo and Charles IX. The terms of 1504’s Treaty of Toulouse had ensured that Louis XII’s daughter Claude would still inherit her birthright, the duchy of Brittany, which would pass to Louis XII’s son upon Claude’s death. While never specified, it was heavily implied that Claude would not mix revenue gained from her duchy with Spanish projects, and thus could only use it within the boundaries of the duchy. This greatly improved Brittany’s infrastructure, especially in maritime regards, with Brest, St-Malo, and Vannes improving significantly. This whole arrangement had the unintended effect of making Brittany a major point of contention between Juan Pelayo - who envied the rich and geopolitically advantageous inheritance that had been deprived of him before he was even born - and Charles IX - who was impatient and dissatisfied with the continued disunity of what he believed was naturally French territory. Apart from this, there was still the issue of Navarra - vied for by Juan Pelayo’s great grandfather Fernando II and which Charles IX had succeeded in tethering to his bloodline - which was viewed in much the same way by Juan Pelayo as Charles IX viewed Brittany.


- Bautismo por el fuego -

JuanPelayo.png

Un joven Juan Pelayo, c. 1542


"¡Soy el único rey de toda España, completo y entero, y no seré rechazado!"
- Juan Pelayo, 1547​

As he was only 19 when crowned, Juan Pelayo had not yet established a prerogative of his own in regards to rulership. Under the guidance of the old members of Miguel da Paz’s council, Juan Pelayo moved in lockstep with these advisors, and was therefore induced to continue his father’s policy of holy war against the Turk. The impending Ottoman invasion of Mamluk Syria accelerated the plans for an armada to be assembled, and ships, troops, and armament began to accumulate at the port of Valencia in late 1541. However, when the campaign against the Turks seemed its most inevitable, it was forced to abandon its original plans and reorganize, with the larger share heading to Mallorca and from there to the port of Orán, and with the rest moving further north, at Barcelona, in mid 1543. With the outbreak of hostilities between the Hapsburgs and the League of Fulda and its French allies, Juan Pelayo had sent his father in law Charles V assurances of his support, although he had been careful not to explicitly mention direct military assistance. Nonetheless, the situation for the Hapsburgs had grown too dire for Spain to continue in its guarded inaction - apart from a victory for the Protestants meaning the perpetration of great acts of depredation against the Church, victory for the French meant a renewal of difficulties in Italy, with Spain’s ally and primary financial liaison Genoa at risk of becoming a French puppet once again. Yet North Africa still required almost constant attention, and was a significant drain on money and manpower, neither of which were helped by the flurry of requests from the colonies for more resources. To make matters worse, the uninitiated Juan Pelayo had to tangle with the difficult Cortes of Aragon and Portugal for concessions, eventually having to settle with levies raised by the much more subservient Cortes of Castile and Sicily.

Juan Pelayo, much like his father in law Charles V, had some initial difficulty in earning the respect of his grandees - especially given the lilting of his youthful French-tinged Castilian, quite the contrast to the quality of molten iron that Miguel da Paz’s Portuguese accent was said to have carried. Juan Pelayo possibly over-compensated for this with a heavy measure of pretension. Juan Pelayo’s inheritance of all three crowns of Spain at once meant that he was in possession of a dignity not seen since the days of the Visigoths centuries prior. Juan Pelayo was conscious of these circumstances, and consequently bore about himself an exceptional confidence which - although dismissed as simple arrogance by some - is considered by many in hindsight to have been a vital sense of authority that provided a still-new political and dynastic arrangement and a title not used for more than 700 years the necessary gravity and sense of self-importance it needed to prevent itself from collapsing. Nevertheless, the older Spanish grandees found Juan Pelayo's projected overconfidence tiresome and grating to their own interests, especially considering the young king's push for some truly broad financial and legal reforms on top of his demands for a prodigiously sized army with which he could assail France and assist Charles V. The siphoning of manpower by North Africa and the colonies posed such a difficulty that - lacking the unfazed determination his father had - Juan Pelayo was only able to move against France and the League of Fulda by mid 1545, with an army 15,000 strong either garrisoned at Perpignan and poised on the borders of Navarre, and another 8,000 strong being ferried from Barcelona to Genoa. With the official challenge issued to Charles IX, the war began predictably on the Iberian front, with Henry II of Navarre and his troops overrun at Tudela by the Spaniards under Álvaro de Sande and Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 4th Duke of Alburquerque. Iberian Navarre would be squared away a few short months later in 1546 (roughly the time Brittany was fully occupied by the French), with Henry II again routed at Villava, leading to the surrender of nearby Pamplona and the flight of the Navarrese king across the Pyrenees to his family's holdings in France. André de Foix would arrive at the head of a 7,000 man Franco-Navarrese army in St-Jean-de-Luz in June, and would be forced to give battle at Baztan shortly after. Despite de Foix’s competence as a leader and the committed resistance of his troops, the Spanish won the day after a bloody two-day battle costing them 1,200 while de Foix fled the field with less than 3,500 of his own alive and uncaptured.


