Polonia Restituta (Poland Reborn)

[Historymaster]

Disclaimer, this is the translation with corrections of a timeline in Italian language by Tommaso Mazzoni (my real name) you can see here:http://www.fmboschetto.it/Utopiaucronia/Polonia_Restituta.htm

1863
January 22: Polish-Lithuanian Independence war starts.

April 7: Meeting in Rome between British Foreign Office Secretary John Russel and French one Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys; is decided to help polish-lithuanian insurgents, on anti-prussian and anti-russian ground.

April 18: Meeting in Berlini beetween secretary Russel and chancellor Bismark; the latter gains assurance in of neutrality of England in regard of the future war with Denmark, and in exchange, he retires political endorsement to Russia.

May 7: A French-English fleet crush the feeble russian baltic fleet, and lands in Lithuania, bringing relief to the insurgents.

June 27: (Six month earlier then the OTL) The provisional governement license the land decree, which, promising land to the peasants who enroll in the army, boast the numbers of the Independet Polish-Lithuanian army, now commanded by Romuald Traugutt.

September 30:Warsaw provisional governement declares reborn the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in personal union under the crown of Prince Wladyslaw Czartorisky,with the name ofi Wladyslaw V. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is back. The new king names the Red Faction member Jaroslaw Dabrowsky as Premier, with the White faction member Antanas Mackevičius as deputy.

October 20: Anglo-French-Polish-Lithuanian Army inflicts to the Russian the grievious defeat of Opatow.
Zar Alexander II starts to understand he seriously risks to face yet another Crimea.

1864
April 4: General Mikahil Muravyov, nicknamed the Hangman, is defeated and killed in the Battle of Vilnius from the Polish-Lithuanian army commanded byl general Jozef Hauke-Bozak.

August 5: Signed the Treary of London, which aknowledges independence for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the borders of Congress Poland, plus 1990 OTL Lithuania. Nationalist unsatisfaction not-withstanding,the day became national holyday of the new state.

1865
April 7: Licensed the new constitutution, which is monarchical, parliamentary, federal and liberal.

May 7: First free elections in the Commonwealth, Commonwealth's Popular-Coservative Party lead by Traugutt wins in a coalition with the Liberal Party. Traugutt governement respects the rights of Catholic Church, which is even refunded of the loss it was subjected during Russia domination. It respects the pact with the peasants,and boast the armed forces, in light of a likely attempt of return by the Russian Empire.

1866
The young Polish governement sides with Prussia in the War against the Austrian Empire. In Leopolis (Polish Lwów,Lithuanian Lvovas, Ukainian Lviv), The Austrian army lead by Leopold Gondrecourt is defeated by Polish-Lituanian lead by Jozef Hauke-Bozak. Galicia is annexed to the Commonwealth, this is called the Second Independence War.

1870
New elections; the Commonwealth's Radical-Democratic Party lead by Jaroslaw Dabrowsky wins on the promise of social reforms; It begin industialization in Warsaw, Krakow and Vilnius.
The alliance beetween the Second French Empire and England makes Bismark think twice beforeprovoking Paris to war; no Ems telegram, and no French-Prussian war.

1873
Second Holy Alliance between Prussia and her german allies, Austria-Hungary and theyr german allies and Russia.

1874
Anglo-Polish- Lithuanian Treaty, opposed to the Second Holy Alliance.

1876
Emperor of the French Napoleon III dies, he is succeeded by his son Napoleon Eugene, as Emperori Napoleon IV.

1880
After Sejim elections, majority shifts to Popular-Conservative Party; Alfred Józef Potocki, new Premier of the Coomonwealth, is oriented to a distensive policy with the central powers.
Dies French Emperor Napoleon IV, he is succeded by his cousin Joseph Napoleon, Napoleon V.

1881
With the endorsement of Great Britain Poland-Lithuania is allowed to anticipate France in annexation of a small part of Guinea (OTL French Guinea).
The colony is christened New Galicia, and it's capital is Wladyslawpol (H.L. Conakry)

1883
Congress of Berlin, confirmedo il Polish-Lithuanian possession of New Galicia.

1885
Potocky is confirmed as Premier.In the Commonwealth begins a season of economic growth and cultural renaissance.

1889
Sudden death of Polish-Lithuanian Premier Potocky,he is succeded by Internal Affairs Secretary Kazimierz Badeni.

1890
The Popular-Conservative Party wins the election again, Badeni is confirmed as Premier.

1891
The beloved French Emperor Napoleon V is died, he is succeded by his son Victore Napoleone, Napoleon VI.

1893
August, crown prince of the Commonwealth, dies with great pain for the King.

1894: Wladyslaw V, King of Polonia and Lithuania dies, he is succeeded by his second born son Adam Ludwik, enthroned with the name of Louis II.

