Possibilities (particularly religious)
I think there are two possibilities.
First, the more obvious, we survived, therefore we are (favored, have a special mission, etc, etc). While the mainstream religious teaching wouldn't pick this up, a lot of the cultish groups would. There would be a lot of potential conflict here, as each favored group contended with each other. Some nations, rather than contend with the sort of national bickering that can result, might have declared either state religions, or some variation of seperation of church and state.
Second, slightly less obvious. Survivor's guilt based religions. We survived, there fore we did something wrong, or we were unfaithful and are being tested by god.
These reacition would be most immediately noticed in the religious teachings of various groups, but would permeate the general culture too. The literature coming out of the period would probably have some strong survival message.