The 4th of July coup in Russia

azadi

azadi

Banned
Chapter 1: Military coup in Russia!

The situation in Russia was desperate in the beginning of July 1917. On March 2 1917 (March 15 1917) (dates in parentheses are according to the Gregorian calendar) abdicated Tsar Nikolay 2. after massive demonstrations against the Russian Tsardom. On March 3 1917 (March 16 1917) rejected Mikhail, the brother of Tsar Nikolay, the throne of Russia. Then a provisional government elected by the Duma took power in Russia. But Russia was still plagued by political instability. The Provisional Government was dominated by bourgeois liberal politicians, but after the downfall of Tsar Nikolay were socialist Soviets (worker’s councils) being formed. The Soviets acted in parallel to the Provisional Government and had broad popularity. The liberal prince Georgiy Lvov was the Minister-President of the provisional Russian government.

Russia was at war with Germany and with Austria-Hungary and Turkey, the allies of Germany. Russia was allied with Great Britain and France against Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. On March 24 1917 (April 6 1917) entered the USA the war by declaring war on Germany and Austria-Hungary, but not on Turkey. The war went badly for Russia despite the entrance of the USA in the war against Germany. The Russian army was on the defensive against Germany and the German army controlled Congress Poland, Lithuania and southern Latvia. The German army advanced towards Riga, the capital of Latvia. Most Russians wanted peace with Germany as quickly as possible, but the Provisional Government rejected peace with Germany.

Social deprivation was widespread in Russia, and the Russian peasants wanted a land reform, which would distribute the agricultural land of the landlords to smallholders and landless agricultural workers. In April 1917 returned Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party, a revolutionary socialist party, to Russia from Switzerland. Lenin opposed the Provisional Government and promised the Russian people bread, land and peace. He supported a revolution, which should overthrow the Provisional Government and establish a revolutionary socialist regime in Russia. Lenin became ever more popular among the Russian people.

On July 3 1917 (July 16 1917) began massive unrest in Petrograd caused by revolutionary socialists. Many of the rioters were Bolsheviks. But Lenin and the rest of the Bolshevik leadership were cautious during the unrest. At the same time a group of Russian officers made plans for a military coup d’état against the Provisional Government. The officer group wanted peace with Germany as quickly as possible and wanted to carry out a far-reaching land reform, which should expropriate most of the agricultural land of the landlords and divide it into plots owned by peasants. The officer group opposed both the Bolsheviks and the bourgeois liberals.

On July 4 1917 (July 17 1917) became the unrest in Petrograd far greater. Massive street fighting erupted in Petrograd. The officer group decided that the time had come to commence the planned coup d’état against the Provisional Government. At 12.15 noon on July 4 1917 (July 17 1917) commenced the military coup d’état of the officer group. Soldiers entered the streets of Petrograd and marched towards the seat of the Provisional Government. At 1.30 PM on July 4 1917 (July 17 1917) assaulted soldiers supporting the coup the seat of the Provisional Government. Minister-President Georgiy Lvov and Minister of War Aleksandr Kerenskiy, who had large influence in the Provisional Government and who belonged to the right-wing of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, a socialist peasant’s party in Russia, were killed by soldiers. The other ministers in the Provisional Government were taken to a military headquarter on the outskirts of Petrograd. The officer group entered afterwards the seat of the Provisional Government and declared itself as the new governing council of Russia.

The Military Governing Council declared the constitution abolished, the Duma dissolved, introduced strict censorship of the press, banned public political assemblies and reintroduced the death penalty. The Military Governing Council declared Russia’s alliances with Great Britain, France, the USA, Italy and Japan dissolved and announced, that it will begin separate peace negotiations with Germany on behalf of Russia. The Military Governing Council declared that it will enact a far-reaching land reform.

At 3.05 PM on July 4 1917 (July 17 1917) killed soldiers on orders from the Military Governing Council the liberal politician Pavel Milyukov, who until April 1917 had been the Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Provisional Government. Pavel Milyukov supported as Minister for Foreign Affairs continued Russian participation in the war with its original war aims and supported the continuation of the alliance with Great Britain and France. At 3.00 PM on July 4 1917 (July 17 1917) the Military Governing Council had taken control of all public buildings in Petrograd.