- La cruzada alemana -

DukeOfAlba.jpg

El "duque de hierro" de Alba

After leaving Barcelona, the Spanish fleet arrived in the harbor of Genoa on March 8th of 1547, ferrying Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, the 3rd Duke of Alba, at the head of two tercios - both 3,000 strong - and a complement of 800 horsemen, all of which would be augmented by another 1,500 Swiss and Genoan mercenaries. Juan Pelayo had instructed the Duke of Alba to disembark in Genoa and await further orders. Once it became apparent that those French present on the edge of Savoy were not poised to threaten Italy (with most of the garrisons in Savoy requisitioned to supplement other armies), Alba wrote his king for a course of action, and, as the nearest area of interest that could seriously undermine French efforts at the moment lay in Württemberg, Alba and his tercios were ordered over the Alps, with a token contingent left behind at Genoa. Charles V’s brother Ferdinand, still stuck at Bregenz, had received word of Alba’s arrival in Genoa, but assumed that the Spaniards had arrived merely to protect their interests there. On the 5th of April, when Ferdinand heard that Alba and his tercios had been spotted moving along the Alter Rhein, he was more than pleasantly surprised. Meeting at Lustenau on the 7th, Alba and Ferdinand coordinated their forces for an assault on Lindau, the nearest member city of the Heptapolis and its effective forward position. Despite their shortage of artillery, the Spanish tercios succeeded in forcing Lindau to surrender on the 8th of May through a display of sheer ruthlessness - dispersing the city’s outer garrison and torching the surrounding villages - something which they would soon be known for.

The sudden appearance of more than 8,000 battle-hardened Spaniards and the even more sudden capitulation of Lindau sent the rest of lower Swabia into a panic: the Heptapolitan League’s army at Markdorf scrambled northeast to Ravensburg to prevent its easy capture by the Hapsburgs, and were there gradually joined by tens of thousands of peasant rebels who had arrived in a quasi-apocalyptic mood, eager for a cataclysmic showdown. With more than 40,000 anti-Hapsburg combatants amassed on the hills south of Ravensburg, the Spanish-Imperial army felt dwarfed, standing at little more than 17,000. But the two tercios that now marched opposite the swarming Protestant army would prove to be the deciding factor of the resulting battle of Ravensburg on May 16th. These specific tercios were comprised almost entirely of seasoned veterans, for many of whom warfare had been the only common thread for much of their adult lives, having spent the last five to ten years of their lives cycling through different garrisons in North Africa and Southern Italy. Under Alba, referred to contemporarily as the “Iron Duke” due to his unrelenting emphasis on discipline, these six thousand scarred, sun-broiled Spaniards constituted possibly the deadliest group of soldiers in Europe and its environs at the time. It was against such a force that tens of thousands of overconfident, under-trained, non-professional German militants gathered on the battlefield, grievously lacking also in artillery and cavalry. What came of this match was a massacre of horrific proportions, with the anti-Hapsburg army losing anywhere from half to three-fourths of its combatants (most of which were slaughtered in the chaotic retreat) in ill-advised charges against the Spanish pikes and arquebuses, and from counter charges by the Austrian heavy cavalry. The Hapsburg side lost a little more than 2,000 of its own, only around 400 of which were Spanish. While the individual cities would take a few short sieges to fully surrender and rejoin the Swabian League under Hapsburg pressure, the Heptapolitan League and the Swabian revolt had died in a single day, and less than a week later, the ex-duke Ulrich would be captured at Zwiefalten as well. While Spanish troops would assist Ferdinand in retaking Tübingen and Stuttgart, once Hapsburg rule had been re-established in the region, their travails in Germany were done, and they would now turn westward.

