Part 73: An Empire Divided (Nov 1914 - Apr 1915)
The
Army of Russian Liberation, which initiated the uprising, was headed by General
Alexei Krutov, and this man's life was interesting enough to warrant an explanation. Born in the Tver' region to a family of moderately well off farmers in 1875, Krutov was conscripted into the Lithuanian army in 1894, but after the four years of service as a conscript, he decided to stay in the army, now as a professional soldier. Despite breaking the code of conduct numerous times, especially for participating in Russian literature and cultural circles, his talent as a commander was noticed very quickly. One of the many things Krutov is famous for is having served for three different countries in the same war - as a lieutenant in the Imperial Lithuanian Army, then, after being captured as a prisoner of war in 1912, as the leader of the Legion of Archangel Michael in the Visegradian Army, where he also was given the rank of "General", and finally as the supreme commander of the Army of Russian Liberation. Krutov saw himself as above the normal pettiness of politics and first and foremost identified himself as a Russian nationalist. To him, "Russia" was not just a geographical term for eastern Lithuania nor a small region around Tver', but it represented the union of all East Slavs into one powerful entity, stretching from Galicia to the eastern steppes, which would be strong enough to protect the Russian nation and grant it power on the world stage.
Krutov led a vast popular Russian militia, which, while poorly equipped and wildly dispersed, held the advantages of surprise, high morale and especially Russian spirit. Russia, one and indivisible, has endured harsh times, and it's people will shed as much blood as necessary to achieve and protect the freedom they sought so much.
Alexei Krutov, Supreme Commander of the Army of Russian Liberation
Throughout the winter of 1914 to 1915, the Russians seized most of the mainland, capturing many major cities and towns and only facing off against token resistance - undermanned and demoralized enemy garrisons, as well as some nearby units. However, Krutov was well aware that this was only calm before the storm - as soon as the Empire organizes a response, the real struggle will begin, and thus the Russian army's moves have to lay down the preparations for said war. December was marked by a major concentrated Russian offensive to the east with the goal being to acquire a land bridge with the Volga, a power friendly to their cause, and thus acquire a window to the rest of the world for bringing in supplies, ammunition and foreign volunteers. Krutov also hoped for a Lithuanian-Volgak war, which would not only strengthen his rebellion's position, but also create a sense of camaraderie between the Russians and the Volgaks that could be built up to a Greater Russian union after the victory - the man's thoughts went far to the future. The offensive itself was a success and the Russian rebellion acquired a land bridge not far from Vostovsk, the capital of Volga-Russia, but the Volgaks themselves were hesitant to attack so soon. Chairman
Vladimir Ulyanov personally believed that the rebellion was going to go just as well as the last Russian attempt at resistance, and having Volga enter would only mean that his nation will get dragged down alongside them. While the Volgaks generously helped Krutov's army with supplies, leftover equipment and a small legion of volunteers - the "
Cossack Legion" - but a full entrance into the war was currently not even discussed.
The beginning of 1915 saw two more large scale offensives executed by the Army of Russian Liberation. The
Northeast Campaign was enacted to take the few scattered Lithuanian settlements and forts in the northern tundra and thus place the region under Russian control - some had already rebelled and aligned themselves with Krutov's rebellion, but others had to be taken. Meanwhile, about 25 000 Russians advanced to the west, their goal here being to take northern Ruthenia and potentially force the Empire to surrender. Unlike the first two offensives, however, this one was unsuccessful - the Russians were delayed and eventually stopped by Jewish and Lithuanian militias, who were later boosted by Imperial military detachments, and the front line eventually stabilized around Smolensk. Still, despite that failure, the Russian rebellion now controlled much of the former Empire - almost all of the Russian heartland was in their control, defectors from some garrisons overpowered their former comrades and took over a number of forts and cities of their own, and, even worse for Lithuania, it inspired follow-up uprisings by other ethnicities.
On February 12th, representatives from the territories controlled by the rebellion gathered in Tver' to the
Second All-Russian Council, recognizing itself as the successor to the original All-Russian Council, called up during the Great Russian Revolt of the 16th century. The Council presided in the abandoned palace of the governor of the Tver region and it's chairman was the Russian linguist and professor
Ivan Basanovich - and on February 16th, 1915, he was the first of all 159 delegates to sign the prepared
Declaration of the Russian State. The declaration declared the primary goals of the uprising - destruction of Lithuanian control over the Russian nation and the establishment of a free liberal Russian Democracy, modeled after the successful republics in Europe and North Vespucia. Provisional insignia and basic government structures were also formed, but while Basanovich and the Council were the official head of state, in reality, most of the executive power outside of the capital was vested by Alexei Krutov, due to this being a state of emergency like no other.
Flag of the Russian Democracy, adopted by the Second All-Russian Council. The coat of arms in the center is the symbol of Archangel Michael.
