Part 97: The Sun Sets (1948-1951)
King
James III of Britannia, nicknamed everything from "the man who rebuilt Britannia" to "the man who doomed it" by foreign media, died after 70 years of life in his palace in the city of Westminster. Normally, this would be of no problem to the island nation - sure, it's tragic that God has decided to claim his designated sovereign on Earth back to Heaven, but after the sobbing and the prayers, another one would arise and the cycle would continue. This case, however, was different - James III, willingly or not, died in the worst possible time he possibly could have - now, centrifugal forces tugging on the stability of the kingdom were sure to seize the window of opportunity in the form of the interregnum and the brief downtick of stability that followed.
The late king had three potential heirs (a few daughters he had were automatically excluded from inheritance), each one of them representing a completely different world. The eldest son and the heir apparent was
Prince Robert, a man, while somewhat unknown to the outside world, was noted as a royalist potentially even more reactionary than his father. German and French media was already acquainted with a few visits he had made to the continent as the heir apparent during the War of the Danube, and while the support for the "crusade against Unitarianism" that the British prince gave was a sign of relief, Prince Robert's clearly negative view towards constitutional democracy in Germania, looking down on this "ochlocratic rule" as a sign of weakness, didn't give the Europeans many hopes for rapprochement. It was also an open secret that the heir was influenced by the court politician Earl
Oswald Allenby. Britologist historians, well aware of the story of the 18th century anti-intellectualist British politician Sir Henry Braddock, noted a number of similarities between the historical figure and Earl Allenby - a reactionary figure in the British political field espousing a devolution of the recent reforms and technological advances taking place in the kingdom, with plenty of influence in the court and among the Catholic population. A fervently Christian, brutish, though not very likable minister, Allenby used his personal contacts with Prince Robert as a way to strengthen his own power and potentially employ his vision for Britannia through the future monarch. Though he had many powerful friends, the number of enemies he had was just as vast - many courtiers saw the Earl as a threat to their own influence, while the slow, but growing grassroots progressive movement, aiming to restore the limited democracy of the past, viewed him as a condensation of everything terrible with current Britannia.
Earl Oswald Allenby, Britannia's Minister of Learning since 1935
A much different story unfolded with the youngest of the three sons,
Prince Edmund. While British nobility arriving to Continental Europe for studying or living here was not all too ordinary - the universities of Copenhagen and Stockholm were their favorites due to the linguistic and geographic proximity, and free of godless Reformists of Germania and France - a member of the Royal Family treading the same path was a different story entirely, and a much rarer one as well. The royal's choice of alma mater was not too standard, either. Edmund Plantagenet studied in the University of Amsterdam, in the "heretical Reformist maze", from 1930 to 1934, and while the relative parliamentary instability in the Netherlands, caused by the ongoing economic recession, did not leave him a good impression of democracy, the free, open environment the prince lived and studied in certainly did. The Netherlands, despite being a kingless republic with not an ounce of divine right shared by its elected rulers, nevertheless was not only not in anarchy or degeneracy, but was actually thriving! The subsequent news of the dissolution of a similar experiment in guided democracy in Britannia was thus viewed as a disappointment by the prince - surely, it is possible to combine the monarchy of Britannia with a right of the folk to have a say in how they are ruled, right? It works fine in Germania, after all... Much like his older brother, the liberal Prince Edmund had an influential backer -
Archbishop Oliver of Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canterbury, being the Primate of All Britannia and thus the supreme guide of souls in the Kingdom, obviously was a position viewed with honor and respect. Born as Oliver Twist, the Archbishop of Canterbury was notable in that he was a break from the series of reactionary primates which preceded him - commonly referred to as the "People's Priest", he proposed a new view of Christianity, "not as a path to oppression, but a path to freedom", and commanded a great deal of clout across the nation and notable popularity (there have been thoughts that Oliver's appointment was a deliberate decision by the Pope at the time,
Innocent XII - whether to destroy Britannia or to save it depends on your political views). Oliver and Prince Edmund shared a common belief in the rights of the folk, but this certainly didn't mean that they had no enemies - much of Britannia's elite feared the radical prince.
