Kentucky Fried Politics: A Colonel Sanders Timeline

Chapter 120: July 2020 – December 2020
  • Chapter 120: July 2020 – December 2020

    “Hardships often prepare ordinary people for an extraordinary destiny.”

    – C. S. Lewis



    She started out as the daughter of a coal miner and ended up the personification of the John Denver line “Mountain Momma.” Charlotte Pritt, whose candidacy hinged on the success of her tenure as Governor of West Virginia, was increasingly viewed as a “Worker Warrior” after winning the Democratic nomination for President, and as the 2020 DNC approached, her populist ideals and personal charm slowly but surely won over Democratic primary voters who has opposed her in the interparty contests held just a few months prior.

    The biography aspect of her candidacy – her humble origins as a schoolteacher, her father passing away from the effects of Black Lung Disease/Coal Lung, and her life-long pragmatic involvement with labor unions – highlighted she was truly determined to promote education, prevent workers from dying from hazardous workplaces, and protect worker rights. Her enthusiasm for the issues central to her candidacy came from a personal place, which led to voters finding her to be sincere and relatable.

    Furthermore, Pritt was one of only a few Presidential candidates of the modern era who had both a popular policy platform and the “success story” to back it up. Since becoming Governor in 2013, West Virginia’s industrial hubs were noticeably changing for the better, with empty factories being renovated into promising business centers, public market spots, and housing complexes. The Mountain State’s physical landscape and ecological conditions were improving thanks to Pritt expanding the state’s economy beyond mining, to tech services, retail, Green Energy projects, and tourism.

    With only a soupcon of emphasis on her most far-left proposals, Pritt’s campaign team touted the Governor’s additional successes in promoting mental health, responsible recreadrug use, and tax reform. They also touted her replacing her gubernatorial predecessor’s lackluster “clean coal” initiative with efforts to diversify her state’s economy in order to wean the state’s workers off of mining later on down the line – which, in the aftermath of the 2013 recession, yielded an economic boom for the state and led to her winning re-election in a landslide despite 2016 being an overall very poor year for Democrats…

    …Pritt had served as a State delegate from 1984 to 1988, then as a State senator from 1988 to 1992. While working as legal advisor for several local unions from 1992 to 2000, she was the unsuccessful Green Party nominee for Governor in 1992 and an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for her old state senate seat in 1996. But despite these election losses, she refused to bury her political career, and in 2000, successfully ran to be West Virginia’s Secretary of State, and served a single term from 2000 to 2004. In 2004, she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, and won re-election in 2006 and 2008, but lost re-election in the “red wave” year of 2010…

    …The only “weakness” they saw in her candidacy was her lack of experience in military affairs…

    – Marianne Halperin’s Uncharted Waters: Dynamics and Destiny in The 2020 Election, Penguin publishing, 2021



    “I’d like to wish everyone a happy Independence Day. …The ideals and the people of our nation will always prosper because our brave citizens in uniform will always defend them. So I’d like to make a toast [opens beer bottle with the edge of the Theodore Roosevelt desk] to all who have ever served in the US military, and that goes for all the good people at the Veterans Administrations, all the nurses, all the desk clerks, and all the swabbies – everyone who’s ever played any small part in keeping America safe, sound and secure.”

    – VP Harley Brown in a video posted onto his official VP netsite, 7/4/2020



    The Democratic National Convention was held in Charlotte, North Carolina from July 17 to July 20. On July 7, Pritt formally announced that she had selected Kwame Raoul to be her running mate. Pritt’s campaign team was enthusiastic for the selection. Selecting Raoul, who was retiring from a safe US Senate seat he had held since 2009, would potentially bolster the ticket with foreign affairs credentials, as Raoul had served on the US Senate Foreign Affairs Committee for the past eight years, and had Chaired it for four years. The selection, they believed, would also shore up support among minority voters, as Raoul was a Haitian-American lawmaker popular among Illinois’s African-American population. Plus, Raoul’s urban hometown of Chicago, Illinois complicated Pritt’s rural home town of Hurricane, West Virginia quite nicely. However, to Pritt herself, the key factor in his selection had been Raoul’s support for a Federal Freedom Fund as a means to minimizing poverty issues brought about by the effects of automation…

    – Penelope Miller-Martin’s For Now: The 2020 Election, Ascension Book Center, 2021



    The 2020 NDRR Presidential Election was held in the National Democratic Republic of Russia (Natsional’no-Demokraticheskaya Republika Rossiya) on July 13, 2020, with a runoff election being held on July 27, 2020. Incumbent President Vladimir Nikolayev, endorsed by the National and Iron Fist parties, was facing scrutiny at home and abroad for his handling of Russia’s 2019 recession, his aggressive relationships with other world leaders, and, most notably, for his involvement in the Russia-Eritrea Nuclear Scandal, along with investigations into multiple allegations of corruption and mafia ties. Despite these controversies, Nikolayev’s approval ratings fluctuated between 35% and 45% until the eve of the election, when the continued economic impact of the recession led to his ratings waning further. However, as opposition to Nikolayev’s bid for a second five-year term remained divided, with most of the candidates being hostile to one another, the race was left without a clear favorite ahead of the first round.

    Candidates (8):

    Alexander Beglov, b. 1956 (independent) was a former Governor of St. Petersburg and former ally of Nikolayev who supported the President’s tax reform laws but opposed nearly all of his other policies

    Oksana Dmitriyeva, b. 1958 (Motherland) was center-right “rising star” of the National Assembly whose campaign centered on combating corruption and defending socially conservative talking points

    Sholban Kara-ool, b. 1966 (Protectionist) was a former champion wrestler and the leader of the Tuva people as First Chairman of the Government of Tuva since 2007, and had shifted politically from right to center-left over the past decade

    Sergey Mitrokhin, b. 1963 (Democratic) offered a more professional and experienced version of Nikolayev’s administration, touting his record as Mayor of St. Petersburg (2013-2017) and in the National Assembly (1993-2013)

    Oleg Mitvol, b. 1966 (Green) was an eco-friendly businessman and former Chair of Russia’s Environmental Protection Department at the start of the decade

    Boris Nemtsov, b. 1959 (Progressive) was a longtime academic who ran for President in 2015; a leading Nikolayev critic and the race’s initial frontrunner

    Vladimir Nikolayev, b. 1973 (National) was the scandalous incumbent accused of corruption, but his poor response to the economy was what was truly hurting his standing in the polls

    Valentina Petrenko, b. 1955 (Strong Arm) was a senator in the National Assembly since 2001 who wanted to invest in biotechnology, improve child protection programs, and negotiate “fairer” international trade deals

    [snip]

    Results:

    The 13 July primary results were considered a major upset in light of election-eve polling showing Nemtsov in second place and Kara-ool in fourth. Instead, Kara-ool made it to the runoff, with Nemtsov coming in third place, Mitvol in fourth, Petrenko in fifth, Beglov in a distant sixth, and Dmitriyeva and Mitrokhin coming in a very distant seventh place and eighth place, respectively. These results thus pitted the incumbent against a politician that had been a highly obscure figure just eight months prior.

    Upon the results being made official, Nemtsov immediately endorsed Kara-ool and urged all of the other candidates to back the Tuvan’s candidacy. …On a more trivial note, many on social media noted that both Nikolayev and Kara-ool had receding hairlines, putting into question and leading to ontech debates over the details, semantics, and continuity of Russia’s “Bald-Hairy” pattern…

    – clickopedia.co.usa



    BROWN SELECTS FLORIDA GOVERNOR JENNIFER JOHNSON FOR RUNNING MATE

    …The selection is surprising given the frequent talk of Brown selecting Montana Governor Rocky McCain for running mate. However, according to the former Communications Director of the RNC, “Those two were just too similar. Both were governors from the north Rockies who impressive military backgrounds. The logic here is that Rocky’s selection likely wouldn’t bring in enough undecided and independent voters as Johnson would.” [1]

    Brown also may have selected Johnson in response to Pritt selecting US Senator Kwame Raoul of Illinois to her running mate; both Johnson and Raoul are Caribbean-American, with Johnson being of Trinidadian descent and Raoul being of Haitian descent. If true, then this year’s Presidential nominees are both attempting to win over minority voters with their respective running mates…

    The Washington Post, 7/15/2020



    ELVIS CANCELS LAST 4 TOUR STOPS AFTER PNEUMONIA DIAGNOSIS!

    …the weeks-long tour was to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the release of the iconic singer-songwriter’s 1970 album “That’s The Way It Is”…

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    [pic: imgur.com/eo3qY30.png ]
    Above: Elvis Presley, then and now

    …According to his doctors, Presley is expected to recover but needs time to recover…

    – usarightnow.co.usa, 7/16/2020



    “…Americans are tired of companies turning their backs on workers and embracing automation without a care in the world for the jobs and livelihoods lost in the process. They are tired of the past eight years of ‘Do-Nothing’ Libertarianism actually causing more harm than good. …During my tenure as Governor, dependence on welfare dropped as businesses were held accountable for pensions, while nationwide, the federal government has turned its back on the long-lived, the differently-abled, the mentally and physically ill. …When we win in November and truly begin the 2020s decade, we will increase federal funding for research in agricultural, medical and technological innovations, such as hydrogen power, land fertilization techniques to maximize crop yields, and leading the fight against cancer and mental illness. We will lift farm workers, factory workers, and retail workers out of the wells of hopelessness, recreadrug abuse, and suicide that the effects of small government, automation and income inequality have placed them into. And we will restore the hope and the faith and the promise on which with country was built…”

    – Charlotte Pritt, accepting the Democratic nomination for President at the DNC, 7/21/2020



    CUBA WELCOMES NEW PRESIDENT

    …In his inaugural address, 59-year-old Oscar Elias Biscet of the Progressive party laid out plans to reinvigorate Cuba’s economy in response to recent hiccups, and reminded the cheering masses of his career as a physician and as an effective champion for human rights and democratic freedoms… Biscet won the Presidential election over General Leopoldo Cintra Frias of the National Coalition…

    The Miami Herald, 7/24/2020



    SUMMER OLYMPICS OPEN IN SANTIAGO

    The New York Times, 7/24/2020



    …After several more days of mudslinging, Russian citizens went to the polls on July 27. Amid rumors of voter suppression and intimidation from Nikolayev supporters, Kara-ool doubled down on his morally-correct “strongman” persona by encouraging his supporters to visit polling stations in large groups in order to “match” any intimidation. This action, however, possibly contributed to several minor non-lethal skirmishes a several polls...

    – Maskim Gorky’s After the Iron Curtain: Eastern Europe, 1984-to-Today, Academic International Press, 2010 edition



    NIKOLAYEV LOSES!

    …With a diverse ad-hoc alliance of anti-incumbent citizens behind his candidacy, Governor Kara-ool has unseated the scandal-riddled President Nikolayev in tonight’s Russian Presidential election by a margin of over 11%… According to exit polls, the top issue on the minds of most voters was not Nikolayev’s alleged criminal connections, but his poor handling of the Russian economy…

    The Guardian, UK newspaper, 27/7/2020



    COLONEL SANDERS WOULD-BE KILLER OSAMA BIN LADEN AGAIN DENIED PAROLE

    …his vitriolic ideology clashes sharply with his actions while in prison. Many of his fellow prisoners regard him as bright and calm, but many reportedly respect him either out of admiration of his fame and rhetoric or out of fear. “He speaks like preacher, but he has the eyes of a demon and the smile of a madman,” says one anonymous ex-con who served time with bin Laden at the Mario Biaggi Correctional Center in upstate New York from 2000 to 2004; “he wants to cause as much trouble as he possibly can for everyone more powerful than him. And given that he’s in prison, probably until he dies, there’s a lot of people more powerful than him.” …Prison guards that testified before the parole board swore that the would-be assassin’s attitude to authority figures “repeatedly alternates between quietly compliant and unapologetically unruly,” as one of them put it…

    …Bin Laden, age 63, was transferred to another prison for garnering a small and violent cult following in 1991. After converting a handful of fellow prisoners to Wahhabist (Puritanical) Muslim and reportedly being supportive of a prison riot held at the height of the SARS virus permeating prison systems in the early aughts, bin Laden was again transferred to another prison in 2004. For this and several other infractions, bin Laden served time in solitary confinement from 1991 to 1992 and again from 2004 to 2008…

    …However, the Number 1 issue for the board was bin Laden’s lack of any remorse for trying to kill a former US President, though he seems to have never expressed remorse for his activities in prison, either. …bin Laden became eligible for parole in 1991, one year after Colonel Sanders’ death; this marks the sixth time that the attempted murderer has been denied parole…

    – washingtonpost.co.usa, 8/1/2020



    “So here’s an op-ed from The Washington Post penned by someone named Nancy Pelosi (pause) Who, apparently, is a wealthy Democratic elitist – her father and brother held public offices way back when – sorry for sounding like Jim Croce there for a second – but Nancy couldn’t cut it, losing a congressional bid in 1987 to BLUTAG Rights champion Harry Britt and losing efforts to run for other offices in the 1990s. So she became a political lobbyist (pause) And in this op-ed, she tries to go after Governor Pritt for, quote, abandoning core Democratic values, unquote. (long pause) The problem Pelosi has with Governor Pritt, the thing she complains about specifically, by the way, (pause) Is the fact that in a speech she gave a few days ago, she praised President Harland “Colonel” Sanders for producing jobs without depriving workers of their human dignity, and then Pritt noted that The Colonel embraced the sentiment expressed in a Bible quote – let me pull it up here – “Sell all that you have and distribute to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven,” Luke 18:22. (pause) The Colonel was a refreshingly sincere politician, and Harley Brown is tapping into that nostalgia. So Charlotte Pritt is doing the same, to remind voters of the policies of Colonel Sanders instead of just the personality of Colonel Sanders. (long pause) And Ms. Pelosi is against that. (very long pause) she is an elitist who is upset that her party’s nominee is trying to win over Republicans from Brown in order to win the election. Even though the whole point of an election – even an election held under the prior system of the Electoral College – is to win over a majority of the people, and that means reaching out to people outside of your base! (such a long pause that most viewers mistake it to mean the video is over and “flip” to the next video at this point). You know, I’m not familiar with this Pelosi person, but I think I know why she kept losing elections.”

    – political analyst Kyle Kulinski, OurVids.co.can, 8/3/2020



    KFC RETURNS TO FIJI AFTER INGREDIENT ROW RESOLVED

    …government reform in Fiji recently resulted in the deregulation of imports used in making KFC products, including salt, milks, eggs, and, according to KFC, “most of the secret herbs and spices.” …The multinational corporation shut down KFC activities in Fiji in 2003, citing “restrictive” importation tariffs and regulations. “Requiring more documentation to fit the island nation’s narrow government standards threatened to infringe on our ability to serve customers top-quality food,” Herman Cain, who was the CEO of KFC at the time of the withdrawal, claimed about the incident in 2004. At the time of the withdrawal, Fiji’s government counterclaimed that the global company was “abandoning” Fijian supporters of KFC amid rising costs, compounded by the effects of the SARS global pandemic and Cain’s conservative fiscal spending habits. Additionally, Fiji commerce secretary Mason Poulos claims, “KFC was concerned that the government was trying to force them to reveal the 11 secret ingredients, despite the fact that such a demand would go against already-established rules regarding international trade secrets.”…

    – Associated Press, 8/4/2020 [2]



    SHARON TATE, B-MOVIE STAR TWICE NOMINATED FOR AN OSCAR, DIES AT 77

    Sharon Marie Tate Polanski Hart Hartman Smith, known professionally as Sharon Tate, passed away from the long-term effects of emphysema yesterday evening, according to a comment posted on her FriendChat page by her youngest son, Lenny Hartman.

    Born in Dallas, Texas on January 24, 1943, Tate made her film debut in 1961, and played small roles in films and TV shows during the 1960s. She also modeled regularly for magazine magazines. In 1967, she was nominated for a Golden Globe for her performance in the cult classic “Valley of the Dolls.” However, despite being initially considered a promising actress, she failed to land high-profile roles in the 1970s, during which time she gave birth to and raised three children with her first husband. After playing one of J.R. Ewing’s secretaries in the first season of TV’s soap drama series “Dallas,” Tate disappeared into relative obscurity in the 1980s and 1990s, appearing intermittently in several low-budget and independent films, before having a career comeback in the early 2000s. In early 2002, she was nominated for her performance in a supporting role in the 2001 neo-noir thriller “Before Midnight.” Tate retired from acting entirely in 2015.

    Tate is survived by three of her four ex-husbands, five of her six children, and all of her 12 grandchildren. Funeral arrangements have yet to be announced.

    COMMENTS SECTION:

    Comment 1:
    I’ve never heard of this person. I’ve never heard of these titles either, but they sound interesting; I’ll check them out. My condolences to her family.

    – theguardian.co.usa/obituaries/5August2020



    “…Coming up next, we review the ontech drives and rising calls for the major party nominees for President to debate the third party candidates in the race…”

    – CBS Evening News, 8/7/2020 broadcast



    “…Gabe Kaplan, retired from both acting and politics, is now making more money as a professional poker player than he ever did as the star of ‘Welcome Back, Kotter’ or as a US Senator… While Hilton-Jacobs and Travolta continue to act, Ronald Padilla tragically died in 2015 from a heart attack at the age of 66. The event prompted Epstein to continue his health advocacy until passing away from many years of heart-related health issues this past February. …The fact that many members of the show’s cast have died five years apart – Melonie Haller in a private plane crash in 2000, John Sylvester White from a heart attack in 2005, Marcia Ann Strassman from pneumonia and SARS complications in 2010, Palillo in 2015, and now Epstein – has become known ontech as ‘The Kotter Curse,’ though technetters have wildly different and contradictory theories about its cause, ranging from serious and conspiratorial to self-aware and fun…”

    – Special Guest Host (former regular host, ret.) Leeza Gibbons, TON’s Entertainment Daily, “Where Are They Now?: The Cast and Crew of Welcome Back, Kotter” segment, 8/9/2020 broadcast



    “There’s this ‘free and equal’ debate organization thing held every four years that hosts a debate among all the Presidential candidates, but it’s basically a debate for the third-party candidates because the Republican and Democratic nominees always get invited but never show. I don’t think that should be the case this year, especially when I keep being told that RCV is going to make third-party voting more important or prominent than ever before. It’s also dumb on a basic level. When you’re in a competition, like in a battle, you confront all your opponents, you don’t just go after the boss and ignore all the little ones. I got invited to this little debate of theirs next month. And you know what? I have decided that I will accept their invitation, and I will debate the minor party nominees.”

    – Harley Brown, 8/11/2020



    PRITT CAMPAIGN STILL SILENT ON IF SHE WILL DEBATE 3RD-PARTY CANDIDATES OR NOT

    The Washington Post, 8/16/2020



    KARA-OOL SEEKS “JUSTICE” IN LAUNCHING NEW INVESTIGATION: Two Days Into Office, Russia’s New President Seeks “Real Answers” To Nikolayev’s Role In The Russia-Eritrea Missile Affair

    The Guardian, UK newspaper, 19/8/2020



    …After intensifying into a tropical storm on the 21st, Laura moved across Hispaniola, ultimately killing 28 in Haiti and 2 in the Dominican Republic…

    – clickopedia.co.usa



    [vid: youtube.com /watch?v=JyRfTC6ErVs ]

    – ourvids.co.can



    …Laura devastated large swaths of Louisiana, with severe flooding and extreme damage to houses in several parishes. With Texas and Arkansas also being impacted, the storm killed 35 people in the US and cost roughly $17billion in damages…

    …the storm was used as a talking point by Democratic candidates, ahead of that year’s Presidential and congressional elections in the US, as an example of why the country needed a stronger and more centralized federal government during multi-state emergencies, as opposed to the small-government policies of the Grammer administration…

    – clickopedia.co.usa



    “At the very least, people should treat Ranked Choice Voting like how Black people should treat the police – respect the rules, but know your rights, and fight back against all the rules that oppress your rights!”

    – Utah Governor-turned-political analyst Karl Rove, KNN roundtable discussion, 8/26/2020 broadcast



    TUMBLEWEEDTV ANNOUNCEMENT: Ty Burrell To Star As 1940s Business Leader Wendell Willkie In Drama Mini-Series on FDR

    – thehollywoodreporter, 8/29/2020 “e-alert”



    ...After much internal debate over the best way to respond to Vice President Brown accepting an invitation to debate McMillan and other third-party candidates, Pritt announced on September 2 that she would accept her invitation to debate said candidates as well…

    – Penelope Miller-Martin’s For Now: The 2020 Election, Ascension Book Center, 2021



    SNL FAILS TO TOP REALITY

    …the long-running show’s latest depiction of Presidential nominees Charlotte Pritt (recurring guest Katy Mixon) and Harley Brown (guest Jim Cummings) bombed, with Mixon giving a passable performance and Cummings lending his iconic voice to a lackluster script. Tonight’s sketch, in which Pritt challenges Brown to an arm-wrestling contest, demonstrated how SNL’s efforts to satirize the two candidates – especially Harley Brown – continue to hint at potential at the start only to miss the mark by the end of the segment…

    – variety.co.usa/tv/reviews, 9/5/2020



    Legacy

    [snip]

    MEMORIALS TO COLONEL SANDERS [note: this section is incomplete; you can help by expanding it]

    Airfields and Airports

    Colonel Sanders Airfield – opened in North Corbin, Kentucky in 1992, roughly 30 years after Sanders’ initial efforts to build an airport for the region

    Col. Harland Sanders International Airport – opened in Louisville, Kentucky in 1995; often referred to as simply “Colonel Airport,” “Harland Airport,” or just “The Harland”

    Bridges

    Harland D. Sanders Memorial Bridge – opened in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1999

    Sanders Family Bridge – opened in 1977 near the same ravine in which Sanders and his son almost died in an accident back in 1926

    Education

    Harland Sanders High School – opened in 1985 in Paducah, Kentucky

    Colonel Sanders Institute of Culinary Innovation – founded in Washington, D.C. on September 9, 2020 (the 130th anniversary of Sanders’ birth) by the Sanders Association of Potomac, an organization formed in 2007 that hosts a banquet in Foggy Bottom, Potomac every September 9 to honor Sanders

    The Colonel Sanders Presidential Library and Museum – opened in 1979 in Louisville, Kentucky

    Colonel Sanders Public Policy Institute at Howard University – established in 1989, initially to promote the study of Sanders’ détente and negotiation skills, policies, and successes before, during, and after his Presidency

    Hospitals

    Colonel Sanders Children’s Hospital – founded in Canada in 1981; according to his son Harley Sanders in a 2003 interview, this was the building named after him of which Colonel Sanders was most proud

    Kitchens

    The White House’s “Colonel Kitchen” – a small auxiliary kitchen built during the Colonel’s second term as President, considered to be a “butler’s pantry” type of nook/mini-kitchen

    Parks

    Sanders and Harman Memorial State Park – founded in southern Utah in 2016 to honor the two businessmen responsible for bringing KFC to Utah

    Vessels

    The USS Harland Sanders – a DDG-80 Navy vessel commissioned in 1997 and set to be decommissioned in the near future

    Other

    Holidays – Sanders’ birthday, September 9, is observed as a “state holiday” in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Utah (all of which are states in which he lived at various points in his life)

    International – Several nations honor Sanders, mostly with buildings and university scholarships named after him; Sanders is honor most prominently in Japan, Pakistan, and many countries in the Middle East; a statue of Sanders also stands in Ireland to honor his Irish ancestors

    Sculptures – due to statues of The Colonel often being found outside of KFC outlets, there are not that many park statues for the former President, though official memorial statues (over 30 in the US alone) are distinctly different regarding material, size and composition. The most iconic of these memorial statues is one of him sitting on a bench in Ottawa, Canada’s Besserer Park. See also: list of statues of Colonel Sanders

    Et cetera – Various streets, roads, boardwalks, and (due to his support of rail transportation) train stations around the globe are named after Sanders, with the most recent train station Sanders Station, the Dallas terminus of Line 1 of the Dallas-Phoenix maglev transit system, which opened in 2017

    – knowledgepolitics.co.usa



    DOWNBALLOT ELECTIONS: Can The Democrats Win Back The Senate?

    …several Republican-held seats are vulnerable, but inconsistent polling is putting the dynamics several races into question…

    Comments Section

    >COMMENT 1:
    I would say that Woodfin is a long-shot, but according to the latest polling, he’s within striking distance; he could pull off an upset!

    >COMMENT 2:
    If Hadley wins in Georgia, it’d be the first time ever that both Senators of one state are Black!

    >COMMENT 3:
    I doubt Mathis can unseat Branstad in Iowa, even with her shifting to the right.

    >REPLY 1 to COMMENT 3:
    She initially tried to tie him to HDB, which was an idiotic move considering Brown’s actually very popular in Iowa!

    >REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to COMMENT 3:
    Yeah, that was just dumb of her; for her to win, she has to hope voters forget about that

    >COMMENT 4:
    I wonder if Thomas can retain Osborne’s seat

    >REPLY 1 to COMMENT 4:
    In deep-red Kentucky? Yeah, good luck with that

    >COMMENT 5:
    I’m waiting to see how well Chafee will perform in Wyoming

    >REPLY 1 to COMMENT 5:
    I’m more interested in how well Stollings will do in WV, especially since it looks like Farrell’s siphoning votes away from him

    >REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to COMMENT 5:
    Isn’t that a governor election?

    >REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to COMMENT 5:
    Yes.

    >REPLY 2 to COMMENT 5:
    What about North Dakota’s governor election? Somehow a former candidate for NYC Mayor in 2013 is the Democratic nominee? WTF?

    >REPLY 1 to REPLY 2 to COMMENT 5:
    Hi, North Dakotan here, and um, yeah, he moved up here in 2014 to, uh, get away from his past life, so to speak…

    – majoritytowin.co.usa, 9/12/2020 thread



    …In other news, in the Caribbean nation of Antigua and Barbuda, members of the Arthur Nibbs Cult are protesting violently in front of the prison holding him, demanding his release…

    – BBC World News, 13/9/2020 broadcast



    …The extensive new study reveals that the nine leading causes of death in the US are the following in descending order: heart disease, cancer, accidents/unintentional injuries, respiratory diseases, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, pneumonia, and nephritis…

    – usarightnow.co.usa, 9/14/2020



    Moderator Christina TOBIN: “Hello, everyone, and welcome to the Free and Equal elections Foundation Presidential Debate. These election debates aim to give a voice to all Presidential candidates regardless of their party affiliations or standing in the polls. Tonight, we are honored to welcome eight candidates onto tonight’s debate stage: Vice President Harley Brown of the Republican Party, Governor Charlotte Pritt of the Democratic Party, New York City Mayor Jimmy McMillan of the People’s Party, Doctor Steve Novella of the Bigfoot Party, Reverend Dario Hunter of the Green Party, Ms. Stacey Prussman of the Liberty Party, Mr. Dennis Michael Lynch of the Sensible Party, and Professor Jodi Dean of the Socialist Alliance.”

    PRITT: “We need to raise the minimum wage concurrently with anti-inflation efforts to keep wages and prices in step with one another in a way that is fair.”

    BROWN: “The government needs to keep it’s grubby mitts out of state-level affairs. Read the Constitution, people! I have, and I’ll admit, it’s not exactly an easy read, but it’s worth getting through because the Constitution is this country’s instruction manual. So read the constitution, and you’ll see that the tenth amendment specifically states that, if the Constitution doesn’t say it’s a federal responsibility, then it’s a state-level responsibility.”

    PRITT: “One thing that Harley Brown recently said that I actually agree with is the fact that a dollar stretches much father in Idaho or West Virginia than it does in L.A. or New York. But Harley doesn’t support raising the national minimum wage so it reflects places like New York where the dollar stretches the least, even though doing so would encourage an economic flattening of the wildly different price ranges found across the country and strengthen connections and trade between states.”

    DEAN: “Cybersecurity would not be an issue if we nationalized the technet in this country. The People’s Republic of China has a somewhat oppressive version of such a policy, so we could take that model, improve it, and apply it to our technet services here at home. That’s how you protect private information, Harley.”

    HUNTER: “I agree with Pritt on the notion that there needs to be a Child Tax Credit for the NITR, and Unemployment Insurance Reform in the wake of the rise of automation, but we have to go father than that. Maybe not as far as Jodi wants to go, but still much father than what Charlotte’s proposing.”

    McMILLAN: “Neither Mr. Brown nor Ms. Pritt will pledge to supporting and signing into law a Federal Rent Control Act. In fact, I and Professor Dean are the only candidates in this race that support this vitally-important measure.”

    LYNCH: “Charlotte, you’re wrong. The feds shouldn’t invest in schools and small businesses and public transit agencies, businesses and the people of this country’s many communities have to do all that. Hard work and determination is what built this country 244 years ago and it is what will keep this country great 244 years from now.”

    McMILLAN: “I’d like to take a minute to talk about some brothers and sisters of the Great American Family that get ignored way too often – the Native Americans. Their tribal governments need assistance to catch up with the rest of America. Even basic needs like water, food and healthcare are lacking, and it is abhorrent. In this country, children deserve only the best breakfast, lunch and dinner.”