After the Military Governing Council had announced that it will begin separate peace negotiations with Germany and that it will enact a far-reaching land reform, the protests dissolved. At 1.40 PM on July 4 1917 (July 17 1917) was Lenin shot by soldiers on orders from the Military Governing Council. Lenin died immediately. Trotskiy, who second to Lenin was the most prominent revolutionary socialist leader in Russia, fled Russia after the coup. Stalin, who belonged to the leadership of the Bolshevik Party, declared support for the Military Governing Council. The Abkhaz Bolshevik leader Nestor Lakoba declared support for the Military Governing Council.

Late in the evening on July 4 1917 (July 17 1917) controlled the Military Governing Council the entire Russia. On July 5 1917 (July 18 1917) banned the Military Governing Council the Bolshevik Party and the Black Hundreds, an ultra-nationalist and anti-Semitic party. The Military Governing Council also dissolved the Kadet Party, a bourgeois liberal party opposed to the monarchy, the Octobrist Party, a conservative party, who supported a constitutional monarchy, and the Progressive Party, a bourgeois party. The only large nationwide parties in Russia, which were allowed to continue to exist, were the Socialist Revolutionary Party and the Menshevik Party, a social democratic party. The Military Governing Council banned the Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionary Party because of its support for Ukrainian self-government.

On July 5 1917 (July 18 1917) was Tsar Nikolay allowed to settle in the Livadia Palace in Crimea with his wife and children. Tsar Nikolay was at the same time released from house arrest.

On July 8 1917 (July 21 1917) was the Okhrana (the secret police of Russia before March 1917) restored.
 
Last edited:

RousseauX

Donor
Hey, this is an interesting PoD and something I've personally tried to start a TL on, but can you format your post a bit into paragraphs, it's kinda hard to read right now
 
azadi

azadi

Banned
Chapter 2: Russia’s peace with Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey:

On July 6 1917 began peace negotiations between Russia and Germany in Riga. The Military Governing Council of Russia offered to cede Congress Poland, Lithuania and southern Latvia to Germany. The Military Governing Council of Russia offered to cede the predominantly Turkish populated regions Artvin and Ardahan to Turkey and to renounce all claims to the Turkish Straits. In return Russia will keep the rest of Russia’s pre-war territory and German or Austro-Hungarian armed forces shall withdraw from the areas in Ukraine and Belarus, which has been occupied by German or Austro-Hungarian armed forces during the war.

Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey accepted the Russian proposals for peace terms and on July 4 1917 (August 1 1917), on the 3-year anniversary of Germany’s declaration of war against Russia, concluded Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey a peace agreement in Riga. Russia ceded Congress Poland, Lithuania and southern Latvia. Russia ceded the regions Artvin and Ardahan to Turkey. Russia kept all its other prewar territory. Russia avoided war reparations and limitations on the size and equipment of its armed forces. Congress Poland was declared an independent state under German military occupation on October 23 1916 (November 5 1916) and Lithuania should also become an independent state under German military occupation. Southern Latvia should be placed under German rule with the support of Baltic Germans.
 
Last edited:
azadi

azadi

Banned
Chapter 3: The Great Russian Land Reform:

On July 14 1917 (July 27 1917) enacted the Military Governing Council a decree on the ownership of the agricultural land of Russia. The decree decided that every landlord in Russia should cede 90 % of his (her) agricultural land with compensation in form of state bonds. The expropriated land of the landlords should be parceled out to independent farms owned by landless agricultural workers or should be added to the possessions of smallholders. The land reform wouldn’t be implemented in Siberia (all of Russia proper east of the Ural Mountains), in Kazakhstan, in Russian Turkestan (the possessions of Russia to the south of Kazakhstan) and in Russian Transcaucasia except for South Ossetia. The reason for the non-implementation of the land reform in Siberia is that the peasants in Siberia already were free and owned land. The reason for the non-implementation of the land reform in Kazakhstan, Russian Turkestan and Russian Transcaucasia is that the Military Governing Council intends for these regions to decide on land reforms independently.