Russia was not even the only pain in the heads of the Lithuanian government at this time. One of the first regions after the Russians to take up arms and rise up was
Circassia - taken over by the Lithuanians in a baseless land grab in the 19th century, it retained a strong independent identity, resisted all attempts to be converted to Orthodoxy and constantly sought for a path to liberty. This path opened up in 1914 with the brewing collapse of the Empire, and a vast popular revolt defeated most of the light garrisons and stationed units within weeks. Unlike the Russians, the Circassians knew that they had no chance to acquire foreign help, but it did not stop them from resisting a number of Lithuanian expeditions which tried to recapture the area and all suffered the same fate - bogged down and destroyed in the Caucasus. A popular rebellion also took place in
Ingria, cutting off the Karelian Isthmus. The Tatars in
Crimea, cut off from the rest of the Empire by the Visegradian advance, overthrew the local Lithuanian authorities and declared the restoration of their monarchy of old - of course, adapted to the modern day. In Lithuania Propria, the Imperial government remained firmly in control, but despite that,
Estonian and
Latgalian partisans took the fight to the forests, fighting for the liberty of their homelands.
And what of that Great European War that was happening at the same time? Well, what do you expect...
The Visegradian Army kept pushing, only to see that they hardly have any opposition left. The civil war embroiled the Lithuanian army just as much as it did the countryside, many Russian units and soldiers deserted and fled the battlefield, either surrendering to Visegrad or trying their best to flee home. In some places, where the units were not nationally integrated, all-Russian units managed to overpower their Lithuanian counterparts and pretty much opened up parts of the front to enemy advances. If Visegrad wanted, they could have easily used this to their advantage and already begun preparing for a military parade in Vilnius - however, the General Staff accurately guessed that they shouldn't overdo it. An offensive powerful enough to reach the Empire's heartland would only rally it's population behind a common enemy and force them to fight until the bitter end, which is the opposite of what Visegrad sought to do. They did not have the resources for a prolonged war on the Eastern Front, and it was in their interest to force Lithuania to the peace table - thus, it's high command resolved to smaller-scale, not back-breaking, but still impactful offensives throughout the winter of 1914 to 1915. Visegrad captured the rest of East Prussia and continued pushing into Ruthenia, even meeting up with advancing Russian rebels on the way. This "psychological warfare" was successful - both the people and the government of Lithuania realized that the war with Visegrad is unwinnable, and that front must be closed before they have even a chance at restoring order in Russia.
Knowing about the situation in Lithuania, Eugene Franchet d'Esperey, the Director of the Estates-General of France, wrote a personal letter to Emperor Žygimantas, pretty much demanding that under no circumstance does Lithuania dare to ask for peace. d'Esperey knew that without Lithuania diverting the majority of Visegradian and Swedish attention, France's chances of winning this war will be pretty much null. After all, they would have to fight almost all of Europe alone, and there's no way France could manage that. However, the Director's words fell on deaf ears - a secret vote in the Council of Lords in February of 1915 determined that suing for peace with the Coalition was the only viable option. It was a tough blow to Lithuanian pride - only a few years ago, they thought of their western neighbors as weak and decadent compared to their Imperial splendor, and yet now, they were pretty much begging for the pain to end... And much like Valančiūnas predicted, Visegrad was not going to let them off easily.
Really should have asked for peace earlier...
Regret, regret!
Lithuanian, Visegradian, German and Swedish delegations met on the 1st of March and ironed out the
Treaty of Kiev. In exchange for a 10 year peace between Lithuania and the Baltic-Adriatic Coalition, the Empire was forced to give a number of border territories to Visegrad and Sweden, recognize the Grand Duchy of the Krajina, give up all claims and control on Wallachia-Moldavia and agree to a series of war reparation payments to be given after the war is done. Lithuania was forced to leave the Entente Cordiale, and all combat in the Eastern and Northern Fronts came to a stop. News of the Treaty of Kiev reached French and Dutch ears almost immediately, and they were understandably angry. No, "angry" is a huge understatement. Absolutely livid may be more accurate. Both of their eastern allies betrayed them and left them to fight the Coalition alone... How could they dare to stab France in the back!
As per the Treaty of Kiev, Lithuanian troops were moved out of territories they had occupied during the Great European War. In Visegrad, this return to civilian authority went smoothly - Lithuania only held some border territories and parts of Krajina, which were more or less delighted to see the Visegradians and Ruthenians arrive, but in Sweden, something else took place. The Swedish troops arrived to a bitter, poor Finland, which had been more or less abandoned by the Swedes after the success of the Lithuanian offensives. The Finns ran a successful resistance movement against the Lithuanian occupation, but now that the occupant has left and the original occupier had returned, they were not going to stop. The next years would be marked by a long
Finnish War of Independence, which, due to the unstable political situation back in the Swedish heartland, was a pain to the Kingdom.
But where did the Lithuanian soldiers return to? That's right.
The Lithuanian army may be demoralized and poorly equipped...
The Lithuanian population may be sick and tired of any war...
The Unitarian and Republican movements may be arming...
But... god dammit... the Empire did not wish to collapse this year.
The Empire of Lithuania in May 1st, 1915
The next chapter may or may not be the last in this "story arc".