BattleOfRavensburg.png

La batalla de Ravensburgo


- Un lobo acorralado -

“Ne jamais approcher un loup dans un piège.” - Charles IX, 1551​


The tercios of Spain were certainly capable of inflicting such dramatic defeats on hordes of German irregulars, but against the French they were having less luck - as was to be expected considering the tercios sent into France were primarily new recruits and the leadership abilities of Álvaro de Sande or Francisco Fernández de la Cueva were not quite as resolute under pressure as those of the Duke of Alba. When the Spanish entered Southern France, they were also walking into a region with increasingly complicated social tensions; Farelard communities had attained homogeneity in much of the Massif Central and Landes, and were beginning to gear up militarily for a long-overdue standoff with their Catholic countrymen. Stymied in the west after being rebuffed at Arcangues and withdrawing to St-Jean-de-Luz in early 1547, most of the Spanish troops were redirected eastwards in the hope of taking Toulouse and also of avoiding a direct confrontation with the 18,000 Frenchmen that had just arrived north of Bordeaux. Francis, the Count of Enghien and leader of the French army sent south, remarked on the weakening Catholic position in Guyenne, as was to be seen elsewhere: “It would seem that everywhere I care to look, there are large crowds listening to Farelard sermons in the open air. Where is the bishop? Hiding perhaps. If I had but two hundred horsemen of my choosing and the king’s consent I would have this heretic rabble quelled in a month.” However, the French crown would owe much to these audacious Protestants, who began to harass the trespassing Spaniards and even achieve victories over them. At the battle of Rosis, the Farelards of Cévennes succeeded in forcing to Spanish to withdraw back to back to the plateau of Sidobre in early 1549 after four days of intermittent skirmishing - an exceptionally rare instance of Spanish troops being outmatched in montane combat.

The Spanish were facing mounting odds and were now running out of time. After a few notable victories early on - at Fabrezan against the French garrison under Rodolphe de Laissac in April of 1549, and at Carcassonne two months later - the Spanish had become mired in a seemingly interminable siege at Toulouse, which had stubbornly held out against the Spanish cannons and was being occasionally re-supplied by night along the Garonne. To add to this, the French Royalists i the south had formed a temporary coalition with the Farelard militias, organized by Claude d’Annebault who, as Marshal of France, outranked even the Count of Enghien (a prince du sang) and who was thus was able to order him to refrain from aggressive actions towards the Protestants and to suspend their religious persecution. After the Savoyard War, d’Annebault had granted asylum to one of the late duke Ludovico’s most trusted advisors, Arnaud de Sarre, who just so happened to be an unapologetic Karlstadter Protestant. D’Annebault, either because he favored his position at court or due to a genuine obedience to Catholicism, would never make the switch to Radical Protestantism, but his attitude towards it remained nebulous throughout his life - as it did for many other high-ranking gentlemen in France during this increasingly unsteady period - and in cases such as these he actively encouraged its protection. Arnaud de Sarre was an extremely well-read, self-made man from the Aosta valley who possessed both a strong sense of mysticism and a heavily pragmatic worldview, which allowed him to both entrance his listeners and also provide them with solid advice in statesmanship. De Sarre had thus convinced the marshal of France to recognize the usefulness of the Farelards and had also managed to operate with impunity in southern France, linking a good number of converts to Protestantism amongst the nobility into a “League of Valence,” with a compact signed in June of 1549.

ArnaudDeSarre.jpg

Arnaud de Sarre

As was customary for young monarchs, Juan Pelayo had accompanied his now 21,000 man army (Navarra garrisoned with 8,000) into France alongside a retinue of grandees, the most prominent of whom were the Duke of Alburquerque (having left Navarra in the hands of its new interim governor, Álvaro de Sande) and Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 6th Duke of Medina Sidonia. When the southern French army under the Count of Enghien began to push against the ranging Spaniards in the west, the extensive corridor established to support the siege of Toulouse (which had been ongoing for nearly two years at this point) suddenly seemed much narrower. The Castilian guerrilleros were quite proficient at their chosen method of warfare, but found themselves having to contend with the skirmishers and sappers of the local Farelard communities, who - unlike their counterparts - did not require wages or supplies provided them by the crown to continue their aggressive sabotage, and who also considered the Spanish intruders to be both representative of everything they found hateful about Catholicism and also lacking the fraternal connection that held the Farelards back from acting viciously towards their French Catholic brothers. It was critical that Toulouse fall soon, in order that the Spanish army might not be caught at unawares in the highly unfavorable defensive position of their encampment outside the city’s walls. After scraping the bottom of the barrel and coming up with an odd 3,000 soldiers (mostly drawn from Perpinyà) to maintain the siege, Juan Pelayo’s makeshift war council advised him to take his army north to seize Montauban - where the bulk of his forces would remain - once the campaigning season started up again in mid March of 1550, and from there move east to seize Albi, and thence to seize Castres to the south, before moving further south and finally linking up with the Spanish garrison in occupied Carcassonne - thus encircling Toulouse (and, indeed, a sizeable portion of southern France) from Auch (which the Duke of Albuquerque would concurrently break off to take with reinforcements from Navarra) to Béziers, and keeping the king removed from the disastrous possibility of capture without having him appear to be in a shameful retreat. Juan Pelayo saw no issue with the idea and, after hearing from a pair of scouts in early March the reassuring news that the Count of Enghien was moving along in poor order and would not reach even Marmande by the end of the month, he began the march northwards to Montauban.