On July 26 1917 (August 8 1917) enacted the Military Governing Council a decree, which decided that all companies and all land in Russia belonging to foreigners not resident in Russia will be expropriated without compensation and will be nationalized.
 
Last edited:
azadi

azadi

Banned
Chapter 4: Further territorial changes of Russia:

On July 5 1917 (July 18 1917) approved the Eduskunta (parliament) of Finland the Power Act, which granted Finland full independence except in foreign policy and in military issues, which would continued to be shared with Russia. The Military Government Council approved the Finnish Power Act.


On August 1 1917 (August 14 1917) annexed Russia South Azerbaijan and East Kurdistan, which both were Iranian territory, but with presence of Russian armed forces in both since 1911. All decrees enacted by the Military Governing Council were extended to South Azerbaijan except for the Russian land reform and all decrees enacted by the Military Governing Council were extended to East Kurdistan except for the Russian land reform. Russia withdrew from all other parts of Iran.


Russian Turkestan was restructured by the Military Governing Council. All of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan were annexed by the Khanate of Bukhara, a Russian protectorate already composed of parts of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. All of Turkmenistan was annexed by the Khanate of Khiva, a Russian protectorate in the borderlands between Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, after negotiations between the Military Governing Council and the exiled Turkmen rebel leader Junaid Khan, which had briefly deposed the Khan of Khiva and declared himself Khan of Khiva in 1916. The reigning Khan of Khiva was deposed and replaced by a new khan from the same dynasty, while Junaid Khan became head of government of the Khanate of Khiva. The Khanate of Khiva was forced to cede its majority Kazakh and Karakalpak parts to Russia.
 
Last edited:
azadi

azadi

Banned
Chapter 5: The restoration of the Tsardom and the new constitution of Russia:

On August 18 1917 (August 31 1917) established the Military Governing Council of Russia a new political party called the Socialist People’s Front of Russia. The Socialist People’s Front of Russia supported moderate socialism and moderate Russian nationalism. The Socialist People’s Front of Russia supported a state-controlled economy, a peaceful foreign policy, equal rights for all ethnic groups and all religious groups in Russia and continued state support for the Russian Orthodox Church. After pressure for the Military Governing Council decided the Socialist Revolutionary Party on August 22 1917 (September 4 1917) to merge with the Socialist People’s Front of Russia. The leaders of the Socialist Revolutionary Party got high-ranking positions in the Socialist People’s Front of Russia. On August 23 1917 (September 5 1917) decided the Menshevik Party to merge with the Socialist People’s Front of Russia after pressure from the Military Governing Council of Russia. The leaders of the Menshevik Party got high-ranking positions in the Socialist People’s Front of Russia. The Georgian Menshevik Party remained an independent political party. On August 29 1917 called the Military Governing Council an election of a Constituent Assembly of Russia, which would be held on October 7 1917 (October 20 1917). Women would get the right to vote in the election to the Constituent Assembly of Russia and the right to be elected member of the Constituent Assembly of Russia. The Constituent Assembly of Russia would be elected by universal and equal suffrage. The number 1 candidate of the Socialist People’s Front of Russia was prince Igor Aleksandrovich Shanskiy, who was one of the leaders of the military coup on July 4 1917 (July 17 1917). When the military coup on July 4 1917 (July 17 1917) occurred, prince Igor Aleksandrovich Shanskiy was a colonel in the Russian army.


In the election to the Constituent Assembly on October 7 1917 (October 20 1917) got the Socialist People’s Front of Russia above 98 % of the votes in Russia proper.

On October 22 1917 (November 4 1917) convened the Constituent Assembly of Russia. The Constituent Assembly of Russia decided on October 22 1917 (November 4 1917) to restore the Tsardom with Tsar Nikolay’s eldest daughter Olga as Tsaritsa. The only son of Tsar Nikolay, Aleksey, was because of his hemophilia not elected Tsar. The Tsar got only limited powers. The Tsar should appoint and dismiss the Minister-President, represent Russia in foreign states, pardon convicts and grant titles of nobility, other titles, orders and medals. The Tsar couldn’t veto bills approved by the Constituent Assembly. The new Act of Succession to the throne of Russia decided that if the Tsar or the Tsaritsa had no sons, the oldest daughter of the Tsar or the Tsaritsa should inherit the throne.