Continues.

 

[Historymaster]

1895
Seen as inept, Premier Badeni lead his party to electoral defeat; he was succeded by the Liberal-Democratic Jonas Basanavičius, who worried about a stronger federal structure.

1896
Italy enter the II Holy Alliance

1897
II French Empire and Ottoman Empire find common ground in Anti-Russian policies.

1900
Liberal-Democratics win and Basanavičius stay as Premier.

1903
Birth of the Four Way Entente between France, Poland-Lithuania, Great Britain and Ottoman Empire.

1905
Popolar Conservative Party is back in power with Roman Dmowsky Premier; Dmowsky promotes extension of vote right.

1907
Poland-Lithuania gives women vote right.

1910
Dmowsky is confirmed as Premier. Winds of warpush him to intensify weapon ran and heavy idustry,even if he was, personally, a firm believer in a diplomatic approach in internetional comtoversies resolution.

1914-1919
First World War.
Coalitions: British Empire, II French Empire, Serbia, Montenegro, Belgium, Poland-Lithuania, Ottoman Empire, Ha'il Emirate, Italy (from 1915), Greece (from 1916), Romania (from 1916), Stati Uniti (from 1917), Giappone (from 1917); Of the Holy Alliance are members Prussia (and allies), Austria-Hungary, Russian Empire, Bulgaria ed Nejeb Emirate. The murder, in Sarajevo, of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria -Hungary, by the hand of ayoung serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip, caused a catastrophic chain effect.

 

[Historymaster]

1914
After Sarajevo's killings, and Austria's ultimatum Poland declare war to Austria, and is attacked by Russia and Germany; But Germany gave priority to France, allowing Poland to resist first Russian offensive.

1915:
Pope Benedict XV mediation was rejected
Italian attack on Austria allows for pressure on Poland-Lithuania to lighten, and Poland can fend off a first German offensove and try to take the initiative.
Polish attempts on Pomerania are useless, more fruitful are the efforts in the east, where Polish troopers manage to join the Ottomans on the Black Sea.
Dmowsky forms a national unity governement with Social-Democrats and Liberal-Democrats .

1916
While Warsaw is taken by Germans, Galicia resists to the siege; In the Eastern front, Russian are crushed at the Masuri lake after the failed Brusilov offenseve.
Russian front collapses;
General Piłsudski can free Warsaw and resume the attempts against Pomerania and East Prussia.
Bulgaria enters the war on Russia side, Prompting Romania and Greece to take the field on the opposite side.
Austro-Hungarian Emperor Francis Joseph dies, he is succeeded by his nephew Charles.

1917
The United States enters the war in favor of the Entente, and sends troops to France and Poland-Lithuania. While Pomerania remains well defended, Polish troops, favored by the Masovian Polish insurrection, conquer the region, and East Silesia and besiege Gdansk. Russian revolution. The Austrian front weakens, and the Italians win a great battle in Caporetto.

1918
Taking of Danzig, the German naval tie in the battle of Jutland finally allows British ships to land massively on the Eastern front. Peace of Brest-Litovsk, the Bolshevik government cedes Crimea, the Caucasus and Central Asia to the Ottoman Empire (it will then reconquer the Caucasus), and all Sakhalin and Russian Manchuria to Japan. Poland-Lithuania restores its eastern borders to those of 1660. A Communist revolution in Germany (but not in Bavaria or Baden, which remained neutral), is bloodily repressed by the Frei Korps, groups of stragglers returning from the war, used by the new Social-Democratic government to restore peace, before proclaiming the end of the Empire, and the beginning of the Weimar Republic. In Vittorio Veneto, the Italians break through the Austrian front. The Habsburg Empire is torn apart from within. Charles of Habsburg flees to Hungary, under Italo-Franco-Ottoman protection.

