During his four-and-half-year stay in the
Soviet Union (1925–1930), Harry Haywood held dual membership in both the CPUSA and the CPSU. As a member of the CPSU, he traveled extensively in the Soviet Union's
autonomous republics, and participated in the struggles against both the
Left Opposition headed by
Leon Trotsky and the
Right Opposition led by
Nikolai Bukharin. In these struggles and in others, Haywood was on the side of
Joseph Stalin. While working as a delegate for the Comintern, he served on commissions dealing with the question of African Americans in the United States, as well as the development of the "Native Republic Thesis" for the
South African Communist Party. Haywood worked to draft the "Comintern Resolutions on the Negro Question" of 1928 and 1930, which stated that African Americans in the Southern part of the
United States made up an oppressed nation, with the right to
self-determination up to and including
secession. He would continue to fight for this position throughout his life.
He believed that a distinct African-American nation had developed that satisfied the criteria laid out by Stalin in his
Marxism and the National Question: a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological makeup manifested in a common culture. Because African Americans in the South constituted such a nation, Haywood believed the correct response was a demand for self-determination, up to and including the right to separate from the United States. Their "national territory" was historically the South, and they deserved full equality everywhere else in the United States. Haywood believed that only with genuine political power, which from a Marxist point of view included control of the
productive forces, such as land, could African Americans obtain genuine equality. Their gaining of equality was a prerequisite for broader
working class unity.