Juan Pelayo had been misled. Seasonals fog had made tracking French movement quite difficult, and the report he had heard on the Count of Enghien was already two weeks old: the French army would in reality reach Agen by the end of the current week. The Duke of Albuquerque, both secure in his plan and hesitant to move forward without his much-needed Navarrese contingent, took his time in advancing from Toulouse, securing a minor victory outside of L’Isle Jourdain. This battle left the Duke perhaps too confident, as he was only some thirty kilometers from Auch at Gimont when he decided to pursue an unusually heavily armed French cavalry detachment to the south, leading him to the outskirts of Lombez, where he found hundreds of fleur-de-lys banners awaiting him. After reaching Agen, the Count of Enghien had in fact turned south for Auch, arriving in the city in a remarkable two weeks, and from there moving south again so that he might cut off the Spanish line of supply and cut off the king of Spain himself at Toulouse. It had been a complete stroke of luck for the Count’s scouting party to reel in Albuquerque and his 3,000 unprepared Spaniards. While Albuquerque and his men strove valiantly to make a good showing of their renowned Castilian discipline, there was not much that could be done to hold the line, and Albuquerque buckled at the sight of so many thousands of Frenchmen, prompting him to sound the retreat within an hour of combat. Without the footmen he was expecting from Navarra, the Duke of Albuquerque’s cavalry-heavy force was able to keep apace from the Count of Enghien for quite some time, but ultimately he was finally pinned down at Muret in mid April, where a defeat led to his capture. The small Spanish army outside of Toulouse was forced to withdraw across the Garonne to Belbèze, where the Count of Enghien considered wiping them out before deciding not to waste any further French blood before trapping the king of Spain and his army at Montauban, for which he would surely be rewarded handsomely.

20YearsWar-SouthernTheater.png

The Franco-Spanish Theater
1: Navarrese Campaign
1-1: Tudela, 1-2: Villava, 1-3: Baztan, 1-4: Arcangues
2: Southern Campaign
2-1: Barcelona, 2-2: Perpinyà, 2-3: Carcassonne, 2-4: Toulouse, 2-5: Rosis, 2-6: Bordeauz, 2-7: Lombez, 2-8: Muret, 2-9: Montauban

When the exhausted Spaniards who had avoided capture at Muret and Toulouse began to trickle into Juan Pelayo’s camp, it had become apparent that the Duke of Albuquerque’s plan had backfired spectacularly and 15,000 Spaniards were now completely outmaneuvered and cut off from any hope of relief. Faced with capture or death on the battlefield, Juan Pelayo instructed Cristóbal de Mondragón, the maestre de campo of the Tercio de Toledo and the king’s aide-de-camp, to have an emergency will written up, leaving the three crowns of Spain to his eldest, the 14 year old Gabriel, who was to be supervised by the Duke of Alba and Juan Pelayo’s uncle, Fernando. Bracing for the inevitable, Juan Pelayo had his forces drawn up on the hills north of Montauban, with each of the four tercios given a hill and with the light cavalry maneuvering between them. The Count of Enghien would arrive within four days from the south, expecting to see before him a much diminished crowd of shivering, vulnerable Spaniards. What he instead found were an abandoned camp and four hilltop redoubts, protected by four virtual stockades of pikes and guns. Despite the nearly fifty years that had elapsed from France’s last European war with any of the realms of Spain, the French had not elected to take much from their encounters with the fearsome Spanish tercio - such defeats were attributed to terrain, numbers, or simple cowardice rather than more complex notions of unit discipline and tactical innovation. Consequently, the advantage that the Spaniards had held in the early Italian Wars under the command of the unmatched Gonzalo de Córdoba still held. This was a lesson that the 18,000 Frenchmen under the Count of Enghien were being set up to learn the hard way.

The seasonal fog that had so undermined the Spaniards just months earlier now returned to work in their favor. The irresistible prospect of snuffing out both the king of All Spain and a considerable portion of the Castilian nobility was too great a temptation for the young and eager Count of Enghien and his adjutants, especially given how favorable their circumstances had been thus far. On April 7th, the French engaged in a few tentative assaults within the first day, hoping to test the resilience of the Spaniards. Despite some concerning levels of resistance from the Spanish tercios, the Count of Enghien decided to commit to an assault on the 8th once the Duke of Medina Sidonia inexplicably departed eastward from the battlefield with most of his cavalry in tow. This would be an act Juan Pelayo would never forget or fully forgive, with threats made after the war of putting the Duke on trial for treason - something which the Duke contested, claiming the extremely low visibility that day had left him confused as to whether or not the king was still on the battlefield. Whatever the case, the Duke of Medina Sidonia’s exit convinced the Count of Enghien that the Spaniards that remained behind had surely reached the peak of their despair, and a crushing victory for France would naturally follow. What followed instead were eight hours of highly confusing combat, with the French army’s size working against itself, further riven in more subtle ways by the religious differences of its soldiery. The rigid discipline of the Spanish tercios held true, with needed relocation taking place in the worst of the fog. As the afternoon sun cleared the hills of Montauban, the number of dead and dying heaped in the dales was made visible - 8,000 Frenchmen to 1,000 Spaniards. There would be no time wasted pursuing the now highly disorganized French columns down the hillsides, with many more killed and captured as the Count of Enghien struggled to restore his troops to a semblance of order, before being captured himself.