    – transcript snippets, the Free & Equal Presidential Debate, 9/21/2020



    …The debate was considered “bizarre” by many outlets, but in retrospect it became quite apparent and understandable why the major party nominees (both considered to be the biggest “winners” of the affair) participated. Some studies had suggested that Ranked Choice Voting’s friendliness to third party candidate would lead to undecided and independent voters ranking third-party candidates above the Democratic and GOP nominees. Hoping to reverse the trend and have those voters rank the major party nominees first, the plan of the Harley Brown campaign was to get everyone who supported the third-party nominees to select Brown as their second choice, which could be vital if the election was not determined until the second “round” of vote-counting. And Brown believed that the best way to do this was to be on the F&E debate stage, where his “professionalism and experience,” as he reportedly put, would contrast sharply with the “radical half-baked ideas of people clearly not ready national politics or even national television.” When the Pritt campaign figured this out, they followed suit. Indeed, post-debate polling showed support for “unpolished” candidates like Hunter and Prussman dropping…

    – Penelope Miller-Martin’s For Now: The 2020 Election, Ascension Book Center, 2021



    CHICKEN DINNER SUMMIT IN JERUSALEM SEES RECORD TURNOUT

    …the summit saw the biggest turnout of both participants and viewers in years. …Controversy preceded the summit because the focus of these annual events “is meant to be on local organizers from across the middle east,” explains the head of the Oman delegation. “But this time, Iraq’s former President was part of the Iraqi delegation.” There was concern that the Summits are developing into a “Mini-U.N.,” which the Oman delegation leader claims could negatively impact their usefulness in maintaining peace in the region. “Shifting focus from the local scale to the leaders of the region’s nations may inhibit the effectiveness of these summits to bring the region’s citizens together in the name of harmony and keep open the lanes of dialogue that have kept us strong, united and stable for most of the past forty-plus years.”

    i3qqfo1.png

    [pic: imgur.com/i3qqfo1.png ]
    Above: a rabbi and an imam shaking hands in Jerusalem at this year’s “CDSiJ”

    The Guardian, UK newspaper, 27/9/2020



    …the celebration of the birth of his latest grandchild on September 29, 2020 resulted in the very rare assembly of all of Donald’s children, who totaled in at 11 children (6 sons and 5 daughters) from 5 out of 7 marriages and 1 engagement to 7 women total:

    Mary Theresa Hinterberger (1976-1979) – Donald Jr. (b. 1976) and Eric (b. 1978)

    Sarah Heath (1985-1994) – Pepper (b. 1986), Charlie (b. 1988), Katrina (b. 1990), Maryanne (b. 1991), and Richie (b. 1993)

    Jennifer Prodgers (engaged 1994, broke up 1995) – Barron (b. 1994)

    Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones (2001-2002) – Timothy (b. 2002)

    Ericka Cruz (2002, annulled 2002) – 0

    Oksana Fedorova (2005-2006) – Alexandra and Zia (twins; b. 2007)

    Vanessa Minnillo (2014) – 0

    Sarah Heath (2019-present) – 0

    [snip]

    If Donald has a favorite child not named Donald, it’s Timothy, the product of Donald’s brief time as an in-law of the British royal family. Noble blood courses through Tim’s veins, and his father’s pride in that ironically has kept Tim all the more aware of his non-royal heritage. Rejecting his father’s “corporatism,” Tim currently supports multiple charity projects with his mother, Lady Sarah, the niece of Queen Elizabeth II. Donald’s third favorite son is most likely Barron, followed by Eric…

    The Trump Organization currently consists of roughly 300 business entities of which Donald Trump is the principal, or, in some cases, sole owner. Roughly half of them use the Trump name. Founded in 1923, the company remained in his father’s hand while Donald was playing for the MLB, but took over the company in 1984. The organization has a diverse portfolio with investments in real estate, primarily regarding casinos, hotels, restaurants and film studios…

    – Kate Bohner’s The Art of The Don: The Unofficial Biography of Donald Trump, Times Books, 2020 edition



    KFC COMES TO THE CONGO: First Outlet Opens In Kinshasa After 8-Year Effort

    The Associated Press, 9/30/2020



    BROWN: “I think space exploration should be funded by companies instead of the government. Charlotte wants NASA to work with companies, though, while I want to expand NASA’s military potential before countries like China try and lay a claim to the cosmos.”

    PRITT: “As President, I would raise the nation’s Top Marginal Tax Rate. From 1944 to 1951, and again from 1954 to 1963, it was at 91%. Under President Sanders it was lowered to 75% and under Presidents Denton, Dinger and Grammer it’s slowly dropped all the way down to 33%. I am an FDR Democrat; as President, I will raise it all the way up to 90%.”

    MODERATOR: “Governor Pritt, how would your administration pay for federal spending on ‘Green’ infrastructure projects?”

    PRITT: “By raising taxes on the wealthy, the people who can afford it the most. It is important that we research the feasibility of applying new technology to highways, bridges, country roads, public transit, electric vehicles, Maglevs, airports and seaports. Under my Governorship, several such projects have been launched in West Virginia, so I have seen what works and what doesn’t.”

    BROWN: “No, no, no, if you want to fiddle around with infrastructure, own up to it, don’t stick other people with the bill just because they can afford it. You want the rich to pay? Incentivize them! Get them to work with the government through private contracts and tax breaks.”

    BROWN: I’m gonna take a SWAG – that’s short for Scientific Wild-Ass Guess – and say that 90% of what the feds do under Democratic administrations is as unconstitutional as the Communist Manifesto.” [3]

    BROWN: “As President, I’d slash the budgets for the federal Departments of Labor, of Education, of Energy and Technology, and even two of my favorites, the VA and NASA, because while they all provide important services they’ve become too big for their britches. If America was a Volkswagen beetle, it’s taking a load that’d crush a 20-ton dump truck. [3] I’m talking about student loans – monitoring the border and recreadrugs – it’s all too expensive, so I say we place the burden onto those who want recreadrugs, and onto state governments that want to build up the border. I’d take Grammer’s support of private enterprise picking up the slack for NASA missions and I’d kick it up to 11.”

    BROWN: “I strongly defend all kinds of freedom, including religious freedom, freedom from oppression, and freedom to pursue whatever makes you happy so long you don’t purposely target others. But if purposely hurting others is what makes you happy, guess what, I support mental health programs, too – funded at the state level, of course.”

    PRITT: “We need to take the tax burden off the working class and the most vulnerable and put it back onto the billionaires. …No more tax breaks for corporations.”

    PRITT: “You want to avoid violating the Balanced Budget Amendment, Harley? Then don’t strip the meat off the bones of badly-needed social services. Instead, demand the elitists with all the money pay their fair share. A tax system that treats people fairly is possible. The money for programs is out there, and it can be available… I am tired of tax dollars being used to give incentives for businesses to come into states only to use that money give themselves raises and hire local workers part time for minimum wage and zero benefits. That is criminal. That is criminal. And we have to stop that. We have to stop corporation from holding communities hostage. We have to invest more in small businesses than in giant mega-conglomerates.” [4]

    BROWN: “I agree, you hit the hammer right on the nail with that one. We should invest more into small businesses. But, you know what, that’ll make small businesses become big businesses, and you hate those, so your plan of attack needs some tweaking. It’s got some weak spot. And another thing, Charlotte, not all big companies are bad. A mom-and-pop shop doesn’t suddenly switch into some Evil Corporation Mode once it hires its 100th worker. Look at Harley motorcycles! I’ve been a strong supporter of them for years not just because of their awesome products, but because they treat their workers with respect and pay them decent wages.”

    – transcript snippets, the first Pritt-Brown Presidential debate, 10/6/2020



    INTERVIEW: John Lennon on Turning 80

    …“I’m not old. I look it, but I’m not. Maybe I’m Immortal. I Feel It And I Look It, After All.”…

    Tumbleweed Magazine, 10/9/2020



    PRITT: “The government is obligated to give people the opportunity to do well in life.”

    Moderator Jennifer RUBIN: “Mister Vice President, Americans are converting to electric and other renewable energy modes at historic rates. How can you justify driving a gas-powered Harley Davidson when the leader of America is often viewed as a reflection of the American people?”

    BROWN: “I can justify my driving an ol’ Harley with three simple words: freedom – of – choice. I yield the rest of my time for answering that insulting and un-American question.”

    BROWN: “We must restore constitutional enumeration and power back to the people and the states. On this front, I will charge in like Grammer, only I will go even farther than all the good stuff he’s done these past eight years.”

    RUBIN: “The next question is for both of you. The death penalty – yes or no?”

    PRITT: “All lives are sacred, from a newborn child to a hardened criminal. It is immoral to condemn people to death, and due to the number of times that an innocent person has been found guilty, only for the evidence proving their innocence to come out after they have been executed, it is irresponsible, too.”

    BROWN: “I actually agree with you on this point, Charlotte. A dead criminal can’t atone for their sins. Instead of electrocuting these monsters, or giving them a lethal injection, I say we just flog them – that’s right, bring back the ol’ fashioned, tried-and-true methods of making criminal bastards truly pay for their crimes. [5] Hey, it’s not as permanent a solution as killin’ em. And for those who can’t or won’t atone, isn’t a lifetime of denied freedom more appropriate than what to them might be the sweet release of death anyway? Come on, it’s common sense!”

    PRITT: “Harley, you say you are a constitutionalist, but what about the fact that the constitution’s preamble states that the constitution is meant to, quote, ‘form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity’? You know what all that means, right? It means that it is not unconstitutional, but in fact very constitutional for the government to protect the public welfare of this country. It is the duty and responsibility of the federal government to promote peace – like with police precinct reform – to provide common defense – which you definitely support – and to support the well-being of its citizens.”

    BROWN: “Charlotte, Welfare doesn’t mean free money, it means helping out those who need help. America is a strong place, but, people, liberals would have you think that every single one of you is a weakling who needs a nanny state telling you exactly what to do with your lives. Like we can’t make the right decisions on our own. That’s not how it’s been in this country since Grammer and I won in 2012 and 2016 and it won’t go back to that under my administration.”

    PRITT: “The median household income must match the median house price and median gross rent for month.”

    PRITT: “For the last thirty years, a larger share of America’s Gross Domestic Product has been from financial, insurance, and real estate than from manufacturing. Customer service and technical innovation and assistance is not just America’s future but it is its present and it is its recent past as well.”

    BROWN: “You have a choice, folks: either me and Jenny, or Charlotte and Kwame. Either a biker and a beauty queen, or a schoolteacher and a normal guy. Take your pick!” [6]

    – transcript snippets, the second Pritt-Brown Presidential debate, 10/10/2020




    …Another political controversy received national attention on October 13, when Pritt voiced her “strong opposition” to a proposed state bill in Texas that would outlaw workers from electing union leaders by secret ballot. Pritt remarked that an “open ballot” would illegally inhibit he workers’ right to privacy and leave them exposed to reprisals from management. “It’s a clear effort to stop workers from unionizing before voting can even be scheduled, let alone held. …Workers have the right to vote however the workers see fit, not how management sees fit.” The bill, introduced by Republicans in the Texas Senate, would also oppose current labor rights established under Governor Friedman in 2007, such as the right to recall union leaders, a transparency regulations meant to minimize the possibility of back-door deals between management and union officials. “As President I would do everything in my power to protect worker pension funds,” Pritt explained.

    Brown, on the other, took a different approach to the controversy. “I think unions should represent all employees who desire membership, but any union must be scrutinized if that union discriminates against any worker who chooses to stand by their rights and not be intimidated into joining said union.” Brown elaborated, “my main problem with unions – and this is from experience – is the excessive union fees. Unions have to be kept in line, and management has to be kept in check, but neither of those things are government responsibilities. It’s up to the people – the customers, the locals, the workers themselves – to monitor and manage those kind of things.”

    – Penelope Miller-Martin’s For Now: The 2020 Election, Ascension Book Center, 2021



    WHAT TO TAKE AWAY FROM THE SOLE JOHNSON-RAOUL VP DEBATE

    …each Vice Presidential nominee touted their respective resumes, with Raoul boasting his voting record in the US Senate and Johnson describing her success as Governor… The debate was unique in that it was between two non-white candidates... Raoul fiercely criticized Vice President Brown for his history of divisive comments, while Johnson accused Pritt of capitalizing of greatly exaggerating her gubernatorial tenure and questioned the ability of both Pritt and Raoul to lead during a hypothetical military crisis… Most may agree that this debate was a draw, but still was an insightful look into the dynamics of both the race and the major-party tickets…

    Associated Press, 10/15/2020


    BREAKING: Former Russian President Nikolayev Flees Home Amid Investigations, Current Whereabouts Unknown!

    – KNN, 10/16/2020



    SPONGEBOB’S NOT-SO-UNDERSEA CUISINE: Seafood Chain to Expand Menu to Non-Oceanic Offerings

    D3Sfgyg.png

    [pic: imgur.com/D3Sfgyg.png ]
    Above: some of the many food items offered on S.B.U.C.’s new menu for people who suffer from seafood allergies, such as shellfish and shrimp

    …the company has a history of striving to display and promote health and safety information in order to expand its base of customers to those who typically avoid eating out due to allergies, or because “greasy spoon” stereotypes…

    Nation’s Restaurant News trade publication, mid-October 2020 issue



    PRITT PICKS UP STEAM IN FINAL PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE

    …when it came to cybersecurity, Pritt gave a nuanced answer concerning balancing privacy and individual activities ontech with combating cyberterror and hacking endeavors, calling for a strengthening of President Grammer’s hacking prevention efforts. Brown disagreed and claimed Grammer “won’t go far enough,” and made the controversial statement “we really should treat a cyberattack from another country – that we can confirm was greenlit by that country’s government – as an act of war,” citing cyberattacks in previous years as being damaging to America’s economy and national defenses. “Hostile foreign elements have got to understand that when you poke a bull, you get its horns.” Pritt contrasted Brown boisterous sabre-rattling by applauding President Grammer’s efforts to improve US-PRC relations and be “caring but cautious” on the world stage…

    [snip]

    …The discussion then moved on to automation, Pritt gave an impassioned answer defending her support for a Federal Freedom Fund to cover workers left jobless from the effects of manufacturing jobs going oversees or disappearing due to automation. Brown commended her enthusiasm, but suggested that instead of the federal government working with state governments to provide for workers and fund rehiring programs, he, as President, would promote high tariffs on foreign imports and persecute businesses who commit “the treasonous act” of outsourcing…

    The Washington Post, 10/20/2020



    …In the final weeks of the election, Brown complained of the US military becoming less influential overseas as Americans turned “inward,” concerned more about domestic issues than foreign ones. However, upon seeing that such talk was failing to gain support from voters, Brown’s campaign considered shifting focus more to the Vice President’s personal side.

    Brown had been married three times and had fathered nine children during his lifetime. In 2020, his youngest was 11 and his oldest was roughly 38; his third oldest daughter had had a child out of wedlock, and the child was raised alongside his younger siblings. Brown said in 2014 that “they motivate me to give them a world better than the one they got now.” [7] Brown had legally changed his name to Harley Davidson Brown in the mid-1990s and had originally planned to change his name back to what it originally was when he became President, saying “if you have a passion for something, changing your name is the easiest way to bring it up in conversation.” Brown became a born-again Christian in November 1994, when during a dark and rainy day, the recently-divorced commander-turned-taxi driver “felt God mentally, and non-audibly speak to him.” In 1997, a Kenyan priest signed and notarized a document stating that the mystical encounter had been a message from God.

    Brown’s campaign decided to only promote certain aspects of this bio, and only to certain groups…

    – researcher Ed Romano’s debut book Defending Democracy: The Grammer Years, Borders Books, 2022



    “Because the American government is so powerful, the American people must keep it in check to ensure it works for them, not against them. The government is meant to be a vessel, funding services to help people reach their dreams! …We need to improve the quality of American education, reverse Global Climate Disruption, and increase worker representation! We need to fix old concepts and introduce new concepts, like ‘Assured Employment,’ and protect our planet from further corporate abuse.”

    – Charlotte Pritt, 10/22/2020 rally



    “Reality doesn’t yield to dreams, Charlotte. Fiscal restraint isn’t fun put it’s needed, and badly, to assure economic security and stability and to maintain basic programs for healthcare and retirement like Social Security. That thing has to be protected or else it’ll empty out in a decade or so. …The next generation of Americans must be encouraged, not discouraged, to keep their morals, for when it is their turn to lead this nation. And that preparing starts with respecting all lives, both fetal and post-fetal. It starts with a strong military to protect families at home and allies abroad from would-be evildoers... It is time for America to return to its roots – its basic foundations of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness – as we step into this new decade together. Now who’s with me?”

    – Harley Brown, 10/23/2020 rally



    …One last political topic was the calls to diversify the sources for social security, with Pritt, Brown and even Jimmy McMillan promoting various assortments of US and international stocks, bonds, private equity, real estate, clean energy sources, and other strategies. One news item that received much attention and seemingly served as this cycle’s mini-“autumn surprise” was a White House report on the 2019 federal budget which revealed that a fiscal deficit had been covered in 2013, 2014 and 2019 (and one under a previous administration, in 2003) by dipping into the fed’s Social Security fund. The report concluded that, even with surplus investments in 2019, Social Security was still set to dry up in roughly 12 years. Whoever won the 2020 election would thus have to diversify the funds for Social Security to keep it solvent…

    – Penelope Miller-Martin’s For Now: The 2020 Election, Ascension Book Center, 2021



    “The time has come to choose which path our country will go down over these next four years. ‘What future do we want?’ Is the question. It’s time to determine what future we want for our children, our country, our veterans, our families, ourselves, our countrymen, our retirees, our grandchildren, our communities, our workers, and our planet.”

    – Charlotte Pritt, 10/29/2020



    jMYJRrz.png

    [pic: imgur.com/jMYJRrz.png ]

    Gov. Charlotte Jean Pritt (WV) / US Sen. Kwame Raoul (IL) (Democratic) – 77,912,051 (45.79%)

    US VP Harley Davidson Brown (ID) / Gov. Jennifer Sandra Johnson (FL) (Republican) – 72,076,263 (42.36%)

    NYC Mayor Jimmy McMillan (NY) / Gov. Krist Novoselic (WA) (People’s) – 8,235,319 (4.84%)

    Dr. Steven Paul Novella (CT) / fmr state Assistant Att. Gen. Brett Joseph Talley (AL) (Bigfoot) – 2,126,890 (1.25%)

    Rev. Dario Hunter (OH) / Ms. Monica Moorehead (NJ) (Green) – 2,024,799 (1.19%)

    Ms. Stacey Hope Prussman (NY) / Mr. Asif Mahmood (CA) (Liberty) – 1,786,587 (1.05%)

    Fmr st. GOP Chair Dennis Michael Lynch (NY) / Ms. Claudeliah J. Rose (TX) (Sensible/Moderate) – 1,565,391 (0.92%)

    Prof. Jodi Dean (MA) / US Army Cpl. (ret.) Michael D. Prysner (CA) (Socialist Alliance) – 969,862 (0.57%)

    Fmr st. Rep. Emily Payton (VT) / Charles Kraut (VA) (independent) – 833,741 (0.49%)

    Mr. H. Brooke Paige (VT) / Mr. Konstantinos Roditis (CA) (True Republican) – 442,393 (0.26%)

    Fmr st. sen. Max Abramson (NH) / fmr st. sen. Nancy Argenziano (FL) (Reform) – 408,362 (0.24%)

    Mr. Ben Zion (AZ) / US Air Force Sgt. (ret.) Tamika Lyles (FL) (Future) – 204,184 (0.12%)

    Ms. Kim Ruff (AZ) / Mr. Erik Gerhardt (PA) (Union Labor) – 119,105 (0.07%)

    Min. Creflo Dollar (GA) / Ptr. Randy Alan White (FL) (Salvation/Becoming One Real Nation Again (B.O.R.N. Again)) – 68,061 (0.04%)

    Ms. Cris Ericson (NY) / Mr. Dan Burke (NJ) (Exposure) – 34,729 (0.02%)

    Prof. Eric Thomas Chester (MA) / Mr. Kenneth Blevins (PA) (Civic) – 33,431 (0.02%)

    Mr. Reid Kane (VT) / Mr. Dan Vacek (MN) (Liberty Union) – 17,015 (0.01%)

    All other first-round votes cast – 84,975 (0.05%)

    Total first-round votes cast – 170,151,235 (100%)

    Final Round count

    Dem – 89,176,262 (52.41%)
    GOP – 80,345,414 (47.22%)
    Exhausted ballots – 629,559 (0.37%)
    Total votes cast – 170,151,235 (100%)

    – clickopedia.co.usa




    Presidential Elections by Popular Vote Share:

    Year: Democratic-Republican-Other
    [snip]
    1960: 49.7-49.6
    1964: 44.5-43.4-11.7
    1968: 55.1-40.6
    1972: 48.2-43.9
    1976: 58.1-39.7
    1980: 51.5-43.3-4.7
    1984: 57.8-41.2
    1988: 46.5-41.6-7.6
    1992: 50.0-48.8
    1996: 60.3-38.1
    2000: 51.0-47.9
    2004: 58.2-40.1
    2008: 43.7-44.3-11.2
    2012: 47.7-48.9-2.1
    2016: 49.2-45.0
    2020: 52.4-47.2

    – knowledgepolitics.co.usa



    November United States Senate election results, 2020
    Date: November 3, 2020

    Seats: 35 of 104
    Seats needed for majority: 53

    New Senate majority leader: Marjorie Osterlund (D-PA)
    New Senate minority leader: Webb Franklin (R-MS)

    Seats before election: 48 (D), 54 (R), 2 (I)
    Seats after election: 56 (D), 45 (R), 3 (I)
    Seat change: D ^ 8, R v 9, I ^ 1

    Full List:

    Alabama: Randall Woodfin (D) over incumbent Spencer T. Bachus III (R)

    Alaska: Scott Kawasaki (I) over incumbent Kevin Meyer (R), Corey Flintoff (D) and John Wayne Howe (Alaskan Independence)

    Arkansas: incumbent Jim Guy Tucker (D) over Ricky Dale Harrington Jr. (R)

    Colorado: Amy Stephens (D) over Darryl Glenn (R); incumbent Langhorne “Lang” Sias (R) retired

    Delaware: incumbent Marjorie “Midge” Osterlund (D) over James DeMartino (R)

    Georgia: R. J. Hadley (D) over Buzz Brockway (R) and Amy Kremer (Bigfoot); incumbent Bob Barr (R) lost re-nomination

    Idaho: incumbent Dr. Rex Floyd Rammell (R) over James Vandermaas (D)

    Illinois: Napoleon Harris (D) over Chuck Weaver (R), Willie Wilson (ID), Martine Rothblatt (Bigfoot) and James Comey (I); incumbent Kwame Raoul (D) retired

    Iowa: Elizabeth Ann “Liz” Mathis (D) over incumbent Terry Branstad (R) and Jason Buckley (Liberty)

    Kansas: incumbent Carla J. Stovall (R) over Monique Singh-Bey (D)

    Kentucky: Whitney Westerfield (R) over Reginald “Reggie” Thomas (D); incumbent Martha Layne Osborne (D) retired

    Louisiana: Antoine Pierce (D) over incumbent appointee Suzanne Haik Terrell (R)

    Maine: incumbent Angus King (I) over Jared Golden (D) and Derek Levasseur (R)

    Massachusetts: incumbent Demetrius J. Atsalis (D) over Kevin A. O’Connor (R) and Raymond Eveleth Fowler (Bigfoot)

    Michigan: Abdul El-Sayed (D) over incumbent Terry Lynn Stern Rakolta (R) and Valerie Willis (Taxpayers)

    Minnesota: incumbent Sharon Sayles Belton (D) over Karin Housley (R) and Christopher Fleming (Bigfoot)

    Mississippi: incumbent Peter H. “Pete” Johnson (R) over J. P. “Jay” Hughes Jr. (D) and Woody Evans (Bigfoot)

    Montana: Jenny Eck (D) over G. Bruce Meyers (R) and Rebecca Douglas (Bigfoot); incumbent Larry R. Williams (R) retired

    Nebraska: incumbent Orrin Hatch (R) over Preston Love Jr. (D)

    New Hampshire: incumbent Yvonne Katrina Lantos (D) over Regina Birdsell (R)

    New Jersey: incumbent Lisa Perez Jackson (D) over Hirsh Singh (R) and Dan Burke (Larry McDonald Was Right)

    New Mexico: incumbent Roberto Mondragon (D) over Elisa Martinez (R) and Bob Walsh (Liberty)

    North Carolina: incumbent Dan Clodfelter (D) over Theodore Paul “Ted” Budd (R) and Shannon Bray (Liberty)

    Oklahoma: incumbent Steve Largent (R) over Sheila Bilyeu (D)

    Oregon: incumbent Jefferson Smith (D) over Brad Avakian (R), Winona LaDuke (Green) and Ibrahim Taher (Pacific)

    Potomac: incumbent Anthony A. Williams (D) unopposed

    Puerto Rico: Brenda Lopez de Arraras (D) over incumbent Norma Burgos (R) and Maria Elvira Salazar (Conservative)

    Rhode Island: incumbent Elizabeth H. Roberts (D) over Scott Avedisian (R)

    South Carolina: incumbent J. Gary Simrill (R) over Mandy Powers Norrell (D)

    South Dakota: incumbent SuAnne Big Crow (R) over Dennis Feickert (D)

    Tennessee: incumbent Dr. Manny Sethi (R) over Madeline Anne Rogero (D)

    Texas: incumbent Mac Thornberry (R) over Ruben Hinojosa (D), Solomon Ortiz Jr. (La Raza Unida) and Ronald Bailey (Bigfoot)

    Virginia: incumbent Donald McEachin (D) over Omari Faulkner (R) and Nick Freitas (Boulder)

    West Virginia: Charles S. Trump IV (R) over Mike Pushkin (D); incumbent Sylvia Mathews Burwell (D) retired

    Wyoming: incumbent Foster Stephen Friess (R) over Lincoln Chafee (Liberty) and Jason Shogren (D)

    – knowledgepolitics.co.usa



    United States House of Representatives results, 2020
    Date: November 3, 2020

    Seats: All 441
    Seats needed for majority: 221

    New House majority leader: Ed Markey (D-MA)
    New House minority leader: Larry Lee Householder (R-OH)

    Last election: 237 (D), 204 (R), 0 (I)
    Seats won: 245 (D), 195 (R), 1 (I)
    Seat change: D ^ 8, R v 9, I ^ 1

    – knowledgepolitics.co.usa



    …[Dennis] Kucinich won his first congressional term in 1972, in what was a decent year for Democrats. Initially maintaining a strongly anti-abortion voting record (which would continue until 2002), Kucinich also maintains a voting record that was otherwise ideologically between the moderate-leaning President Mondale and the progressive Vice President Gravel. After losing re-election in 1978, Kucinich moved to Anaheim, California to accept a teaching position, but four years later, was elected back to the US House from that city’s Congressional seat. Repeatedly called a carpetbagger, Kucinich lost re-election in 1984, which was a deplorable year for Democrats. Kucinich then moved a third time to New Mexico to work for an alternative energy company. In 1988, he won a fifth non-consecutive term in the US House, but again lost re-election in 1990. In early 1991, Kucinich became a US Undersecretary of Energy and Technology under President Bellamy, and in 1993, moved back to Ohio. After re-establishing himself in his initial home town and practicing law for a few years, he lost a bid to return to the mayorship, but then successfully ran for his old House seat in 2000; he served until losing re-election in 2010. He then unsuccessfully ran for Governor in 2014, then won election back to the House in 2018. He just won re-election, and will begin his twelfth term in the House on January 3…

    – clickopedia.co.usa



    ED FOREMAN (b. 1933)

    …Foreman, a Republican, served in the US House of Representatives from Texas for three terms (1963-1971) before retiring to unsuccessfully run for a US Senate seat. After serving as an assistant to the US Secretary of the Interior (1971-1973), he won election back to the House from New Mexico in 1974, but lost re-election in the “blue wave” of 1976. He served in Congress once more, from Arizona (1981-1987) and controversially supported Denton long after Arizona voters had stopped, resulting in him losing re-election. In 1996, Foreman was elected to the House yet again, this time from California, in the Red Wave of 1996, where he supported President Dinger’s handling of the War on Recreadrugs; he retired from his seat to unsuccessfully run for Governor. After moving yet again, he returning to the House after winning a House special election in Nevada in 2007, but after receiving a higher-paying role at a political think tank in Idaho, resigned in early 2008 and moved to Nampa soon after. In 2020, he launched an unsuccessful Independent write-in bid for Idaho’s 1st district House seat, and in December 2020 announced his permanent retirement from active politics due to poor health…

    – knowledgepolitics.co.usa



    “The amazing – and scary – thing about the Republicans is that, even when suffering defeat, the GOP manages to display an impressive capacity for comeback. (short pause) Even in the bleakest moments of the Lukens Hush Money Scandal, when polls showed that only 20% of people were comfortable identifying themselves as Republican, polls a year later bucked predictions of the demise of the Republican party, as those numbers had already risen to 40%. (long pause) Think about that for a moment. (long pause) So, what I’m saying is, Harley Brown caused them to lose tonight, and lose badly, but I am certain that pro-Brown Republicans are just going to blame this on Pritt or Grammer or the anti-Brown Republicans, while anti-Brown are going to point to the truth – that if Brown had not been such a controversial candidate, he definitely would have won this race. (short pause) So, make no mistake, they are going to bounce back from this.”

    – political analyst Kyle Kulinski, OurVids.co.can livestream, 11/3/2020



    United States Governor election results, 2020
    Date: November 3, 2020

    Number of state gubernatorial elections held: 12

    Seats before: 26 (D), 26 (R)
    Seats after: 28 (D), 24 (R)
    Seat change: D ^ 2, R v 2

    Full list:

    Delaware: incumbent Stephanie Hansen (D) over John Machurek (R)

    Indiana: Ben Quayle (R) over Jonathan Weinzapfel (D), Karen Freeman-Wilson (Green) and James J. Hughes (Bigfoot); incumbent John R. Gregg (D) retired

    Missouri: incumbent Catherine Hanaway (R) over Sylvester “Sly” James Jr. (D)

    Montana: Robert Ernest Quist (D) over Albert Olszewski (R) and Danielle Egnew (Bigfoot); incumbent Barack “Rocky” McCain (R) retired

    New Hampshire: Martha S. Hennessey (D) over incumbent Darryl W. Perry (R) and Nicholas Groff (Bigfoot)

    North Carolina: Rachel Hunt (D) over incumbent Cherie K. “Cherry” Berry (R)

    North Dakota: incumbent Jasper Schneider (R) over Anthony Weiner (D)

    Puerto Rico: Eduardo Bhatia (D) over incumbent Raul Labrador (R) and José Jaime Pierluisi (I)

    Utah: incumbent Robert Wood Young (R) over Jani Iwamoto (D)

    Vermont: Faisal Mahmood Gill (D) over Emily Payton (R) and Cris Ericson (Independent); incumbent Jeffrey “Jeff” Weaver (D) retired

    Washington: Ron Sims (D) over Drew C. MacEwen (R) and Jeffrey Paul Bishop (Bigfoot); incumbent Krist Novoselic (D) retired

    West Virginia: Craig Blair (R) over Ron Stollings (D) and Paul T. Farrell Jr. (Independent Democrat); incumbent Charlotte Pritt (D) retired

    – knowledgepolitics.co.usa



    “HARLEY-CHARLIE” LAFPICS RESURGE AMID BROWN LOSS

    …one of the many lafpics going fervid ontech right now is one that makes a reference to the October 29, 1972 Peanuts TV special “You’re Not Elected, Charlie Brown” [8]:

    tFjinMv.png

    [pic: imgur.com/tFjinMv.png ]

    Above: The screenshot image, edited to “Harley” (left) vs. the original unedited screenshot (right)

    – usarightnow.co.usa, 11/4/2020



    …The Defense party endorsed Brown while the Progressive and Pragmatic parties endorsed Pritt… Because the total number of candidates on each state ballot varied, write-in candidates claimed the vote-counting process under the new RCV system lowered the chances of write-in votes impacting the election unless they reached “impossibly high” numbers, as candidate Emily Payton put it…

    Most Green, Moderate and Socialist Alliance voters wrote down Pritt as their second choice, while Brown was the second choice for most who selected the True Republican, Liberty, Reform and Bigfoot parties as their first choice. Voters who ranked the People’s ticket first equally divided their second-place ranking on their tickets between Pritt and Brown...

    …As voting did not conclude until a candidate received a majority, counting the votes took longer than usual, with Pritt not being officially declared the winner until 7:00 AM the next morning, and confirmed with President Grammer and Vice President jointly VidCalling Pritt to congratulate her on her victory...

    – clickipedia.usa.org



    “You all won’t be disappointed by this unprecedented opportunity. …The people have chosen the way forward. Tonight was the first step. …The time has come for a government that works for the people, that works to create jobs, protect our planet, teach our children, and build a better present and future for everyone!”

    – Charlotte Pritt, 11/4/2020



    Analyst Paul SOGLIN: “I’m not surprised that counting the votes took so long – RCV has never actually been performed on a scale this large before.”