The middle son,
Prince Harold, was an air force pilot and had zero aspirations in politics. As soon as
The Troubles began, he flew to Swedish Norway to never be seen in the court of Britannia again.
Archbishop Oliver of Canterbury
King
Robert III's coronation in Westminster in June of 1948 coincided with a sharp economic downturn in Britannia. While parts of it were caused by global investor fears about a reactionary victory in the island kingdom, much of the basis for the crisis was because of matters outside of the new King's control. Severe rains, while not exactly uncommon in Britannia, weakened the harvest of 1947 and caused floods in the south of the country, while past problems which developed from military overproduction during the War of the Danube remained and only worsened. It should be noted that Britannia's food system was not fully stable as it is - the kingdom had been one of the most densely populated countries in Europe since the 18th century and was reliant of food brought from the colony of Virginia to even sustain itself, much less have a surplus. In the past, British kings would alleviate similar crop failures by increasing foreign imports, but as the coffers were already pretty much empty, this was no longer an option. It didn't help that the colonial elite of Virginia, many of whom harbored separatist views, were very uncooperative - with the excuses of "there isn't enough sea transport for Virginian wheat and meat to help" and "the produce is needed here", as well as lots, lots of complaints, they successfully delayed shipments for many months, while at the same time demanding market prices, rather than the usual discount for the overlord.
1948 also marked the resurgence of something which appeared to have already been lost to history - the Irish and the Scottish. Before the 20th century, the dominant Englishmen ran a brutal, but noticeably effective colonization policy in the two Reformist parts of the islands - through a combination of unequal land division and appropriation, religious oppression, encouraged English immigration and English-only education, the two Celtic nations and languages were pushed to the brink of extinction. Thousands emigrated to the New World, forming noticeable Celtic communities in New England, New Sweden, New France, Virginia and the VFS. However, colonization was not absolute, and while the cities of Dublin, Glasgow and Edinburgh had long since become as purely English as Lancashire, Reformism and the cultures associated with them endured in the Highlands and parts of western Ireland - a slow thaw of English oppression in the 19th century, coupled with a shift of colonization routes from the Home Islands to Britannia's colonies, meant that these minorities endured for the long haul. And now, with the situation in the Kingdom slowly deteriorating, the Irish and the Scots raised their heads in awareness of a potential chance for freedom. Organizations like the
Irish Brotherhood and the
United Scots were brewing trouble by secretly agitating against the government, coming out to the open more and more often, and, most importantly, appealing to other European countries, dealing a heavy blow to Britannia's already imperfect image to the outside world.
Troubles in Ireland and Scotland, coupled with growing unrest in England itself, starting with agitations of various sorts and bread riots, made up the external and most visible part of The Troubles - the game of thrones within the court of Britannia, however, was just as important for the unfolding events. Earl Allenby, as the new King's primary benefactor, immediately received a number of important positions within His Majesty's new government - and this sudden elevation of power gave confidence to the politician. With the Earl's recommendations, Robert III dismissed his father's former liberally minded ministers such as Albert Hart, former Minister of Foreign Affairs (responsible for successfully keeping Britannia neutral during the War of the Danube, despite their intervention through military exports), and Gerald Rand, former Minister of People's Affairs (overseer of the Rand Compromise between the Royal government and the Virginian elite, preventing a full blown rebellion in 1933). However, while consolidating his grip over the state, the Earl made a number of hasty and miscalculated decisions (the purging itself wasn't well liked either, for obvious reasons), which turned much of the court openly against him. This conflict was used by the faction led by the Bishop of Canterbury, which began to call for Allenby's resignation - and not only that, but they also found the guts to declare that the King himself is unfit to rule. No King truly blessed by God would ever consider letting this madman run the show from the sidelines!..