1919
Peace of Paris, Pomerania and East Prussia remain German, but Mazovia, German Lithuania and East Silesia become part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Italians get coastal Istria, but Wilson's utopian 14 points deny them Fiume and the Dalmatian interior. Vittorio Emanuele Orlando leaves the negotiations furious, and when he returns, he discovers that the German Colonial Empire has been divided by the other nations; even Poland-Lithuania got something, little Togo. Vittorio Emanuele Orlando cries many tears, but gets nothing. The myth of Mutilated Victory is born. Dmowsky, who suffers from prostate, comments "I could piss like he cries!" Piltsudsky prophetically comments "We have not signed a peace, but a truce of twenty years!" Charles of Habsburg is left on the throne of Hungary. Bulgarian Macedonia is divided between Greece and Serbia, which can also annex Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and form the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Romania gets Bessarabia, Transylvania and Dobruja. Western Thrace passes to Greece. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth changes its name to the Federal Kingdom of Międzymorze, the Kingdom between the seas.

1919-1920
Międzymorze-Soviet Union War
The Kingdom's army, led by Marshal Piłsudski, defeats the Red Army led by Mikhail Tuchačevskij on the Vistula River.

1920
The League of Nations is born, of which Międzymorze is a founding member. The Social Democratic Party surprisingly nominates Marshal Piłsudski, who becomes Prime Minister. Immediately, Piłsudski begins the reconstruction, and negotiates the Riga Treaty with the Soviet Union.

1921
The Treaty of Riga is signed, by which the Kingdom and the Union mutually recognize each other. With Ottoman help, the Emir of Ha'il finally defeats the Saudis, and founds the Kingdom of Rashidite Arabia. Mustafa Kemal, a war hero, becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, and reforms the state, in a modern, secular and federal sense.

1922
In Italy Benito Mussolini becomes Prime Minister. 1923: Adolf Hitler attempts a coup, ends up in prison and writes his delusional political program, the "Mein Kampf".

1925
Piłsudski re-elected as prime minister; a massive industrialization program started.

1926
Signed a treaty of mutual assistance against the Soviet Union with Hungary of Prime Minister and Regent Horty and Bulgaria.

1929
Very serious economic crisis, caused by the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange.

1930
Confirmed Piłsudski, who reacts to the crisis with a wide range of public investments, the so-called Nowy Ład, the new course, which will be imitated by Roosevelt in 1932. Międzymorze are the only European team, together with France, to take part in the First World Cup in history, played in Uruguay.

1934
Italian Soccer World Cup, honorable third place for Miedzymorze.

1935
After winning the elections for the fourth time, Piłsudski dies; the new prime minister is Norbert Barlicki, Minister of Justice of the Piłsudski government.

1937
King Louis II dies, his son Augustyn succeeds him, with the name of Augustus IV.

1938
German threats lead to the fall of the Barlicki government and new elections, won by Antanas Smetona's Nazional Populars. Smetona is the only voice to oppose the appeasement at all costs.

1939-1945
World War II.
Deployments: the Axis includes Germany, Italy, Japan, Romania, the Persian Empire, Siam; Allies include Międzymorze, United Kingdom, French Empire, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Hungary, Greece,

 

[Historymaster]

1939
The Międzymorze sided with Finland in the Winter War, forcing the Soviet Union into the Armistice; However, this allows the Germans to easily Invade from the West. Having suffered a heavy blow, the Soviets are rather slow in invading Eastern Ukraine, allowing the Kingdom's troops to successfully mobilize and defend the first assault on Warsaw. But the situation is very difficult.

1940
Fortunately for Myedzymorze, Hitler decides to attack France well before he has defeated the Intermarines; Sykorwsy's troops manage to defeat the Russians again near Lwow / Lviv, while General Komorowsky manages to break the western front at Tomaszów Mazowiecki. Unfortunately, the Komorowsky offensive will soon be stopped, but it will allow the French imperial army to resist a few more weeks on the Moselle. Part of the imperial troops will be rescued in Dunkirk, while the fleet led by Darlan will be rescued, together with the emperor, in Algiers. In this timeline, Germany proceeds to occupy all of France.

1941
Hitler evidently learned nothing from the mistakes of the previous year; when the Intermarines still furiously defend Warsaw, Krakow, Lublin, Danzig and Lviv, the Germans attack the Soviets. Meanwhile, pro-Nazi Romanians go to war by attacking Bulgaria, which enjoys Ottoman protection. The Ottoman Empire intervenes in the Balkans, and assists British Egypt against the Anglo-Italians; the Ex Sick of Europe shows all his newfound health, intervening in favor of the Poles in Galicia and in Western Ukraine. The struggle of the intermarines takes the form of a violent Guerrilla. Gdansk eventually falls, but the resistance of the intermarines continues

1942
Danzig insurrection, bloodily suppressed by the Germans. The Guerrilla degli Intermarini is aimed in particular against the German attempts to build extermination camps; Treblinka and Aushwitz are repeatedly set on fire; this slows down the final solution a lot.