    Analyst Janice FINE: “Indeed, and, about that, can I also say this? It’s interesting that, according to the rules laid out by the National Initiative, if the popular vote winner had not been determined by December 22, the Emergency Electoral College would have gone into effect. But in this election’s instance, with Pritt having won 283 EVs, she still would have won the Presidency.”

    Analyst Karl ROVE: “There, right there, see? This election didn’t need the RCV mucking it up – Pritt would have still won without it, so why do why need it? The answer is we don’t, and that’s why I support another National Initiative be held to vote to reinstate the Electoral College.”

    FINE: “Well, if that’s the hill you’ve chosen to die on, sure, go for it, whatever.”

    – KNN roundtable discussion, 11/4/2020 broadcast



    …Grammer’s graceful acceptance of the results contrasted with Brown, who openly questioned the “security” of Ranked-Choice Voting but nevertheless formally conceded the day after the election and congratulated Pritt with a short phone call. However, in a phone interview with KNN on November 5, the Vice President ranted about losing. …At one point, he suggested that voters whose ballot were exhausted ahead of the final round should be allowed to vote again to have a say in which final two choices they were prefer “Lots of people who backed conservative third party candidates all wrote their preferred candidates down for second place, so many of them received boosts in the initial runoffs before ultimately being eliminated during the runoff process. That’s not fair at all!”

    Religious supporters of Brown appeared even angrier over the election results, with many ontech claiming it “defied God’s will.” Within a few hours of the results being declared official, and possibly spurred by Brown’s rant on KNN, rioting engulfed parts of cities across the US, with the most violent incident being a religious biker throwing a Molotov cocktail into a police car in Amarillo, Texas on November 6, injuring two. Conspiracy theories ontech quickly began spreading the rumor that “the Democratic establishment” had stolen the election from Brown. Other pro-Brown technetters who did not take the results well claimed Pritt was morally corrupt (without providing much detail) and would lead the nation “down a dark path of despair,” as one put it…

    – researcher Ed Romano’s debut book Defending Democracy: The Grammer Years, Borders Books, 2022



    DmwMeEN.png

    [pic: imgur.com/DmwMeEN.png ]

    – A lafpic showing Brown being upset at the election loss, first posted, 11/6/2020



    …However, on November 7, Brown went on national TV to urge his supporters to respect the rule of law and “prove that you are above this sort of thing. Trust me, nobody is more upset over this election than I am, but what’s done is done, there’s no changing it. On January 20, 2021, Charlotte Pritt will become President, but on January 20, 2025? That might be another story.” Brown’s hint at a possible second run in 2024 seemed to have done the trick, as the angry crowds stayed online, but they emptied the streets and returned order to the affected cities…

    – researcher Ed Romano’s debut book Defending Democracy: The Grammer Years, Borders Books, 2022



    “Poor Harley. He worked so hard for this job.” As he leaned back into his half of the loveseat, the President reflected on the past several days, accepting of the people’s choice, but disappointed at what their choice was.

    “I’m just happy it’s all over,” said the First Lady as sat beside him. “After almost eight years in this place, we’re finally almost out of here.” She kicked off her shoes and sank into the soft upholstery, resting comfortably after a long and tiring day of calls and meetings. The staff had retired for the night, the youngest had been asleep for over an hour, and the Upstairs Residence was refreshingly silent.
    “Oh, it hasn’t been that bad,” her husband replied.

    “No, it’s been worse,” Marissa rebutted. She wrapped her arm around her husband, and added softly and uneasily, “This place almost killed you, Kelsey. You haven’t forgotten the heart attack. And I don’t remember there being so many wrinkles and white hairs when we started here.”

    “You’re still beautiful.”

    “I was talking about you.”

    “Oh. Well then, um, well I have been getting on in years, and I’ll admit, I am getting a bit sick of these walls. It’s probably why I keep agreeing to meet with people in other places.” Indeed, Grammer often traveled to visit governors and other political leaders at their home turf, and would invite such individuals to the White House less frequently than typical Presidents would have.

    Marissa groaned as she nestled into the loveseat and watched the small bits of flame flickering in the fireplace. “But we’re stuck here until January. Another three months of running around and running ourselves ragged. Especially for you.”

    “Me?”

    “You have to meet with Pritt, help her wean into the office.”

    “Oh yeah, right. But after all her attacks on my Presidency, I’m not looking forward to it. I wish it were Harley with whom I was meeting. He’s prepped for this job for years.” As Grammer looked into the fireplace, an idea formed in his mind. “Honey.”

    “Yeah?”

    “Where did you say you wanted to spend Thanksgiving.”

    “Same place where I wanted to celebrate Christmas, our old home in L.A.,” Marissa answered.

    “Hmm,” Grammer thought aloud as he reached over to the coffee table and folded open his lar phone. “Let’s see. The Senate’s going to be in session from the 16th to the 20th. The House is staying in session until then. But both chambers reconvene on the thirtieth and stay open until December 18th. He could get some stuff passed.”

    “What?” The First Lady asked, confused.

    “Marissa, dear,” Grammer said, “How’d you like to beat the holiday rush and blow this popsicle stand early?”

    --- --- ---

    Color returned to Brown’s face. Excitement filled his falcon-like Irish-blue eyes. “What?”

    “You heard me,” the President reiterated his decision. “We told our kids this morning. They’re surprisingly indifferent to it. I guess this place never truly felt like home to any of them either. Not even to Billie,” referring to his six-year-old son. “Then again, Billie’s first question was if his toys are coming with us, which they are.”

    “I-I don’t know what to say, Kelsey.”

    “Now you do understand that it’ll just be until January 20, right?” The President emphasized.

    “Yeah, I get it.”

    “I’m not cancelling the election results here.”

    “I know that, I’m not an idiot,” Brown said.

    “Okay then.”

    Brown “played it cool,” but even Grammer could tell that the man was holding back a beaming grin of joy that would have stretched wider than a Cheshire Cat’s.

    – Kathryn Millstone’s The Grammer Administration, Borders Books, 2021



    “…We have freed millions of Americans from the binds of federal red tape. We have lowered taxes, brutalized criminals, and confronted kingly dictatorships in Africa. We did it all together, without inflating the size of government, or inhibiting the innovation of the American individual. However, as my friend Harley Brown puts it, you can’t get a car out of the mud without getting dirt on yourself. The past eight years have been trying, and they have been tiring, and I do not believe that I am up to the task of executing the remaining duties and responsibilities of this office in my current state of exhaustion. In light of this, I will resign from the Presidency, effective noon tomorrow… …Harley Brown will serve out the remainder of my term until Governor Pritt is sworn in on January 20th…”

    – President Kelsey Grammer, 11/9/2020 televised address



    >COMMENT 1:
    What?! I’m sorry…What??!!

    >COMMENT 2:
    Wow. I did not see that coming.

    >COMMENT 3:
    Frasier has left the building!

    >>REPLY 1 to COMMENT 3:
    Get out.

    >>>REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to COMMENT 3:
    Yes, that is what Grammer just did, how observant of you.

    >COMMENT 4:
    Huh, I didn’t know he was in poor health

    >>REPLY 1 to COMMENT 4:
    He’s not, he’s just sick and tired of the office.

    >>>REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to COMMENT 4:
    No, no, he’s only doing this to win over the evangelicals in love with Harley

    >>>>REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to COMMENT 4:
    That makes no sense. He’s leaving office and active politics

    >>REPLY 2 to COMMENT 4:
    I think he’s done this b/c legacy

    >>REPLY 3 to COMMENT 4:
    He’s doing this so his friend Harley gets to be President, even if just for a little while. Pure and simple

    >COMMENT 5:
    Wait, after tomorrow, there’s 71 days left until Pritt gets sworn in. And if HDB gets sworn in at noon, that’s only half a day. Pritt also gets sworn in a noon on the 20th. So if we only count the actual full days, the number of (full) days for which HDB will be President is…69.

    >>REPLY 1 to COMMENT 5:
    Nice

    >>>REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to COMMENT 5:
    Nice

    >>REPLY 2 to COMMENT 5:
    Nice

    >>>REPLY 1 to REPLY 2 to COMMENT 5:
    Nice

    – usarightnow.co.usa, comments section of 11/9/2020 e-alert



    1IhM9q6.png

    [pic: imgur.com/1IhM9q6.png ]

    – President-Elect Charlotte Pritt (D-WV) reacting to President Grammer’s sudden and unexpected resignation, 11/9/2020



    “I’m just happy Joni’s okay with all this,” Brown chuckled as he took his hand off the Bible. The new First Lady, Joni Brown, had suddenly found herself in charge of planning Thanksgiving and Christmas activities at the White House, and all the hosting duties connected to them. But Joni was a quick thinker, and swiftly merged Marissa’s abandoned ideas with the plans Joni had had for 1 Circle Observatory.

    The biker left the small-scale swearing-in ceremony on the South Lawn and entered his new office with a smile sprawled out across his face. Brown had reportedly been despondent in the days immediately after the election, with one of Brown’s daughters later stating that he had seemed “lost.” Another daughter says he was “perplexed” and “confused…he had been so certain he’d been President,” and that many around him sought to cheer him up by suggesting he run again in 2024. When Grammer decided to resign, though, Brown’s attitude immediately turned around. Brown reportedly told his second-oldest son that he saw Grammer’s decision as “God opening a window… It proved to Dad that Grammer was a true Christian and that he had believed in Brown all along.” Other Brown supporters, especially evangelicals thought similarly, and immediately began to hold Grammer in high regard.

    Entering the Oval Office, Brown’s Chief of Staff, Lisa Marie, dramatically presented to him his new work station. “The Resolute Desk: for the next 71 days, she’s all yours.”

    Brown knew it was all just temporarily, but he was determined to do as much as he possibly could with the time in office he’s just been granted. The new President sat in the Presidential chair and began to leak tears of joy and he carefully caressed the desk. Looking up, he put his arms outward and proclaimed, “I am here for you, God. I am here for you at last. I will not disappoint you!”

    – Jon Herbert’s Firecracker: The Paths of Harley Davidson Brown, Borders Books, 2022



    BrpQhVX.png

    [pic: imgur.com/BrpQhVX.png ]

    Harley Davidson Brown, the 46th President of the United States of America



    Anderson COOPER: “So what exactly can he actually do during his time as America’s second-shortest-serving President?”

    Former US Senator Daniel MONGIARDO (D-KY): “It depends on congress’ schedule. Two major recesses are fast approaching, so he may have to just try and get something that has already been introduced, or is in committee, uh, to get a vote when congress is still in session.”

    COOPER: “And when Congress is not in session?”

    MONGIARDO: “He’ll have to resort to signing lots and lots of Executive Orders.”

    – KNN roundtable discussion, Wednesday, 11/11/2020 broadcast



    After promoting Christianity and small-government policies, Brown’s third order of business was selecting a Vice President. The decision came after a major debate in the first hours and days of the Brown administration unfolded over whether or not the Vice Presidency should even be filled.

    “If it’s vacant, who’ll preside over the certification of the election results on January 6?” Asked Brown. Several Cabinet members – all of whom were "retainees" from the Grammer administration – were not sure of the answer. Secretary Rodham-Clinton believed that the responsibility went to House Speaker Markey, but was not “100% certain.”

    “That settles it, then,” Brown decided.

    Despite continued support for the notion of not “wasting time,” Brown proceeded with his support of “legitimizing” his short time in office with a Vice President of his very own. However, the dynamics were unique in that no incumbents wanted to yield their current offices for less than three months of the Vice Presidency. Not even Brown’s running mate, Jennifer Johnson, expressed interest in stepping down from the governorship of Florida when she was already planning out her gubernatorial agenda for 2021.

    Immediately, another debate developed, this one being over who the Vice Presidency should go to – a politician, or pretty much anybody interested in what Brown dubbed “the ultimate temp job.” Knowing time was limited, Brown wanted someone who could leave the biggest impact by simply holding the position, but also wanted an ally in the seat as well.

    Subsequent conversations with Brown’s inner circle led to the White House writing up a long-form shortlist of 20 considerations on November 12. These candidates were the following:

    Outgoing US Ambassador to South Africa Andrea Barthwell of Illinois – an African-American diplomat with a background in medicine, her nomination would potentially win over Democrats in the Senate

    Former state Lands Director Walt Bayes of Idaho – at almost 80 years old, this religious “fanatic” would “keep the snipers away,” as Brown half-joked

    Outgoing State Senator Judy Burges of Arizona – firmly in favor of minimizing immigration to the US, her nomination would appeal to many GOP Senate conservatives

    Former US Senator Patty Cafferata of Nevada – the experienced retired politician still had many friends on the Capitol Hill

    US Army Brig. Gen. (ret.) John Alan Coey of Wisconsin – also deeply religious, this political activist veteran of Libya and North Korean was often viewed as a more extreme and less successful version of Brown himself

    Outgoing US VP Domestic Policy Advisor Bonnie Dumanis of Potomac – Brown appreciated this openly BLUTAGO former Californian prosecutor’s law-and-order chops and had endorsed her unsuccessful bids for elected office

    Activist Derrick Evans of West Virginia – having worked on the Brown campaign in his home state, this unsuccessful candidate for public office openly “applied” for the job in a social media stunt that caught the White House’s attention

    Businessman Darryl Glenn of Colorado – an African-American donor and unsuccessful candidate for public office, his deep pockets appealed to several of Brown’s wealthier supporters

    Former US Senator Bo Gritz of Idaho – this former Presidential candidate had been an early supporter of Harley Brown, so selecting him would be almost like returning the favor

    Former US Senator Betty Ireland of West Virginia – selecting this former politician was an idea backed by “Ken,” the White House’s new Communications Director [9]

    Activist Jo Rae Perkins of Oregon – Perkins worked on the campaign in her home state; an unsuccessful candidate for public office, she was passionate, but had “wild” claims concerning Ranked Choice Voting

    Former Governor Bernard Peters of Vermont – the “King” of Vermont’s “Northeast Kingdom” region, this long-beard outdoorsman and deer hunter got along well and agreed on most policies

    Former Governor Sharon Woodall Hewitt of Louisiana – Brown considered this retired politician and former “oil rig worker” to “one tough Momma”

    Former US Senator Paul Hillyard of Utah – supporters of the retired “heart of the Senate” urged him to express interest in serving out the position

    Outgoing Undersecretary of the Interior Diane Humetewa of Arizona – selecting this career politician appealed to “Kelly,” the new Counsel to the President [9]

    US White House Chief of Staff Lisa Marie of Idaho – Marie had been in her new office for only two days, but she had served as Brown’s “right-hand ma’am” as VP Chief of Staff from 2013 to 2020 and as his 2020 campaign manager

    US Attorney General Susana Martinez of New Mexico – she and Brown got along well; her selection would make her America’s first Hispanic Vice President

    Radio talk show host Laurie Roth of Washington – Roth was a big-time supporter of Brown and a very generous donor, shoring up money from listeners of her show to donate to his campaigns in 2012 and 2020

    Businessman Clay John Schexnayder of Louisiana – this unsuccessful candidate for public office was a fierce supporter of Brown, and Brown appreciated it

    Former Governor Lynn Swann of Pennsylvania – an African-American personality on ESPN since leaving the governorship, Brown was a fan of this former star athlete

    On Friday, November 13, Brown finalized a second shortlist of 10 people: Barthwell, Bayes, Dumanis, Evans, Glenn, Ireland, Marie, Perkins, Peters, and Schexnayder. On Saturday, November 14, after discussing the shortlist with several Senate leaders, the list was narrowed down again, this time to just five people:

    RlRmDLn.png

    [Pic: imgur.com/RlRmDLn.png ]
    Left to right: Barthwell, Bayes, Dumanis, Marie, Peters.

    Wanting to announce a nominee by Monday, Marie pulled her name from consideration after Barthwell withdrew and threw her support behind Dumanis; Marie followed suit under the belief that Dumanis would “perfectly double down” on Brown’s most prominent themes – law-and-order, small government, and protection of BLUTAGO rights. This narrowed the list down to “the lesbian lawmaker, the long-bearded logger, and the doomsday prepper,” as Brown reportedly put it. “There’s no time for a second option, a fallback choice, since there’s barely enough time to push through the first option.”

    After additional talks with Marie, Brown went with Dumanis. Wanting to give out “consolation prizes,” Brown also decided to nominate Bayes for Secretary of Education, on account of him homeschooling his 16 children, and Peters for the Interior.

    Brown announced his nominations on Sunday, November 15, and urged Congress to begin hearings for them on Monday, or at least prior to the Thanksgiving break, scheduled to occur from the 21st to the 29th. Almost immediately, several conservative political figures pushed back against selecting Dumanis over Bayes or Peters, with Bayes being the preferred candidate among many evangelical members of the party. Some figures, especially ontech, even claimed that Brown had “betrayed” conservative values despite the fact that the new President had supported gay rights for years. “This just shows how many HDB voters were unaware of his actual dedication, or thought that it was all just talk,” noted political analyst Kyle Kulinski at the time. Dumanis’s selection was also criticized for her opposing to cannabis legalization and having an anti-drug record much earlier in her career; a 2008 incident in which she was investigated for corruption but found not guilty was also scrutinized. However, Brown refused to change his mind, and met with Republican Senate leaders to smoothen the process of confirming such a “historic” nominee…

    – Jon Herbert’s Firecracker: The Paths of Harley Davidson Brown, Borders Books, 2022



    BROWN MEETS WITH SENATE ALLIES TO PUSH THROUGH RELIGIOUS FREEDOM BILL

    …the proposed legislation would bolster a similar bill passed in 2017 that exempted religious organizations from several federal taxes and regulations…

    The Washington Post, 11/18/2020



    THE SENATE IS “BREEZING THROUGH” THE VP NOMINATION PROCESS

    …The interviews and hearings are being conducted at a record pace when compared to the weeks-long processes that occurred for VP-appointees Jack Kemp in 1985, J. J. Polonko Jr. in 1987, and Jim Meredith in 1995… One final hearing will be held tomorrow, and then congress will reconvene on the 30th…

    Comments Section:

    >COMMENT 1:
    Why are they spending their time on this instead of something more important?

    >>REPLY 1 to COMMENT 1:
    Spitefulness. They want to be able to say they were the party that gave America its first BLUTAGO VP and first female VP

    >>>REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to COMMENT 1:
    But why?

    >>>>REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to COMMENT 1:
    Because Republican know they have to win over undecided/independent voters to win national elections. By doing this, their appeasing socially liberal people without actually promoting BLUTAGO rights.

    – politico.co.usa, Thursday, 11/19/2020



    SENATE QUICKLY PASSES AND BROWN QUICKLY SIGNS DIVISIVE BILLS IN LINE-ITEM CONTROVERSY

    The Chicago Tribune, 11/20/2020



    BROWN, PRITT MEET AT WHITE HOUSE

    …the two leaders sat down in the Oval Office to discuss the peaceful transferring of power in a conversation that was calm and professional, but noticeably lacking warmth between Brown and Pritt…

    The Washington Post, 11/21/2020



    PRESIDENT BROWN JUST BROKE THE RECORD FOR PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS SIGNED IN A SINGLE DAY

    …with Congress in recess, Brown is using the powers of the executive office to pass several minor policies, ranging from personal to international. Brown is ordering the capping of fines for motorcycle parking violations in federal territories such as national parks and the capital district, and ordering the phrase “In God We Trust” be added to several federal buildings, statues, and even minor items such as office and gift shop supplies like stationary and pens. Brown also signed several E.O.s meant to “beef up” America’s military defenses, especially federal cybersecurity policies. Many of these Executive Orders – such as one demanding “draconian” forms of punishment for acts of cyberterror and treason – will “very likely” by revoked under President Pritt, or struck down by America’s courts, says legal expert…

    The New York Times, Monday, 11/23/2020



    POHOTO GALLERY: A Harley Brown Thanksgiving

    …Take a peek at how President Brown’s family hosted Thanksgiving at the White House yesterday…

    – usarightnow.co.usa, 11/27/2020



    SENATE CONFIRMS DUMANIS, 83-21

    …In the US Senate’s first day back in session, several moderate Senate Democrats joined a majority of the Senate Republicans in voting “yea” on Dumanis’ appointment to the Vice Presidency… Dumanis will be sworn in “immediately,” according to the White House Press Secretary…

    The Washington Post, Monday, 11/30/2020



    DUMANIS ENTERS OFFICE AS AMERICA’S FIRST BLUTAG VP

    – The San Francisco Chronicle, 12/1/2020



    “I’m not surprised the Republicans would rather have a BLUTAG VP than a VP who looks like me.”

    – Mexican-American US Congressman Tony Villar (D-CA), private conversation, leaked 12/2/2020 (Villar received much controversy for the statement)



    SENATE NARROWLY APPROVES BAYES AND PETERS FOR CABINET POSTS

    The Washington Post, 12/3/2020



    “Every child and every student has the freedom and the right to worship however they see fit. I’ve seen modern grade schools, there’s always some room off to the side for kids to pray to Mecca during the school day. If they can worship in school, then so can Christians and all the other groups out there. This bill will protect from legal persecution anyone who wishes to express their Christian faith on public school grounds, and that includes teachers and their curricula.”

    – Harley Brown, backing a controversial “pro-prayer” bill introduced earlier in the year, 12/4/2020



    BROWN SWEARS INAUGURATION SECURITY WILL BE “HIGHER THAN USUAL”

    …The capitol district’s security officials are working with the Secret Service and police departments in Virginia and Potomac to secure pathways and checkpoints ahead of President-Elect Pritt’s January 20 inauguration…

    The Washington Post, 12/9/2020



    “…In political news, the Senate and House have managed to narrowly pass a controversial “pro-prayer” bill. We take you now to the White House, where President Brown is signing the bill into law…”

    – NBC News, 12/10/2020 broadcast



    “…Already, there’s talk of Brown running for President again in 2024. (long pause) Pritt hasn’t even been sworn in yet, and the next election is already on everyone’s minds…”

    – Kyle Kulinski, 12/12/2020



    …2020 has seen several medical and scientific breakthroughs. …In Europe, the first 3D-printed cars (Volkswagen’s Horizon) entered production, and 5% of domestic consumer products in the US were being manufactured with 3D printing technology. Internet access levels were rising gradually, and in New Delhi, India, scientists are finishing work on preparing for the first transplant of a 3D-printed liver, which is scheduled for 2021. …Drugs to reverse glaucoma are in the vetting process. …France’s President Bové’s “homegrown” movement continued to be hostile to “foreign” innovation. While changes are inevitable, the rising trend of new technology being detrimental to current job markets and how one makes a living is leading to significant social backlashes, especially from those whose jobs are being “automated away” as well as from population groups struggling to either access, utilize, or adapt to new technology. This is nothing new, but in this current era of rising automation, it is a dilemma that must be addressed immediately…

    – scientificamerican.co.usa, 12/14/2020



    REPORT: Russian Officials Claim They Are "Closing In" On Nikolayev's Location

    The Washington Post, 12/15/2020



    “…Winter Recess began tonight for the United States Congress; it will last for the rest of December, and Congress will reconvene with the start of the 117th Congress on January 3rd…”

    – CBS Evening News, Saturday, 12/19/2020



    …Brown’s next executive order ordered the relevant federal departments and agencies to ease regulations and “restrictive policies” at airports in order to shorten lines at airports in what Brown expressed as “a calling for a return to the golden age of flying.” Brown cited the policies put into place during the 1960s in the midst of the threat of “cam bombs” from Cuba as being “outdated.” Additionally, Brown dubbed additional policies established during the early 1980s in response to Libyan hostage crises and terror attacks “overkill.” These executive orders also increased funding for the express purpose of hiring more employees to shorten lines and purchasing more scanner machine so travelers would no longer have to unpack their bags before boarding. However, the effects of these E.O.s were not felt until after he left office…

    – Tim Alberta’s The Modern Republican Party, Harper Collins Publishers, 2022



    “PRECAUTIONARY” ELECTORAL COLLEGE UPHOLDS PEOPLE’S CHOICE

    The Huffington Post, 12/22/2020



    “Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays, from our family to yours.”

    – Harley Brown in official White House “Season’s Greetings” video, posted 12/23/2020



    “I am very upset by America’s cowardly turn inward. America needs to be bold and assert itself on the world stage, but as this election showed, too many Americans would rather focus on trivial domestic issues than important foreign issues.”

    – Bill Krystal, The Overmyer Network, 12/27/2020



    …Brown was both frustrated and exhausted from trying to “cram in” as much work into 71 days as he possibly could. Complaints about the lack of time led to one of Brown’s advisors, Lisa Marie, slyly suggesting “Maybe Dumanis can give you some more time, huh? Maybe she could overturn the election on the 6th?”

    Brown shook his head, “Don’t be delusional, Lisa. I lost fair and square. And by a lot. And besides, the VP can’t overturn an election on that day. If they could, it would have happened before, and I checked it out – it hasn’t happened before because it can’t Otherwise Gravel, Kemp, Bellamy, Dinger or Wellstone all would have tried.” Brown continued, “But here’s the thing. Even if they could, they wouldn’t because this capital is a district of can’ts and won’ts, and there’s a lot more won’ts than can’ts. Trust me, I’ve been here for eight years now, and for the first two, the Senate was split evenly, so I had to spend a lot of my time listening to long, boring, drawn-out bullsh*t. This is not the kind of place where huge systemic changes happen easily or overnight. So, we’re not going to waste the next 20-odd days here fighting a battle that’s impossible to win. We’re going to stay the course and do God’s work.”

    – Tim Alberta’s The Modern Republican Party, Harper Collins Publishers, 2022



    NOTE(S)/SOURCE(S)
    [1] Plus, I don’t want to get into a debate over whether or not including Obama in this TL, even if he is not even called that here, would be considered “Current Politics.” I’d rather avoid potentially getting into trouble over it.
    [2] Based (loosely?) on an OTL issue: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-14401512
    [3] Edited line pulled from this interview:
    [4] Based on her comments in this video:
    [5] Based on a comment heard in a video of his found on his Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/2018HarleyBrown/ .
    [6] A reference to his OTL 2014 closing statement
    [7] I swear I either read this line somewhere or heard him say it in a video, but now I can’t find the source… D’oh!
    [8] OTL special!
    [9] “Ken” was his information technology director IOTL, and “Kelly” was his campaign manager IOTL:

    The next chapter’s E.T.A.: June 26 at the very latest!
     
    Last edited:
    Chapter 121: January 2021 – June 2021
  • Chapter 121: January 2021 – June 2021

    “Life is 10% what happens to you and 90% how you react to it.”

    – Charles Swindell



    “I remember most of the cabinet members learned of his decision only a few hours before it happened, myself included, and pretty much all of us insisted he reconsider. But he wanted to make what he saw as a kind gesture to a friend and ally. Most would gift a friend the latest techslab; Grammar gifted Brown the Presidency. Almost immediately, phone calls and VidCall requests came pouring into our offices at the State Department, as our allies sought answers. Some less familiar with our election system mistakenly though Grammar had committed some sort of self-coup, or had cancelled or postponed the election. Even some American citizens thought that, too, if I recall right. But, yes, our allies were certainly surprised by Grammer’s premature departure. And more of them wanted to reach out to the outgoing president, especially in the few hours between his announcement and the resignation itself, than to the incoming one.”

    – Former US Secretary of State Dick Morningstar, 2022 interview



    RUSSIA CONFIRMS: Nikolayev Is In Eritrea!

    The Daily Telegraph, 1/5/2021



    “…and in political news, Vice President Bonnie Dumanis officially certified the results of the 2020 election earlier today. Outside the grounds of the US Senate building, a small crowd of roughly 25 Harley Brown supports picketed the certification process, believing in unfounded technet-based claims that the election was, quote, tainted, unquote, by America’s new Ranked Choice Voting Presidential Election voting system…”

    – ABC News, 1/6/2021 broadcast



    “…Some trouble unfolded in the Senate today when the visiting Harley Brown got into a verbal shouting match with a group of Democratic lawmakers who met with the President. The incident reportedly saw both parties to raise voices angrily, and saw Brown scream a slew of obscenities, over the Senators refusing budge on their decision to table a controversial education deregulation bill…”

    – NBC, 1/7/2021 broadcast



    …In his final weeks in office, Brown failed to get more bills passed due to the new majority-Democratic Senate being sworn in on the 3rd. Instead, Brown hosted televised Bible Study meetings inside the Oval Office, inviting prominent religious figures to “stop on over” and promote the Word of God. Privately, he spoke with GOP leaders and religious figures to discuss if there were any possible ways to combat and abortion during his final days. According to Gordon Paterson, Brown discussed the matter further with him and other in a private conversation on January 10, in which the outgoing President remarked, “Here’s my plan of attack, okay? You go in there and you use spiritual warfare. Because everyone talks about the natural, but I want to talk about the other realm we exist in. You bind those evil spirits that are behind the liberals with the blood of Jesus, the name of Jesus, the power of the Holy Spirit and the word of God. I’m talkin’ Blitzkrieg!” [1] Brown believes that Americans reconnecting to our country’s Christian roots will lead to citizens becoming aware of the immoral practices of lawmakers, and bring about an anti-corruption “wave…that’d intimidate Noah” that would “wash out” crooked politicians in the 2022 midterms, if not through their expulsion from congress. Brown continued to host Bible Study group twice a week for the rest of his Presidency…

    – Tim Alberta’s The Modern Republican Party, Harper Collins Publishers, 2022




    …Brown’s last days in office saw him pardon several dozen people, over half of whom were notable bikers facing minor charges. After becoming President, hundreds of American citizens had written to him requested pardons for various minor charges and crimes. Brown’s pardons were almost all related to regulation, policy, accounting, trespassing, lacking various permits, and many other nonviolent and “victimless crimes.”

    [snip]

    Ahead of inauguration ceremonies, Brown wished Pritt good luck, and reportedly told her to “take it easy…it’s only because of my superior stamina and strength that I was able to get so much done in so little time, and it tired me out, so you take your time on things.”

    Charlotte allegedly observed, “Thanks for the advice, Harley. You’re as sharp as a marble and you look it.”

    Brown reportedly replied happily and somewhat bashfully with, “Aw, thanks, ma’am!”