The situation in Britannia itself worsened, and in October of 1948, with the winter slowly creeping in, Franz Wagner, on the behalf of the Kingdom of Germania, approached the British embassy in Vienna and offered economic aid as well as humanitarian relief to prevent a complete collapse of the state. The proposal was discussed in the Royal Court for a number of days until King Robert, after being persuaded by the Earl, officially declined international aid. The loyalists had some justifications for this action - it would be humiliating to the Kingdom to accept relief from foreign heretics, it would most likely come with strings attached, potentially making Britannia economically dependent on the Germans, so on and so forth. However, this explanation didn't sway either the bitter court nor the civilian population. Popular unrest grew even worse, developing into week-long protests across the nation's cities, too much for the police force to handle, despite everything from media shutdowns to police beatings being used to retain order. While at first, these protests had no ideological bent and were only composed of people lashing out at the current poor state of affairs, the message soon changed from this neutral tone to a call for change, restoring the attempt at democracy of the past, bringing pluralism to the nation, so on and so forth. The "People's Priest" and the Mass in Canterbury surely had something to do with this.
A labor strike in Birmingham, September 1948
However, disaster struck in 1949, and it sealed the fate for Allenby's regime - the Britannian Empire began to crumble. Separatist movements in British colonies started forming in the late 19th and early 20th century, long after Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch colonies in the New World acquired their independence - the reason for that was the fact that British colonies were considerably more recent, and thus national identities there hadn't even developed by the time Vespucia and Manuela broke away from their masters. However, the development of local identity could only be delayed - the inhabitants of Virginia, New England and Oceania simply began to feel like they had more in common with their fellow colonists rather than the distant masters in Europe. Seizing the opportunity of Britannia being in disarray, these colonies began to form their own autonomous organs outside the jurisdiction of the central government and breaking away, some more successfully, some less (their stories are presented a bit below). Not only was this a massive blow to Britannia's prestige, but it also meant that the vital supply of resources from the colonies was cut off. Fearing an outright revolution - after all, not everyone in the protests during the Troubles was a moderate, you could find anyone from Revivalist-inspired national extremists to Unitarianism supporters, - Robert III agreed to dismiss Earl Oswald Allenby from the court (who almost instantly fled to Sweden) and accept limited international aid, but by then, his days were already counted. A successful propaganda campaign organized by the progressive liberal forces throughout the country, supported by genuine concerns for worsening living standards, achieved the unachievable - turned the British public against the King himself. On March 10th, 1949, something just as unprecedented took place - King Robert III
abdicated.
No King of Britannia had ever abdicated before!
The crown went to his younger brother Harold and stayed on his head for the record time of three hours - that is roughly how long it took for the pilot in his new house in Bergen to write a telegram of abdication. Not that many people even expected for the apolitical Prince to even consider returning to Britannia to rule as a King. And so, King
Edmund III of Britannia was coronated in a hastily planned ceremony in London, April 3rd, 1949. As the figurehead of the reformer wing of the Royal Court, Edmund III vested a large amount of political capital, and, much to the dismay of the reactionaries, indeed went through with the feared constitutional reforms. The
Royal Decree on the Restoration of the People's Institutions and the Parliament declared, as should be expected by such a name, the restoration of the suspended set of laws published by the past King James III, restoring the state of limited democracy in Britannia. Later royal decrees strengthened the inclusiveness of British democracy, granting semi-universal suffrage similar to other European nations. Foreign aid flowing from the rest of Europe soon began to alleviate the worst of the food crisis and the economic downturn, and once the first democratically elected Ministry was appointed and the nation began to open itself to the world, this recovery continued.
However, Britannia's path to the modern world was far from easy. For one, resistance to democratic reforms persisted. Radical Christian, neo-Puritan and Allenbyist organizations such as the
Lord's Resistance Army began to form almost immediately, demanding the destruction of the "heretical" regime, and their fight against it was far from peaceful. In the beginning, when these groups gathered widespread support against all of Britannia, the nation appeared to be on the verge of civil war, but once much of the original leadership found themselves captured, imprisoned or fleeing, the resistance elements began to resort to terrorism. The Troubles, marked by economic downturn, political instability and violence, continued until the early 1960s, and the echo of the events there persist until today. The Scots and the Irish, despite playing an important part of the events, got the shaft - even a democratic Britannia suppressed separatist movements in the north and west, while at the same time denying that this problem even exists. Democracy in Britannia got off a rocky start, too, its first challenge being the
January Events in 1951 - King Edmund III, disappointed with the ineffectiveness of the democratically elected government, employed the power of Royal Prerogative to disband it and request a new one to be called, a symbol of the primary difference between Britannia and other constitutional monarchies in Europe. Unlike, say, in Germania, where the King is primarily a figurehead and holds no power, the King of Britannia is a real political power with his own duties and prerogatives, holding the power of vetoing laws and legislative acts, among others, which makes the situation in the Kingdom very precarious, and what has led many politologists to describe it as a "semi-constitutional monarchy". There is a legitimate threat of the democracy in the state being eroded at the whim of the monarch - as it is not just a possibility, but an event which had happened in Britannia's past. The January Events were only the first example of how the power of the British monarch could clash with the will of the people, and their shadow looms over the nation to this day.