The Constituent Assembly elected prince Igor Aleksandrovich Shanskiy Minister-President of Russia on October 22 1917 (November 4 1917).


On October 29 1917 (November 11 1917) elected the Eduskunta of Finland Tsaritsa Olga Grand Princess of Finland. The Grand Princess of Finland would be represented in Finland by a Governor-General appointed by the Tsar or Tsaritsa with the consent of both the Duma of Russia and the Eduskunta of Finland. The Governor-General of Finland would decide the foreign policy of Finland and decide on matters concerning the Armed Forces in Finland. The Governor-General of Finland would appoint and dismiss the Minister of State (prime minister) of Finland. The Minister of State of Finland could be deposed by the Eduskunta of Finland with a vote of no confidence. The Governor-General of Finland couldn’t veto bills not related to foreign policy or the Armed Forces in Finland.

On October 28 1917 (November 10 1917) decided the Constituent Assembly to nationalize all oil production, natural gas production and mining in Russia.

On October 29 1917 (November 11 1917) decided the Constituent Assembly to make May Day a nationwide public holiday in Russia. On October 29 1917 (November 11 1917) decided the Constituent Assembly to make July 4, the anniversary of the military coup, a nationwide public holiday in Russia with the name Revolution Day. On October 29 1917 (November 11 1917) decided the Constituent Assembly of Russia to make Navruz, the Central Asian New Year, which is celebrated from March 21 to March 24, regional public holidays in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and East Kurdistan.

On November 30 1917 (December 13 1917) decided the Constituent Assembly to nationalize all privately owned banks in Russia and to introduce a state monopoly on banking in Russia.


The Constituent Assembly of Russia decided during its existence to nationalize all industrial companies in Russia, to nationalize all supermarkets in Russia and to nationalize water provision, gas provision, telecom and railway transport. The Constituent Assembly of Russia decided during its existence to introduce an 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek with Saturday and Sunday as weekly days off from work in Russia.

On July 4 1918 (July 17 1918), the 1-year anniversary of the military coup, approved the Constituent Assembly of Russia the new constitution of Russia. The new constitution of Russia made Russia a constituent Tsardom, where the Tsar or the Tsaritsa should appoint and dismiss the Minister-President, appoint and dismiss the supreme commanders of the Russian army, the Russian navy and the Russian air force with the consent of the Duma, represent Russia in foreign countries, pardon convicts and grant titles of nobility, other titles, orders and medals. The Tsar or the Tsaritsa could also grant foreigners Russian citizenship and grant foreigners political asylum in Russia. The Duma could also grant foreigners Russian citizenship and grant foreigners political asylum in Russia. The Tsar or the Tsaritsa couldn’t prevent bills approved by the Duma entering into force. The throne of Russia would be inherited by the eldest son of the Tsar or the Tsaritsa, and if the Tsar or the Tsaritsa had no sons, the throne of Russia would be inherited by the eldest daughter of the Tsar or the Tsaritsa.


The Minister-President could be deposed by the Duma with a vote of no confidence. The Minister-President could at any time and with no specific reason call new elections to the Duma. The Minister-President could serve indefinitely.


The Duma would be the unicameral legislative assembly of Russia. The members of the Duma would be elected for a term of 5 years and could be reelected indefinitely. The Duma would be elected by universal and equal suffrage. Women would get the right to vote in elections of the Duma and could be elected member of the Duma.

The Socialist People’s Front of Russia would become the sole legal political organization in Russia proper and would gain a monopoly of nominating candidates to the Duma in Russia proper.

The new constitution of Russia guaranteed full freedom of religion and guaranteed free university education, free health care, the right to strike and the right to form trade unions. All Russian citizens gained equal rights irrespective of religious affiliation, race, ethnicity and national origin. Nobility and titles of nobility were recognized by the new constitution of Russia, but the new constitution of Russia banned privileges of nobility. The new constitution of Russia recognized the right to own private property and the right of inheritance, but allowed expropriation of private companies without compensation.

