The Hero of Saratoga: The Presidency of Benedict Arnold

I'm surprised that no one seems to be concerned about this rapid expansion of the armed forces. True, a large standing army seems to be the social norm in the United States now due to three Presidencies making it a key policy, but someone on the other side of the lake has to be getting worried. With all of this military build up, Spain (or Portugal) is in for a <i>very</i> rude awakening.

Spain is definitely worried, and they are building up themselves.
 
Religion has played a role in the United States since the Pilgrims settled in Plymouth. The Puritans formed quasi-theocratic societies, which lead to exiled Puritan Roger Williams to found the Colony of Rhode Island, based on the premise of freedom of conscious. Quakers oppressed in England fled to the provinces of William Penn, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Germans religious groups would also immigrate to Pennsylvania, such as Lutherans, Mennonites, Dunkers, Schwenfelders, Moravians, and Baptists. Maryland was founded as a colony for Catholics, and the Church of England became prominent in the south.

Leading up to the revolution a religious revival occurred in the colonies which would become known as the Great Awakening. Preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield would become inspiration to several founding fathers such as John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. These preachers were part of what became known as the Black Robe Regiment. They preached a doctrine of religious supported liberty. It was preached that only a religious and moral people could live peacefully with freedom. The religious aspect was so prevalent that during the revolution the British were known to kidnap and kill preachers in the north east.

Another religious movement in the 18th Century was Deism. In the beginning the Deists were merely a scattered and unorganized assortment of philosophers and theologians without a concise doctrine. There would become two main branches of American Deism, Critical Deism, and Constructive Deism. Critical Deism rejected all religions based on books claimed to be from God, all dogma and demagogy, and reports of miracles, prophecies, and religious mysteries. Constructive Deism believed that God existed and created the universe, and gave humans the ability to reason. The two branches did have common beliefs such as questioning the divinity of Christ. Deism grew in popularity in the decade after the revolution, and in 1793 a large number of Deists were assembled in what would become known as the Council of Providence.

Deist theologians and philosophers met in Providence, Rhode Island to try and develop a united and organized denomination. By the end of the Council a consensus was somewhat made. They all agreed that Jesus Christ was not the son of God, and that God should be worshiped. There were still obstacles to full unification. Whether or not to adopt a religious text was the biggest dividing issue. The Constructionists wanted to adopt the Bible of the United States, approved by the US congress in 1793, while the Criticalists didn’t want to adopt any religious text, claiming it would not be the true word of the creator. The issue of whether to adopt a religious text was left up to each individual congregation in the early years of the church, but by 1812 a Schism would occur within the church, creating two Deist Churches in America.

European Deism shared many qualities with American Deism, the key similarity being a common belief in Jesus’ lack of divinity. However there were two major differences between American and European Deism. The first difference is the role of God, referred to by Deists as “The Creator”, in the affairs of man. American Deists, both Critical and Constructive, believed that God played a role in the affairs of man, meaning that God took sides. European Deists on the other hand believed that God was neutral in the affairs of man. They viewed God like a clock maker, who designed the universe to function on its own without the hand of the creator needed to make it move. The second difference between American and European Deism is the concept of conversion. American Deism was far more evangelical then its European counterpart.

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Though peace was established in Europe after the death of Napoleon, tensions still were high. Napoleon may be gone, but Europe still feared a resurgent France. In 1814 Great Britain, Prussia, and Austria sign a secret alliance against France. However nothing stays secret for long in European diplomacy. When the government of Queen Regent Marie Theresa discovers this alliance in 1816 France begins soliciting for allies. In 1818 the new government came into being. Prime Minister George Washington Lafayette sought an alliance with Russia. Czar Alexander of Russia had been mistrusting of Napoleon Bonaparte, but he knew Queen Marie Theresa personally, and felt he could deal with her and her new government. However it would not be until 1823, after the Prusso-Saxon War, that an official alliance would be signed between Russia and France.