    – David Lienemann and Eva Osnos’ The Far-Left So Far, Meridian E-Books, 2022



    PRITT BEGINS PRESIDENCY: Promises Jobs, Civil Justice, Green Energy Projects in Inaugural Address

    The Washington Post, 1/20/2021



    1N2Ws7b.png

    [pic: imgur.com/1N2Ws7b.png ]
    Charlotte Pritt, the 47th President of the United States of America


    THE PRITT WHITE HOUSE’S CABINET AND OTHER OFFICES

    Vice President: Former US Senator Kwame Raoul (D-IL)

    CABINET

    Secretary of State: former US Senator and former EPA Administrator Lisa Perez Jackson (D-NJ)

    Secretary of the Treasury: former US Labor Secretary Robert Reich (D-MA)

    Secretary of Defense: US Army Gen. (ret.) Curtis Michael “Mike” Scaparrotti (I-PO)

    Attorney General: former state Assemblyperson and former US Representative Paul Fong (D-CA)

    Postmaster General: former state representative, former state senator, and former US Representative Kevin Bacon (R-OH)

    Secretary of the Interior: former state representative and former US Representative Faith Spotted Eagle (D-SD)

    Secretary of Agriculture: former Administrator of the National Roadways Safety Administration, former US Transportation Secretary, former EPA Administrator, former US Labor Secretary, former US Senator, former US Attorney General, and former US Postmaster General Ralph Nader (I-CT)

    Secretary of Commerce: former OMB Director, former US HHS Secretary, and former US Senator Sylvia Mathews Burwell (D-WV)

    Secretary of Labor: former Governor Michael Moore (D-MI)

    Secretary of Education: former US Representative and former crisis manager for the NY Education Department Jamaal Bowman (D-NY)

    Secretary of Health and Humane Services: former Governor Krist Novoselic (Liberty-WA)

    Secretary of Transportation: former Mayor of Tacoma and former US Representative Marilyn Strickland (D-WA)

    Secretary of Veterans’ Affairs: former Rutgers University Chief of Police and former New York City Chief of Police Kenneth B. Cop (I-NY)

    Secretary of Energy and Technology: Professor and expert on civil and environmental engineering Gobichettipalayam Vasudevan “G. V.” Loganathan (I-VA)

    Secretary of Community Development: former San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulin Cruz (D-PR)

    CABINET-LEVEL POSITIONS

    Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): former CIS Chief Risk Officer and former CIA Cybersecurity Operations Director Anne Neuberger (I-NY)

    Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): former FBI agent and former Seattle Police Chief Carmen Best (I-WA)

    US Trade Representative: environmentalist businessman Theodore Roosevelt V (b. Theodore Roosevelt VI in 1976) (I-NY)

    Administrator of the Small Business Administration (SBA): former US Representative Jorge Santini (D-PR)

    Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): former US Representative and former Campbell, CA Mayor Evan Low (D-CA)

    Administrator of the Overwhelming Disaster Emergency Response Coordination Agency (ODERCA): former state senator and former ODERCA Deputy Administrator Brooks McCabe (D-WV)

    THE PRESIDENT’S EXECUTIVE OFFICE

    White House Chief of Staff: senior campaign manager Nani Coloretti (D-HI)

    White House Deputy Chief of Staff: senior campaign strategist Thomas A. “Tad” Devine (D-RI)

    Chief Domestic Policy Advisor: Labor Professor Janice R. Fine (D-NJ)

    Chief Economic Policy Advisor: union organizer Chuck Rocha (D-TX)

    Chief Foreign Policy Advisor: former US Undersecretary of Defense for Policy James Northey Miller Jr. (D-IA)

    Chief National Security Advisor: former Assistant to the WH Chief National Security Advisor Daleep Singh (D-CA)

    Director of the Office of Management and Budget: NYU Finance Professor Aswath Damodaran (I-NY)

    Director of the Domestic Policy Council: political advisor Faiz Shakir (D-FL)

    Unofficial Counselors and Advisors: businessman Bern Sanders, environmentalist May Boeve, and national policy advisors Analilia Mejia and Jess Mazour

    White House Communications Director: political technology consultant Zack Exley (I-CT)

    White House Appointments Secretary: former intern and speechwriter for various Democratic and Republican US Senators Ja’Ron K. Smith (R-PO)

    White House Press Secretary: campaign press secretary Briahna Joy Gray (I-PO)

    OTHER MEMBERS

    Solicitor General (representative of the Federal Government before the Supreme Court): US District Court Judge Nannette Jolivette Brown (D-LA)

    Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: US Army Gen. (ret.) John E. Hyten (I-AL)

    Secretary of the Army: US Army Maj. Gen. (ret.) Richard Ojeda (D-WV)

    Secretary of the Navy: former US Undersecretary of Veterans’ Affairs William Scott Gould (D-MA)

    Federal Reserve Chairman: former Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers Christina Duckworth (D-IL)

    NASA Director: former NASA Deputy Director, former Chief of Staff to US Senator John Glenn, and former US Representative Lori Beth Garver (D-OH)

    NOTABLE AMBASSADORS

    To the United Nations: former US Ambassador to the U.K. and former US Senator Paul Vallas (D-IL)

    To the U.N. Commission on Human Rights: former US President, former UNICEF Director, and former US Secretary-General Carol Bellamy (D-NY)

    To Argentina: former US Senator and former state Attorney General Grant Woods (D-AZ)

    To Australia: former US Ambassador to United Korea Caroline Bouvier Kennedy (D-NY)

    To Canada: former US Representative and former candidate for US Senate Amy Klobuchar (D-MN)

    To China: former Air Force intelligence specialist and Columbia U economics professor Tim Kane (R-OH)

    To France: former Governor Jeffrey P. “Jeff” Weaver (D-VT)

    To Germany: former Governor Barry Norman “Big Tasty” Goldberg (D-PA)

    To India: former Director of the US Liaison Office to UNESCO Marianne Williamson (D-TX)

    To Iran: former state Secretary of state and former assistant to the US Ambassador to the UN Roman W. Prezioso (D-WV)

    To Japan: former Chief Economist of the World Bank and former Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers Joseph Stiglitz (D-IN)

    To Korea: state campaign manager, political activist, and Green energy investor/businessman David Keith Cobb (Green-TX)

    To Mexico: former state secretary of state and former US Representative Natalie E. Tennant (D-WV)

    To Russia: former US Ambassador to Armenia, Alania, and United Turkestan Ian Crawford Kelly (I-IL)

    To South Africa: former US Representative Maurice Antonia Jonesy (D-VA)

    To the U.K.: former US Ambassador to the OSCE Daniel Brooks “Dan” Baer (D-CO)

    To Yugoslavia: former Portsmouth, NH Mayor and former US Representative Steve Marchand (D-NH)

    – whitehouse.gov.usa/administration/cabinet-and-other-offices



    RUSSIAN A.G. HITS LEGAL ROADBLOCK, LOWERING CHANCES OF PUTTING NIKOLAYEV ON TRIAL

    …the primary issue is the lack of a Russian-Eritrean extradition law…

    The Daily Telegraph, UK newspaper, 22/1/2021



    …International relations between the US and other major nations shifted either significantly or only partially upon Charlotte and Kwame replacing Kelsey and Harley at the White House. While Jenny Leong of Australia, Romeo Dallaire of Canada, and Oscar Biscet of Cuba easily welcomed the new administration, the more conservative Gerhard Schroder of Germany and Stefanie Craxi of Italy were less enthusiastic. Notably, President José Bové of France, who had had a cold relationship with Grammer, nevertheless congratulated President Pritt and expressed interest in working with her on the trade and nutrition issues he was fighting for, but nevertheless continued his “France First” policy.

    Goo Jianmei of China gave standard congratulatory remarks; privately, she thought that Pritt was “impressive,” but would “ever easier to deal with” than Grammer, according to a government document leaked early 2022. Similarly, Aloizio Mercandante of Brazil privately thought “little” of her, according to a late 2021 expose covering lingering sexism in his administration.

    Guy Standing of UK, Renho of Japan, and N. Chandrababu Naidu of India expressed interest in working with Pritt on major Green Energy/Technology projects, while most of the Heads of State of the Middle Eastern Bloc (especially Hussein al-Shahristani of Iraq, Tzipi Livni of Israel, Boutros Harb of Lebanon, Salam Fayyad of Palestine, and Farouk al-Sharaa of Syria) generally “approved” of her, with the Sultan of Oman expressing “she will be better at helping us continue Our Delicate Peace than Mr. Brown would have been.” Ji Seong-ho of United Korea was more enthusiastic for Pritt, praising her infrastructure record and agenda and seeing her ascension was a “great and promising” thing for the peninsula, according to a 2021 interview with his Chief of Staff. Cem Uzan of Turkey and Vangelis Meimarakis of Greece jointly congratulated Pritt on her victory, and also wished to work well with her administration.

    Miguel Chong of Mexico and Pritt reportedly have a somewhat-cordial relationship due to tension over the issue of jobs and border crossings. Both leaders are collaborating on minimizing illegal immigration, but do not have as close a working relationship as the ones Pritt maintains with the leaders of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Japan, according to several sources.

    However, not all world leaders were so cordial. Sebhat Ephrem of Eritrea was just as hostile to the US under Pritt and he had been under Grammer. Only under President Brown – which Ephrem erroneously believed had come about by a coup and that Brown would stay in power indefinitely – did Ephrem show signs of intimidation and worry, given Brown’s reported “trigger-happy” nature. In fact, according to a 2021 report, in the hours after Brown took office, Ephrem met with his advisors in the nation’s capital of Asmara and briefly considered rejecting Nikolayev’s political asylum, which would have left the former leader of Russia vulnerable to extradition back to the NDRR...

    – clickopedia.co.usa, 2022



    Military expenditures by Country at the start of 2020 (in US$ billions):

    1 US: $378.8

    2 China: $260.0

    3 India: $66.5

    4 Russia: $59.7

    5 Saudi Arabia: $58.2

    6 France: $57.9

    7 UK: $51.0

    8 Germany: $48.9

    9 United Korea: $45.1

    10 Japan: $30.5

    11 Italy: $27.5

    12 Brazil: $25.4

    13 Australia: $23.9

    14 Canada: $22.1

    15 United Turkestan: $20.3

    – researcher Siemon T. Wezeman’s Trends In World Military Expenditure, The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1/25/2021 report



    THE PROGRESSIVE POWER PLAYERS OF PRITT’S POTUS PLANS

    …well-connected individuals such as media mogul Bern Sanders are said to have the new President’s ear and are “guiding” the specifics of her many key policies and proposals…

    lkAfjFi.png

    [pic: imgur.com/lkAfjFi.png ] [2]

    Above: businessman Bern Sanders of New York

    The New York Post, 1/26/2021



    …Retaining funding for American UHC, the NITR, and Social Security meant reversing Grammer’s generous spending habits on the US military. Combating opioid abuse was also challenging given the limitations that the BBA placed on spending. To free up additional funding, minimizing the wealth gap – before the 2022 annual budget had to be finalized in September – became a “front-burner” goal of the administration. And making the nation’s wealthiest pay their fair share in taxes, Pritt argued, meant reversing the 2017 tax law. Implementing green infrastructure projects to lower unemployment and poverty rates would generate funds as well.

    …Several suggestions for how to improve American test scores (in order to reverse America’s “brain drain” and in turn give students and workers a fighting chance on the world stage) were studied and tested…

    …Food insecurity was becoming a rising issue among some parts of the country, much to the concern of former Agriculture Secretary Jim McGovern, who pushed for the new administration to return to the policies of the Jackson and Wellstone years. Implementing a Federal Freedom Fund for farmworkers and factory workers to keep them out of poverty during the automation of their livelihoods would certainly help combat this pressing issue. When Pritt and company finally made headway in June with a national FFF pilot program, McGovern celebrated the move as “a step in the right direction”…

    …Pritt was relieved that addressing Veterans’ mental health was a mostly bipartisan issue, and so left the matter mostly in the hands of Secretaries Scaparrotti, Cop, and Novoselic. Similarly, addressing civil justice and combating social prejudices, as well as improving financial literacy among US citizens, was the passion project of Vice President Raoul...

    – David Lienemann and Eva Osnos’ The Far-Left So Far, Meridian E-Books, 2022



    SCHROEDER TO RETIRE FROM THE SUPREME COURT

    …Associate Justice Mary Murphy Schroeder’s decision to vacant her seat “after a successor has been chosen” comes after Schroeder strongly supported Pritt during her Presidential bid… Schroeder, age 80, is a progressive-leaning law expert from Colorado who has served as a Supreme Court Associate since October 1990. Justice President Bellamy successfully nominated her for the Supreme Court seat vacated by Justice William Brennan earlier that year…

    The Washington Post, 1/30/2021



    CONFIRMED: Sigourney Weaver Signs On To New Marstronauts Miniseries

    …Weaver is set to play Julie Payette, the mission’s Canadian astronaut. The cast is perfect because the two women are very similar in appearance [3]

    – thehollywoodreporter.co.usa, 2/9/2021



    PC LEADERSHIP ELECTION: Tony Clement Prevails Over Gareth Bacon And Jason Kenney

    …the PCs are already warming up for the daunting task of unseating incumbent PM Dallaire in less than five years…

    The Toronto Star, Canadian newspaper, 2/2/2021



    “WATCH: Groening Confirms Futurama Is Coming To An End!”

    Description: After years of declining ratings, the long-running animated series will conclude next year.

    COMMENTS SECTION:

    >COMMENT 1:

    To everyone here thinking it’s ending right now – it’s not! Watch the video, Matt says the next season is their last one, and there’s going to be some kind of final episode “special” for the series finale in May 2022.

    >COMMENT 2:

    NO!!! I love this show! I’ve been watching it my whole life!

    >>Reply 1 to Comment 1:

    I just got into this show, so how do ya think I feel??!!

    >COMMENT 3:

    Dang, I never thought they’d cancel this. Here’s hoping Grammer returns to play Dr. Schwarzchild one last time.

    >>Reply 1 to Comment 3:

    It’s not cancelled, didn’t you watch the vid? It’s series creator Matt Graining taking Qs from the press at an official press briefing, and he says at the 3:05 mark he chose to end the series and move on to other project ideas!

    >>>Reply 1 to Reply 1 to Comment 3:

    Why can’t he just work on both this and another show, or just work his new ideas into this show? This sucks, I love this show!

    >>>>Reply 1 to Reply 1 to Reply 1 to Comment 3:

    Really you serious? Futurama stopped being good years ago. It’s why TRUE fans of the show call 1994-2008 the “Classic” Era of Futurama, and everything since then the sucky “Modern” Era.

    >COMMENT 4:

    I get why they’re doing this, but I’m still sad to see it go. Not only is Futurama a cultural milestone, but it was a big part of the childhoods of so many ’90s kids.

    >COMMENT 5:

    I wouldn’t say the was a big part of pop culture nowadays, even though it still has its fans, but it was a big thing in its heyday. Ah well, not everything lasts forever.

    – video/comments section, OurVids.co.can, on 2/3/2021



    …Under Schroeder informing Pritt of her intention to retire from the court, the new President began viewing several considerations. She was torn between seeking out a populist “game changer” or a candidate that would have more appeal among the progressive wing of the party. Her vetting team considered NJ District Court Judge Zahid Nisar Quraishi (b. 1975), PO District Court Judge Ketanji Onyika Brown Jackson (b. 1970), prominent PO attorney and professor on constitutional law Canadace Rae Jackson-Akiwumi (b. 1979), Circuit Judge of the Tenth Circuit Veronica Sophia Rossman (b. 1972 in Moscow, Russia), NM District Judge Margaret Irene Strickland (b. 1980), and Associate Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court Tiffany Cunningham (b. 1976) as heavy favorites for the nod. Others, mainly Wellstone appointees such as Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Paul J. Watford of California (b. 1967), Federal Circuit Court of Appeals Raymond T. Chen (b. 1968), and FL District Court Judge Carlos Eduardo Mendoza (b. 1970), were viewed – by both the vetting team and by the media – as potential nominees as well. The Chief Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court, the openly BLUTAGO Beth Robinson (b. 1965), was also under consideration. Pritt and her inner circle rejected suggestions from several Republicans to nominate a more libertarian-leaning consideration such as Judge Janice Rogers Brown, Judge Randy Barnett, Professor Jonathan Turley, and Judge Miguel Estrada.

    Quraishi, Rossman, Strickland, Cunningham, Watford, and Chen were reportedly on Pritt’s shortlist, but according to two separate reports, she remained unsatisfied with their views on worker rights. Because of this dissatisfaction, President Pritt requested her vetting team re-examine the overlooked, lesser-known potential picks in one last effort to find a nominee who would best represent her administration’s populist readings of the role of government and laws. After several days, Pritt’s team found her ideal nominee in North Carolina…

    – Linda Greenhouse and Morton J. Horwitz’s Sustaining Liberty: The Supreme Court Under Our Current Chief Justice, Sunrise Publishing, 2022 edition



    US Sen. David Dean ANDAHL (R-ND): “I don’t know why we’re still making a big deal out of this. It’s already over. It was just for a lame-duck period of less than three months, how much could he have really done?”

    Political Analyst KRYSTAL BALL: “He was able to get a lot done. He replaced a quarter of the White House Cabinet and got a new VP sworn in before the Winter Recess. He allocated funding to several military projects. He demanded federal buildings showcase religious phrases, and tried to get the federal government involved in school policies by demanding states allow religious electives to be offered in public schools. He got into political and physical fights with people, and, in what I’ll admit was an impressive feat, he reversed several decades of federally-mandated airport security measures on the claim that all of them were placebos.”

    Political correspondent VAN JONES: “Yes, which means Harley actually proved that the lame duck period is actually not so lame after all!”

    ANDAHL: “Which just shows what happens when a politician like Harley Brown gets in office.”

    BALL: “Exactly my point.”

    ANDAHL: “Wait, you’re agreeing with me?”

    BALL: “Yes and no.”

    JONES: “I’m just concerned that, with his early resignation and his successor’s ability to actually get some things done during the transitional period, Kelsey Grammer may have established what could become a very dangerous political precedence. I mean, what if some future president tries to pull off something like this and allow an even more dangerous person to occupy the Oval Office? We count our lucky stars that Brown didn’t start a war with China during those 69 days.”

    ANDAHL: “It was 71 days, and if it’s so dangerous, then future Presidents won’t do it. Snobby establishment types like you will pressure them into doing nothing as usual during the lame-duck phase to keep it a lame-duck phase.”

    JONES: “David –”

    ANDAHL: “Because you’re only saying all that because he’s not from your side of the aisle. If Pritt loses re-election in 2024 and lets Kwame serve for 72 days or so, you’ll be whistling a way different tune then, wouldn’t ya?!”

    BALL: “That’s nearly four years from now, Senator let’s focus on the present – ”

    ANDAHL: “Yes! That’s just what I think! Again you’re agreeing with me.”

    BALL: “But for very different reasons, sir.”

    – KNN roundtable discussion, 2/6/2021 broadcast



    PRITT PICKS N.C. JUDGE GEORGE FLOYD FOR SUPREME COURT SEAT

    …George Perry Floyd Jr. (b. 1973), known as “Perry Floyd” in his earlier years, has been a Judge of the US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit since January 2013, being nominated and approved at the very end of the Wellstone administration. Standing at 6-foot-4, Floyd’s colleagues often call him a “gentle giant” for his calm and thoughtful demeanor on the bench. …Floyd went to Duke University School of Law in 1991 on a football scholarship, and began working as a paid intern for the North Carolina Supreme Court upon graduating in 1996. …Floyd’s appointment would fulfill a childhood dream of his to become a Supreme Court Justice… [4]

    – The Asheville Citizen-Times, North Carolina newspaper, 2/7/2021




    McDonald’s To Expand “Robot Drive-Thrus” To All 52 States!

    Chicago, IL – McDonald’s embracing of automation in response to rising wages is clashing with President Pritt’s efforts to crack down on “surprise layoffs.” But now the global corporation is going even further with the phasing-out of low-skill, low-wage positions. McDonald’s has just publicly acknowledged that automated voice ordering for drive-thrus will be expanded from select locations in 5 states to at least one outlet in all 52 states. “We are also considering expanding our pilot program of automated grills and fryers to nationwide use to push the envelope of utilizing the latest technologies to help our American customers,” says the company’s spokesperson… …the fast food mega-giant’s turn to automation is similar to Pizza Hut’s harnessing of self-driving delivery cars, as they established an auto-delivery partnership with the bot car company BotWheels in 2019 after aggressively testing during the mid-to-late 2010s. In late 2018, BotWheels – its name a play on the Hot Wheels toy car line – became the first autonomous on-road delivery vehicle company to receive regulatory approval of its vehicles by the US Department of Transportation…

    – financialtimes.co.usa, 2/8/2021



    Chat Forum Section:

    My Neighbors Are Complaining About Americans Like Me Living In Mexico!

    …Back in November 2007, I announced both here and on my plog (personal net-log) that I was moving to Mexico to take advantage of the expanding services markets… …but in recent years, I’ve gone from being “that one American” who lives in Cabo to being “one of the” many Americans living and working down here. A lot of my neighbors and coworkers are complaining about people like me taking ontech services jobs despite the fact that we spend our money here. We contribute to the local economy. I’m not asking for special treatment, I’m just looking for some fairness here...

    >REPLY 1:

    You want fairness? Move back here to the U.S.!

    – euphoria.co.usa, a public pop-culture news-sharing and chat-forum-hosting netsite, 2/9/2021 posting



    PRITT PUSHES PROGRESSIVE AGENDA IN S.O.T.U. SPEECH: Calls For “A Clear and Clean Path Forward”

    The Washington Post, 2/11/2021



    WHITE HOUSE, SENATORS WORKING WITH TEACHING AND TECH EXPERTS TO MAKE EDUCATION MORE AFFORDABLE

    …Georgia Tech’s online Engineering Master’s program (a fraction of the cost of residential tuition) is an early example in making university education more broadly available. Similarly, nanodegrees or microcredentials provided by online education platforms such as Udacity and Coursera can be used for mid-career adjustments at low cost. A.I. itself may be deployed to supplement the learning process, with applications such as A.I.-enhanced tutorials or personalized content recommendations backed by machine learning. The Pritt Administration is also backing the notion that a training stipend can be issued to individuals as means to upskill…

    …The Senate is seeking to intervene and reverse recent historical trends that have shifted incomes from labor to capital owners.

    “The balance could be shifted back to labor by placing higher taxes on capital,” suggests US Senator Tom Suozzi (D-NY). “An example of this is the recently proposed ‘robot tax,’ where the taxation would be on the work rather than the individual executing it. That is, if a self-driving car performs the task that formerly was done by a human, the rideshare company will still pay the tax as if a human was driving.” Suozzi believes that enough federal lawmakers would sign onto passing such a federal law “if written right.”

    …Other solutions to increasing America’s test scores and college enrollment rates are looking at how work is distributed throughout work weeks. …Some countries, such as France and Sweden, have experimented with redistributing working hours. The idea is to cap weekly hours, with the goal of having more people employed and work more evenly spread. So far these programs have had mixed results, with lower unemployment but high costs to taxpayers, but are potential models that can continue to be tested... [5]

    – thewashingtonpost.co.usa, 2/14/2021




    …Upon Sholban Kara-ool entering office, the Tuvan outsider began work on expanding technet access for rural Russians and nearly doubled the funding of Russia’s Department of Justice. One of most immediate first acts was allowing Justice Minister Boris Nemtsov release activist Vladimir Putin from prison, leading to an iconic photo of the teary-eyed political prisoner hugging Nemtsov and Kara-ool.

    Legislatively, Kara-ool backed a national bill to provide “maternity capital” for the birth or adoption of a child, and another bill to provide free broadband access for publicly-funded universities for students, teachers and university staff. Kara-ool also supported a bill to change the colors of the national flag from a tricolor of red, white and blue to a tricolor of black, yellow, and white, in reference to the flag of the Russian Empire. “Under the imperial flag, we scored a brilliant victory, and were able to unite all the citizens of Russia,” the supporter of the bill told the Izvestia newspaper at the time.

    However, the most prominent aspect of the Kara-ool administration so far has been the launched investigation into the business actions of billionaire oil tycoons associated with Nikolayev, including Vladimir Bogdanov and multiple alleged members of the Russian Mafia. “[President Vlad] Volkov pushed them back in the 1980s and 1990s. We will now push them back once more.”

    Meanwhile, Nikolayev remained in Eritrea, essentially in exile, yet continued to claim innocence. Multiple reports indicate he currently resides in “the most luxurious apartment building in Eritrea’s capital city” of Asmara…

    – Victor Cherkashin’s Relentless: The Leaders of Post-Soviet Russia, Basic Books, 2022 edition



    SENATE APPROVES FLOYD NOMINATION FOR SUPREME COURT SEAT, 71-33

    The Washington Post, 2/20/2021



    …With Democrats controlling a majority in both chambers of congress (with 56 Senate seats and 245 House seats), the real battles on Capitol Hill were fought within America’s oldest political party to get its most moderate members to get onboard the 117th congress’s most progressive proposals. …The misleadingly-titled “Power For the People” Act of 2021 rededicated funding to Wellstone-era electric power projects, lowered costs for homeowners to switch to adopting next-generation solar panels, and established a tax cut system for companies that adopted “green” energy use and/or re-trained employees for green energy-related occupations. …The Voting Rights Act was heralded by Vice President Raoul and US Senators Stokes, Sayles-Belton, Hirono, Mondragon, and Clarke, among others, as a way of combating rising efforts to curb minority voter turnout at the state and local levels (for example, the Governor of Alabama backing such a state bill in the aftermath of the African-American Democrat Randall Woodfin unexpectedly unseating incumbent Spencer Bachus in the 2020 US Senate election… …The Equality Act, and the American Dream and Promise Act, were only narrowly passed by congress, as conservative Democrats such as Jim Guy Tucker sided with Republicans in opposing them over language they believed went “too far,” or gave too much power, or responsibilities, to the federal government. The Bipartisan Background Checks Act and Securing Ontech Banking Act, on the other hand, received “yea” votes from several Republicans concerned with foreign efforts to disrupt ontech banking with cyberattacking and account hacking. However, the Recreadrug Opportunity, Investment and Expungement Act was the most “bipartisan” of the first year of the Pritt administration due to its approval from the pro-recreadrug/libertarian wing of the Republican Party. …The Ending Qualified Immunity Loopholes Act, which narrowly passed both chambers in late 2021 and was signed into law in early 2022, went after legal loopholes that allowed some state and local officials to retain the “qualified immunity” practice that had been, essentially, nationally discontinued under Presidents Jackson and Wellstone during the 2000s and very early 2010s…

    – David Lienemann and Eva Osnos’ The Far-Left So Far, Meridian E-Books, 2022



    JOHN MCCAIN, US NAVY ADMIRAL, DIES AT 84

    The Washington Post, 2/25/2021



    …President Pritt has announced that she will sign into law the Corporate Tax Rate Reform bill passed by the US Senate last night and by the House of Representatives last week. The bill, which has received much criticism from Republican lawmakers, will more than double the current national corporate tax rate, raising it from 20% to 48%...

    – NBC News, 2/24/2021 broadcast



    PAYCHECK FAIRNESS BILL PASSES HOUSE, EXPECTED TO PASS IN SENATE

    …with Pritt’s backing, the bill, if signed into law, aims to “crack down” on illegal “wage theft” acts and policies...

    The Washington Post, 2/27/2021



    FLOYD JOINS SUPREME COURT BENCH!

    SspdZj7.png

    [pic: imgur.com/SspdZj7.png ]

    The New York Times, 3/3/2021



    SUPREME COURT COMPOSITION ON MARCH 4, 2021

    Chief Justice (since July 2, 2001): Alan Cedric Page (D-MN, liberal) – succeeded Frank M. Johnson – appointed by: J. Jackson

    Associate Justice Seat 1 (since March 10, 1999): Larry Dean Thompson (R-GA, conservative) – succeeded Leon Higginbotham – appointed by: Dinger

    Associate Justice Seat 2 (since May 14, 2000): Emilio Miller Garza (R-TX, conservative) – succeeded Edward H. Levi – appointed by: Dinger

    Associate Justice Seat 3 (since April 3, 2008): Aida M. Delgado-Colon (D-PR, progressive) – succeeded Joseph Tyree Sneed III – appointed by: J. Jackson

    Associate Justice Seat 4 (since September 26, 2018): Robert Patrick Murphy (R-CA, libertarian) – succeeded William J. Nealon Jr. – appointed by: Grammer

    Associate Justice Seat 5 (since November 16, 1971): Sylvia Bacon (R-PO, centrist) – succeeded John M. Harlan II – appointed by: Sanders

    Associate Justice Seat 6 (since May 10, 2002): Michael Joseph Sandel (D-CT, liberal) – succeeded Herb Fogel – appointed by: J. Jackson

    Associate Justice Seat 7 (since July 28, 2009): Check Kong “Denny” Chin (D-CA, progressive) – succeeded Miles W. Lord – appointed by: Wellstone

    Associate Justice Seat 8 (since March 3, 2021): George Perry Floyd (D-NC, populist) – succeeded Mary Murphy Schroeder – appointed by: Pritt

    – thesupremecourt.co.usa/court_compositions/by_date/3_4_2021



    T.H.N. ANNOUNCES HARLEY BROWN MOVIE IN THE WORKS: “The Biker President” Is In Pre-Production, Scheduled For 2022 Release

    …Randy Quaid and Roseanne Barr are reportedly being considered for the roles of Harley Brown and First Lady Joni Brown, respectively…

    The Hollywood Reporter, 3/7/2021



    ROBERT KENNEDY, FBI DIRECTOR UNDER BELLAMY, IS DEAD AT 95

    – thenewyorktimes.co.usa, 3/11/2021



    Ty6bByu.png

    [pic: imgur.com/Ty6bByu.png (backup: imgur.com/WPvnxnR )]

    …His wife of almost 71 years, Ethel Skakel (b. 1928), gave birth to their 15th and 16th children at age of 45 in what was described as a “very difficult” pregnancy. …Their children were: 1) Kathleen (b. 1951), 2) Joseph II (b. 1952), 3) Robert Jr. (b. 1954), 4) David (b. 1955), 5) Courtney (b. 1956), 6) Michael (b. 1958), 7) Kerry (b. 1959), 8) Christopher (b. 1961), 9) Maxwell (b. 1962), 10) Rory (b. 1965), 11) Douglas (b. 1967), 12) Evelyn (b. 1968), 13) Sandra (b. 1970), 14) George Washington (b. 1971), and twins Jessica and Jennifer (b. 1973). …Robert and Ethel later adopted five more children: 1) 5-year-old Betty from Ireland in 1983, 2) 4-year-old Maurice from Quebec in 1989, 3) 1-year-old Arjav from India in 1992, 4) 2-year-old Kim from the People’s Republic of China in 1993, and 5) 4-year-old M’Bali (“Li”) from Burkina Faso in 2005, making for 21 children total...

    – clickopedia.co.usa, c. March 2021



    MOST VALUABLE COMPANIES IN THE WORLD IN {March | 2021}

    1: Microsoft
    2: Apple
    3: Netsearch
    4: Berkshire Hathaway (UK)
    5: Ta-da
    6: Tencent (China)
    7: Haggle
    8: Alibaba (China)
    9: Buddytalk
    10: IBM
    11: Motorola
    12: Nintendo
    13: Packard Bell
    14: Chevron
    15: NeXT
    16: Johnson & Johnson
    17: GreenTeam

    [see: more | less]

    – financialreview.co.usa



    BROWN TALKS PRESIDENCY, POST-POTUS PLANS

    …Brown has reportedly been in talks with the conservative network T.H.N. since leaving the Presidency, and is interested in producing or even starring in either a movie about his life, or a reality television series. In this interview, Brown explained that he decided to pursue both a film and a TV series because “We politicians crave publicity like an alcoholic craves his next drink. This is essentially giving me my own liquor store!” [6] The series aims to capitalize on his political career and his controversial “Harleyisms,” but also focus on his passion for Harley motorcycles, Brown’s nuclear and extended family members, his “wildest” friends and allies, and Brown’s other opinions and passions. “We [the cast and crew] are going to go around the country visiting lots of different places and at each place, I’m going to help out in any way I can,” Brown says the show’s premise will also feature him participating in local events such as motorcycle competitions, charity drives, and other activities in order to raise funds for local projects, meet with supporters, and “showcase the rugged and real side of America.”...