1943
Casablanca Conference, to which also participates Smetona, head of the government in exile in London (King Augustus IV has been under siege in Warsaw for four years now.) Finally the Germans retreat begins; A little opportunistically, the Intermarine soldiers build bridges of gold to the fleeing enemy, blocking the way for the Soviets instead; Having liberated Norway, through the neutral Finland, Estonia and Latvia, the Anglo-Americans bring in armaments and supplies to the Ottomans-Intermarines.

1944
The race to the West is over for the Soviet Union, which is allowed to pass only in small contingents transported by ship; The Ottomans-Intermarines together liberate Warsaw, and conquer Pomerania.

1945
The Międzymorze finally liberated the metropolitan territory; New elections are held for the Sejim; the Social Democratic Party clearly wins the elections, and Władysław Gomułka becomes the new Prime Minister. The Gomulka government begins reconstruction, and books a seat for the Kingdom of the Seas on the UN Security Council as a permanent member, alongside China, the USA, the USSR, the Ottoman Empire, France and Great Britain. Minsk is still split in two and occupied by the Soviets.

1946
August IV dies, mourned by the whole nation for his heroic resistance in Warsaw. He is succeeded by the only son Adam Stefan (Adam Karol in our timeline) with the name of Stephen II; the new king is six, so his uncle Ludvik, who is not dead, as in our timeline, becomes the Lord Regent of the Międzymorze. Peace Conference in Paris; apart from some adjustments on the border with Germany, the Międzymorze does not demand excessive remedial measures; The Ottomans gain the condominium of Egypt with Great Britain, and control of Libya; Somalia and Eritrea are instead entrusted to Italy as a fiduciary mandate.

1947
Warsaw Conference between Gomulka, Alcide Degasperi, Prime Minister of the Italian Republic, Josif Broz, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Robert Shumann, Prime Minister of the French Empire, Zoltan Tildy, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hungary, the First ministers of the Benelux states, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Romania Iuliu Maniu, Prime Minister of the Bulgarian Empire Aleksandar Stamboliyski, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Austria, Karl Renner, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Albania Abaz Kupi, the Greek Prime Minister Georghios Papandreu and the Prime Minister of the Czechoslovak Republic Zdeněk Fierlinger. CECA is born, the European Coal and Steel Community.

1950
Gomulka is re-elected Prime Minister. Międzymorze finished fourth in the Uruguayan World Cup. The European Economic Community is born. The Intermarine government sends troops to Korea, where a young officer, Lieutenant Wojciech Jaruzelsky, stands out.

1952
The European Community is born.

1953
Stalin dies, diplomatic relations re-established between Intermarines and Soviets.

1955
Stanisław Mikołajczyk, head of the Międzymorze Popular Party, wins the elections and becomes Prime Minister; In foreign policy, he does not change the policy of his predecessor; in domestic politics, state participation in the economy decreases.

1956
The treaty on the European Defense Community is ratified by the French Empire and Międzymorze.

1958
Good results for the Intermarine national team, in the Swedish Football World Cup won by Hungary. King Stephen II goes out of minority and is officially enthroned in Warsaw. Raised the Minsk Wall.

1960
Mikołajczyk wins the elections.

1961
King Stephen II marries Beatrice of Savoy.

1962
Jadwiga, heir to the Intermarine Throne, is born.

1963
The European Space Agency is born, based in Krakow.

1964
The centenary of Polish-Lithuanian independence is celebrated on 5th August.

1965
The Social Democratic Party returns to government with Edward Gierek. Gierek refuses to intervene in Vietnam.

1966
Międzymorze eliminates Italy from the English World Cup, but is then eliminated by Eusebio's Portugal.

1967
Prime Minister Gierek hosts negotiations between Israel and the PLO. The coup d'état of Georghios Papadopulos in the Kingdom of Greece fails.

1968
The student riots also inflame Warsaw, Prague (where they even cause the government crisis), Budapest, Belgrade, Sofia, Berlin, Tirana and Bucharest.

1969
Fiftieth anniversary of the birth of the Międzymorze.

1970
Gierek confirmed as Intermarine Prime Minister. The mediation of the Międzymorze results in the end of hostilities in Vietnam; in South Vietnam a democratic government is restored, and the Vietcong cease their activity.