The new constitution of Russia recognized the Russian Orthodox Church as the state church of Russia. The head of the Russian Orthodox Church would be the Patriarch of Moscow.


The new constitution of Russia made Kazakhstan, Georgia, Abkhazia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Estonia, Latvia and Moldova self-governing regions of Russia. Karakalpakstan, who is populated by Karakalpaks, a people whose language is very closely related to Kazakh, and who has a sizable population of Kazakhs, and Kyrgyzstan was made part of Kazakhstan. The former parts of the Khanate of Khiva predominantly populated by Kazakhs or Karakalpaks were made parts of Kazakhstan. Artsakh/Nagorno-Karabakh, Lachin corridor, Mount Ararat and Kars region were made parts of Armenia. Nakhchevan was made part of Azerbaijan. South Ossetia, until then belonging to Georgia, was made part of Russia proper. Ukraine and Belarus were denied self-government.


The new constitution of Russia gave the self-governing regions of Russia the right to establish their own official language, the right to establish their own public holidays, the right to regulate the relationship between state and religion and the right to regulate ownership of agricultural land among other rights to self-government. Russian should be the official language throughout Russia. Each self-governing region of Russia got its own governing party. The Georgian Menshevik Party became the governing party of Georgia, Dashnaktsutyun, a socialist party, became the governing party of Armenia, Musavat became the governing party of Azerbaijan and Alash Party became the governing party of Kazakhstan. Kurdistan got a new governing party, the Socialist People’s Front of Kurdistan, which shared the ideology of the Socialist People’s Front of Russia, but who wanted Kurdistan to be a secular state with full separation of state and religion. Azerbaijan got a new governing party, the Socialist People's Front of Azerbaijan, which was a merger of the Muslim Socialist Bloc of Azerbaijan (the Azerbaijani branch of the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party) and the Muslim Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan (a Marxist party in Azerbaijan). The Socialist People's Front of Azerbaijan shared the ideology of the Socialist People's Front of Russia. Abkhazia got a new governing party, the Socialist People’s Front of Abkhazia, which shared the ideology of the Socialist People’s Front of Russia. Estonia got a new governing party, the Socialist People’s Front of Estonia, which shared the ideology of the Socialist People’s Front of Russia. Latvia got a new governing party, the Socialist People's Front of Latvia, which shares the ideology of the Socialist People's Front of Russia. Moldova got a new governing party, the Socialist People’s Front of Moldova, which shared the ideology of the Socialist People’s Front of Russia.


The members of the Duma of Russia, who were elected in the self-governing regions of Russia, couldn’t vote on matters, where their region had self-government. Each of the self-governing regions of Russia got its own Duma and its own Minister-President elected by the Duma of the region. Each of the self-governing regions of Russia got a Governor-General, who represented the government of Russia and who was appointed and dismissed by the Tsar or the Tsaritsa with the consent of the Duma of Russia.


Prince Dmitriy Pyotrovich Bagration, a general in the Russian army who belongs to the old royal family of Georgia, became the Governor-General of Georgia. Vladimir Minorskiy, a Russian expert on Kurdistan, became the Governor-General of Kurdistan.
 
Last edited:
azadi

azadi

Banned
Chapter 6: Russia’s conquest of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan:

In august 1918 got the USA, Great Britain and France the upper hand against Germany on the Western Front. Germany was on the course to lose the war. In spite of that Russia rejected rejoining the war against Germany in order to recovering the territory lost to Germany. On September 18 1918 (October 1 1918) conquered the Arab rebels with British support Damascus from Turkey. Kurdistan, part of which was a self-governing region in Russia, which had old close relations with Russia and which had large possible oil reserves in the Kirkuk region, was threatened by the Arab rebels and by Great Britain. On September 21 1918 (October 4 1918) contacted prince Igor Aleksandrovich Shanskiy secretly Kaiser Wilhelm 2. of Germany, prince Max von Baden, the new Chancellor of Germany and Paul von Hindenburg, the chief of the German army. Prince Igor Aleksandrovich Shanskiy asked for German accept of a Russian invasion of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan, which was still under Turkish military control. Both Kaiser Wilhelm, prince Max von Baden and Paul von Hindenburg accepted a Russian invasion of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan, because Turkey was about to lose the war against Great Britain and the Germans preferred Russian annexation of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan to British occupation of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan or parts of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan.