    Time Magazine, mid-March 2021



    MOTHER-POST: Is “Going Cashless” Going to be a Good or Bad Thing?

    There is a rising trend is stores that don’t accept cash. They’re popping up all over northern Europe, especially in Denmark, but there are even some places in the US that not longer accept cash, only credit cards, e-commerce cards, or e-commerce accounts!

    >COMMENT 1:

    Oh boy, I’ve seen enough sci-fi stuff to know trying to become a cashless society is always a bad thing

    >>REPLY 1 to COMMENT 1:

    Yeah, I remember one movie from a few years ago when terrorists successfully shut down technet access for a whole cashless region or zone somewhere, for one reason or another, and basically all hell broke loose!

    >>>REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to COMMENT 1:

    You’re worrying about nothing. There’s way too many people in this country alone who can’t get a good handle on technet stuff, and too many small businesses that can’t afford to go cashless for one reason or another.

    >>>>REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to REPLY 1 to COMMENT 1:

    Yeah now but what about later. Eventually basic dollar bills and coin might go like the horse. Everyone used to use horses in this country, but now only very, very few people here do.

    >COMMENT 2:

    Cashless e-banks can become plagued by viruses, or susceptible to power outages from storms. Records can be easily damaged, or corrupted or altered, affecting millions of e-bank accounts. This has already happened, but if we go cashless, the next time will be 100x worse!

    >COMMENT 3:

    Banks are going to have to invest into having self-contained network hubs independent of exterior technet hubs in order to avoid hacking or accidents. But that all might just make e-bank hacking more complex, not a thing of the past.

    >>REPLY 1 to COMMENT 3:

    And like a real bank establishing more and more physical security measures, the situation becomes a mess that discourages e-banking, bringing us back to physical currency so you have nothing to worry about!

    >COMMENT 4:

    I think Pritt should found a federal task force to look into the matter

    >COMMENT 5:

    I’m okay with this. I haven’t felt comfortable handling paper currency ever since the SARS pandemic. I remember reading about how germs spread so easily through paper money (so many cashiers died during that pandemic!), so if we go cashless that could seriously inhibit the next “big bug.” I say let’s give it a try and see what happens!

    – euphoria.co.usa, thread begun 3/15/2021



    IOC Session No. 139

    Date: March 17, 2021

    Location: Baghdad, Iraq

    Subject 1 of 1: bidding for hosting the 7/21/2020-8/6/2028 (or XXXIV) Summer Olympics

    Description:

    Rome campaigned for hosting duties early and aggressively, as the city had not hosted any Olympic Games since 1960. Mexico also attempted to launch a bid for Mexico City in order to capitalize on the city’s economic growth. However, after struggling with several qualification issues, Mexico City’s bid was withdrawn. Soon after, a joint bid of San Diego and Tijuana was announced, which, if elected, would make for the world’s first binational Olympics. It would also be the first two-city Olympic Games since Zagreb, Yugoslavia and Belgrade, Yugoslavia shared hosting duties for the Winter Olympics of 1992. Budapest, Hungary; Busan, United Korea; Doha, Qatar, and Casablanca, Morocco all sought to host the Olympic Games as well; additional potential host cities failed to qualify for the selection process for several reasons.

    Ahead of the hosting process, much media attention had been on the early rivalry between Italy and Mexico, with the former alleging it would be unfair to allow the US to co-host the Olympic Games so soon after hosting the 2016 Summer Olympics in New York City, and the latter alleging Rome had grown “too crowded [and] corrupt” to host “feasibly” host the games. In the midst of this feud, most of the other cities offered themselves up as a “compromise” choice. Various other factors influenced the voting process as well, including weather, accommodations, medical services, local public support, economic wellness, security, and travelling variables.

    Results Breakdown:

    Rome – 25 (Round 1) – 27 (Round 2) – 29 (Round 3) – 37 (Round 4) – 59 (Round 5)

    San Diego-Tijuana – 27 (Round 1) – 28 (Round 2) – 29 (Round 3) – 33 (Round 4) – 42 (Round 5)

    Budapest – 22 (Round 1) – 24 (Round 2) – 26 (Round 3) – 31 (Round 4)

    Doha – 13 (Round 1) – 14 (Round 2) – 17 (Round 3)

    Busan – 9 (Round 1) – 8 (Round 2)

    Casablanca – 5 (Round 1)

    End Result:

    Rome won hosting duties on the fifth round, acquiring a majority of 59 of the total 101 votes. Although the San Diego-Tijuana bid lost, its strong showing during the voting process has renewed interest in and support for the idea of multiple small cities splitting hosting duties for Olympic Games in the future.

    – aldaver.co.usa/votes.html



    SENATE PASSES MAJOR IMMIGRATION LEGISLATION

    …the new “shift” in immigration policy aims to ease immigration restrictions and “speed up” the immigration documentation process, which has slowed in recent years. The bill will not allocate additional funds to the border in response to Republicans repeatedly reminding and “warning” Democratic lawmakers of the Balanced Budget Amendment. However, the bill, which President Pritt will most likely be sign into law, will lower federal visa and travel requirements to “just above” than the historically low levels of requirements passed under President Jesse Jackson...

    The Washington Post, 3/21/2021



    “ELECTRONIC SKIN”: Safety Rating: 4 out of 5 (Proceed With Caution)

    …advancements in the field of bio-technology recently led to a breakthrough, with researchers at MIT and Calcutta developing “electronic skin,” artificial skin meant primarily for burn victims and amputees. Capable of granting its wearer the ability to feel sensations in their prosthetics, electronic skin is becoming increasingly cheaper to make, in turn making it more affordable and commonly available at specialist clinics. “We have had artificial hearts for years, and now, another organ – the human body’s largest organ – can have a prosthetic replicate that reacts to stimuli just like the real deal,” says the head of the MIT half of the team. These non-invasive alternatives to skin grafts are made of silicone rubber with integrated electronic to react “at lightning speed” to texture, pressure, temperature and pain…

    …However, while they work efficiently, the effects of long-term use of them are currently unknown. We have studied the “skin” developed by the MIT-Calcutta team. Subsequent testing led to negative test results for immediate side effects from extensive exposure to fire, water, and other elements, with the electronic skin withstanding damage for much longer than anticipated (click here for data specs). In light of these tests, we advise that consumers proceed with caution when using this product…

    – consumerreports.org.usa/product-reviews/2021 [7]



    …amid a wave of progressive bills being passed by both chambers of the US Congress, one major proposal that is receiving much attention is overturning the 2017 tax law, which were a major accomplishment of the Grammer administration. President Pritt is reportedly working with Democratic congressional leaders to form an acceptable alternative to that controversial tax law…

    – CBS Evening News, 3/29/2021 broadcast



    Immigration To The United States By Country Of Birth (Top Ten, Ranked Descending Order)

    1950 – Italy, Germany, Canada, UK, Poland, USSR, Mexico, Ireland, Sweden, Austria

    1960 – Italy, Germany, Canada, UK, Poland, USSR, Mexico, Ireland, Austria, Hungary

    1970 – Italy, Germany, Canada, Mexico, UK, Poland, USSR, Ireland, Austria, Philippines

    1980 – Mexico, Germany, Canada, Italy, UK, Philippines, Poland, USSR, China, Romania

    1990 – Mexico, Philippines, China, Canada, Germany, UK, Italy, South Korea, El Salvador, Russia

    2000 – Mexico, Philippines, China, United Korea, Canada, El Salvador, Colombia, Germany, Dominican Republic, Jamaica

    2010 – Mexico, China, Philippines, India, El Salvador, United Korea, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica

    2020 – Mexico, China, India, Philippines, Russia, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, United Korea, Guatemala, Canada

    – US Migration Policy Institute, 2021 report



    SENATE PASSES G.R.E.E.N. DEAL BILL, 55-49!

    The Washington Post, 4/2/2021



    PRITT SIGNS OMNIBUS “G.R.E.E.N. DEAL” PACKAGE INTO LAW!

    …the landmark legislation meant to “Globally Reduce Emissions to Empower Nature” includes a pro-FJG “Empowering People to Improve their Communities (E.P.I.C.) Jobs” Program. Both of these ideas were first laid out by former Vice President Bob Ross in 2016 and have been repeatedly introduced in Congress since 2017. The major new legislation aims to aggressively promote urban centers “going green” by focusing efforts at local and citywide efforts and public works projects that support rising renewable energy industries such as electric, solar, wind, wave and hydrogen energy.

    “This is the most comprehensive and ambitious plan to phase out fossil fuels the federal government has ever passed,” says bill co-sponsor William Tong (D-CT), “it really could go a long way in both providing employment for American workers in a time of rising automation, and at the same time strike a significant blow to Global Climate Disruption.”...

    The Boston Globe, 4/9/2021



    LARGEST CITIES IN THE WORLD BY POPULATION

    1) Tokyo, Japan – 38.1m

    2) National Capital Territory of Delhi, India – 28.5m

    3) Beijing, China – 26.0m

    4) Shanghai, China – 25.9m

    5) Mumbai, India – 22.2m

    6) Sao Paulo, Brazil – 22.1m

    7) Mexico City, Mexico – 21.9m

    8) Cairo, Egypt – 21.1m

    9) Dhaka, Bangladesh – 20.7m

    10) New York City, United States – 19.5m

    11) Osaka, Japan – 19.3m

    12) Karachi, Pakistan – 15.4m

    13) Lagos, Nigeria – 15.1m

    14) Buenos Aires, Argentina – 15.0m

    15) Istanbul, Turkey – 14.9m

    {see: more | less }

    – clickopedia.co.usa, c. April 2021



    THE PRINCESS AND THE FROG

    Premiered: April 14, 2021

    Genre(s): romance/comedy/adventure/Disney

    [snip]

    Cast:

    Skai Jackson as Tiana
    David Mazouz as Prince Jacob of Wilhelmia
    Ian Kyle Conyers as The Shadow Man
    Rowan Blanchard as Katie
    Matt Lintz as Iron Henry

    See Full List Here

    Synopsis:

    A live-action adaptation of the Princess and the Frog fairy tale and Disney’s first live action adaptation of one of their animated TV miniseries produced during the SARS pandemic.

    Reception:

    The film received mixed reviews, with critics torn on whether or not the filmmakers sufficiently compacted the “core” of the series’ twenty 20-minutes-long episodes into a single 80-minute film. Audiences, however, gave it generally favorable reviews on most ontech rating sites, with fans of the original series approving of the new cast. The film also performed “decently” at the box office.

    – mediarchives.co.usa



    GOP WINS U.S. HOUSE SPECIAL ELECTION

    …Republican candidate Shane Reeves bested Democratic candidate John Y. Brown III by a margin of roughly 11%. …Brown is the son of retired fast food businessman John Y. Brown Jr., who himself made unsuccessful bids for public office in the 1970s and 1980s…

    The Louisville Times, 4/17/2021



    JKAeMaU.png

    [pic: imgur.com/JKAeMaU.png ]

    – clickopedia, c. April 2021



    “…In the nation’s capital today, President Pritt is urging Congress to sign the US onto the multinational ‘Scientific Planning for Aerodynamic Celestial Exploration’ Accord, or S.P.A.C.E. Accord for short. Founded by several European leaders in 2015, the accord aims to ensure that all signatories are informed of the latest discoveries and revelations concerning outer space, are kept informed of technological and scientific breakthroughs, and – most prominently – agree to the rules and regulations of what astronauts can and cannot do on international vessels and satellites, such as the International Space Station, while in outer space...”

    – NBC News, 4/20/2021 broadcast



    “SHERIFF SHAQ!”: Ex-NBA Star Elected County Sheriff!

    …Shaquille O’Neal, 49, has won a special election for Sheriff of Henry County, Georgia. …At tonight’s victory ceremony, the 7-ft-1, 325-pound retired NBA champion remarked, “I know how to run a team. My style is going to be to surround myself with guys who have been doing this way longer than I've been doing it. I’m going to surround myself with the smartest people.” [8] …O’Neal has officially been a Sheriff’s Deputy for the County, from Jonesboro, since December 2016 [9]

    The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Georgia newspaper, 4/22/2021



    “…The South Carolina state legislature today struck down a bill to have all of their US Representatives be elected for collective at-large districts as a way of getting around gerrymandering, which is a rising concern for some in several states. Technetters are demanding businesses protest the action…”

    – TON News, 4/23/2021 broadcast



    ANCHOR 1: “…Big news coming out right now from the People’s Republic of China, where the PRC’s National Space Administration has just announced plans for a manned Chinese moon landing in 2025 and a manned mission to Mars in 2030. The ambitious agenda was unveiled in Beijing and featured a comprehensive timetable for both landings. This announcement is a major development, one that could have major implications and impacts on geopolitical relations with other countries and space agencies.”

    ANCHOR 2: “Indeed. In recent years, major space agencies have been trying to coordinate efforts, but according to our sources, this announcement comes as a shock and a surprise to many officials at NASA, some of whom doubt that the Chinese will even be able to pull off this feat without international cooperation.”

    ANCHOR 1: “That’s right. When we went to Mars in 2003, that was after ten years of working with Europe to build the Milestone and Seeker. NASA used a lot of data from non-NASA satellites and databases, but China is taking a different approach and is going at this alone, it seems.”

    ANCHOR 2: “Personally, I think the moon belongs to everyone, so whenever we plant a flag on an alien surface, we should also plant another flag symbolizing that. Like the UN flag or maybe just a picture of Earth or something.”

    ANCHOR 1: “Well we’ll just have to see if the flag is also included in any further details that are extracted from the PRC as we continue to follow this story…”

    – KNN Breaking News, 4/24/2021 broadcast



    EVALUATING PRITT’S FIRST 100 DAYS IN OFFICE

    ...the four biggest developments have been the passing of the G.R.E.E.N. Deal Act, E.P.I.C. Jobs Act, Power For The People Act, and Securing Ontech Banking Act …Experts say Pritt has made significant strides in tax law reform, most notably reforming the US Corporate Tax Rate. The Paycheck Fairness Act became law, “noticeable” immigration reform began, and efforts on education and employee training programs also unfolded… …Pritt’s response team to mental health issues is beginning efforts to work with local and statewide governments…

    – politifact.co.usa, 4/26/2021



    HELEN AND BARB FROM THE GARDEN STATE

    Premiered: April 29, 2021

    Genre(s): drama/biopic/political drama/medical drama

    Directed by: Katheryn Bigelow
    Written by: Joan Stone and Jane Sloan
    Produced by: Gloria Decker and Jasmine Stern

    Cast:

    Kirstie Alley as Helen Meyner
    Kate McKinnon as Barbara Boggs Sigmund
    Troy Singleton as Dr. Leonard Novick
    Jeffrey Duncan Jones as Robert Meyner
    Neve Campbell as Carol Bellamy

    See Full List Here

    Synopsis:

    The film centers on the lives of two prominent female New Jersey politicians – US Rep. Helen Meyner (1929-1997), the wife of a former Governor, and Princeton Borough Mayor Barbara Boggs Sigmund (1939-1990) – and focuses on their professional alliance and personal friendship. The film also portrays the drama of Sigmund (known for sporting an iconic eyepatch during her fight with cancer) fighting for her political beliefs while also dealing with a terminal illness.

    Reception:

    The film received generally favorite reviews and was a modest success at the box office.

    Trivia Facts:

    Trivia Fact No. 1: comedian Kate McKinnon, in an effort to prove herself as a serious actress, was cast against type for this role

    – mediarchives.co.usa



    INTERVIEW: SpongeBob Creator Talks Health Scare And Returning to Company

    …Stephen Hillenburg, the founder of SpongeBob’s Undersea Cuisine, stepped down from leading the kid-friendly seafood restaurant chain in 2016 after being diagnosed with early-stage brain cancer. [10] After four years of battling this life-threatening health crisis, Hillenburg has beaten the cancer and is returning to the company as a creative consultant. Bryan Hillenburg, who is Stephen’s brother and has been involved in the company since its founding, has manned the helm of the company since his brother’s 2016 resignation, and is reforming the company model to base it off KFC’s “early” years of growth and success…

    Nation’s Restaurant News, monthly trade publication, May 2021 issue



    MOTHER-POST: What Is “Stephen’s Secret Recipe?”

    This has probably been posted before, but Stephen Hillenburg’s brother reveal two years ago that the SpongeBob seafood chain’s best and most famous dish, the Krabby Patty, is made with sesame seeds, two slices of cheddar, over 3 cups of chopped onions, 1 teaspoon of salt, 2 patties of crab meat infused with the “secret sauce,” two tomato slices, lettuce or kelp, and a special seasoning. He didn’t get any more specific than that. I tried out this recipe but it doesn’t taste as delicious as the real Krabby Patty because nobody knows what’s in the secret sauce and seasonings. Anyone have any ideas?

    >Reply 1:

    Here are the ingredients I use whenever I make Krabby Patties at home: Wholesome Fields-brand sesame buns, Bumblebee imitation crab meat mixed with 2 tsps chopped celery and 2 tsps chopped onion, 4-6 tablespoons veggie oil, 1 tsps thyme, and Old Bay

    >>Reply 1 to Reply 1:

    Interesting! I add 2 eggs to 1 Lb frozen imitation crab meat (defrosted and smashed into my food processor) plus 4 cups seasoned bread crumbs I pick up from my local Stop-to-Shop.

    >Reply 2:

    I’ve posted this before on the other threads posted right after that interview: Adding 1 tablespoon of dijon mustard I think gives it a kick that hits close to home, so I bet some kind of mustard in involved.

    >>Reply 1 to Reply 2:

    I don’t know, I thought the Hillenburgs used “local ingredients” (as in food that can be naturally found in the Pacific)?

    >>>Reply 1 to Reply 1 to Reply 2:

    This. Their ontech menu credits the food – right-click on the description and a message pops up saying something like “the [recipe or ingredients] come from the [some tribe] people of [name of some island or whatever],” and there’s some more culture ID-ing awareness-raising junk after that.”

    >Reply 3:

    I don’t like the color yellow on my food (I’m very picky like that), so I use white cheddar cheese, Vermont Special-brand.

    >Reply 4:

    I think ketchup is a part of the secret sauce. Doesn’t Heinz have a longstanding agreement with SBUC, or am I thinking of McDs or Burger King or something?

    >Reply 5:

    Interesting! I use Mustard, Lettuce, Tomato, and Pickles

    >Reply 6:

    The Special Sauce has got to be some combo of mayonnaise and Old Bay seasoning because I can’t help but taste those 2 things every time!

    >>Reply 1 to Reply 6:

    Hi I’m In Tel-Aviv right now they just opened up of these places near where I work:

    OObOeRq.png

    [pic: imgur.com/OObOeRq.png ]
    I tried one of their Krabby Patties once and I was blown away by the sauce. It’s flavor reminded me of those Ollie’s Trolleys places (I visited Chicago last year and I stopped by one – it was delicious!) but I didn’t taste any mayonnaise.

    >>>Reply 1 to Reply 1 to Reply 6:

    No mayo taste? Huh. That’s odd. Either not all taste buds work the same or maybe the company tweaks the recipe for different places.

    >>>>Reply 1 to Reply 1 to Reply 1 to Reply 6:

    I don’t think so – I’ve had KFC in London and in Chicago and I don’t remember tasting any difference.

    >>>Reply 2 to Reply 1 to Reply 6:

    How many American fast food chains are in Tel-Aviv?

    >>>>Reply 1 to Reply 2 to Reply 1 to Reply 6:

    Many but not too many. We’re careful not to cover the map with them to preserve the city’s integrity, but we’ve got a good variety.

    >Reply 7:

    Here’s what I use in my version of the Krabby Patty recipe: 2 buns with sesame seeds, 2 slices classic American cheddar, 3 cups chopped onion, 1 tsp Himalayan salt, imitation crab meat, 2 tomato slices, plus some diced tomatoes and seasoning mixed into the crab meat (or, 2 Angus beef patties). Ketchup and mustard to top. Lettuce is a must. I serve with kelp on the side to keep up the nautical theme.

    – euphoria.co.usa, a public pop-culture news-sharing and chat-forum-hosting netsite, 5/4/2021



    SOURCE: Willie McCool Is “Considering” A Run For Higher Office!

    …after being one of the first humans to walk on the service of Mars in the Marstronaut Mission of 2003, McCool (b. 1961) retired from serving as an astronaut in 2006 and worked for NASA until 2015, when he retired from the space agency to successfully run for an open seat in the US House of Representatives in 2016. …Early hypothetical polling shows that McCool could very easily win a bid for either a gubernatorial or US Senatorial run from his home state of Texas. McCool, a moderate Republican with libertarian and populist appeal, has yet to indicate which exact race he is considering entering…

    – thehoustonchronicle.co.usa, 5/8/2021 e-alert



    THE QUEEN’S RELATIONSHIPS WITH EVERY US PRESIDENT, FROM TRUMAN TO PRITT

    …President Pritt and First Gentleman James Midkiff are set to meet Queen Elizabeth II during a trip to the UK later this year, but “only after achieving several legislative goals and not sooner,” according to the White House Press Secretary. …The Queen, who ascended to the throne in 1952 and currently is the longest-reigning monarch in the world, has continuously played a major role in US-UK diplomatic relations. She has met with every US President since then, except for Presidents Harley Brown and Charlotte Pritt, and at various places, including Buckingham Palace, the White House, and even a Kentucky Colonels game. Here is a look at what the Queen's relationships and meetings with US presidents have been like over the decades.

    1: Harry Truman
    The Queen traveled to Washington, D.C. for the first time to meet President Harry Truman on November 1, 1951 when she was still a princess. She had a formal dinner with the Trumans during a visit that had immediately followed a royal tour of Canada.

    2: Dwight D. Eisenhower
    The queen developed a close friendship with President Dwight Eisenhower, who hosted Her Majesty for her first state visit to the US as queen. They corresponded by letter for years — with the queen even sharing her recipe for grilled scones with Eisenhower. [11]

    3: Lyndon B. Johnson

    LBJ met with the Queen during his 1961 tour of France and England, during an effort to improve foreign support for US intervention in Cuba. The two bonded over horseback riding, with Elizabeth visiting Johnson’s Texas ranch in early 1966.

    4: Harland Sanders
    The Queen hosted the First Couple at Buckingham Palace in 1965, where The Colonel made a few faux pas [12] but otherwise made a good impression, with the Queen reportedly finding him “rough, but very charming.” Their relationship grew closer through their shared love of dogs and horses. In early 1990, the Queen granted the Colonel honorary knighthood – the highest distinction the UK awards foreigners – in recognition of his lifetime achievements. When Sanders died, Elizabeth reflected that he was “a good friend and ally, and a true patriot.”

    5: Walter Mondale
    Developing a good relationship with the Queen contributed to the success of US-UK action in Uganda in 1976. The iconic image of Mondale dancing with The Queen during a visit to Buckingham Palace occurred in 1977. However, the Queen reportedly felt “upstaged and outshined” by First Lady Joan Mondale, who was almost the same age as her and was known for being more publicly energetic than her predecessor.

    6: Jeremiah Denton
    In a 1981 White House visit, Denton made an on-air gaffe that was infamous in the UK – he repeatedly referred to the Queen as “Your Highness” and to Prince Phillip as “Your Majesty” (it’s His Highness and Her Majesty). Other than that incident, the two leaders reportedly had a “strong and healthy” working relationship, especially in 1984, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. However, the death of Prince Andrew in 1982 led to the Queen developing a more personal rapport with then-Second Lady Joan Kemp, who once suffered a miscarriage, and an even closer personal relationship with the wife Australian PM Manfred Cross, whose 10-year-old son had died from a heart ailment in 1981.

    7: Jack Kemp
    Upon the Kemps entering the White House, the Queen’s relationship with the couple grew closer, especially with Joanne, with the two of them reportedly often talking about family. After Kemp lost re-nomination in 1988, Elizabeth asked, during one of many documented phone conversations with the First Couple, “Can’t you just continue to run anyway, dear?” The Kemps maintained contact with the Queen for years afterward, most notably spending time on her yachts and her country estates during the 1990s, with Jack reportedly eventually becoming “quite good” at rugby.

    8: Carol Bellamy
    Upon visiting Buckingham Palace in 1989, the Queen called America’s first female President “very bright and enthusiastic,” but received some criticism in the US for saying it was a “shame” she was not married. During the Queen’s 1991 visit to the US, then-US Senator Harley Sanders, whom she first met in 1967 when he was a part of his father’s administration, convinced the two of them to take in a basketball game in Louisville between the Colonels and the Lakers, marking the first time the Queen had been to a professional US basketball game.

    9: Lee Iacocca
    Their “friendly” relationship began in 1993, when the Queen attended a baseball game with him; both were escorted onto the field and Iacocca let her throw out the first pitch. The two maintained what has been described as a “lively” and “humorous” correspondence; after Iacocca’s assassination, the Queen ordered the creation of a physical memorial for him in London, and the founding of a scholarship fund in Iacocca’s honor.

    10: Larry Miles Dinger
    The Queen famously disagreed with UK PM John Lennon on several issues, most publicly on his opposition to the UK participating the US invasion of Korea, which he believed at the time would devolve into “another Cuba.” This “impersonal” relationship contrasted with the friendliness on display with the Dinger family, whom she first met in 1996 in D.C.; a year later, she visiting the President’s family farm in Iowa, and the Frist Couple visited one of the Queen’s country estates in early 1999.

    11: Jesse Jackson
    The President and First Lady went to Buckingham Palace for lunch in 2001, and reportedly committed several minor faux pas during the somewhat-informal meeting. Maintaining a good “working relationship,” especially during efforts to boost public morale and hope during the SARS pandemic of 2002-2003, the Queen reportedly “appreciated” his passion for helping people, and the two seem to mutually respect each other. However, Jesse Jackson privately found her lifestyle “too stuffy for my taste,” as he put it in a 2015 ABC interview.

    12: Paul Wellstone
    Wellstone discussed vaccine distribution efforts with the Queen via a VidCall in 2003, but met her in-person for the first time in 2009. The First Couple met with the Queen and Prince Phillip in Minnesota after her first-ever trip to Minnesota’s Mall of America, and the two couples exchanged gifts.

    13: Kelsey Grammer
    The Queen visited Grammer’s California home in 2015; First Lady Melissa said in an interview last month that during the stay, “We spent that evening with the Queen sitting in our main living room. I’d just had Billy, so she gave us tips on child-raising like she was a sage and trusted aunt.” The Queen reported finding Grammer to be “a very charming and proper gentleman,” and enjoyed chatting multiple topics with him via VidCall.

    14: Harley Brown
    The Queen spoke to Harley over the phone only twice before he left office, but never met in-person. Brown reportedly he found to be "one classy lady," while the Queen's sole comment on him so far has been "Well, he's certainly a passionate fellow."

    President Pritt plans to visit U.K. schools and tour their green energy initiatives during her visit, which the White House Press Secretary says will “most likely occur in late July or early August, if we maintain the current rate of legislative accomplishments.”

    – businessinsider, 5/11/2021 e-article



    SIDES:
    Cheese Curds
    Chili Cheese Fries
    Cole Slaw
    Cool Fries (ranch-dressing-infused baked fries)
    Coral Bits (bite-sized shrimp-and-bacon (or shrimp-and-veggie) batter balls)
    Chili Coral Bits
    Extra Chili Coral Bits
    Crab Cake
    Crispity Crunchities
    Cube Ketchup Kabobs
    Curly Fries
    Golden Loaf (with or without Stephen’s Secret Sauce)
    Green Beans
    Hushpuppies
    Natural Cut Fries
    Okra Spears
    Onion Rings
    Patty Pal
    Popcorn Shrimp
    Rice Bowl
    Sea Sir Salad
    Sludge Pudding
    Sweet Corn
    WOW Soup
    Yummy Bunz Patty

    SPECIALS:
    Batterless Cod (with sweet & sour butter, creamy garlic butter, or both)
    Batterless Shrimp Scampi
    Chicken-of-the-Sea Basket
    Clam Platter
    Fish Tacos Platter
    Fish Sandwich Party Pack

    KIDS MEALS:
    Fish Sticks
    “Gilled” Cheese
    Mini Corndogs
    Shrimp Sticks
    Silly Meal

    DRINKS:
    Seafoam Soda
    Diet Dr. Kelp

    – Sides/Specials/Kids Meals/Drinks found on the Menu (“Galley Grub”) at most SpongeBob’s Undersea Cuisine locations in the U.S., fastfoodfacts.co.usa, c. May 2021



    lCSRgom.png

    [pic: imgur.com/lCSRgom.png ]

    – Interior “dining section” of a SpongeBob’s location in Austin, Texas, c. May 2021



    “My staff didn’t want me to break tradition and resign early, but Marissa and I didn’t feel like just staying around. I’m an active kind of guy. I don’t linger. When a job is done, it’s time to move on. Especially since the pressures of that office had burned me out.”

    “No, um, I don’t think resigning early is going to start a trend, that doesn’t even make sense to me. Typically, politicians want to spend as much time in office as possible. What I did was an exception to the rule due to extraordinary circumstances. I had a heart attack eight years ago, and so I was concerned about my health, I was becoming stressed and fatigued, and, well, and Marissa and I really had no more to do there. I had set out to deregulate government and crack down on wasteful spending, and I had already done all of that.”

    – Kelsey Grammer, first post-presidency interview, KNN, 5/15/2021



    UNEMPLOYMENT RATE REACHES 1.7%, UP FROM 2019’S LOW OF 1.5%; Experts Blame Automation And “Restrictive” Wage And Work Practices

    – financialreview.co.usa, 5/17/2021 e-alert [13]



    21 May 2021: On this day in history, Disneyland Rio opened; it was the first Disney Theme Park to open in South America, and the seventh and most recent Disney Theme Park to open overall, after Disneyland (California, US), Disney World (Florida, US), Tokyo Disneyland (Japan), Euro-Disneyland (Barcelona, Spain), Disneyland Sidney (Australia), and Disneyland Hong Kong (Hong Kong); as of late 2021, proposals to open an eighth Disney Theme Park somewhere on the continent of Africa have not been finalized.

    – onthisdayinhistory.co.uk



    “Those technet rumors are completely false. We are aware that FLG Inc. operates a small KFC outlet in Antarctica, but we do not have any plans to open a Disney Store one in Antarctica due to how unfeasible that would be. Now, admittedly, we have looked at the South Georgia and Sandwich Islands to study the feasibility of them possibly sustaining a Disney store, a small Disney-themed hotel, or some Disney ‘mini-park’ of two or three rides or so for people who visit the area. But we have no plans for Antarctica.”

    – Disney spokesperson, 5/22/2021



    IS DISNEY PLANNING SOMETHING FOR ANTARTICA?: Here’s What We Know So Far!