Prime Minister Lafayette would also seek to reconcile Franco-American relations and hope to heal the wounds left from the War of the Second Coalition. It wasn’t enough to break America’s alliance with Great Britain during the Presidencies of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and his successor, but it was enough to restore normal diplomatic relations that had been cut off after Napoleon Bonaparte took power. France would also renew its relationship with Spain. Although Spain had good relations with France during the revolution and Napoleon I reign, Spain had refused to be part of any of the coalitions after the 2nd. This would later prove to be a good thing, but at the time it made French officials feel like Spain was ignoring France. France had to be careful when dealing with Spain and America. The two were in the midst of an arms race in the new world. Spain was reinforcing its colonies, New Spain in particular, for what was felt to be an inevitable war between the two powers. France made sure that it did not make any military alliances with Spain, but kept relations cordial.

US foreign relations remained mostly consistent throughout Pinckney’s presidency. The US kept a close relationship with Britain. However throughout the US anti-Anglo sentiments were on the rise. Citizens were beginning to feel anxiety towards the British. It was common belief among young liberal nationalists that American politicians were coming under the influence of foreign lobbyists. Tariffs on goods from countries in continental Europe were being raised, but tariffs with Britain were either stagnate or being lowered. Many felt that the British were beginning to control American foreign policy. These feelings would come to fruition in the 1824 Presidential Election.
 
 

Free Lancer

Banned
well that sounds very Interesting, a US that is beginning to take a anti British stance, a war between the US and Spain seemingly on the horizon,
Good update
 
But they are also allied to Spain i think. So if the US goes after the spanish possessions in the new world, and also throws off the British alliance, they could end up at plausibly at war with 2 or even 3 world powers simultaneously. Or they could end up cosying back up to Britain even more to balance France.

So the US grabs alt Lousiana, but Britain gets the Caribbean, or something like that.
 
Oh, reread it and now i see that France is cordial with both Spain and US.

Well US vs a Spain that hasn't seen the OTL Napoleonic wars in the early 1800's is a pretty fair fight. Santissima Trinidad in Hampton Roads anyone?
 
I've finally caught up. Very interesting timeline. I'm subscribed. I'm really intrigued by the friendship triangle between France, Spain, and the US.
 
The election of 1816 would be a lack luster one. Charles Pinckney and Richard Howell would maintain the Federalist Party nomination. What would make this election a lack luster one would be the candidates for the other parties. The Constitution Party was facing internal problems, largely over slavery. The northern Constitutionalists wanted to abolish slavery, while the southern Constitutionalists wanted to preserve the institution. In 1816 this would split the party in two, a Southern Constitution Party and a Northern Constitution Party.

The Northern Constitution Party would nominate Aaron Burr and Vermont congressman Joseph Smith [1]. The Southern Constitution Party would nominate Virginia Senator Andrew Moore, and Kentucky Governor Isaac Shelby. The Yeoman party would nominate North Carolina Senator James Turner, and Georgia Senator William Crawford. Pinckney would win the election, due in large part to the largely divided anti-federalists.

Pinckney’s second term would be very similar to his first. There was military buildup, tariffs, and industrialization. In 1816 white settlement was allowed to begin in the Indian territory because of an act passed by President Hamilton. South of the Indian territory, the Mississippi Territory would be admitted into the Union in 1817, and Illinois would be admitted to the Union in 1818, and Indiana is admitted to the Union in 1820.

In 1816 Henry Clay, Martin Van Buren, and John Randolph founded the American Colonization Society. The society was founded for two purposes; to settle free blacks in Africa, and to establish colonies on behalf of the United States. In 1820 the first colony created by the society was Liberia, located on the western coast of sub-Saharan Africa. It would start with a small settlement that would eventually become the capital, Pinckneyville, named for American President Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. At first the legal status of Liberia was in question. Was it an actual colony of the United States in the same way Canada was a colony of Great Britain, or was it territory governed by a company like the Rupert’s Land was to the Hudson Bay Company. It would not be until the 1850’s that Liberia and other settlements established by the American Colonization Society would be declared Colonies under the Authority of the Federal Government.