King Edmund III speaking during the aftermath of the 1951 British constitutional crisis. The January Events were the first event in Britannia shown on television - a German invention, first introduced during the mid 1930s.
But Britannia was only one part of the Empire - its former colonies also had stories and political dramas to tell.
Virginia, the British colony in the southern part of South Vespucia, perhaps ended up the most well off, for a variety of the reasons. For one, Virginia was the most densely inhabited of the British colonies - although it contained sparsely inhabited southern wastes and mountains, the fertile Virginian Plain and the lands along the Parana River to the north more than made up for it. As a direct result of this population advantage, it was also the most well developed and modern of the colonies, serving as the Britannian Empire's granary and midway stop between England, New England and Oceania. As already explained, the separatist-minded Virginian elite clashed with the central government over food exports to the homeland, and when disorder struck the British Isles, acquiring independence was as easy as organizing an
All-Virginian Conference, held in
Conway, which voted on breaking all ties between the colony and its former overlord. Well, not exactly - a number of loyalist military units stationed across the colony were immediately ordered to restore order to the uppity colony, sparking a brief
Virginian War of Independence. It didn't take long, only two months, before an organized militia, armed with weapons bought from the Inca and the two Manuelas, disarmed and expelled the British resistance, and the state was established. The All-Virginian Conference later confirmed the act of disestablishment of the colony and created the
Virginian Federation in its wake.
Virginia was the last European colony in South Vespucia to gain its independence, and it joined a brotherhood of extremely diverse nations. You have the Inca Empire, one of the world's most densely populated nations despite being mostly in the Andes mountains, and a growing worldwide tourist attraction due to its combination of rich preserved Native Vespucian culture, pristine ancient monuments and lovely environment; you have the Dominion of New France, a nation which, after the beginning of the oil boom of "Lake" Venezia in the north of the country in the 1920s, devolved from a dominion treading the same democratic path as its original owner into an oil-based oligarchy, dominated by extremely wealthy barons imposing their will over national politics; you have the Sao Martinho Democracy, a tiny African-Vespucian state, the first nation in the world to introduce universal male and female suffrage in the mid 19th century, half a century before France or Germania; and you have the three Portuguese-speaking nations which once composed Manuela, which have abandoned their former wartorn and competitive past. It would be hard to describe South Vespucia in one sentence - it, as the famous early 20th century Incan fantasy writer, the first of his country to reach a worldwide audience,
Yuraq Allcca Pillpe, stated, "is a microcosm of human culture".
A different story from Virginia followed the fate of
New England. New England, being the last large scale colony founded by Britannia, was always the "problem child" of the Empire. Not because of the people living there, but because of just how hard to colonize it was. Before the construction of the Los Angeles Canal, it was quite literally two oceans away from the British Isles, and even the construction of the canal only slightly alleviated this problem. Few people wanted to live in this distant, unexplored land, and colonization incentives could only get a colony so far. As such, only a small part of the area claimed by the colony of New England was actually colonized and integrated into the Empire - the rest was inhabited by various Native Vespucian tribes, which were often not even aware that they lived in British land. Native British population in 1900 reached only about 200 thousand people, and even the most optimistic estimates of Native Vespucian population put the total of the colony at 500 thousand - extremely sparse for a region eclipsing well over two million square kilometers. This, among other things, made New England extremely vulnerable to the
1905 New England gold rush. On August 3rd, 1905, the Irish colonist James O'Neil struck gold in a mine in the vast New England mountains, sparking an unprecedented rush of immigration from opportunists seeking to acquire riches through gold mining. While British immigration increased somewhat as a result, what overshadowed it was hundred of thousands of immigrants from the nearby Mejico, the absolute majority of them being illegal immigrants. Although Mejico had its own gold and silver mines (though depleted), as well as a developing oil industry along the Eastern Gulf, few of the millions of impoverished peasants living in the agrarian country couldn't have at least salivate st the prospect of moving north and striking gold to live in luxury forever. These Mejican immigrants, most of them Nahua, soon overshadowed the tiny local British population and, as a result, failed to integrate or assimilate. British authority attempts to curtail immigration or deport the immigrants already in failed.