BattleOfMontauban.jpg

La batalla de Montalbán

With France's southern army shattered and a prince du sang in chains, Spain had achieved what would be considered by posterity to be one of its greatest victories, while the situation for the French had shifted as rapidly as it had for the League of Fulda after Ravensburg, and would likewise continue to devolve.
 
Very interesting update and accurate battles and campaigns description and these noble's minds and their probable reactions under pressure.


Although I think that at least would be some accurate, sometimes if (at least) some of the armies commandants in place to call to retire or try to do it... they decided that 'must' (by his self esteem or honor) to fight to the last man.
 
That was certainly a great chain of victories for Spain and the Hapsburgs. It just goes to show you how potent Tercios were during this time period compared to everything else and I'm pretty confident France will begin to take notice of their own deficiencies now instead of blaming it on other factors. At this point France has to make peace sooner or later to avoid or else it risks another catastrophe like at Montauban. Then again Spain, and especially the Hapsburgs have got to be pretty worn out as well by this point as well and will probably be willing to talk peace as well. One thing that is certain is that the coming peace treaty will be very interesting to see.

Once again great update Torbald.
 
Very interesting update and accurate battles and campaigns description and these noble's minds and their probable reactions under pressure.

Although I think that at least would be some accurate, sometimes if (at least) some of the armies commandants in place to call to retire or try to do it... they decided that 'must' (by his self esteem or honor) to fight to the last man.

Thank you very much, and I understand what you mean about fighting to the last man - although such outcomes will probably be more likely to occur under conditions where there's an ideological inflexibility at play, such as in religious wars.

I'll be going for a walk to mellow out all the kick ass shit I just read.

Hahaha, that's the kind of reaction that makes all of this worth it! :)

That was certainly a great chain of victories for Spain and the Hapsburgs. It just goes to show you how potent Tercios were during this time period compared to everything else and I'm pretty confident France will begin to take notice of their own deficiencies now instead of blaming it on other factors. At this point France has to make peace sooner or later to avoid or else it risks another catastrophe like at Montauban. Then again Spain, and especially the Hapsburgs have got to be pretty worn out as well by this point as well and will probably be willing to talk peace as well. One thing that is certain is that the coming peace treaty will be very interesting to see.

Once again great update Torbald.

Thank you very much. It's still incredible to me at how long one simple military innovation like the tercio or the phalanx or the manipular legion could effectively give its user mastery on the battlefield - I mean, the tercio was formed roughly around the time of the First Italian War in the late 1490s, and not a single opposing European force could consistently crack it until the mid 1650s.

The French have been growing weary of this constant warfare for some time, and by now the majority see no point in continuing hostilities - especially against Spain, with whom they already share a fairly definitive natural border and have very little to gain from.

Out of curiosity why doesn't the Royal Standard bear anything of Portugal?

The Portuguese Cortes (as I'll explain in a future update) still aren't 100% aware of/enthused about the permanent Iberian union, and are even less interested in providing cannon fodder for European wars when their manpower reserves could be put to use expanding their overseas colonies. There's also still a bit of confusion as to how Portugal will fit into this Iberian union and for how long, because Manuel I made sure he got assurances that Portugal would remain separate from Castile and Aragon, yet also made sure that Miguel da Paz ended up with the Portuguese throne (as opposed to his younger brother Fernando) even though Miguel had already been crowned king of Castile and Aragon. The reason the royal banner used in Europe only has the CoA's of Aragon and Castile (+Granada) is because A) they're the only two realms from which Juan Pelayo drew troops to fight in Europe, and B) they've had much more time and effort put in to by this point to emphasize their union (since the 1470s really) - not to mention that, unlike Portugal, Aragon and Castile had the same royal family and also used roughly the same court language.
 
I think ITTL the Portuguese can gain suzerainty of Northern Luzon or Saludong via a christian Sunda by having Sundanese(with the portuguese allies) ally with the Northern Luzonians(Saludongese) against the Bruneians whose kin invaded Tondo, and the Portuguese can also colonize the rest of the Philippines from here.
 
Last edited:
I very much like this ATL. As I was reading through, I decided to put my thoughts in for some subjects even though some are pretty old. Maybe they will be helpful for future posts.

That is really interesting about the discovery of quinine though, I had always assumed it was only discovered some time in the 19th century! Do you think it's at all possible for it to catch on much earlier?