In 1820 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney would step down from the Presidency in order to allow the party their prize pick, the 43 year old Secretary of State Henry Clay. Clay’s accomplishments as Secretary of State included maintaining a strenuous peace with Spain, and cordial relations with France and Britain. Along with that were his accomplishments of establishing the American Colonization Society, although that would not become a government body until the 1870’s. In 1820 the Federalists nominate Henry Clay for the Presidency. The Party saw Clay at this point as finally being old enough and trained enough for the presidency, however he was still seen as being young by some, and so he was paired up with a party veteran Rufus King to be Vice President.

In 1820 a new party would materialize to challenge the Federalists. In March of 1820 leaders from the Northern Constitution, Southern Constitution, and Yeoman Parties met in Williamsburg, Virginia. They met to form a coalition of the anti-federalist parties. For 3 weeks they negotiated until they finally created a platform they could all live with. They would form the Patriots for Liberty Party, which would eventually just be referred to as the Patriot Party. The platform of the Party included Pro-States Rights, Anti-Central Banking, Anti-Expansionism, Pro-Free Trade, and Anti-Agressivist Wars. This stood in contrast to the Federalist positions of Federal Supremacy, Pro-Banking, Pro-Expansion, and Protectionism. The party would nominate a dark horse candidate, Theophilus Foulke III, a member of the Pennsylvania legislature for the Presidency. For the Vice Presidency they would nominate Martin van Buren.

The election would be close, but the Federalists would come out ahead. They would gain the presidency and would have slim majorities in congress.
 
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The Presidency of Henry Clay would be far more varied then his predecessor. While his predecessor signed an army and naval expansion act every year, Henry Clay would sign only one of each his entire presidency. Clay would try to avoid war with Spain during his presidency, yet on several occasions the nation would be brought to the brink of war. In June of 1821 a Spanish ship carrying slaves stops in a New England port. The international slave trade had been banned. The local port authority refuses to allow the ship to leave. Tensions rise between Spain and the United States. The State government refuses to allow the ship to leave, despite demands from the federal government. President Clay is eventually forced to send in Federal troops to occupy the port and release the ship. This event not only increased tensions with Spain, but it also made a serious tear between the industrial New England states and the Federalists. This event made the Federalist Party appear to approve of the slave trade. It would unintentionally improve the Federalist Party’s reputation in the deep south.

During his presidency, the Maine independence movement would push forward. Upper Massachusetts was geographically isolated from the main body of the state. The capital was in Boston, making it difficult to perform intrastate commerce. This resulted in many merchants not even going to Maine in order to avoid state taxation. The people of Upper Massachusetts, who called them selves Mainers, wanted independence from Massachusetts and wanted to become their own state. There were appeals to the state legislature, but only the Federal Government could alter state borders. However Massachusetts and the northern states didn’t have much incentive to do so. The number of slave states to free states was 9 to 12. With there being more free states then slave states there was little reason to grant independence to Maine. On top of that the Michigan Territory would gain statehood in 1822, making the balance of free to slave states 13 to 9.

Aside from keep peace with Spain and maintaining alliance with Britain, the foreign policy of the Clay administration consisted mostly of observing affairs in Europe. In 1821 the Greeks began rising up against the Ottomans. The United States gave their moral support to the Greeks, and there were even some American citizens who went to Greece of their own accord and fought along side the Greeks for independence. Also in 1821 was the Prusso-Saxon War, a war between Prussia and Saxony. With this event the US decided to stay out of it politically and not give a preference.
 
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Does Michigan in this TL match up to OTL's Michigan? Because, according to Wikipedia, from 1818-1833, Michigan Territory included OTL Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota east of the Mississippi.
 
Does Michigan in this TL match up to OTL's Michigan? Because, according to Wikipedia, from 1818-1833, Michigan Territory included OTL Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota east of the Mississippi.

It contains OTL Michigan, minus the upper peninsula. It has toledo, what ever of it is there.
 