So came The Troubles, and, much like the rest of the Empire, the New Englanders began campaigning for the independence of their own colony - however, this is where they were met with a Mejican reaction. The foundation of the New England Assembly was almost immediately followed by the Sons of Tenochtitlan, who sought Mejican-dominated parts of the colony to join the Empire of Mejico. With British colonial authorities sent to flee, a war between the separatist and the irredentist forces, the
Mejican-Englander War, began. And lasted for a grand total of three weeks, as a Mejican military intervention sealed the war in their favor. New England territory up to the city of New York was annexed. What remained was but a shadow of the former colony, the most sparsely inhabited country on the planet, spanning vast reaches of the northwest Vespucian wilderness, yet having only one city above 10 thousand inhabitants,
Jamestown, next to Jamestown Island. Though the vast and beautiful nature across the country, completely untouched by man, has since become a tourist hub, New England remains as one of the least developed countries in the New World.
Oceania was a geopolitical oddity. Composed of over a hundred islands and one entire continent, it was nevertheless all governed as a single colony and thus, during The Troubles, broke away as one nation. One massive nation, almost as large as all of Europe on its own - in size, of course, not in population, which only counted about 11 million in 1948. An another notable thing to mention about Oceanian nationalism is that it was nigh-intrinsically tied to the ideology of Unitarianism. This was because early Oceanian separatist organizations, which later former the basis of the colony's independence struggle, were heavily influenced by the nearby Commonwealth, especially India, which, in an effort to strengthen its own sphere of influence, fostered the Oceanian separatist movement by providing it funding, arm and Aankhein agent support. Some historians guess that
Harold Stassen, the leader of the independence movement and later the 1st Democrat of Oceania, was either himself an Aankhein agent or held very close ties with the Indian secret service.
The role of the All-Virginian Conference and the New England Assembly in Oceania was executed by the elected
Committee for the Liberation of Oceania, which declared the independence of the
Unitarian Republic of Oceania - a move which instantly sparked the
Oceanic Civil War. The Unitarians in control of the Committee clashed with both the British colonial units and their democratic nationalist counterparts, led by the charismatic, but far less nationally influential
Benedict Scrooge, not to mention Maori and Native Oceanian separatist uprisings, turning Oceania's path to independence the most bloody across the whole Empire, with over 100 000 people post in a conflict that spanned over a year. In the end, the result of the war came down to foreign support, and while Scrooge received some material and financial help from EASA, it was simply overwhelmed by the funding, large equipment support and "boots on the ground" which were sent by Nijasure. In the beginning of 1950, Unitarian landships stormed the last holdings held by Oceanic democratic forces on the islands of Terra Ultima. The Unitarian Republic of Oceania applied to join the Commonwealth the same year. "Controlled Revolution" claimed yet another victim.
Britannia's African holdings was perhaps the only part of the former Empire that it managed to keep, for a variety of reasons. The obvious one was that here, the Brits were a minority, overshadowed by the local Africans. In addition, the colonies here were the most recent, only started in the 19th century, and the majority of Brits here were bureaucrats and colonial overseers, rather than colonists. Only the Portuguese attempted settler colonialism in Africa. With... odd results. Despite that, Britannia's sphere of influence over Central Africa suffered. Many of the statelets here ended up shifting to a wealthier and stronger benefactor - France.
But hey, at least it's better than nothing...
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You may notice that this chapter has no map update.
This is because I originally did not plan this update to be all about Britannia - however, it turns out that the Britannia parts of the chapter ended up as a full chapter in of themselves.
There will soon be a second, parallel chapter, which will detail the plenty of worldwide events which happened during this time. I need a rest.