Sahagún believed that the Indios could not be truly brought to the faith (without heavy syncretism, at least) unless there were efforts made to understand their culture and language, and for this reason it was necessary to form an Indio clergy. Sahagún would spend most of his life urging his fellow Franciscans to learn the languages of the Americas and founding and maintaining universities intended to educate the Indio elite in the fashion of an authentic European seminary. The Indio universities founded by Sahagún and his colleagues... would all receive royal endowment in 1552 as part of Juan Pelayo’s Leyes Nuevas, and
would be instrumental in translating a great number of Indio texts - some of which contained a wealth of herbological information, and led to the discovery of quinine
and its antimalarial properties in the 1570s.

The conversions, when they did come, were almost always imperfect; old habits die hard, and religious habits are the most resilient... the Oratorians worked wonders for the newly-Christianized in Spain’s many colonies; providing them with constant, easily understandable spiritual care, and virtually leaving no room for their old pre-Christian religious habits to be maintained or remain relevant.

This doesn't quite make sense since no Indio text talking about quinine could possibly exist. Quinine was discovered from the Quina Quina (Cinchona) plant and is native to the Andes (another plant, Remijia, also contains quinine and is native to the Andes and Amazon). In their effort to destroy pagan religion IOTL, the Spaniards either destroyed or obfuscated many Andean medical practices, including the use of quinine, because the practice of medicine was closely tied to Andean religion. Also, there was no written language in the Andes to translate, though there were quipu. A special class of people known as quipucamayocs were the only ones capable of creating and deciphering quipu. These quipucamayocs, however, specialized in specific types of information and were closely tied to the administrative apparatus of the Inca. It seems fairly certain that quipus could contain narratives (beyond just record keeping), but it is not known whether a medical treatise or the fact quinine has anti-malarial properties is something that would be recorded in a quipu. Generally, healers in the Andes pass their knowledge on orally and almost exclusively to their sons.

For the knowledge of quinine to be passed on in the way you are suggesting, you would need either a willing healer to verbally pass the knowledge on or have a willing quipucamayoc "read" the information for the priests (if the information is indeed something that was recorded). Either of these is possible, and would require contact with a particular individual who survived the conquest, but it is not something that could be done through mere translation of a text. There is evidence that at least a small number of eligible individuals indeed survived the conquest of the Inca, but the real question is whether the universities were willing and able to absorb indigenous knowledge closely tied to a pagan religion from what was likely a tiny, uncooperative and unconverted class of people (due to their close connections to the former religion and administration). Fortunately, they would only need one such individual because the Indio clergy would be writing it all down.

If the Indio clergy could spread knowledge of quinine and other medicinal herbs (such as coca) earlier, I also wonder what other important knowledge would either take root in Europe earlier or remain extensive in the Americas such as: earthquake resistant buildings, suspension bridges, more advanced trepenation, raised field agriculture, more advanced aqueducts, and widespread use of certain American crops (particularly potatos, and perhaps quinoa & amaranth). Off the top of my head at least two things could possibly happen 1) population in Europe (or at least continental Spain) and the Americas would increase faster than IOTL due to the new agricultural products, improved sanitation and maintenance of traditional growing methods and 2) the destruction from the massive earthquakes of Lima and Lisbon in the 18th century could be mitigated (perhaps some prescient King would construct the most important buildings in the Andean earthquake proof fashion).

https://books.google.com/books?id=vIamCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30&lpg=PT30&dq=inca+priest+surgeons&source=bl&ots=DeqEjgT6iE&sig=tDb3fjGenFtn58SXK1LZ9i7lqPQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnh4z6irLWAhXL64MKHY9uBUUQ6AEIdDAQ#v=onepage&q=inca priest surgeons&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=A8C3m8rRba4C&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&dq=quinine+inca&source=bl&ots=dt7dYmX7x0&sig=OVY40rX6Hyx31ofvZEQHDUQ3rHE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwis-5i4i7LWAhXm5oMKHWDUAlc4ChDoAQgsMAI#v=onepage&q=quinine inca&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=Q...4ChDoAQhFMAU#v=onepage&q=quipucamayoc&f=false

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/inca-khipus-code-discovery-peru/

http://voices.nationalgeographic.org/2013/07/06/ancient-traditions-modern-celebration/

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-potato-changed-the-world-108470605/

https://books.google.com/books?id=I...jAiQ4FBDoAQg-MAQ#v=onepage&q=amaranth&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=V...To4B4Q4ChDoAQguMAE#v=onepage&q=banned&f=false

http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2013/05/seismic-resistant-features-of-machu-picchu.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake




...establishing the first mule trains across the isthmus, thereby jumpstarting the treasure fleets of Nueva Vizcaya (especially after the discovery of the Cerro Rico de Potosí [3] in Esteban Beraza’s territory in 1536).