    – conspiracytheoriesforum.co.usa, 5/23/2021



    EXPERTS WARN: Social Security Will Run Out By 2035

    …we have only 14 years until the trust fund is completely exhausted,” warns Larry Kudlow…

    The Financial Times, 5/24/2021



    URBAN GREEN-TECH PROJECTS BREAKING GROUND IN SEVERAL STATES

    …efforts to minimize the effects of automation on America’s workforce are already underway…

    The New York Times, 5/28/2021



    …Analysts speculate that the 2020s will see “Dollar Wars,” as inflation rates slowly devalue American currency. They further speculate that the Treasury Department will be at the forefront of efforts to stabilize the US dollar during these conflicts. “India’s currency is currently suffering a drop in value over the fallout of a market manipulation scheme making headlines, so we’re already seeing how a scandal or a recession in the near future could impact the US’ currency rate,” says Henry Paulson…

    The Financial Times, 6/2/2021



    WHICH REPUBLICANS ARE ALREADY PREPPING FOR 2024?

    Washington, DC – President Pritt has been in office for less than six months, but several Republican politicians are already laying down the groundwork for 2024 races. Whether these are trips to battleground primary states or meetings with party donors and leaders, here are 24 (or maybe 23?) Republicans that may be looking to unseat Pritt in the 2024 Presidential election.

    GOVERNORS (10)

    Likely due to their prominence in combating the SARS pandemic of 2002-2003, every US President since 2001 has come from a governorship instead of from the Senate. Similarly, Kwame Raoul is the first V.P. to previously serve in the Senate since James H. Meredith.

    Brian Calley of Michigan (b. 1977) – A sign that Democrats believe he would make a formidable challenger in 2024 is the amount of money Democratic donors are throwing at their side of the 2022 race for Governor of Michigan; Calley, an inoffensive moderate with bipartisan appeal known for his autism awareness work may run in 2024.

    Twinkle Cavanaugh of Alabama (b. 1966) – A conservative with moderate, Cavanaugh is reportedly “keeping her eye” on the 2024 primaries; elected in 2018, the state’s former Public Service Commissioner will be term-limited in 2022 and allegedly could easily mount a populist “Harley-lite” bid in 2024.

    Hal Heiner of Kentucky (b. 1951) – Elected in late 2015 and again in the pro-Democratic year of 2019, Heiner has repeatedly praised Colonel Sanders and has spoken frequently of America “need[ing] another President from Kentucky.”

    Jennifer Sandra Johnson of Florida (b. 1959) – While no failed VP nominee has successfully run for their party’s nomination in the modern era (just look up Dick Lugar, Gene Green, Eldon Bargewell, Gary Johnson, and Bob Casey), Johnson could break the trend; she was able to walk a fine line during her debate with Kwame Raoul last year and could hold her own again in 2024.

    Barack “Rocky” McCain of Montana (b. 1961) – The “master debater” with a military background and a moderate record expressing interest in running for President, for Senator, or for Governor again in 2024 in a TON interview last month; he could unite the GOP’s pro-HDB and anti-HDB factions.

    Kimberly Ann McFadden of Iowa (b. 1959) – Touting a “law-and-order” record, this fairly religious conservative has been in office since 2015 and has met with several GOP leaders and donors since Brown lost last year’s race.

    James Richard “Rick” Perry of Texas (b. 1950) – A former Democrat who first served as Governor from 1987 to 1995 and unsuccessfully ran for President 25 years ago in 1996, this conservative Uganda veteran switched parties under President Jackson and mounted a political comeback in 2018; he is reportedly considering another run for the White House in 2024.

    Randy Randall Rudy Quaid of Nevada (b. 1950) – This actor-turned-Governor-turned-actor lost re-election in 2018 but could win over a bulk of populists with his anti-establishment talk; he says he may run in 2024 if his preferred candidate, Harley Brown, declines to run again.

    T. W. Shannon of Oklahoma (b. 1978) – This African-American/Chickasaw-American former banker has been in office since 2019; while he has not yet expressed interest in running, there is a small but passionate movement ontech trying to convince him to run in 2024.

    Jasper Schneider of North Dakota (b. 1979) – This business-friendly moderate has focused on “everyday” issues ever since he mounted a bid for his current office in 2015, and he has reportedly spoken with several political donors since winning re-election last November.

    SENATORS (11)

    Until recently, the US Senate was a common place for Presidents to come from, given the chamber’s tendency to give its members a national platform to address major foreign and domestic issues. Perhaps the trend will return in 2024 with one of the following candidates.

    Lisa J. Billy of Oklahoma (b. 1967) – In office since 2017, this Chickasaw-American previously served in the state House from 2004 to 2016; a moderate from a western state, she has a notably independent streak in her voting record that some of her supporters say would make her “a great President.”

    Shawn Bradley of Utah (b. 1972) – Born in Germany to an American father, the 7-ft-6-in Mormon former NBA player has also been in office since 2017, after serving in the state House from 2011 to 2016; also a moderate, he has expressed interest in running, but it is unclear is he was joking about it or not.

    Ted Gatsas of New Hampshire (b. 1950) – In office since 2011, this Greek-American conservative was a strong support of HDB in 2020, but mentioned “testing the waters” of a 2024 run in a recent radio interview.

    Trey Grayson of Kentucky (b. 1972) – Having already declared a bid for a second term in 2022, some analysts believe his early campaign is an effort to determine his popularity among GOP donors ahead of a 2024 campaign.

    Gilbert Gutkneckt of Minnesota (b. 1951) – Despite having last won public office back in 1996 (and retired from the chamber in 2002 to unsuccessfully run for President in 2004), this moderate recently said he was “seriously looking into launching” what would very likely be a long-shot White House bid.

    Randal Howard “Rand” Paul of North Carolina (b. 1963) – Originally going by “Howie Paul” prior to following his father into politics, this former ophthalmologist unsuccessfully challenged Harley Brown in last year’s Republican primaries, and could capitalize off that bid with a second one.

    Rex Floyd Rammell of Idaho (b. 1961) – Another doctor, this one a veterinarian, and a highly religious Mormon and conservative one to boot, Rammell recently expressed interest in running for President should Harley Brown decline to do so.

    Manny Sethi of Tennessee (b. 1978) – The third doctor on this list (this one an orthopedic surgeon), Sethi was motivated by political reactions the SARS pandemic to enter politics, leading to him winning a US Senate special election in 2017; he is a moderate that several India-American groups say should run.

    Sarah Hearne Steelman of Missouri (b. 1958) – In office since 2013, this conservative former state Treasurer was almost selected to be Harley Brown’s running mate last year; she is reportedly considering foregoing running for re-election in 2024 to instead run for President that year.

    Marian Orr of Wyoming (b. 1970) – A divorcé and survivor of domestic violence, this first-term lawmaker is popular among conservative feminists who are currently trying to convince her to run for President after winning re-election to the Senate next year.

    Allen West of Florida (b. 1961) – In office since 2013, this retired US Army Colonel was a strong supporter of Harley Brown in 2024; if his recent visits to New Hampshire and other early primary states are any indication, he may be considering a White House bid, likely as a “successor” to Brown’s campaign style.

    WILD CARDS (3)

    Margaret Cushing “Meg” Whitman of California (b. 1956) – A wealthy GOP donor and businessperson who has worked for multiple companies over the years has considered running for public office before but never actually has; in a recent interview, she said “[in] 2022 or 2024, it might be a different story.”

    Harley Davidson Brown of Idaho (b. 1954) – the former US President and the loser of last year’s election could run on a campaign of buyer’s remorse; early hypothetical polling shows that roughly 40% of GOP voters would back him running again; if he indeed runs, the race for the GOP nomination will be a referendum on him and his unique brand.

    Gordon Perry Robertson of Virginia (b. 1958) – This “ultra-conservative” televangelist pastor closely associated with THN very recently expressed interest in launching a socially-conservative “outsider” bid for President, as either a Republican or an independent.

    COMMENTS SECTION:

    >Comment 1:

    It’s times like these that make me wonder, what would The Colonel think of these GOP standard-bearers?

    >>Reply 1 to Comment 1:

    I think he’d like Brown’s style, maybe not all his talking points, like getting rid of several big-time social programs (instead of, you know, increasing domestic productivity/GDP) to balance the budget, but they’d definitely get along.

    >>Reply 2 to Comment 1:

    I think The Colonel would call out all of them for being corrupt, spineless, and uncaring oafs!

    >>>Reply 1 to Reply 2 to Comment 1:

    Of course The Chicken King would disapprove of the current ensemble of would-be Presidents; not one of them has ever run their own fast-food chain before! Now that’s Presidential material! :p (But in all seriousness, Go Jenny Johnson!)

    >Comment 2:

    None of this matters – Pritt’s going to win in a landslide in 2024!

    >Comment 3:

    My money’s on Harley. Because I read the whole article and I still don’t know who any of these people are!

    – usarightnow.co.usa, 6/3/2021



    PROPOSED “PRITT PACKAGE” WOULD INCLUDE “FEDERAL FREEDOM FUND” PILOT PROGRAM

    …conservative lawmakers are strongly opposing calls for the passing of a nationwide “basic income” program, pointing out the effectiveness of the National Income Tax Rebate program founded in the early 1970s…

    The Washington Post, 6/4/2021



    SOURCE: Hillary Rodham-Clinton Is “Looking Into” Running For President In 2024

    …she would be 77 years old upon entering office, but we have had older Presidents before – Colonel Sanders won re-election at the age of 78…

    – The Kingsport Times-News, Tennessee newspaper, 6/6/2021



    bxY129u.png

    [HRC pic: imgur.com/bxY129u.png ]

    – clickopedia.co.usa, c. June 2021



    HOLLEY DEFEATS PRITT LOYALISTS IN DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY; Preps to Challenge Reith

    …state General Assembly Jamel Curtis Holley (D, b. 1979) the progressive African-American former Mayor of Roselle, bested several moderate and populist candidates in tonight’s gubernatorial Democratic primary election, including initial frontrunner Rush Holt… …Holley claims Reith’s property tax relief are worsening conditions for the lower classes…

    …On the Republican side of the night, Governor Glenn K. Reith easily trounced challengers Anna Campbell Little and Kevin J. O’Toole, demonstrating the incumbent’s popularity among registered Republicans…

    The Star-Ledger, New Jersey newspaper, 6/10/2021



    “DEEP SORROW”: Prince Phillip Dies In Windsor Castle 4 Days After Turning 100

    …the longest-serving royal consort in British history passed away this morning in Windsor Castle. The official statement from the royal family says he “died peacefully.” The Duke of Edinburgh had suffered heart ailments in recent months, most recently in early May, but his official cause of death is not disclosed. A former officer in the British Navy known for his humour, he married into the royal family in 1947 and became consort in 1952. He is survived by the Queen and their children Prince Charles, Princess Anne, and Prince Edward. A fourth child, Prince Andrew, died in a helicopter crash in 1982. The Duke also had ten grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren… UK Prime Minister Guy Standing expressed his condolences immediate after the statement was made, soon followed by our Governor-General describing Philip’s death as “a sad day for all.”…

    The Sydney Morning Herald, Australian newspaper, 13/6/2021



    Justice Department To Launch Crackdowns On Insider Trading, Increase Monitoring On Corporate Malpractice

    …“White Collar crime is an epidemic that cannot be ignored,” announced US Attorney General Paul Fong…

    – Reuters, 6/17/2021



    PRESIDENT PRITT WELCOMES SOUTH AFRICAN PRESIDENT TO WHITE HOUSE

    …South Africa’s Vice President, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka (b. 1955), says she is “certain [that] Pritt will continue the strong diplomacy of President Grammer”…

    – thewashingtonpost.co.usa, 6/18/2021



    AMERICA CELEBRATES JUNETEENTH

    …the historically important anniversary finally became a National Holiday in 2006 under President Jesse Jackson [14]

    – usarightnow.co.usa, 6/19/2021



    KELSEY GRAMMER IS “LOOKING INTO” RETURNING TO ACTING!

    …“It’s something I’ve never stopped loving. It’s something I love to do,” the former President said in a recent 60 minutes interview…

    – thehollywoodreporter.co.usa, 6/20/2021



    THE RESULTS ARE IN!: It’s Biaggi Vs. Ulrich!

    …Across NYC, voters took to the polls tonight and voted for the Democratic and Republican nominees for this November’s race to succeed the term-limited Mayor McMillen. On the Democratic side, city councilperson Alessandra Biaggi, the moderate-populist granddaughter of the legendary (and controversial) Governor and Senator Mario Biaggi, won over six other candidates. On the Republican side, another city councilperson, the lesser-known moderate Eric Ulrich, easily defeat three lesser-known candidates. With both nominees being under the age of 40, this race could be a “generational shift in city politics,” as the 74-year-old McMillen put it earlier tonight. “Hopefully the next generation of leaders will both learn from the mistakes of past generations, and embrace the successes of those same generations, and will know the difference between the mistakes and the successes.”…

    The New York Times, 6/22/2021



    AMERICAN PRESIDENTS ACCORDING TO POPULAR CULTURE

    …Saturday Night Live has perpetuated many Presidential stereotypes throughout its run, from depicting the Ghost of Lyndon Johnson as a foulmouthed Texan with poor health habits (1989) to Colonel Sanders as a larger-than-life hero than makes actual superheroes green with envy (1980)… Such positive or negative portrayals have influenced public perception, which explains how The Colonel has become so legendary that many assumptions about him often turn out to be wrong, and his connections to more negative aspects of his Presidency are often overlooked by the general public… …Because of rose-colored glasses, many Americans erroneously believe that Walter Mondale was very liberal when was considered somewhat moderate when in office… Denton was a complicated historical figure, not a sneaking trickster as often suggested by SNL and other comedy shows. …There is a notable leftward tilt to how Presidents are depicted in pop culture; for example, Jack Kemp is often depicted negatively, as a football-loving brute, while Carol Bellamy is consistently presented as an accomplished feminist icon. …While alive, Iacocca was often presented as a stereotypical Italian mobster, but after he was assassinated, his blue-collar appeal and “tough guy” persona were the primary focus… …President Dinger was called “ultra-jingoistic” by critics and “unreasonably patriotic” by defenders during the War on Recreadrugs that reached a height in the late 1990s… …Now the comedians of late night talk shows have a new President to form stereotypes on. And so far, Pritt has been described as a “soccer mom” and a “biker-less biker chick,” the latter of which must be particularly insulting to former President Harley Brown…

    National Review, June 2021 article



    US PRESIDENTS OF THE PAST 90 YEARS (1930-2020), AS RANKED BY U.S. CITIZENS

    1) F. Roosevelt – consistently ranked as one of the most popular US Presidents in modern history, even 76 years after his passing

    2) Iacocca – martyred by his assassination 26 years ago, he is held in very high regard despite historians judging his presidency to be arguably average

    3) Sanders – one of the most well-known Presidents of the modern era, consistently ranked high despite some historians calling him “above-average”

    4) Eisenhower – most popular among those who remember him presiding over an era often looked back on fondly as allegedly being prosperous and stable

    5) Jackson – a favorite among many progressive Democrats, the first African-American POTUS received praise for his handling of the SARS pandemic, several major hurricanes, and his efforts at recreadrug and police precinct reform

    6) Mondale – a favorite among many moderate Democrats, he is often slightly above-average; he was a liberal icon for the Democratic party until Bellamy, then Jackson, then Wellstone overshadowed his accomplishments

    7) Bellamy – best remembered for being America’s first female President and for finally establishing universal healthcare in the US in 1990

    8) Grammer – celebrated by libertarians for his deregulation policies, he is nonetheless controversial, criticized on the political right for his handling of cyberattacks and the 2013 recession, and criticized on the left for cutting funding to social programs, his 2017 tax reform, and his November 2020 resignation

    9) Wellstone – best known for being a historic milestone than for the actions he took while in office to improve infrastructure and combat anti-Semitism

    10) Truman – scholars see him as highly pivotal, but citizens usually rank him as “average,” especially as the decades pass and public memory of him fades

    11) Johnson – a divisive figure remembered more for his foreign policy than his domestic accomplishments, he consistently falls in the middle of such tiers, though historians and Texas Democrats hold him in much higher regard

    12) Dinger – he led the US into its most recent “full war,” or fully-declared/official war, but his handling of both the War on Recreadrugs, and, to a lesser extent, the economic downturn in 1999 and the rise in technet-based pestering, damaged the reputation and goodwill he earned from said conflict

    13) Kemp – best remembered for both his professional football career and establishing ZEDs nationwide

    14) Brown – while only serving in office for a short time (often leading to him being excluded from Presidential rankings, alongside James Garfield and William Henry Harrison), he had an active tenure that saw him deregulate several institutions and promote religious freedom

    15) Denton – unpopular for his involvement in the Lukens Hush Money Scandal, his defenders tout his handling of the Libya War and the end of the Cold War

    16) Hoover – despite him doing much to help post-WWI Europe, Hoover is best remembered for his very poor handling of the Great Depression

    (note: Pritt is not included in these polls due to being the incumbent President)

    REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTS OF THE PAST 90 YEARS, AS RANKED BY REGISTERED REPUBLICANS

    1) Iacocca

    2) Sanders

    3) Eisenhower

    4) Grammer

    5) Kemp

    6) Dinger

    7) Brown

    8) Denton

    9) Hoover

    REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTS OF THE PAST 90 YEARS, AS RANKED BY REGISTERED DEMOCRATS

    1) Iacocca

    2) Sanders

    3) Kemp

    4) Eisenhower

    5) Grammer

    6) Brown

    7) Hoover

    8) Dinger

    9) Denton

    DEMOCRATIC PRESIDENTS OF THE PAST 90 YEARS, AS RANKED BY REGISTERED DEMOCRATS

    1) F. Roosevelt

    2) Jackson

    3) Mondale

    4) Bellamy

    5) Wellstone

    6) Johnson

    7) Truman

    DEMOCRATIC PRESIDENTS OF THE PAST 90 YEARS, AS RANKED BY REGISTERED REPUBLICANS

    1) F. Roosevelt

    2) Mondale

    3) Johnson

    4) Jackson

    5) Bellamy

    6) Wellstone

    7) Truman

    – pollingdata.co.usa, c. June 2021



    JIMMY CARTER, DIPLOMAT WHO SHARED NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR ATLANTA PEACE ACCORDS, DIES AT 96

    …born October 1, 1924, Carter served as a US Senator from 1973 to 1977 and as the US Secretary of State from 1977 to 1981... He also served as the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 1980, and ran for President in 1984…

    The Guardian, UK newspaper, 21/6/2021



    HOUSE DEMOCRATS MOVING FORWARD ON CANNABIS LEGALIZATION BILL

    …while recreational marijuana was decriminalized in 2006 nationwide, it was not legalized. This bill, however, would legalize it in all 52 states, finally allowing for a nationwide regulated recreadrug industry… Anti-MJ local government officials, however, are swearing that they will place limitations on when and where recreadrugs can be used, similar to how alcohol is treated with “dry” and “wet” counties across the country…

    The Washington Post, 6/23/2021



    President Pritt Approval Rating:

    Approve: 55.4%

    Disapprove: 35.5%

    Unsure: 9.1%

    – Gallup, 6/26/2021



    “Roughly 70 years ago, my great-great-grandfather placed a collection of ingredients and a modified pressure fryer into his jalopy and drove across this great state of ours looking for anyone who would go for an idea of his. He didn’t have a netsite, he didn’t have a resume, he didn’t have any documentation at all. He just had a skill and a plan. He’d show potential buyers how to make his chicken, and they’d agree to a partnership on a handshake. Just a handshake. My ancestor and namesake, The Colonel, was truly a remarkable man. Not only was his idea for how to expand his business from a single restaurant and hotel to a modest chain unlikely to succeed, but it’d be almost impossible to replicate in modern times.

    But his idea ultimately worked. Eventually, he found diners, restaurants and kitchens willing to sell his chicken. His business plan paid off. And why? Because he never stopped trying to be a success. He never doubted himself throughout his whole life. Every time he failed to find his calling in one job, he acknowledged it, but he didn’t give up. He just took what he had learned from the experience and applied it to his next big project, his next enterprise, his next adventure. Over and over again. Until he finally made it big, and even then, he just kept going. He never gave up. I think that is the kind of work ethic to which we should all aspire. And I think dedicating this school to him is the kind of legacy that he would smile at and say that it was finger lickin’ good.”

    QI2CM7G.png

    [pic: imgur.com/QI2CM7G.png ]

    – Harland David “Vinnie” Sanders V (b. 1985), at the ribbon-cutting ceremony for the Colonel Sanders School of Business, Florence, KY, 6/30/2021



    NOTE(S)/SOURCE(S)
    [1] Italicized bits were pulled from Brown’s iconic debate performance!
    [2] Cropped image, pulled from some episode of either Colbert or Seth Meyers
    [3] Look at the picture of Payette on her wiki page, showing her when she was younger and in the Canadian Space Agency; doesn’t she kind of look like Sigourney Weaver a little bit?: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Payette#Canadian_Space_Agency (let me know who should play her if you disagree)
    [4] OTL!: https://nypost.com/2020/06/11/george-floyds-dream-was-to-become-a-supreme-court-justice/
    [5] Italicized passages pulled from here: https://singularityhub.com/2019/03/11/3-practical-solutions-to-offset-automations-impact-on-work/
    [6] OTL quote!
    [7] Based on OTL advancements: https://theconversation.com/pain-se...-for-smart-prosthetics-and-skin-grafts-145386
    [8] This actually isn’t ASB at all: O’Neal really did say he was going to run for this job back in 2017!: https://bleacherreport.com/articles...eal-announces-he-will-run-for-sheriff-in-2020; italicized bits are from this source, too.
    [9] Also OTL: https://www.ajc.com/entertainment/shaq-now-sheriff-deputy-georgia/IUtfx4XZY7BxQDApqJcjzH/
    [10] The origins of ALS are not clearly understood; it’s either hereditary or environmental or both; but here, Hillenburg grew up largely in Ohio, not California, so it’s possible he lives longer here (or maybe this is just wish fulfillment hidden under the excuse of the Butterfly Effect, I’m honestly not sure)…
    [11] Pulled from here: https://www.businessinsider.com/queen-elizabeth-us-presidents-relationships-truman-to-trump-2019-4
    [12] Relevant photograph found here!: https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...kentucky-fried-politics.506103/#post-21742734
    [13] Much lower than IOTL due to the existence of the National Income Tax Rebate ITTL
    [14] As implied in Chapter 90 (I think…)

    Okay, I said I only wanted to know about one thing, but I can't help it. We have one chapter left. I need to say this.
    I wonder what happened with Jackass.
    Phil Clap (a.k.a. Johnny Knoxville) may still be born in Knoxville, TN in 1971 like in OTL; inspired by Jack Kerouac and Hunter S. Thompson, he pursues an acting career but only gets bit parts; inspired by Jim Varney rising to fame after returning home and starring in iconic "Ernest" commercials, Knoxville returns to his hometown in the 1990s to create his own public access TV show "Camp Crush-It" (basically him "crushing" his hand, head, feet, balls, etc in various stunts in his back yard, similar to "Super Dave Osborne"). It becomes one of the first shows to have all of its episodes uploaded to the technet, and becomes a huge hit among US soldiers stationed in southern Korea in 1996. This led to him getting a deal with TumbleweedTV. Soon, rival shows popped up (Camp Cut Yourself, HBO, starring Bam Margera; The Jerks, THN, starring Spike Jonze; The Gutterhead Gang, TON, starring Ashton Kutcher, David Hasselhoff and Carmen Electra), but none could really eclipse Camp Crush-It. Knoxville's show, which also featured Rick Kosick, Chris Pontius, Dave England, and others, ran from 1997 to 2005. Film-length specials premiered in 2006, 2010, and 2018.

    The next update (The Epilogue)’s Time of Arrival: The Fourth of July!
     
    Last edited:
    Epilogue
  • Epilogue
    “Take the giant step across the sky to the question marks that sparkle and beckon from the vastness of the universe.”

    – Rod Serling (OTL)



    “I’m really zapping out here, man,” I informed one of my few RL friends.

    “Dont” they quickly texted back.

    Oh yeah, that really helps, I thought as I rolled his eyes at the message on my lar phone. “Just wish me luck,” I counter-texted, then slipped the device back into my inner suit pocket.

    I tried to think about something else but my mind just went on betraying me, directing my thought process away from efforts to calm down to ideas that only fueled my nervousness – leaving out something important, some embarrassing technical oversight, my pants falling down for some reason.

    I’m not entirely sure why I suffer from social anxiety. I speculate that it has something to do with some kind of incident in my youth. For one class I took back in college, I studied cases showing a link between traumatic incidents in the first few years of life with fears developed later in life. Given my family’s many connections, it wouldn’t be at all surprising if I was frightened at some by a crowd of strangers looking at me – likely as I stood near one of my more famous relatives.

    “Nervous, huh?” a man beside me said, breaking up my thoughts. It was a larger, burley man with his techslab in one hand, screen on, but not being used as the man was preoccupied with the uncooperative nature of his tie.

    “Maybe,” my attempt at a calm voice sounded more like a deep and ragged squeak. Clearing my throat, I added “I’ve got to prep for a pretty important announcement.”

    “Yeah, I know the feeling. Good luck to ya.”

    – Bill Adams Jr., blog transcript, 6:15 AM



    Leslie WALL: “But anyway, how are ya?”

    Kathy PITCHFORD: “Uh, still a pain in your ass, probably. Hey. But, seriously, Liz, thanks. I’m not this kind of day person. Your check-in is like the only thing I wanted to get up for today.”

    WALL: “Really?”

    PITCHFORD: “Well, I’m not heading down until later in the day, so until then, I don’t have much to do outside of classes.”

    WALL: “Are they usually held so close to such a big holiday? And on Saturday, no less?”

    PITCHFORD: “It’s the summer semester program, so, yeah, for some of the classes. Mine, at least.”

    WALL: “Huh. Well, if you have extra time, you can just send out more job applications.”

    PITCHFORD: “What else is new?”

    WALL: “Ah. And I take it you still don’t want to take up my internship offer?”

    PITCHFORD: “Is your workaholism still contagious?”

    WALL: “Okay, fair enough.”

    PITCHFORD: “Uh-huh.”

    WALL: “So, you got all your stuff ready?”

    PITCHFORD: “Already packed, ready to ship off when the time comes.”

    WALL: “What’s your class line-up for today?”

    PITCHFORD: “Just three easy ones. Two Creative Writing courses, then the last one’s political philosophy.”

    WALL: “Oof. Sorry.”

    PITCHFORD: “No, I kind of like it. At least it’s not like my last semester’s personal finance class. Who needs to know that stuff?”

    WALL: “A lot more people than you realize, apparently.”

    PITCHFORD: “Ah well.”

    WALL: “Now I don’t want to mother you, but, please don’t skip breakfast this time, okay?”

    PITCHFORD: “Yeah, yeah, yeah, I know, I know. I’ll grab an egg stick.”

    WALL: “I mean a real breakfast. Some fruit. Brain food.”

    PITCHFORD: “I’ll drink plenty of water and I’ll grab a toast-bar.”

    WALL: “Good enough for now I guess.”

    PITCHFORD: “Okay, I’ve got to dart off now.”

    WALL: “Stay safe.”

    PITCHFORD: “Toodles!”

    – University of Kentucky, Millie Sanders dormitory, private vidcall transcript, 6:45 AM



    I was all set for the big announcement. Then my boss arrived.

    “Hey!”

    “Oh, hi, ma’am.”

    “Adams, my coffee?”

    “Right here, ma’am.”

    “Just how I like it, right?”

    “Right. Uh, ma’am.”

    Taking a sip, she mumbled, “Mm, Good.”

    At times it can be more demeaning than usual to be a “30-something” glorified coffee boy, but hey, everyone has to start somewhere. Even when they definitely could be starting somewhere closer to the top.

    I took my place on the side next to Menéndez, and watched my boss walk past me and toward the podium before the media. In the crowd of reporters, I spotted the burley man from the elevator. “Son of a –”

    “Hey, did you remember to place the water bottle on the little shelve-thing under her podium?” Menéndez suddenly whispered to me.

    In the moment I couldn’t remember. With my heart skipping a beat, I quickly leaned over to take a peak before the boss could block the view. My breath returned when I saw it, and my memory of having just put it there swept back into my head. “Whew! You jumpstarted my heart there.”

    “Sorry,” he replied in a way that showed he didn’t even care to hide the fact that he really wasn’t.

    – Bill Adams Jr., blog transcript, 6:59 AM



    “Patrons, welcome. We were planning to make this announcement later this month, but due to recent ontech data spills, we have decided to address the reports immediately. We would like to inform you all that the spilled reports are true – NASA and Glenn Horizons, in collaboration with partnerized space agencies in Europe and India, have agreed to an ambitious plan to use the international Sustained Orbital Gateway, more commonly referred to as the Lunar Bot Hub, as a launch base to send remote vehicles to – and bring back iron, nickel and gold from – the core of the proto-planet ‘16 Psyche.’ Now, for those of you who are not familiar with 16 Psyche, allow me to explain. Most asteroid belts contain asteroids that are rocky or icy, but this one, possibly the heart of some long-dead planet, lost its rocky surface from violent collisions over the course of millions of years. The loss of the asteroid’s outermost layer has exposed its interior composition, which consists of large quantities of many valuable minerals.”

    “Yes, for this project, we are weighing the expenses of the robot drilling, as you put, against the many positive benefits from this investment.”

    “We are very much aware of the critical comments ontech claiming that this endeavor will devalue the prices of these minerals and bring about economic collapse. But we have published economic reports indicating that this will not occur due to supply-and-demand. These independently-funded reports clearly show that, if anything, economic downturn may occur if we don’t obtain these materials. In short, people, we cannot afford to go on without these minerals, especially since many of these materials are predominantly used in next-gen solar polar technology and manufacturing processes. The planet cannot afford to continue to rely on and use fossil fuels. To convert to renewable energy, securing materials required for solar panels and hydrogen projects is a must.”

    “We aim to launch in six years, but the total extraction and round trip will take roughly six more years. Even with that in mind, the launch will be a major milestone for international mineral-harvesting endeavors.”

    – NASA spokesperson, NASA Headquarters, Waterfront, PO, 7:00 AM



    I had just one more class to go. But before that, I met up with Arty for our soon-to-end tradition to eating at the campus’s KFC.

    Art was already there, rewatching the latest Dwiffix Nymity music video. We talked about it yet again as we got our orders.

    “Man, there’s never enough soda in the cup,” Arty remarked for the en-teenth time. “There’s just too much ice, like three-fifths is the actual drink.”

    “Yeah,” I go again, “But it’s the cleanest part of the food court.”

    “Yeah, yeah. So, you heading back to The Homestead tonight, right?”

    I nodded.

    “Oh, don’t look so glum. We’ll keep in touch on TellTalk.”

    “That’s the new one, right.”

    “Doi. BuddyTalk is getting too overrun with Centurion people. Entussasic’s getting a lot of ’em, too.”

    I paired my eye roll with the groan, “Freakin’ Centurions. They’re such drama award winners! It’s always ‘SARS’ this, ‘pandemic’ that, KW2, Lee Iacocca. It’s like, hello, all that stuff was decades ago, I mean, move on with your lives already! Everyone else has – we haven’t had any war as big as KW2 since KW2!”

