John Quincy Adams and the Patriots won the elections of 1824 on ending the alliance with the British, free trade, and reducing the power of government. However President Elect Adams would not be sworn in until March 4th, but his troubles would begin before he even took the oath.
It was January 23rd, 1825, in the city of New Orleans. The American Secretary of State Philip Hamilton, son of former President Alexander Hamilton, was meeting with Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca, the 1st Count of Venadito. The two would negotiate on matters such as trade and a possible military reduction along the Mississippi. On the 23rd itself Secretary Hamilton attempted to see the Viceroy in his New Orleans dwelling. He had a confrontation with a guard at the gate of the Viceroy’s Mansion, the two had a scuffle. The guard, a Spanish soldiers, refused to let Hamilton see Apodaca. In the confrontation the guard cut off Hamilton’s right ear with the bayonet on the soldiers musket. Philip Hamilton was rushed to a nearby hospital, his ear couldn’t be reattached, but they were able to prevent the wound from being a death sentence. Hamilton would return to New York on February 15th and show his severed ear in a jar to congress. It was at this point that President Clay asked for a declaration of war on Spain. It would pass and the two nations would go to war.
As with all wars of the period, it would take time for all forces on both sides to be informed of the state of war. When President Elect Adams heard of this, he knew that this was not going to be an easy term. He would be sworn in on March 4th. That same day he would meet with the cabinet of President Clay. As all Presidents before him, he asked the cabinet members of the previous administration to resign. Adams expected them to resign without fuss just like the previous cabinets. It was to his surprise when Clay’s Cabinet refused to resign. Unlike all previous presidents, who were all Federalists, Adams was a Patriot. Never before had power shifted between different political parties. After almost 30 years of being the party in power, they were not too keen on leaving, and were not planning on doing so quietly. Adams attempted to fire them because they refused to resign of their own will, however they took the case up with the Supreme Court.
The Court ruled that the Constitution did not give the president authority to fire cabinet members. The Supreme Court ordered that Adams restore the men to their cabinet positions. This event would start the process of a new constitutional amendment. In 1826 the 13th Amendment would be passed to the constitution, granting the president the right to fire cabinet members as he pleased. It would be the first amendment to the constitution that granted more power to the government, ironically passed by the party that campaigned on reducing government power. However this would not come in until 1826, so President Adams would be forced to work with the cabinet of the previous administration for the first year of his presidency.