El Cerro Rico is about 233 km further southeast than the borders of the map in the post. It is unclear at this point, given the various maps, whether Spain even controlled the Cerro Rico.

https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Paz...90ef1f4e8!2m2!1d-65.7550063!2d-19.5722805!3e0




...That's a question I've been asking myself since finishing the last update. I figure it will probably go to the Portuguese due to the fact that they can't expand as far southward as they did IOTL, and also because it's easier to reach and maintain a land connection via Maranhão than it is via Guyana (and therefore Nueva Andalucía).

Under most interpretations of the treaty of Tordesillas, Castile would have control over Marajo, Belem and the Amazon river. Even in the interpretations most generous to Portugal, Spain still controlled western Marajo, and the Amazon river (though not Belem). Why wouldn't they just set up in Belem or Marajo instead of Guyana?

Interestingly, the reason for various interpretations is that there was supposed to be a joint Castilian and Portuguese voyage so they could determine the actual start point, in the Cape Verde islands, of the 370 leagues and the type of league measurement to be used in defining the terms of the treaty; yet the voyage never occurred and the treaty language remained vague. I wonder if ITTL the voyage occurs (maybe even decades after the treaty) due to the monarch of Castile and Portugal being the same and because the two are specifically meant to be administered separately.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas

https://books.google.com/books?id=9d9EAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false




Conquistadors vs Samurai

Perhaps you already know the following, but I saw nobody mention it so I figured I would. Supposedly, in the Cagayan Battles, a group of Spanish soldiers fought off Chinese pirates whose ranks included Ronin mercenaries. Also, if you do have Spain meddling in Japan you will also probably have to cover whether Japan had Tanegashima. It was a arquebus they developed and that samurais used after the Portuguese introduced them to arquebuses.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanegashima_(Japanese_matchlock)



I know the time period is a bit further off, but do you think the effort to centralize Spain more will lead to an event similar to the Andean revolts, but earlier, like it did under the Bourbon reforms? Or will the indigenous people be assimilated differently and the revolts will be butterflied? The main reason for the revolts was the increased demand for mita labor in order to institute Bourbon reforms.

http://www.politique-actu.com/dossier/huge-ignored-uprising-andes-elliott-nyrb/1188110/
 
Last edited:
I very much like this ATL. As I was reading through, I decided to put my thoughts in for some subjects even though some are pretty old. Maybe they will be helpful for future posts.

(Cinchona, quipus, etc.)

Thank you for your interest. :) I was aware of the quipus and lack of written literature amongst the Inca, so I'd probably chalk my error here up to the disjointed process by which I write most of my updates. I had made an admittedly faulty mental connection between Ritos' post and a few passages I had read in a section of Hugh Thomas' World Without End, the latter from which I had gathered most of my information regarding the universities established in the Spanish Americas (most of which were heavily opposed and petered out, unlike ITTL) and wherein I read about many such universities (along with mendicant communities and individual European clergymen) transcribing Indio knowledge and other miscellanea. I suppose what I meant to get across was not so much that the likes of Bernardino de Sahagún and his followers were directly translating Indio texts (especially in the case of the Inca), but rather simply that they were compiling and publishing Spanish-language compendiums of Indio history, religion, herbology, mythology, etc. - similar to what the OTL Sahagún and José de Acosta were responsible for putting out.

If the Indio clergy could spread knowledge of quinine and other medicinal herbs (such as coca) earlier, I also wonder what other important knowledge would either take root in Europe earlier or remain extensive in the Americas such as: earthquake resistant buildings, suspension bridges, more advanced trepenation, raised field agriculture, more advanced aqueducts, and widespread use of certain American crops (particularly potatos, and perhaps quinoa & amaranth). Off the top of my head at least two things could possibly happen 1) population in Europe (or at least continental Spain) and the Americas would increase faster than IOTL due to the new agricultural products, improved sanitation and maintenance of traditional growing methods and 2) the destruction from the massive earthquakes of Lima and Lisbon in the 18th century could be mitigated (perhaps some prescient King would construct the most important buildings in the Andean earthquake proof fashion).

Transferring such revolutionary improvements from Peru is going to be about as difficult ITTL as it was IOTL, but you've given me some ideas and hopefully Spain can learn a bit more from its colonies than it did in OTL :) (it always confused me why the Spanish didn't take to potatoes - sweet potatoes especially - as fervently as some others, especially considering potatoes do better in loose, well-drained soil than they do in cold, wet soil). As for the earthquakes of the 18th century, the reason the Lisbon earthquake was such a catastrophe IOTL was primarily due to the fact that - as the seat of the Portuguese court and the absolute center of the Portuguese Empire - Lisbon's destruction effectively wiped out architecture and infrastructure painstakingly assembled over centuries along with the entire imperial bureaucratic apparatus (and thousands of lives with it). With Portugal tethered to the rest of Spain ITTL, it's not nearly as likely that Spain's administrative resources will be so completely encapsulated in Lisbon, and they will thus will stand to lose much less. Also, it can be historically observed that such disasters can also tend to work to the advantage of many European cities of Medieval origin - for instance, the great fire that ravaged London in 1666 allowed for most of the city to undergo widespread reorganization and modernization, largely transforming it into the stately center of global commerce that it would become known as in its prime.