    I’m not going to win over certain people by writing that, but it’s true. The pandemic sounded like it was an awful thing, but I’m too young to remember it. And before you call me insensitive, I know people – even relatives – who contracted SARS and lived but had health issues for the rest of their lives because of it. Even one of my many cousins got it at the time. They were, I want to say, three of four, and they have to take these pills to boost their immunity and combat all these brain issues, but they’re otherwise just fine. I’m not saying the pandemic wasn’t this awful thing, because it was, but was it really the only thing that certain people can remember from their entire childhood’s. Because it’s not healthy dwell on tragedy. Centurions – celebrate how far we’ve come since the pandemic and take stock of the many years that separate us from it, not just for our sake but for your own as well!

    Anyway, back to the hanging-out.

    After we finished our Spicy Chicken Combo Wraps we listened to some old T-Chong beats before I had to shove off to my last class.

    “Don’t become a stranger,” Art said.

    Now I’m just chillin’ in the classroom, waiting for the teach to show up. If Davis doesn’t arrive in another five minutes, we’re permitted to leave!

    – Kathy Pitchford, buddytalk plog, 3:10 PM



    DAVIS: “Every person who’s ever lived must be understood contextually to their own time and place. We change with our societies. Yes?”

    STUDENT 1: “But given how social movements, uh, influence things, doesn’t that also mean that our societies change with us?”

    DAVIS: “That’s an excellent question. And it was one debated by many during the 1960s, a decade dominated in our collective memories more by the events of the first half (like the shoutniks versus the hippies and civil rights) than by the accomplishments of its second half. But let’s talk about the shoutniks and hippies to answer your question. Hippies opposed racial integration and claimed that it went against the nature of American citizens. Shoutniks argued the exact opposite, that racial prejudice was the result of segregationist policies and not the other way around. In the end, the fact that report and report confirm racism in the US against Black people is at an all-time low essentially proves the hippies wrong. So the answer is both – Civil Rights activists changed society, and those societal changes in turn influenced the racial relations of future generations. Yes?”

    STUDENT 2: “Yeah, in the last article you assigned us, the author said the 1990s was a time of ‘rational conservatism’ and ‘political politeness.’ But given the bloodshed of the Dinger administration, isn’t that kind of inaccurate?”

    DAVIS: “Heh, you never check the date on things, Mitchell. Check the doc, it says publication: 2012. That was assigned to give you an understand of how people in the early 2010s viewed America’s political landscape at the time, with Democrats depending President Wellstone and Republicans torn on the sharply different optics of Kelsey Grammer and Harley Brown, especially when compared to previous administrations.”

    STUDENT 2: “Oh. Okay. Never mind, then.”

    STUDENT 3: “'T'sokay, dude, it was ’90s – the H.C. era – dawn of the home computer. Technet privacy levels weren’t such a hot-button issue.”

    DAVIS: “Actually they were toward the end of the decade.”

    STUDENT 3: “Man, teach, you’re harshin’ everyone’s buzzes today. Mell out, it’s the last day of classes!”

    DAVIS: “And you’re just going to miss me terribly, aren’t you, Ambrose?”

    STUDENT 3: “Eh, sure.”

    – Professor Geoff Davis, University of Kentucky, classroom recording, 4:50PM



    AHMED: “Jeez, dude, if you hate interning there, why don’t you get another job.”

    ADAMS: “It’s my foot in the door. Not just anyone can work for NASA. And once I get more than just my foot into the door, there’s no telling how I’ll help humanity expand into space.”

    SCHWARTZ: “Why do you even care? It’s just an empty void with black holes and hots balls of gas.”

    AHMED: “But wait, if it’s got balls and stuff, how’s it empty. …Heh-heh. Balls.”

    ADAMS: “Demetri, think about it. If the universe is 13.8 billion years old and modern man is not even half a million years old, then we’re only at the very beginning of human history. Humanity is still in its infancy. And if all those parenting books have taught me one thing – ”

    AHMED: “It’s how to parent?”

    ADAMS: “If there’s one other thing those books have taught me, it’s that the early years of someone’s life are the most influential. The things they’re exposed to can affect their entire outlook on and pathway in life. So right now, anyone who has the ability to help humanity get the best ‘early years’ it possibly can absolutely should.”

    SCHWARTZ: “So how is space exploration essential to our early development?”

    ADAMS: “Relatively speaking, we just figured out how to fly to other planets, and there’s a practically infinite number of galaxies out there for us to explore. If there’s life out there, that will just make humanity’s future more interesting. And if not, will just make it easier to mankind to spread out among the stars. It’s a total win-win either way. And it’s like I’ve said, nobody on this planet really knows what’s out there. The possibilities are endless. And while we ourselves will not live long enough to see what happens with space exploration in the long run, the best kind of legacy we can leave behind is the legacy of giving humanity the tools and the opportunities to reach its full potential at the ‘early’ stages of its existence.”

    AHMED: “So if humanity’s in its infancy, we won’t make it to even see it get into a good college!”

    ADAMS: “Come on, dude, I’m being serious.”

    SCHWARTZ: “You know, Stephen King once described life as being repetitive like a wheel, predictably cyclical, with humanity doomed to always fall back into old bad habit. But Mr. King is overlooking something. If humanity is a wheel, it is circular, but it is also affected by the road it choose to go down. A wheel gets muddied, roughed up, worn down. It changes. It shows its age. Just something to think about.”

    ADAMS: “The past never dies. It always slips into the present, past those whom fail to learn its lessons, and then into the future.”

    SCHWARTZ: “Hey, who’s the history dude around here?”

    ADAMS: “I ain’t steppin’ on your toes, Demetri, I’m just saying that humanity is not inherently cruel, violent, and brutal. If that were true, the very concepts of love, mercy and compassion would be novel or obscure ones. And we never would have been able to work together to get to the moon and to Mars.”

    AHMED: “We went to the Moon because of military competition and we went to Mars because of economic competition. I don’t need to drop by Demetri’s office to learn about that.”

    ADAMS: “There was more to it than that.”

    SCHWARTZ: “No, actually, Mo’s kind of right on this, competition was a major factor. But think of it – humanity’s tendency to form competing groups is what has spurred innovations for centuries, so really, it’s a good thing, and it only becomes a bad thing – warfare, slavery, exploitation, murder, et cetera – when left unchecked.”

    ADAMS: “Then here’s hopin’ that future generations of competitors can show some more self-control.”

    AHMED: “I’ll drink to that. Hey, Joey! Another one of these!”

    SCHWARTZ: “See, it’s because of the future that I work in the archives. It’s not just about understanding the past but also preparing for the future, because the past is the map of yesterday you use to navigate the foggy waters of tomorrow.”

    AHMED: “You swiped that from somewhere, didn’t ya?”

    SCHWARTZ: “What, no I didn’t!”

    ADAMS: [replying to lar phone murmur] “Oh s#!t, it’s getting late.”

    SCHWARTZ: “Only relatively.”

    ADAMS: “No foolin’.” [checking lar phone] “Okay, the next Maglev is leaving at… S#!t, I gotta leave like right now.”

    AHMED: “So long then, bud!”

    SCHWARTZ: “Yeah, take care, man!”

    AHMED: “Okay, now that he’s gone, you can tell me – where’d you swipe that map line from?”

    SCHWARTZ: “I didn’t!”

    AHMED: “Alright, alright.”

    – Thirsty Fish Bar & Grill, bar room A/V security camera, Waterfront, PO, 5:58 PM



    MARCUS: “I’m telling you, Democrats fall in love, Republicans fall in line.”

    JAMES: “You know what, I’m just going to look it up. Hang on a sec.” [opened techslab, split the screen to browse clickopedia and work on Apple Notes.]

    CHELSEA: “Okay, while he’s working on that, I’m going to check on the slow-cooker.”

    MARCUS: “What’s even the point of that thing, honey? Life is so precious, why do you want to waste so much of it cooking something slowly when you cook use pretty much anything else to cook it quicker?”

    CHELSEA: “We’ve gone over this before, sweetums, and you just aren’t getting it.”

    MARCUS: “I’m getting smells wafting over here that wouldn’t smell so different if they were coming from a regular oven.”

    CHELSEA: “Didn’t your mother ever tell you not to insult a woman’s cooking?”

    MARCUS: “But you forget – this isn’t cooking, this is slow-cooking! Emphasis on the slow!”

    CHELSEA: “If you’re so impatient, go do something while you wait.”

    MARCUS: “I am doing something. I’m watching the game.”

    CHELSEA: “I thought it wasn't until 8:30.”

    MARCUS: “I’m watching the pre-game.”

    CHELSEA: “What –”

    JAMES: “Okay, sis, hold back your dogs for a second. Marcus, I have it.” [wholed the techslab’s screen] “Okay. First, the Democrats. Starting with the WWWII era. Democrats fell in line behind FDR and then behind Truman. The establishment backed Stevenson twice despite Kefauver being an option, and they back Johnson in 1960, with two other 1960 candidates, Humphrey and Kennedy, falling in line behind LBJ then and in 1964, too. In 1968, Both Humphrey and Kennedy were candidates but Kennedy won out so I don’t think it counts. We get our first ‘in-love’ candidate in ’72 with Mondale, as he beat Humphrey, who was that year’s ‘in-line’ candidate. Falling in love instead of in-line happened again in 1980 when Senator Scoop Jackson bested VP Gravel for the nomination, but Democrats returned to falling in line to back Gravel in 1984. But they did fall in love with Bellamy, nominating her over ’84 candidate John Glenn. But they fell in line behind Glenn in 1996. Then in 2000, they fell in line with Jackson, who had run in 1996 – everyone forgets that for some reason – but they fell in line for his VP, Paul Wellstone. Democrats then fell in love with Locke in 2016 and in love with Pritt in 2020.”

    MARCUS: “So…Democrats fall in love more often?”

    JAMES: “Almost evenly split, but, yeah.”

    CHELSEA: “They also win elections more often when they fall in love, don’t they?”

    JAMES: “Hm…The fell in line in 1968, 1984, and 1996, and they lost each time. But they did fall in line in 2000 and 2008 and win, but, yeah, you’re right.”

    CHELSEA: “Huh!”

    MARCUS: “And Republicans?”

    JAMES: [rolled to next screen-page] “For Republicans, Dewey ran in 1940, but won the nomination in 1944. Despite Stassen running in 1944, the GOP did not fall in line behind him in 1948 and the nomination went to Dewey again. They fell in love with Eisenhower and fell in line behind Nixon. They fell in love with Sanders and fell in line with Scranton. The same falling in love phenomenon occurred in 1976 and 1980, and even in 1988 against incumbent President Kemp, and again with Iacocca in 1992. They also didn’t fall in line in 2004, as former VP Meredith lost to first-time candidate Bernie Goetz. Falling in love with a first-time candidate instead of falling in line behind of previous candidate happened again in 2008 and in 2012. But they did fall in line behind Brown in 2020.”

    MARCUS: “Huh. So…Republicans fall in love with candidates more often?”

    JAMES: “Yes. Less so recently – in very, very, very recent years, not so much – but historically, as in for most of the past century, yes!”

    MARCUS: “Huh! Then the phrase is a dad-burned lie! Consarn it!”

    – Winger residence, home security footage, A/V camera, 6:19 PM



    …I didn’t arrive too late. I mean, yeah, Arista and Jasmine arrived at the home before my train even reached the station, but, heh, they’ve always been better organized than me.

    Chelsea was in the kitchen trying to put together her own version of KFC, and by the time I’d found somebody to talk to – my “Uncle” James ain’t too bad – her efforts had sparked a debate with some other relatives over the merits fast food.

    “There’s been great strides in making it healthy!” Went one side of the argument.

    A more political side went, “I don’t know any Democrats that eat The Colonel’s food. What napkins,” referring to the latest term for chumps and push-overs.

    My mother was smart to sit off to the side, avoiding the conflict. Mother is still set in her old ways, doing everything old-fashioned. Tonight, she seems almost happy that Chelsea’s dishwasher keeps breaking down (I heard something about Chelsea trying to use its heating/drying feature to try and cook chicken, what?). The malfunctioning appliance seems to be giving my Mother the excuse to wash the dishes manually, allowing her to make sure first-hand that they get washed “just right.” A Mother’s Touch and all that jazz.

    Then again, Mother probably avoided getting involved in the argument not to avoid headache or to simply wash dishes, but because she believed that the way that she made Kentucky-fried chicken was “100%” better than how KFC made it. "Tastes almost the same, but healthier," you could say. Now she was trying for "exactly the same and healthier."

    Nobody exactly agreed with her level of self-confidence, but no one ever pressed her on it that much. No good can come from opposing such a claim from one’s own mother, after all...

    – Bill Adams Jr., blog transcript, 6:41 PM



    MARCUS: “Hey, kiddo!”

    LIZ: “Hey Dad.”

    MARCUS: “Where’s LeMarr?”

    LEMARR: “Hi Grampa!”

    LIZ: “Hey, there’s my little Havana banana! Ha-ha-ha-ha.”

    TIBERIUS: “Hey Mom, Dad.”

    CHELSEA: “Tibby! I haven’t seen you for so long!”

    TIBERIUS: “We just vidcalled a few hours ago!”

    CHELSEA: “Oh that doesn’t count and you know it.”

    MARCUS: “Hey, son. Hey, go say hello to Uncle Bill, he’s got like nobody on his side showing up.”

    CHELSEA: “Marcus.”

    MARCUS: “Well it’s true! He’s holed up in the family room listening to your uncle James.”

    TIBERIUS: “Okay, okay.”

    CHELSEA: “Liz, back on the text treadmill again?”

    LIZ: “It’s a really important client.”

    CHELSEA: “It’s a holiday. They’ll understand.”

    LIZ: “It takes a village to take care of a village.”

    MARCUS: “What the heck does that mean?”

    LIZ: “It means nothing pays for itself, Dad. You need to put effort into getting stuff done.”

    CHELSEA: “That’s right, and that includes helping your cousins set the table.”

    LIZ: “So you want me to put off this work to do other work.”

    CHELSEA: “Like you said, it takes a village.”

    LIZ: “Ugh, fine.”

    MARCUS: “You know, I think it was Sean Astin who once said that parents are the most influential people in the world. They mold the minds of the people of tomorrow. Or something like that. I forgot the exact quote, though.”

    CHELSEA: “We just saw that movie. It was ‘the hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world.’ [1] Why do you ask?”

    MARCUS: “No reason. I was just thinking about Tiberius when he was LeMarr’s age.”

    LEMARR: “Day was once my age? But he’s a grownup.”

    MARCUS: “What, don’t you know where grownups come from.”

    LEMARR: “Nobody will tell me where babies come from. Why should I ask question when I never get any answers?”

    MARCUS: “Hmm, I’ll give you that one, kid.”

    CHELSEA: “I remember when your father was your age, LeMarr. Tibby was so adorable, just like you.”

    LEMARR: “I’m not adorable, I’m a man!”

    MARCUS: “There’s nothing wrong with being an adorable man, there, kid. Just look at Hugh Jackman or your Great Uncle Marvin.”

    CHELSEA: “Oh, I remember the colds, the colic, the ear infection scare.”

    MARCUS: “the vomiting, the diapers.”

    CHELSEA: “But it was all worth it!”

    MARCUS: “Yeah…I could have done without all that vomiting, though.”

    CHELSEA: “Well, yeah, obviously.”

    – Winger residence, home security footage, A/V camera, 6:49 PM



    After a not-too-hearty but kind-of-late dinner, I helped Chelsea and Martha with some last-minute pre-holiday decorating. Now I’m turning in for the night. The Wingers were courteous enough to let me sleep on the pull-out instead of the futon. The Pitchfords got the guestroom.

    – Bill Adams Jr., blog transcript, 10:57 PM



    “Morning everyone! Big day today! Wishing everyone a happy and joyous celebration of this awesome holiday! I’ll be spending the day hanging out with my extended family members; we’re having a big pool party with music, slip-in-slide, water balloons and all the classic fixin’s – but sorry, it’s pretty much relatives only – but you can still reach out to me on this channel, my secondary channel, and my profiles on Quinny, Shandle, Volsov, Nyvyn, Ta-da, and my newest profile, which is on TellTalk, or TeleTalk for all you Commonwealthers. H.A.G.T., everyone!”

    – Kathy Pitchford, buddytalk plog, 9:02 AM



    Caetlyn looked at the painting with awe. “Wow! Sis, come over here!” She called over Kathy to join her in starting at the artwork successfully hiding the family safe.

    Seeing a Ross original in person is a rare treat. Most are in museums, but the Wingers have connections. That’s one good thing I can say about Marcus – the man has taste. Indeed, observing the works of the technet’s favorite VP ontech pales in comparison to studying the real thing up close, where the viewer can notice little details such as the way the paint breaks over the mountains, the detailed bark that appears three dimensional, and ghostly trees nestled into the background. [2] Features that simply fail to pop out at you on video alone.

    “Well, at least they know good art when they see it,” I commented to “Uncle” James.

    “Hm.”

    As they both gawked at the ripple effect used from the small brook in the left-hand corner, I asked James, “How exactly are they related to us?”

    “They’re Millie’s great-granddaughters.”

    “Ah.” [3]

    Outside, I could hear the younger relatives splashing about in the Winger pool. A booming voice ended the nearby sound of fast-paced flip-flops. Great-Grandmother Clarise was almost 80 years old, but she could still holler out “No running” from her spot under her sunbrella without even slightly straining her voice.

    At that moment, Liz – James’ brother’s daughter-in-law – came walking around the corner. Her hand practically glued to her head, she was having an argument with someone on her lar phone. Her husband, hot on her trail, caught up to her and remarked, “You know honey, research shows that close personal relationships, a challenging job or hobby, and helping others through pro-social behavior are keys to happiness. But getting yourself worked up over your job, well, isn’t.”

    Liz gave him a certain kind of look and he seemed to back down, but then Tiberius began to utilize the skills he picked up calming down suspects for law enforcement. “Honey, who do you work for?”

    “What?”

    “Who do you work for?” He reiterated.

    “Why’s he egging her on?” I whispered to James.

    “Just watch, he knows what he’s doing,” James quietly answered.

    “Nobody,” Liz replied, “I’m freelance.”

    “Alright, think about that for a minute,” Tiberius asked sweetly but cautiously, “What does that mean?”

    “It means I am my own boss.”

    “Then who’s bossing you around right now?”

    “Nobody.”

    “…Then what are you doing?”

    After a momentary pause, Liz broke the intensity of the situation by groaning, “Okay, alright, I see what you’re saying.” Talking into the phone, she said, “I’m sorry, sir, but something’s come up. I’m going to have to call you later.”

    “Tomorrow,” Tiberius whispered.

    “Tomorrow. Early tomorrow,” Liz added, then hung up the phone.

    As the two hugged it out, Old Marcus sauntered into the room, “Ah, it’s good to see those too still acting like newlyweds. Say James, I was I pecking at that idea you had for Chelsea’s recipe.”

    “Which one?”

    “BBQ grill.”

    As the two walked away, I looked around the room and found myself walking over to Old Marcus’ den. Front and center was this huge desk made out of hand-carved mahogany, facing a wall strewn with pictures of family gatherings, reunions, outings, vacations, trips, graduations and weddings. “Learn to scan-and-uploaded, Marcus.” I thought out loud, but quietly. Then I spotted a newspaper on the desk. An old-fashioned, paper-and-ink, corporeal, printed newspaper. Marked from the previous week, the page it was opened to read KFC CEMENTS NO. SPOT 1 IN PRC …Kentucky Fried Chicken is still the No. 1 Fast Food Company in China, after two competing domestic brands struggled to beat them in the markets… “Man, he’s more comfortably set in old ways than I thought,” I remarked aloud, thinking about the last time I’d even seen a print newspaper. It must be some sort of special subscription thing.

    – Bill Adams Jr., blog transcript, 5:43 PM



    MARTHA: “It’s actually very common for children to think that The Colonel is a fictional creation. It’s only when they see his likeness on the banner of US Presidents running along the top of their elementary school classroom that they finally realize that The Colonel was indeed a real person, and isn’t just some mascot like Tony the Tiger or Crispy Chris the Cookie Crisp Coyote.”

    MARCUS: “That’s an injustice to The Colonel’s legacy.”

    MARTHA: “Not really, because the children are always amazed by his life and legacy. ‘Why was he President,’ a student may ask. And I’ll joke, ‘Why? Because his chicken was so good, we though he deserved the Presidency!’ To this, the child will go and say something like, ‘cool!’ or, rather, ‘bizzin!,’ to use the more modern lingo.”

    MARCUS: “It that how the kids in your class talk, LeMarr?”

    LEMARR: “Kinda.”

    JAMES: “Yeah, it’s because of The Colonel that Martha got into teaching in the first place, isn’t that right, dear?”

    MARTHA: “Yes. The Colonel always believed in the good of our youth. He understood that they are the future, and that the actions we adults do will affect them and their own children long after we are gone.”

    BILL: “They will remember us by how we treat them.”

    MARCUS: “Huh. It speaks.”

    MARTHA: “Yes, Bill, exactly, thanks.”

    MARCUS: “Hey, Bill, I got a question for ya.”

    BILL: “Y-yes?”

    MARCUS: “I hear you work for NASA. Since we’re talking about KFC, what do think about KFC being on the Milestone and Seeker.”

    KATHY: “Oh yeah, I learned about that in school. It was like a ‘fun fact’ or something, KFC made special food packages for the Marstronaut mission of, like, 2003 or whenever.”

    MARCUS: “Right.”

    KATHY: “They made The Colonel’s chicken ‘out of this world,’ or some gimmicky thing like that. It was called ‘Operation Plucked Martian’ or something.”

    MARCUS: “Well, Bill? What did you think of it?”

    BILL: “Well, um – well, I think it was good that NASA partnered with lots of different companies, it really opened the door for the privatization of space, and showed that NASA can and will work with anybody to achieve major scientific milestones. So, uh, yeah, I thought it was a, uh, a great thing.”

    MARCUS: “Felt like a lousy gimmick to me.”

    BILL: “Oh. [clears throat] Well, maybe, but sending anything into space isn’t a cheap gimmick, at least.”

    MARCUS: “Eh, you might be right about that, maybe.”

    – Winger residence, home security footage, A/V camera, 7:23 PM



    “No, we started eating at around 7:00… Forever, like a marathon, but we were done in time to see the lights at 10 o’clock… Not too much, just some old family recipes. Hot biscuits and corn fritters, some corn chowder, hush puppies. Candied sweet potatoes, scalloped sweet potatoes, and some old-fashioned onion pie – I could LeMarr hated it, he didn’t have to say anything, I could read it on his face, the sweet boy. …No, for the turkey I tried something new. …Roast turkey with fried green tomato bread stuffing. ...No, most seemed to really like it! But, I also made some apple-stuffed pork chops and lots of hot dogs just in case. …We ate those too. …Well of course I made chicken, too, that just goes without saying by now! …Pecan pie, and apple pie for the three relatives allergic to pecan. …No, if anything, allergy issues let you come up with new ways of making old classics, so there’s no problems with it on my end. …Mint Juleps… Really? Huh! Well, ain’t that something… How sweet! …Yeah? …Oh, you just missed them. …No, sorry, they already said their goodbyes, and the Pitchfords just left, too. But Bill and his wife and little girl are sticking around a bit longer to help me with more chicken ideas. I insisted, poor Bill’s practically skin and bones. You want to talk to Bill? …Oh. Okay. No, it’s alright… Yes, Leslie’s here, too, but she and Tiberius volunteered to clean up the living room. …Yeah, lots of plates need washing. …Yeah, the machine’s still not working for some reason…”

    – Chelsea Winger, lar phone conversation with her brother Darrell Winger, privacy recording, 8:38 PM



    “I’m failing to get to sleep, so I’m going to try and will myself to do so by focusing on simply breathing. That’s the secret key to relaxing. Don’t try and block out thoughts or external sounds. Instead, just focus on one thought, the act of breathing, an automatic program responsible for living, for experiencing existence. With that, I should be able to drift off to that place where dreams are formed. You know, consciousness is really a beautiful thing. It can inspire you or terrify you into being courageous with the one life that you, me, each of us get, and work to overcome any challenges to make our dreams real.”

    – Kathy Pitchford, buddytalk plog, 11:15 PM



    It is approaching midnight, and Chelsea is still slaving away over the pressure fryer. By now, with Arista taking Jasmine home, the taste-testing committee was down to just me, Chelsea’s brother James, James’ wife Martha, Old Marcus, Liz, Tiberius and LeMarr. LeMarr represented the “future customers” opinion of our little ad hoc collection of amateur chicken judges; Old Marcus had made sure of that.

    “This time, I know I’ve done it right!” You could hear her exclaim from the adjacent room.

    “Honey,” her husband pleaded, rubbing his stomach, “You’ve been at this for hours. How about starting again fresh first thing tomorrow?”

    “Because for all you know, Marcus, somebody else will figure it out by then,” was her reply as she fiddled with the sleek new model. “The early bird gets the worm, but the second mouse gets the cheese!”

    Shaking his head, he countered, “But you can’t rush art.”

    “Who said anything about rushing? Don’t you remember the slow-cooker?”

    “I still don’t know why you thought that would work.”

    “You enjoyed that chicken.”

    “I did, but now that you’ve had us sample so much, I’ve reached my limit.”

    “Alright, hun. Just this last batch, and that’s it for the night,” she promised while jotting a not down on her Nokia5.0, “Okay?”

    “Okay.”

    As Marcus returned to the table, Martha began to tap an Oneida spoon on her matching glass. Rising, she began, “Well with one last go at it, I think we should a toast to Martha for trying so hard.” Raising her glass, she took a quick for careful sip. “You know, when Colonel Sanders started his company, he probably never thought in even his wildest dreams that he would become such a revered pop-culture icon. Even after cameoing in all those movies, like It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, and in all those Jerry Lewis vehicles, he still probably never thought that decades after his demise he would still be used as an examples of success, or used to poke fun at the ‘ridiculousness’ of American politics and society.”

    “If your product is good enough, we might just make you our leader!” Marcus recited the tired old line, with only LeMarr giving it a chuckle.

    “Yes, well,” Martha concluded, “I would like to also make a toast to The Colonel. May his dedication to pursuing efforts to help people be not a source of ridicule but a source of inspiration for many more years to come.”

    “Amen to that, sister,” Marcus remarks.

    “Alright, everyone,” Chelsea walked out with a plate of eight bird pieces, one for each of us. “I’m certain this new batch is the one to perfectly replicate the Colonel’s recipe.”

    Expecting these delectable health-conscious helpings to be like the rest of them had been - delicious but still a bit off the mark - we all began to chow down, but quickly stopped. We were all astounded by the familiarity of the blend coating the skin of these birds. Marcus proclaimed with awe, “Chelsea…I think you cracked the code.”

    Surprised and elated by the family approval of her most accurate replication yet, she uttered in happy disbelief, “Well I’ll be! You really think so?”

    "If The Colonel could taste this, I bet he'd think it was his own!" Tiberius remarked.

    James added dramatically, "Yeah, he'd appreciate the hard work put into this, I'm sure, but when he'd realize he'd been hornswoggled, I bet he'd shout out a thunderous 'Consarn it!'"

    – Bill Adams Jr., blog transcript, 11:55 PM






    NOTE(S)/SOURCE(S)
    [1] OTL quote from the film “Moms’ Night Out” (2014)
    [2] These italicized passages were pull from the 9/10/2019 gardenandgun.com article by Jessica Giles “Bob Ross Gets The Recognition He Deserves”
    [3] This family’s “tree” was included in Chapter 112



    Stay tuned for the Index Chapters!
     