1972
The European Parliament appoints a special commission for the creation of a draft constitution; Former Intermarine Premier Gomulka is elected President of the Constituent Commission.

1973
At the joint Polish-Vietnamese request, the USSR agrees to a UN resolution against Pol Pot. 1974: Good result at the German World Championship for the Intermarini, eliminated in the semifinals only by the very strong Dutch title winner bending third, after wiining against Brazil.
UN intervention in Cambodia, constitutional monarchy restored; In Laos the fragile three-way balance between Monarchists, Communists and Republicans is preserved.

1975
The Popular Party wins with a tax relief and de-bureaucratization program. Kazimierz Sabbat is the new Prime Minister.

1977
The Gomulka Commission dismisses the text of the articles of the European Confederation, which designs institutions similar to those of our union, but makes the European Commission explicitly accountable to the European Parliament.

1978
After the death of Paul VI and the very short pontificate of John Paul I, the conclave elects the Archbishop of Krakow, Karol Woytila, with the name of John Paul II.

1979
The Międzymorze approves the Articles of the European Confederation in a referendum.

1980
Sabbat confirmed as prime minister.

1982
New Third World Place of Międzymorze at the Spanish World Cup. First visit of the Pope to his homeland.

1985
Marshal Jaruzelski is a surprise candidate by the Social Democrats, and becomes prime minister.

1987
Jadwiga Czartoryski, Crown Princess of Międzymorze, marries Prince György, second son of Otto of Hungary.

1989
The Soviet Regime collapses; The Minsk Wall that separated the pro-Russian zone from the Międzymorze falls. Wladislaw Habsburg-Czartoryski, future Ladislaus VI, is born.

1990
Defeat for the Social Democrats, opposed to reunification with Eastern Belarus. Popular Lech Walesa is elected Prime Minister, and immediately starts the process for the referendum on reunification.

1991
Victory of the Yes, East Belarus enters Międzymorze. The Pope visits Minsk.

1994
The Międzymorze, in which the very strong Ukrainian striker Andriy Shevchenko plays wins his first in the final with Italy.

1995
Walesa confirmed as Prime Minister, heis rewarded for his moderately progressive social policy

1996
The European Parliament, mandated by the European Commission, appoints a constituent commission to write a Federal Constitution. Former Polish Premier Jaruzelsky will preside it.

1998
The Jaruzelsky Commission drafts the Constitution of the European Union; among the main innovations, the direct election of the president of the Union, who is also the President of the Commission, who in any case must answer to the parliament.

2000
Social Democrat Julia Timoshenko is elected Intermarine Prime Minister. Timoshenko is the first woman to hold that office. She capitalize on the radicalation of Popular Conservative Party which weakens the Center-right coalition.
She immediately adds Belarusian, German and Ukrainian to the nation's official languages. With the favorable vote of the people of Międzymorze, the Constitution is approved.

2001
The European Union jointly assists the United States in Afghanistan.

2002
With the input of European Union, USA restores King Zahir Shah in Afghanistan. This will help to pacify the population.

2003
European refusal to assist Bush in Iraq; The Międzymorze delegation, which is the most numerous, voted no.

2005
Timoshenko is re-elected thanks to the favourable climate around the European process of integration.

2006
Talibans renounce armed fight in Afghanistan.

2007
The Kingdom adopts the Single Currency, the Euro, in place of the Intermarine Crown.
King Zahir Shah dies and his succeded by his son.

2009
Julia Timoshenko is involved in a corruption scandal.

2010
Popular Conservative Lech Kaczyński is elected Intermarine Prime Minister.
Międzymorze is eliminated at the preliminary

2012
Intermarine victory in the European Championship, against world champion Spain.

2015
Kaczyński confirmed as Intermarine Prime Minister.

2016
The king vetoes a restrictive legislation on abortion. Kaczyński resigns and Andrzej Duda take his place.

2017
The king vetoes a judiciary reforms opposed to the European constitution.

2018
The Międzymorze wins the Russian Football World Cup.

2019
Valdimir Putin is defeated by Alexei Nabalnev who strtas a series of reforms.

2020
Starts the Covid-19 Pandemic and Duda's governement is quite slow to reacts;
The Popular Conservative Party is defeated, the Social Democrats return to power in the Międzymorze with Waldemar Witkowski

2021
King Stefan II dies because of Covid-19.
Queen Jadwiga (Edvige) II of the Międzymorze is crowned.

2022
Międzymorze qualifies for the Quatar Football World Cup.

So, its over guys. At least for a while.