In the night between September 21 1918 (October 4 1918) and September 22 2018 (October 5 1918) crossed the Russian army the border between East Kurdistan and Turkey. The German soldiers in Turkey were ordered to not resist the Russian invasion of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan. The Russian invasion of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan progressed rapidly. Russian soldiers started to spread Kurdish-language fliers declaring that the Russian army will protect Kurdistan against the Arabs and the Britons. Kurdish soldiers started to desert from the Turkish army and join the Russian army in huge numbers. Great Britain rejected invading Kurdistan in order to avoid conflict with Russia. The Turkish army, which more and more Kurdish soldiers deserted from, collapsed in the eastern part of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan. On September 26 1918(October 9 1918) entered the Russian army Slêmani (Sulaymaniyah) in South Kurdistan. On September 28 1918 (October 11 1918) entered the Russian army Hewlêr (Erbil) in South Kurdistan. On September 29 1918 (October 12 1918) entered the Russian army Kerkuk (Kirkuk). The Turks concentrated now their defence in western Turkish-ruled Kurdistan, especially in Amed (Diyarbakir), the main city of North Kurdistan. On October 2 1918 (October 15 1918) entered the Russian army the formerly Armenian city Wan (Van) in North Kurdistan. On September 30 1918 (October 13 1918) entered the Russian army Dihok (Duhok) in western South Kurdistan. On October 2 1918 (October 15 1918) entered the Russian army the Kurdish-populated northeastern corner of Syria and on October 4 1918 (October 17 1918) entered the Russian army Shingal (Sinjar). On October 10 1918 (October 23 1918) conquered the Russian army Amed. The Russian army had now conquered most of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan. On October 12 1918 (October 25 1918) conquered the Russian army the Kurdish city Kobanî/Kobanê at the northern border of Syria. The Russian army had now conquered the entire Turkish-ruled Kurdistan. Afterwards annexed Russia Turkish-ruled Kurdistan and joined Turkish-ruled Kurdistan to the self-governing Russian region Kurdistan. The border between Kurdistan and Armenia was placed at the southern foot of Mount Ararat. Wan (Van) region was made part of Kurdistan.

On October 17 1918 (October 30 1918) capitulated Turkey to Great Britain on the ship Agamemnon.
 
Last edited:
azadi

azadi

Banned
Chapter 7: Russia’s conquest of Galizia and the end of the Great War:

In October 1918 was Austria-Hungary dissolved. On October 15 1918 (October 28 1918) seceded Czechia from Austria-Hungary and on October 18 1918 (October 31 1918) seceded Hungary from Austria-Hungary. On October 18 1918 (October 31 1918) was the conservative government of Hungary overthrown and a leftist government consisting of social democrats and liberals headed by count Mihaly Karolyi took power in Hungary.


On October 19 1918 (November 1 1918) invaded the Russian army the region Galizia in Western Ukraine, which was Austrian territory. The local Ukrainians resisted the Russian invasion fiercely, but on October 22 1918 (November 4 1918) the Russian army had conquered the entire Galizia. Afterwards annexed Russia Galizia. Galizia was made part of Russia proper. On October 23 1918 (November 5 1918) invaded Russia Carpathian Ruthenia, which was Hungarian territory. Russia guaranteed continued Hungarian possession of the majority Hungarian populated strip in Carpathian Ruthenia along the border with Hungary proper. This guarantee from Russia caused the Hungarian government to order the Hungarian armed forces to not resist the Russian invasion of Carpathian Ruthenia. Afterwards annexed Russia Carpathian Ruthenia except for the majority Hungarian populated strip. Carpathian Ruthenia was made part of Russia proper.