El Cerro Rico is about 233 km further southeast than the borders of the map in the post. It is unclear at this point, given the various maps, whether Spain even controlled the Cerro Rico.)

Alas, another fatality caused by my tendency to eyeball regional borders... ;)

Under most interpretations of the treaty of Tordesillas, Castile would have control over Marajo, Belem and the Amazon river. Even in the interpretations most generous to Portugal, Spain still controlled western Marajo, and the Amazon river (though not Belem). Why wouldn't they just set up in Belem or Marajo instead of Guyana?

There's a reason for that that lies in a written but unreleased update, but otherwise its primarily due to the Castilians caring very little about enforcing a strict frontier on the Portuguese due to their common dynastic union (also due to the off-putting climate stretching from Belem to Cumana).

Interestingly, the reason for various interpretations is that there was supposed to be a joint Castilian and Portuguese voyage so they could determine the actual start point, in the Cape Verde islands, of the 370 leagues and the type of league measurement to be used in defining the terms of the treaty; yet the voyage never occurred and the treaty language remained vague. I wonder if ITTL the voyage occurs (maybe even decades after the treaty) due to the monarch of Castile and Portugal being the same and because the two are specifically meant to be administered separately.

I don't know if a common Castilian-Portuguese monarch would actually be interested in seeing such a voyage take place, in that it might reinforce the divisions between the two crowns that he would be most eager to see united and dissolved of their mutual borders.

Perhaps you already know the following, but I saw nobody mention it so I figured I would. Supposedly, in the Cagayan Battles, a group of Spanish soldiers fought off Chinese pirates whose ranks included Ronin mercenaries. Also, if you do have Spain meddling in Japan you will also probably have to cover whether Japan had Tanegashima. It was a arquebus they developed and that samurais used after the Portuguese introduced them to arquebuses.

Thank you for the additional information on a subject I still don't know enough about! Tanegashima is more than likely within the sphere of some daimyo at this point, but centralized Japanese control might take a while given that Japan will be a bit more fractious ITTL.

I know the time period is a bit further off, but do you think the effort to centralize Spain more will lead to an event similar to the Andean revolts, but earlier, like it did under the Bourbon reforms? Or will the indigenous people be assimilated differently and the revolts will be butterflied? The main reason for the revolts was the increased demand for mita labor in order to institute Bourbon reforms.

Reform in Spain will be much more gradual than IOTL (and sooner, as well), so the rebellions that stemmed from the Bourbon administration might be avoided in part, although I can't say as much for pre-18th century uprisings. I do think, however, that the pseudo-independent nature of the Beraza holdings in Peru and their willingness to adapt to Incan institutions will actually lead to more native uprisings and also possibly succession wars waged by the Hispanicized descendants of the old Incan nobility. Such discord will probably facilitate takeover by royally-appointed Castilian authorities, who will be requested and given free reign by the increasingly desperate Berazas and their companions.

Again, thank you for reading so closely and encouraging me to think :)
 
The Spanish colonization of the Philippines is a cliche in many TL's but it is more ASB in other scenarios due to Lakandula aiding the Spanish in OTL.
 
Thank you for your interest. :) I was aware of the quipus and lack of written literature amongst the Inca, so I'd probably chalk my error here up to the disjointed process by which I write most of my updates. I had made an admittedly faulty mental connection between Ritos' post and a few passages I had read in a section of Hugh Thomas' World Without End, the latter from which I had gathered most of my information regarding the universities established in the Spanish Americas (most of which were heavily opposed and petered out, unlike ITTL) and wherein I read about many such universities (along with mendicant communities and individual European clergymen) transcribing Indio knowledge and other miscellanea. I suppose what I meant to get across was not so much that the likes of Bernardino de Sahagún and his followers were directly translating Indio texts (especially in the case of the Inca), but rather simply that they were compiling and publishing Spanish-language compendiums of Indio history, religion, herbology, mythology, etc. - similar to what the OTL Sahagún and José de Acosta were responsible for putting out.

If the Spanish are lucky, this sort of thing might lead to the discovery of how Terra Preta was created. While obviously colonizing the Amazon isn't going to happen after Old World mosquito-borne diseases get established, the concept of soil improvement behind terra preta could still be very useful throughout tropical and subtropical areas.
 
Update forthcoming either tonight or tomorrow - I've been forced to write everything I can during whatever half hour lunch breaks or other similarly brief spurts of free time I've had over the past 4 months, so I apologize for any choppiness or brevity in some of the past updates (as well as for the long weeks separating each)
 
Top