During the reign of Napoleon I central Europe would play the battle field of most wars. In 1806 the Emperor of Austria, Francis, who also held the Holy Roman Emperorship as Francis II, began to centralize the empire in hopes of staving off Napoleon. However Austria would manage not to go to war with France after the Second Coalition, thereby keep the lands of the Hapsburgs out of conflict. This gave breathing room for the suffocating empire. The first reforms were to the military, having all armies of the empire march under a single commander, the Holy Roman Emperor. After the death of Napoleon these reforms would continue despite urges from the Princes to decentralize. In 1815 Francis II announced the lessening of the powers of the nobles in the HRE. The proclamation would essentially remove the power of the individual German states to negotiate with outside powers or each other. This would essentially place all foreign policy decisions on the central imperial government.

Two German Kingdoms would avoid absorption into the Holy Roman Empire, at least for the time. The Kingdom’s of Prussia and Saxony would escape the grasp of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1821 a war would break out over a border dispute between the two. Prussia declared war on Saxony in the summer of 1821. Much of Prussia’s war effort was concentrated on acquiring the Duchy of Warsaw from the Saxons. The Saxon’s would put up a fierce resistance but in the end they would be overwhelmed by the Prussians. By Spring of 1823 the war was over and the Treaty of Warsaw was signed. In the treaty the Duchy of Warsaw would be annexed by the Prussians. Saxony was fearful of all its neighbors. It didn’t want to be swallowed up by the Hohenzollerns in Prussia, or the Hapsburgs in the Holy Roman Empire or Austria. In the end they would side with the Hapsburgs, and begin the process of being absorbed into the Holy Roman Empire.

The rest of Europe at the time was not in the mood for more war, and tried to enjoy the post Napoleonic peace. However this did ferment an alliance between the French and the Russians, looking to curb Prussian influence. In response to the Franco-Russian alliance, Britain, Prussia, and Sweden would begin to strengthen ties between each other. The Hapsburgs would be left out in the cold in this new diplomatic age in Europe. The Holy Roman Empire and Austria would attempt to make alliances, but neither camp wanted them around, at least in the beginning.

Great Britain still had an alliance with Austria and Prussia against France, but this would do little to lessen the Hapsburg’s isolation in Europe.
In the Balkans the Greeks were revolting against the Ottomans. In the west there was great sympathy for the Greeks, being seen as the origin of western culture. In 1821 Europe’s attention was divided between the Greeks and the Germans. Statesmen were not sure of which they should pay more attention to. In the end the British, French, and Russians would pay more attention to the Germans who were changing the balance of power in central Europe and would leave the Greeks to their own devices. This left a vacuum in Greece for a foreign power to come in and influence.

The United States would fill much of the role of a foreign investor. Many Americans donated money to the cause of Greek independence, and many came to actually fight along side the Greeks. This infusion of Americans into the Greek fighting force began to influence the politics of the movement. Before it had been merely an independence movement favoring monarchy, but with the American influence it began to favor democracy and republicanism. By 1831 the Greeks would gain their independence, and form a republican government based largely on that of the United States.Two Americans would become very famous in Greece for their assistance in gaining their independence. So much so that they both would at one time or another occupy high positions within the government of the Greek Republic. These men were Samuel Lincoln [1], and Alexander Lee [2].

Samuel Lincoln was born in Kentucky in 1809 to a Virginian attempting to be a farmer. Lincoln was well read, despite his fathers begrudging. He read the Greek classics and histories, and in 1821 when the revolt began he wanted to help, however he would be bound to his father. In 1827 at the age of 18 Samuel Lincoln would run away from home and catch a ride with a New England merchant to Europe where he eventually made it to Greece by the Spring of 1828. Alexander Lee was born to a well established Virginia family in 1807. In 1822 at the age of 15 Lee would be accepted into West Point Military Academy. He would graduate at the top of his class in 1826 at the age of 19. While at the military academy they studied the wars of ancient Greece and Lee became enthralled by them. In 1828 at the age of 21 he would make his own way to Greece and fight alongside Samuel Lincoln.


[1] OTL Abraham Lincoln
[2] OTL Robert E. Lee
 
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