On October 21 1918 (November 3 1918) erupted a mutiny in Kiel. It became the beginning of a revolution in Germany, which as its main demand had an end to the war. Kaiser Wilhelm was in Spa in Belgium during the German Revolution. On October 27 1918 (November 9 1918) was it declared, that Kaiser Wilhelm had abdicated in spite of it not being true. At this time Kaiser Wilhelm was still in Spa. Germany was declared a republic after the announcement of the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm. Kaiser Wilhelm went into exile in the Netherlands. A new German government was formed with the social democrat Friedrich Ebert as Chancellor. The social democratic party SPD, to which Friedrich Ebert belonged, wanted to prevent a social revolution in Germany in cooperation with the leadership of the German army. On November 2 1918 (November 15 1918) concluded the German industrial employers and the German trade unions an agreement called the Stinnes-Legien agreement, named after the two leading negotiators, Hugo Stinnes representing the industrial employers and Carl Legien representing the trade unions. The Stinnes-Legien agreement introduced a 8-hour workday in Germany and decided that the privately owned industrial companies in Germany should remain privately owned.

On October 29 1918 (November 11 1918) entered an armistice between Germany and its enemies into force. The Great War was over.


On October 30 1918 (November 12 1918) entered the Russian army southern Latvia without meeting resistance from the German armed forces. Afterwards annexed Russia southern Latvia and made southern Latvia part of the self-governing Russian region Latvia.

On October 30 1918 (November 12 1918) was Austria declared a republic.

On November 3 1918 (November 16 1918) was Hungary declared a republic with count Mihaly Karolyi as President of Hungary.
 
Last edited:
azadi

azadi

Banned
Everything not directly involving Russia is unchanged from OTL as of November 3 1918 (November 16 1918). But there will be significant changes from OTL not directly involving Russia later. I will only make changes from OTL if there is a specific reason for it, not because of a general butterfly effect.

Azadi
 

alexmilman

azadi said:
Chapter 3: The Great Russian Land Reform:

On July 14 1917 (July 27 1917) enacted the Military Governing Council a decree on the ownership of the agricultural land of Russia. The decree decided that every landlord in Russia should cede 90 % of his (her) agricultural land with compensation in form of state bonds. The expropriated land of the landlords should be parceled out to independent farms owned by landless agricultural workers or should be added to the possessions of smallholders. The land reform wouldn’t be implemented in Siberia (all of Russia proper east of the Ural Mountains), in Tuva, in Kazakhstan, in Russian Turkestan (the possessions of Russia to the south of Kazakhstan) and in Russian Transcaucasia except for South Ossetia. The reason for the non-implementation of the land reform in Siberia is that the peasants in Siberia already were free and owned land. The reason for the non-implementation of the land reform in Kazakhstan, Russian Turkestan, Russian Transcaucasia and Tuva is that the Military Governing Council intends for these regions to decide on land reforms independently.

On July 26 1917 (August 8 1917) enacted the Military Governing Council a decree, which decided that all companies and all land in Russia belonging to foreigners not resident in Russia will be expropriated without compensation and will be nationalized.
Click to expand...

You are completely missing politically and militarily important regions of the Cossack Armies of Don and Kuban: there were plenty of the landless workers (or renters) in these areas but the land-owners had been formally the smallholders or rather communal landholders.

The problem with the rest is that outside Siberia the non-estate landowners were to a great degree communal rather than individual persons.

An idea of the nationalization of the foreign companies is interesting but it would make Britain, France and, IIRC, US as well very unhappy. BTW, how about the companies which are publicly-held and do not belong to a single owner?
 
azadi

azadi

Banned
Very interesting. But the forms of ownership that you mention were not touched by the Great Russian Land Reform. Only traditional landed estates were expropriated. OTL Lenin's land reforms led to the rise of independent farmers cultivating their own plots of land, and some of them became kulaks. This will also happen here. But the traditional Russian mir may also survive as agricultural cooperatives. Communal ownership of land will not be forcibly broken up. Where communal ownership of land exists, the expropriated land of the landlords may be transferred to the communal owners. In addition, the autonomous regional governments in Kazakhstan, Tuva, Georgia, Abkhazia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Kurdistan will enact their own land reforms, which may differ from the Great Russian Land Reform, or make no land reform at all.

Azadi
 
azadi

azadi

Banned
alexmilman said:
You are completely missing politically and militarily important regions of the Cossack Armies of Don and Kuban: there were plenty of the landless workers (or renters) in these areas but the land-owners had been formally the smallholders or rather communal landholders.

