The world on the morning of May 7, 2000, the day of the deadliest terrorist attacks in Europe...
During the Second African Spring. Progressive meritocratic-technocratic uprisings, despite having support by some of the military, were crushed in Darfur (in the context of the Darfur ethnic cleansings and crimes against humanity, which some have declared to constitute genocide) by 2005 and in southern Niger in 2003. More peaceable, but sometimes also rather violent, Second African Spring uprisings succeeded in Somaliland (2004) and Puntland (February 2005). Both former
Arab Republics, i.e. Arab nationalist and conservatively Islamic, though not or only very limited Shari'a laws were applied, dictatorships. Both chose unification with Somalia in, surprisingly free, fair and democratic, referendums.
Shari constitutes the newest country in the world with widespread recognition as Kanem-Bornu, after its own dictatorship was toppled during the Second African Spring in August 2006, allowed an independence referendum in many southern cantons - and this referendum resulted in independence for most areas where the referendum was held. Shari was and is not totally free of civil conflict and unrest, however, under the (rather military dominated) new meritocratic government and as Japanese allies, development has significantly improved. Since 2006, the situation has visibly and markedly improved. Abject and absolute poverty is mostly eliminated by 2023 as even in Shari, few nowadays starve to death (though starvation
does sometimes resurface on a regional level in the contexts of drought, flooding and similar natural disasters - but the Japanese bloc is quickly able to help out with aid). Most easily preventable diseases and even the infamous Ouham Fever have been hedged in. By now, Shari is on its way to catching up with many other meritocratic nations of Africa. Its, sometimes pristine, rainforest and swamp areas are even becoming a destination for tourists...
The same is becoming true for Somaliland and Puntland. Ecological tourism as well as beach and sea tourism are booming in Somalia. They as well as the rest of Somalia are outright prospering by 2023 and many label Somalia to be one of the
Cheetah Nations, the next and modern version of the West African Lions. Trade around the Horn of Africa is just one of the sources of Somalia's recent boom in wealth as valuable raw materials, among them many rare earth metals, were discovered in former central Puntland in 2008. But even capital- and R&D-intensive modern industries and the service industry are coming to Somalia in recent years.
Meanwhile, the early 2000s also saw the brutal crushing and suppression of Mormon separatists in the
Deseret War (1994-2003), especially after radicalised Mormons committed terrorist attacks in Philadelphia (September 18 and October 2, 1997), St. Louis (August 12, 1997 and January 6, 1998), Chicago (October 11, 1997) and Minneapolis-St. Paul (November 21, 1997 and November 30, 1997) the American Federation's reaction to any separatist or independentist guerilla warfare became increasingly harsh.
Further, in the Middle East, armed insurrection by the
Mojahiden-e-Khalq (MEK) was ended after decades of insurrection and guerilla warfare as almost all of the MEK signed a peace agreement and laid down their arms in 2009 in return for wide-ranging amnesty and the legalisation of the MEK as a political party. Ever since, Persia has democratised to an extent unthinkable as late as the late 1980s and MEK delegates have been in parliament.
The Ottoman Empire meanwhile has also mostly crushed the Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê (PKK), they nevertheless remain a (small but significant) terrorist danger and active in a remote area of the Greater Zab Valley west of Hakkari.