The problem with the rest is that outside Siberia the non-estate landowners were to a great degree communal rather than individual persons.

An idea of the nationalization of the foreign companies is interesting but it would make Britain, France and, IIRC, US as well very unhappy. BTW, how about the companies which are publicly-held and do not belong to a single owner?
Click to expand...

The socialist regime in Russia doesn't care about the opinions of the Western Allies. It want Russia to isolate itself from the power struggles of the European great powers and they will put Russia's own national interests first. In addition, Russia has just pissed Great Britain off by invading and annexing all of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan including Kirkuk and its great potential oil reserves. Russia may end up being more friendly to Germany than to the Western Allies, like in OTL, where Russia were closer to Weimar Germany than to Great Britain and France.

Azadi
 
Last edited:

alexmilman

azadi said:
The socialist regime in Russia doesn't care about the opinions of the Western Allies. It want Russia to isolate itself from the power struggles of the European great powers and they will put Russia's own national interests first. In addition, Russia has just pissed Great Britain off by invading and annexing all of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan including Kirkuk and its great potential oil reserves. Russia may end up being more friendly to Germany than to the Western Allies, like in OTL, where Russia were closer to Weimar Germany than to Great Britain and France.

Azadi
Click to expand...

Interesting. And how is it going to deal with the issues like the debt on the French loans, French and British military supplies, etc. Just offering the former allies to take a hike? To be fair, this is what the Bolsheviks did eventually but they used as an excuse the losses caused by the foreign intervention.

Not sure why, if the war is still going on, the Brits would be pissed off by Kirkuk issue: the area is not in their hands, anyway.

Next issue is what's the military backing of the new government? The army is, supposedly goes to pieces (and the soldiers are eager to go home to get their piece of land) so who is going to do all these occupations?
 
azadi

azadi

Banned
The conquests of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan and Galicia happens more than one year after the peace between Russia and Germany. The Russian army of the Great War has been demobilized, and the Russian army has been rebuilt after the demobilization. The conquests of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan and Galicia were limited operations compared to the Russian participation in the Great War. With the stabilization of Russia after the military coup the rebuilt Russian army are loyal to the regime.

If necessary, Russia will repay loans and military supplies, but nationalizations of companies and land in Russia owned by foreigners not resident in Russia will definitely be carried out and will be considered an internal matter of Russia, which the Western Allies will not be allowed to interfere in.

The British aggression against South Kurdistan is foiled, and this is a major setback for the British Middle East policy. This will naturally make Great Britain pissed off towards Russia, but Great Britain wouldn't interfere in Kurdistan because they don't want war with Russia, and after all no part of Kurdistan was under British control before the Russian invasion of Turkish-ruled Kurdistan.

For Kurdistan this is far better than the last 100 years of OTL. The Iraqi attempted genocide against the Kurds is butterflied away, and the brutal and ruthless Iraqi rule in South Kurdistan of the last 100 years are prevented. The Turkish repression of the Kurdish language and Kurdish culture started by Atatürk in the 1920's are prevented too. Kurdistan now has ample autonomy inside Russia. The Kurdish language is an official regional language of Kurdistan, Newroz (the Kurdish version of Navruz) is an official regional holiday in Kurdistan and Kurdish culture will in general be promoted by the regional government of Kurdistan.

Azadi
 
Last edited:
azadi

azadi

Banned
A brief summary of the new order in Russia:

- The Tsardom is restored with limited powers. Female succession to the throne are introduced, but with male-preference primogeniture.
- Russia is an authoritarian socialist single-party state.
- The Russian Orthodox Church is still the state church of Russia, but there is full freedom of religion in Russia.
- Nobility and titles of nobility are still recognized in Russia, but all privileges of nobility are abolished.
- Autonomy has been granted to Kazakhstan, Georgia, Abkhazia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Estonia, Latvia and Moldova, but Russia proper including Ukraine and Belarus are under the direct rule of the central government of Russia. So Russia is not a federation.

Azadi
 
Last edited:
You must log in or register to reply here.
Top
Top