    Last edited:
    Index 1 – World Leaders
  • Index 1 – World Leaders

    World Leaders from this TL (c. 1960-present (2021))
    Secretary-General of the UNITED NATIONS
    1946-1952: 1) Trygve Lie of Norway – resigned
    1953-1961: 2) Dag Hammarskjold of Sweden – died in a plane crash
    1961-1971: 3) U Thant of Myanmar – retired
    1972-1981: 4) Max Jakobson of Finland – retired
    1981-1986: 5) Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania – lost re-election over alleged regional favoritism
    1986-1996: 6) Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan of Iran and Switzerland – withdrew from re-election bid amid criticisms over his handling of human rights crises in Africa and Asia
    1996-2006: 7) Carol Bellamy of the United States – term-limited; praised for her actions during the early stages of the Global SARS Pandemic
    2006-2011: 8) Kofi Annan of Ghana – retired
    2011-present: 9) Surakiart Sathirathai of Thailand – incumbent

    Kings of AFGHANISTAN
    1933-2007: Mohammed Zahir Shah
    2007-present: Ahmad Shah Khan

    Presidents of ANGOLA
    1975-1979: 1) Agostinho Neto (MPLA) – organized response to US troops “intervening” (1975-1978); died from cancer
    1979-2020: 2) José Eduardo dos Santos (MPLA) – accused of human rights violations and massive corruption; stepped down amid declining health
    2020-present: 3) José Filament dos Santos (MPLA) – is the oldest son of the previous President

    Presidents of ARGENTINA
    12 Oct 1973 – 1 Feb 1982: Juan Peron (Judicialist) – overthrown by military junta
    1 Feb 1982 – 18 Jun 1982: Leopoldo Galtieri (Military) – overthrown by military junta after the Falklands War
    18 Jun 1982 – 28 Jul 1982: Alfredo Saint-Jean (Military) – interim Head of State
    28 Jul 1982 – 1 Nov 1985: Juan Peron (Judicialist) – died in office from natural causes
    1 Nov 1985 – 9 Mar 1988: Isabel Martinez de Peron (Judicialist) – lost election to a full term
    9 Mar 1988 – 9 Mar 1996: Adolfo Perez Esquivel (SERPAJ) – retired
    9 Mar 1996 – 9 Mar 2000: Ramon Bautista Ortega (Judicialist) – lost re-election
    9 Mar 2000 – 15 Aug 2002: Domingo Cavallo (Action) – resigned amid violent and deadly protests to his handling of the SARS pandemic
    15 Aug 2002 – 9 Mar 2004: Alberto Rodriguez Saa (Action) – lost election to a full term
    9 Mar 2004 – 9 Mar 2008: Carlos Ruckauf (Judicialist) – lost re-election
    9 Mar 2008 – 9 Mar 2016: Ricardo Lopez Murphy (UCR) – term-limited
    9 Mar 2016 – present: Margarita Stolbizer (Progressive) – incumbent

    Prime Ministers of AUSTRALIA
    1966-1972: 17) Harold Holt (Liberal) – lost re-election
    1966: Arthur Calwell (Labor)
    1969: Arthur Calwell (Labor)
    1972-1976: 18) John McEwen (Country) – lost re-election amid economic woes
    1973: Harold Holt (Liberal) and Arthur Calwell (Labor)
    1976-1978: 19) Eric Reece (Labor) – lost re-election
    1976: John McEwen (Country)
    1978-1981: 20) Doug Anthony (Country) – lost re-election as his party began to decline in both popularity and prominence nationwide
    1978: Eric Reece (Labor)
    1981-1985: 21) Manfred Cross (Labor) – lost re-election
    1981: Doug Anthony (Country)
    1985-1987: 22) Sir Billy Snedden (Liberal) – resigned due to poor health
    1985: Manfred Cross (Labor)
    1987-1987: 23) Shirley de la Hunty (Liberal) – first female PM of Australia; lost election
    1987-1989: (21)) Manfred Cross (Labor) – lost re-election
    1987: Shirley de la Hunty (Liberal)
    1989-2001: (23)) Shirley de la Hunty (Liberal) – resigned amid low approval ratings connected to her handling of a national flag referendum
    1989: Manfred Cross (Labor)
    1993: Bob Ellicott (Labor) and Charles Blunt (National)
    1995: Bob Ellicott (Labor)
    1998: Michael Ignatieff (Labor) and Ben Carson (Country)
    2001-2002: 24) Barry Goldwater Jr. (Liberal) – first PM born in the US; lost election
    2002-2009: 25) Michel Ignatieff (Labor) – resigned amid low approval ratings; was highly popular for leading the post-SARS recovery period, but lost support after raising taxes
    2002: Barry Goldwater Jr. (Liberal), Ben Carson (Country), Bob Brown (Greens) and Pauline Seccombe (Greatness)
    2007: Alexander Michael Somlyay (Liberal) and Alasdair Webster (Christian Democratic)
    2009-2012: 26) Warren Williams (Labor) – first Aborigine PM; lost re-election
    2010: Joanna Gash (Liberal) and Alasdair Webster (Christian Democratic)
    2012-2018: 27) Nick Varvaris (Liberal) – lost re-election after failing to address economic issues and cyberattack concerns
    2011: Warren Williams (Labor), Alasdair Webster (Christian Democratic) and Mark Latham (Outsiders)
    2014: Maxine McKew (Labor) and Bob Katten (Outsiders)
    2018-present: 28) Jenny Leong (Labor) – incumbent
    2018: Nick Varvaris (Liberal) and Bob Katten (Outsiders)
    2021: Andrew Nikolic (Liberal) and Bob Katten (Outsiders)

    Presidents of BELARUS
    1984-1991: 1) Stanislav Shushkevich (Independent) – lost re-election in a rematch
    1986: Vyacheslav Kebich (Independent)
    1991-1996: 2) Vyacheslav Kebich (Independent) – lost re-election
    1991: Stanislav Shushkevich (Independent)
    1996-2006: 3) Zianon Pazniak (Conservative Christian) – retired
    1996: Vyacheslav Kebich (Independent)
    2001: Alaksander Dubko (Independent)
    2006-2016: 4) Sergei Gaidukevich (Liberal Democratic (renamed Social Democratic in 2015)) – retired
    2006: Uladzimir Hancaryk (Unity (endorsed by Conservative Christian))
    2011: Aleksandar Milinkievich (Unity)
    2016-present: 5) Alyaksandr Kazulin (Social Democratic) – had a tense relationship with Russia's President Nikolayev; incumbent
    2016: Mikola Statkevich (Independent (endorsed by Unity)) and Tatsiana Karatkevich (Transparency)

    Presidents of BOLIVIA
    1966-1970: (47)) Rene Barrientos – implemented small-scale mechanization of industries to curb food insecurity and create jobs; lost re-election in an upset; due to exhausted political capital had to abandon plans to stay in power via coup
    1970-1974: 49) Juan Jose Torres – nicknamed Ol’ Jota-Jota; overthrown ahead of next election
    1974-1975: 50) Luis Adolfo Siles – fiercely anti-communist and pro-free markets, but still overthrown by 1974 opponent
    1975-1975: (48)) Alfredo Ovando – failed to keep junta together amid feuding internal factions; fled the country
    1975-1975: disputed – multiple factions ruled sections of the country in an unofficial multi-faceted Civil War
    1975-1976: (47)) Rene Barrientos – agreed to serve until general elections were held due to his declining health
    1976-1984: (46)) Hernan Siles Zuazo – modernized industries but criticized for dictatorial crackdowns on petty crime and recreadrug use; constitutionally barred from running for another term until after spending 1 term of office
    1984-1988: 51) Lidia Gueiler – first female Head of State; cousin of American actress Requel Welch; defeated a bloody coup launched by her cousin Luis Garcia Meza in 1986; lost re-election in an upset but did not contest the results
    1988-1993: (46)) Hernan Siles Zuazo – overthrown
    1993-1995: (49)) Juan Jose Torres – died in office from natural causes at the age of 77
    1995-1996: 52) Juan Lechin Oquendo – retired due to declining health (entered office at the age of 81)
    1996-2001: 53) Guido Vildoso – lost re-election but refused to leave office, alleging vote rigging; after multiple recounts, he still refused to back down, so congress impeached him for abusive of power and removed him from office after he failed to launch a successful self-coup
    2000-2001: disputed – either Paz or Chamber Speaker Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada
    2001-2008: 54) Jaime Paz – won re-election over Manfred Reyes Villa; oversaw tech boom; term-limited
    2008-2016: 55) David Choquehuanca – continued predecessor’s investments into both mineral deposits and alternative energy; term-limited; lost election bid for a third term in 2020
    2016-2020: 56) Chi Hyun Chung – former doctor and conservative evangelical pastor; first Korean-Bolivian Head of State; lost re-election in a landslide and failed to form a self-coup, leading to him being impeached and removed from office prematurely
    2020-2020: 57) Andronico Rodriguez – as Chamber Speaker, was next in line after both of Chi Hyun Chung’s Vice Presidents were impeached and removed from office; entered the Presidency at the age of 32; served for the roughly two weeks left of Chi Hyun Chung’s term
    2020-present: 58) Luis Fernando Camacho – former businessman; incumbent

    Presidents of The Republic of BOTSWANA
    1966-1980: 1) Seretse Khans (BDP) – died from pancreatic cancer
    1980-1988: 2) Quett Masire (BDP) – died when his plane was accidently shot down by Angolan Air Force fighter jet
    1988-2004: 3) Peter Mmusi (BDP) – leader during the Botswana-Angola “war” conflict of 1988; infamous for increasing corruption in the nation; retired
    2004-2014: 4) Otsweletse Moupo (BNF) – infamous for sustaining (if not worsening) corruption in the nation; overthrown in a bloody and violent revolution
    Presidents of The Democratic Republic of BOTSWANA
    2014-2016: 1) Steve Biko (Independent) – initially served under the title “Acting President” until 2015; retired
    2016-present: 2) Slumber Tsogwane (People’s) – incumbent

    Presidents of BRAZIL
    1974-1980: 29) Ernesto Geisel (ARENA) – the dictator regime ended relatively peacefully thanks to intervention from US Secretary of State Jimmy Carter
    1980-1984: 30) Tancredo Neves (PMDB) – announced he would resign due to poor health, but of died from diverticulitis before he could step down
    1984-1985: 31) Barbosa Lima Sobrinho (MDB) – retired due to advanced age
    1985-1993: 32) Ulysses Silveira Guimaraes (MDB) – helped structure the country’s post-dictatorship constitution; died in office from a heart attack at the age of 77
    1993-1995: 33) Plinio de Arruda Sampaio (PT) – lost election to a full term
    1995-2000: 34) Marco Maciel (PSDB) – lost re-election
    2000-2005: 35) Hamilton Mourao (PRTD) – lost re-election over his “dictatorial” handling of the 2002-2005 SARS Pandemic
    2005-2015: 36) Heloisa Helena (PT) – first female President of Brazil; former nurse; term-limited
    2015-2020: (34)) Marco Maciel (DEM) – successfully launched a political comeback; retired at the age of 80
    2020-present: 37) Aloizio Mercadante (PT) – incumbent

    Leaders of BULGARIA
    GENERAL SECRETARIES of The PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC of BULGARIA
    1954-1984: Todor Zhivkov (C) – fired Defense Minister Dobri Dzhurov in late 1971 over the Bulgarian Fire Plot; attempted (and failed) to implement reforms to try and keep communism from collapsing
    PRESIDENTS of The REPUBLIC of BULGARIA
    1/5/1985-1/5/1995: 1) Zhelyu Zhelev (UDF) – term-limited; responded to national “brain drain” and 1992 coup attempt by establishing policies meant to support “knowledge transfers” among employers, and by offering tax breaks and pay raises for tutors and educators of all kinds
    1/5/1995-1/5/2005: 2) George Ganchev (BBB) – term-limited; led movement to shift relations closer to the West, culminating in the country joining the EU in 2003
    1/5/2005-1/5/2010: 3) Reneta Indzhova (DPS) – first female President; lost re-election
    1/5/2010-present: 4) Angel Marin (Socialist) – incumbent; ousted from capital during internationally unrecognized 2015 coup led by opposition leader Volen Siderov of the Patriotic Nationalist party; served elsewhere in Bulgaria until coup thwarted several months later; improved relations with Greece and Turkey

    Kings of CAMBODIA
    1953-1955: 4) Norodom Sihanouk – abdicated and succeeded by his father (who had previously been past over for the throne) in order to directly participate in politics
    1955-1960: 5) Norodom Suramarit – died
    1960-1989: (4)) Norodom Sihanouk – In 1971, Pol Pot was apprehended but beaten to death by an angry mob before he could be put on trial; abdicated over nationwide riots over his increasingly oppressive rule
    1989-2003: 6) Norodom Sihamoni – abdicated amid major rioting over his “hands-off” approach to the SARS pandemic; succeeded by his older half-brother
    2003-present: 7) Norodom Ranariddh – incumbent

    Prime Ministers of CANADA
    7/21/1957-11/18/1965: 13) John George Diefenbaker (Progressive Conservative-SK) – party lost majority control
    1963: Diefenbaker (PC) over Lester B. Pearson (Liberal), Robert Thompson (Social Credit) and Tommy Douglas (New Democracy)
    11/18/1965-12/17/1969: 14) Paul Theodore Hellyer (L-ON) – party lost majority control
    1965: Hellyer (L) over John Diefenbaker (PC), Tommy Douglas (ND), Réal Caouette (Ralliement créditiste) and Robert N. Thompson (SC)
    12/17/1969-1/26/1980: 15) Robert Lorne Stanfield (PC-NS) – party lost majority control
    1969: Stanfield (PC) over Paul Hellyer (L), Tommy Douglas (Progressive Tomorrow ("Progressive" (new party (a SC/ND merger))) and Réal Caouette (Rc)
    1973: Stanfield (PC) over Paul Martin Sr. (L), Ed Broadbent (PT) and Réal Caouette (Rc)
    1976: Stanfield (PC) over Paul Martin Sr. (L), Ed Broadbent (PT) and Réal Caouette (Rc)
    1/26/1980-6/25/1980: 16) J. J. Jean Chretien (L-QC) – party lost majority control
    1980 (January): Chretien (L) over Robert Stanfield (PC) and Ed Broadbent (PT)
    6/25/1980-11/2/1980: 15) Robert Lorne Stanfield (PC-NS) – party lost majority control
    1980 (June): Stanfield (PC) over Jean Chretien (L) and Ed Broadbent (PT)
    11/2/1980-9/29/1989: 16) J. J. Jean Chretien (L-QC) – retired
    1980 (October): Chretien (L) over Robert Stanfield (PC) and Ed Broadbent (PT)
    1985: Chretien (L) over Erik Nielsen (PC) and Ed Broadbent (PT)
    9/29/1989-3/30/1990: 17) Sheila Copps (L-ON) – party lost majority control
    3/30/1990-9/4/1992: 18) Erik Hersholt Nielsen (PC-YK) – party lost majority control
    1990: Nielsen (PC) over Sheila Copps (L), Audrey McLaughlin (Progressive Tomorrow) and Pierre-Marc Johnson (Quebec)
    9/4/1992-4/3/1999: 19) Margaret Anne Mitchell (PT-BC) – party lost majority control
    1992 (minority government coalitioned with the Liberals): Mitchell (PT) over Paul Martin Jr. (L), Erik Nielsen (PC) and TBD (Quebec)
    1995 (minority government coalitioned with the Liberals): Mitchell (PT) over Paul Martin Jr. (L), Dianne Cunningham (PC), Lucien Bouchard (Quebec), Paul Hellyer (Action), Roger S. Bacon (Canadian) and Bob Ringma (Alberta/Frontier)
    4/3/1999-12/15/1999: (14)) Paul Theodore Hellyer (Action Alliance(A)-ON) – lost party support
    1999 (minority government coalitioned with the PCs, Quebecois, and Baconites): Hellyer (Action) over Margaret Anne Mitchell (PT), Paul Martin Jr. (L), Dianne Cunningham (PC), Lucien Bouchard (Quebec) and Roger S. Bacon (Canadian)
    12/15/1999-5/19/2001: 20) Jean Charest (Action Alliance(PC)-QC) – party lost majority control
    5/19/2001-2/26/2013: 21) Maureen Anne McTeer (Progressive Liberal Alliance(PT)-ON before 2010, Progressive Liberal-ON after 2010) – party lost majority control
    2001: Jean Charest (PC), Pierre-Marc Johnson (Quebec), Dwain Lingenfelter (Frontier) and Stephen Harper (True Conservative)
    2006: Belinda Stronach (PC), Pauline Marois (Quebec) and Michaelle Jean (Maple)
    2009: Jim Prentice (PC), Andre Boisclair (Maple), Louise Harel (Quebec), Maude Barlow (Organized Grassroots) and Frank de Jong (Green)
    2/26/2013-11/11/2017: 22) George Rogers (PC-AB) – lost party support
    2013: Maureen McTeer (PL), Jacques Duchesneau (Quebec) and David Chernushenko (Green)
    11/11/2017-6/14/2020: 23) André Bachand (PC-QC) – party lost majority control
    2018: Olivia Chow (PL), Pierre Paquette (Quebec), Ken Melamed (Green) and Tim Hudak (New Maple)
    6/14/2020-present: 24) Roméo Dallaire (PL-QC) – incumbent
    2020: Bachand (PC), Mario Beaulieu (Quebec), Jean-Francois Archambault (People’s), Jody Wilson-Raybould (Green), Naheed Nenshi (Purple Dawn) and Alanna Koch (New Maple)

    Presidents of CHILE
    3 Nov 1958 – 3 Nov 1964: 71) Jorge Alessandri (Independent (conservative-leaning)) – term-limited
    3 Nov 1964 – 3 Nov 1970: 72) Eduardo Frei Montalva (Christian Democratic (conservative wing)) – term-limited
    3 Nov 1970 – 3 Nov 1976: 73) Radomiro Tomic (Christian Democratic (progressive wing)) – term-limited
    3 Nov 1976 – 3 Nov 1982: 74) Gen. René Schneider (Constitutionalist (conservative)) – term-limited; harsh austerity measures to combat the 1979 recession led to riots and an alleged coup attempt; stayed neutral during the Falklands War
    3 Nov 1982 – 3 Nov 1988: 75) Arturo Alessandri Besa (Centrist Alliance (conservative wing)) – term-limited
    3 Nov 1988 – 12 Dec 1988: 76) Hernan Buchi (Centrist Alliance (far-right wing)) – ousted in a coup after raising taxes on the lower classes to improve the still-poor economy; his removal from office prompted the brief 1988-1989 Chilean Civil War; having fled to Mexico, he was tried in absentia and found guilty of treason; was controversially allowed to return to Chile in 2004, and unsuccessfully ran for President again in 2007
    12 Dec 1988 – 24 Jul 2002: 77) Francisco Javier “Fra-Fra” Errazuriz (Progressive Union (progressive wing)) – suspended elections, restructured the government and nationalized most industries; opposed by the CIA from 1993 to 2001; ousted in a coup amid his poor handling of the SARS Global Pandemic
    24 Jul 2002 – 6 Feb 2003: 78) Gen. Juan Miguel Fuente-Alba (Independent (centrist)) – head of an “emergency interim” military government; resigned over unpopularity and inability to unify various intergovernmental factions
    6 Feb 2003 – 3 Nov 2003: 79) Gen. Ricardo Izurieta (Independent (centrist)) – head of a “transitional” military government; retired
    3 Nov 2003 – 3 Nov 2007: 80) Joaquin Lavin (Democratic Union (centrist)) – lost re-nomination and retired
    3 Nov 2007 – 3 Nov 2015: 81) Leonardo Farkas (Independent (left-leaning)) – term-limited
    3 Nov 2015 – 3 Nov 2019: 82) Claudio Orrego (Christian Democratic) – lost re-election
    3 Nov 2019 – present: 83) Evelyn Matthei (Democratic Union) – incumbent

    Chairpersons/Premiers of THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
    3/20/1943-11/24/1975: Mao Tse-Tung (Communist) – died from poor health worsened by the stress of warfare
    Vice-Chairman: Zhou Enlai (C) (since 1969)
    11/24/1975-12/1/1975: Zhou Enlai (C) – stepped down after losing the Chinese Civil War of 1975
    Vice-Chairman: none
    12/1/1975-12/1/1987: Deng Xiaoping (C) – retired after establishing a term limit of a single 12-year term per premier
    Vice-Chairman: Bo Yibo (C) (since 1977)
    12/1/1987-6/21/1992: Li Xiannian (C) – died in office from heart failure
    Vice-Chairman: Lee Teng-hui (C) (since 1988)
    6/21/1992-6/21/2004: Zhu Rongji (C) – term-limited
    Vice-Chairman: Lee Teng-hui (C) (since 1988)
    6/21/2004-10/15/2007: Bo Xilai (C until 9/16/2007, then I) – removed from office after being found guilty of committing corruption
    Vice-Chairman: Yang Gang (C) (since 2004)
    10/15/2007-10/15/2019: Yang Gang (C) – term-limited
    Vice-Chairwoman: Guo Jianmei (C) (since 2007)
    10/15/2019-present: Guo Jianmei (C) – first female Head of State for the PRC; incumbent
    Vice-Chairman: Zhu Xiaodan (since 2019)

    Presidents of COTE D’IVOIRE
    1960-1993: 1) Felix Houphouet-Boigny – opposed Sanwi Kingdom from breaking off in 1991 under King Amon N’Douffou IV; died in office
    1993-1995: 2) Henri Bedie – ousted in a military coup after he failed to keep the Sanwi Kingdom from securing independence in 1994 (with American musician Jimi Hendrix being coronated Crown Prince of The Sanwi, a semi-ceremonial position, later that year)
    1995-1997: 3) Robert Guéï – recruited to serve as interim leader until new elections were held, but then decided to run for a full term, only to withdraw his candidacy after being temporarily blinded in an assassination attempt; regained eyesight two years after relinquishing title
    1997-2021: 4) Alassane Dramane Ouattara – won 1996 election over First Lady Rose Doudou Guéï; re-elected in 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016; retired amid waning popularity
    2021-present: 5) Pascal Affi N'Guessan – was predecessor’s preferred successor; incumbent

    Leaders of The CONGO
    Presidents of The REPUBLIC of The CONGO
    1960-1965: 1) Joseph Kasa-Vubu
    1965-1971: 2) Mobutu Sese Seko

    Presidents of The REPUBLIC of ZAIRE
    1971-1997: (2)) Mobutu Sese Seko
    1997-1998: 3) Mobutu Nzanga

    Presidents of The DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC of The CONGO
    1998-2004: 4) Etienne Tshisekedi – assassinated
    2004-2005: 5) Adolphe Muzito – assassinated
    2005-2007: disputed (multiple claims) – Jean-Pierre Bemba controlled a plurality of the country for most of this period; Ernie Wamba and Laurent Nkunda controlled different territory concurrently; Gabriel Amisi Kumba launched a brief “partial” coup over a portion of the country in 2006 but lost most of said territory by the end of the year
    2007-2017: 6) Moise Katumbi – rose to power after rebels formed a united front to overthrow Bemba; stepped down after winning free elections in 2009 and 2013
    2017-present: 7) Martin Fayulu – won free elections in 2017 and 2021

    Presidents of the Second REPUBLIC OF CUBA
    9/17/1961-7/24/1966: 1) Jose Miro Cardona (Independent) – oversaw government reform after the defeat of communist forces
    1961: Cardona over minor, scattered opposition (effectively unopposed)
    7/24/1966-7/24/1972: 2) Rufo Lopez-Fresquet (Conservative) – fixed terms to six years apiece; term-limited
    1966: Lopez-Fresquet over Pepe San Roman (Stability) and Carlos Prio Socarras (New Authority)
    7/24/1972-7/24/1978: 3) Erneido Oliva (Conservative) – term-limited
    1972: Oliva over Aureliano Sanchez (New Authority) and Manuel Artime (Stability)
    7/24/1978-7/24/1984: 4) Pedro Luis Boitel (Stability) – term-limited
    1978: Boitel over Andres Rivero Aguero (Conservative) and Eulogio Cantillo (New Authority)
    7/24/1984-7/24/1990: 5) Armando Valladares (Conservative) – term-limited
    1984: Valladares over Huber Matos (Stability) and Emilio Ochoa (New Authority)
    7/24/1990-7/24/1996: 6) Gustavo Arcos (Stability) – term-limited
    1990: Arcos over Jorge Mas Canosa (Conservative)
    7/24/1996-7/24/2002: 7) Alfredo Abon Lee (Stability) – term-limited
    1996: Lee over Albio B. Sires (Conservative)
    7/24/2002-3/1/2003: 8) Sebastian Arcos Bergnes (Conservative) – died in office from cancer
    2002: Felix Rodriguez (Stability)
    3/1/2003-7/24/2008: 9) Jorge Luis Garcia Perez (Conservative) – term-limited
    2003 (special): Felix Rodriguez (Stability)
    7/24/2008-7/24/2014: 10) Jose Ramon Balaguer (Progressive) – term-limited
    2008: Orlando Sanchez (Conservative, endorsed by Stability)
    7/24/2014-7/24/2020: 11) Berta Soler (National Coalition) – term-limited
    2014: Miguel Faria (Independent, endorsed by Progressive)
    7/24/2020-present: 12) Oscar Elias Biscet (Progressive) – incumbent
    2020: Leopoldo Cintra Frias (National Coalition)

    Leaders of CZECHOSLOVAKIA
    PRESIDENTS of the CZECHOSLOVAK SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
    1948-1953: 5) Klement Gottwald (C) – imposed the Soviet model of government onto the country, including the nationalization of industry and the collectivization of the farms; instigated a series of purges; died in office from a burst artery (the result of long-time alcoholism and suffering from heart disease caused by syphilis that had gone untreated for several years) at the age of 56
    1953-1957: 6) Antonin Zapotocky (C) – governed more humanely than his predecessor; died in office from natural causes at the age of 72
    1957-1968: 7) Antonin Novotny (C) – enforced strict government regulations and quasi-authoritarian practices; removed from power by USSR leader Shelepin amid poor efforts to quell calls for reform
    1968-1975: 8) Vasil’ Bil’ak (C) – hardline conservative politician; strongly supported Shelepin but had a frosty relationship with Kosygin; forced into retirement by reformers that came to power in a bloodless political inner-party coup
    1975-1984: 9) Ota Sik (C, with the party dissolving the same day he left office) – implemented reforms and raised restrictions overall; introduced rudimentary free markets in 1982 with the permission of the USSR’s Podgorny, only to have to scale them back after pressure from Podgorny’s successor, which only increased anti-communist sentiment; stepped down amid the fall of Communism
    1984-1984: 10) Ludvik Vaculik (I) – former journalist; led transitional non-communist government; retired from politics and did not attempt to influence the free elections that determined his successor and multiple details of the new government
    PRESIDENTS of The DEMOCRACY of CZECHOSLOVAKIA
    1984-1994: 1) Valtr Komarek (independent, Czech) – elected over a “pro-separation” candidate and re-elected over a rabbi; increased Slovakian autonomy and encouraged people in both halves of the country to interact with one another
    1984 Presidential Election: Vaclav Klaus (independent, Czech)
    1989 Presidential Election: Karol Sidon (independent, Czech)
    1992 Referendum ("Should Czechoslovakia split into two countries?"): 56% No, 44% Yes
    1993 Referendum (“Should Czechoslovakia ratifying the EU Accession Treaty?”): 64% Yes, 36% No
    1994-1997: 2) Alexander Dubcek (Reform, Slovak) – former Communist leader who during the 1980s supported reform efforts in the country and in the USSR; previously served in the Federal Assembly during the late 1960s and again in the early 1990s; elected over an academic drafted into running; ran on the campaign theme of “freedom and forgiveness,” worked to improve Czech and Slovak relations, and pushed the nation closer to western Europe; died in office from poor health at the age of 75
    1994 Presidential Election: Vaclav Havel (Peace, Czech), Vaclav Klaus (independent, Czech) and Jan Slota (independent, Slovak)
    1996 Referendum ("Should Czechoslovakia adopt the Euro?") – 59% Yes, 41% No
    1997-1999: 3) Miroslav Sladek (Reform, Czech) – succeeded to office amid controversy, as the law did not make clear who became President if the office was vacated prematurely; was Minister of State (First Minister) at the time of his ascension; lost nomination (to the head of the House of Schwarzenberg, a former leading family of the Habsburg empire) and retired
    VP (vacant, 1997-1997): 1) Vladimir Meciar (Reform, Slovak)
    1997 Referendum (“Should Czechoslovakia have a Vice President?”): 72% Yes, 28% No
    1998 Referendum (“Should Czechoslovakia shift Presidential elections years [a la the French model] upon an incumbent vacating office?”): 61% No, 39% Yes
    1999-2004: 4) Ivan Gasparovic (Democratic, Slovak) – lost re-election over their handling of the SARS pandemic
    VP: Jan Sokol (Democratic, Czeck)
    1999 Presidential Election: Prince Karel Schwarzenberg (Reform, Czech) and Marie Stiborova (Better Communist, Czech)
    2004-2014: 5) Mirek Topolanek (National Freedom, Czech) – conservative former business manager known for numerous controversial remarks and actions, and for supporting electric power; response to the Unlucky Recession of 2013 was considered poor and ineffective to most
    VP: Vlasta Parkanova (National Freedom, Czech)
    2004 Presidential Election: Ivan Gasparovic (Democratic, Slovak), Jan Svejnar (Reform, Czech) and Stanislav Fischer (Better Communism, Czech)
    2008 Referendum (“Should we limit the powers of the presidential branch by requiring a simple majority of the supreme court to approve of the President’s executive orders in order for them to go into effect?”) – 65% No, 35% Yes
    2009 Presidential Election: Jiri Dienstbier Jr. (Democratic, Czech), Milan Ftacnik (independent, Slovak) and Magdalena Vasaryova (Reform, Slovak)
    2010 Referendum (“should Czechoslovakia split into two countries?”): 80% No, 20% Yes
    2014-present: 6) Anna Zaborska (Democratic, Slovak) – first female President of Czechoslovakia; responded to massive cyberattacks in 2017 that breached thousands of ontech bank accounts by reforming financial firewall processes and procedures; dealt with deadly and destructive wildfires in early 2018; to lower the nation’s carbon emissions, has set a goal of the country producing net zero emissions by 2050
    VP: Milan Stech (Democratic, Czech)
    2014 Presidential Election: Premysl Sobotka (Reform, Check) and Vlasta Parkanova (National Freedom, Czech)
    2014 Referendum (“Should Czechoslovakia reform the national income tax from a flat tax of 5% to a gradual curve tax starting at 1% for the poorest and ending at 10% for the wealthiest”?) – 52% Yes, 48% No
    2014 Referendum (“should Czechoslovakia split into two countries?”): 74% No, 26% Yes
    2019 Presidential Election: Mikulas Dzurinda (Reform, Slovak), Radek John (Transparency, Czech) and Tomio Okamura (National Freedom, Czech)

    Presidents of DARFUR
    2011-2021: 1) Minni Minnawi
    2021-present: 2) Abdul Wahid al Nur

    Presidents of The DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
    1963-1971: Juan Bosch (PRD) – defeated a paramilitary coup in 1963; retired amid threats of another coup attempt in 1969
    1971-1979: Juan Isidro Jimenez Grullon (SDA) – established term limits to prevent another coup attempt in 1975; term-limited
    1979-1979: Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly (NCU) – died at age 75
    1979-1987: Francisco Augusto Lora (NCU, then PR) – term-limited
    1987-1995: José Rafael Abinader (SDA) – defeated coup attempt in 1993
    1995-1998: José Francisco Peña Gómez (PRD) – died at age 61
    1998-2003: Jacinto Peynado Garrigosa (PRD, then Reform) – lost re-election and failed to overturn results, first in court and then via an attempted self-coup
    2003-2011: Milagros Ortiz Bosch (PRD) – first female President; niece of Juan Bosch; term-limited
    2011-2019: Eduardo Estrella (PDC) – term-limited; struggled to improve economy after the 2013 recession; just barely won re-election
    2019-present: Fello Suberví (PRD) – entered office at age 76; incumbent

    Presidents of EGYPT
    1953-1954: 1) Mohamed Naguib – resigned
    1954-1970: 2) Gamal Abdel Nasser – in office during the Sukkot War (1967); died in office
    1970-1982: 3) Anwar Sadat – shared a Nobel Peace Prize for the Atlanta Peace Treaty; retired six weeks after announcing he would do so in December 1981
    1982-2009: 4) Hosni Mubarak – a reluctant ally of Israel; in office when Egypt the Summer Olympics of 1996; dealt with rising civil disobedience issues as he continued safezoning policies long after the 2002-2005 SARS pandemic subsided; overthrown in military coup
    2009-2011: 5) Mohamed Hussein Tantawi – stepped down after overseeing free and fair elections
    2011-2021: 6) Moussa Mostafa Moussa – former architect; won in 2011 and 2016; controversial for having an icy relationship with Israel; term-limited
    2021-present: 7) Mohamed Anwar Esmat Sadat – is the nephew of the late Anwar Sadat; previously was heavily involved in organizing the annual Chicken Dinner Summits in Jerusalem; won 2021 election over Alaa Mubarak; incumbent

    Leaders of ERITREA
    PRIME MINISTERS
    1978-1981: 1) Isaias Afwerki – political infighting led to parliament removing him from office; killed in 1982
    1981-1982: 2) Alamin Mohammed Seid – overthrown in a military coup
    SECRETARY-GENERALS
    1982-1987: 3) Osman Saleh Sabbe – died from cancer; succeeded by his brother
    1987-1989: 4) Mahmoud Saleh Sabbe – overthrown in internal military coup
    1989-present: 5) Sebhat Ephrem – sided with North Korea in the Second Korean War and played a central role in the Eritrean Missile Scandal; incumbent

    Emperors of ETHIOPIA
    1930-1977: Haile Selassie I
    1977-1983: Amha Selassie I
    1983-present: Zera Yacob Amha Selassie I

    Presidents of FINLAND
    1956-1980: 8) Urho Kakkonen (Centre)
    1980-1992: 9) Mauno Koivisto (Social Democratic)
    1992-2004: 10) Elisabeth Rehn (Swedish People’s Alliance)
    2004-2016: 11) Dr. Pekka Puska (Green/Social Democratic, Green/Liberal after 2008)
    2016-present: 12) Pekka Haavisto (Green)

    Presidents of FRANCE
    8 Jan 1959 – 16 Jan 1965: 18) Charles de Gaulle (Union for the New Republic (UNR)) – resigned amid nationwide protests
    21 Dec 1958 (no runoff needed): de Gaulle over George Marrane (French Communist Party (PCF)) and Albert Chatelet (Union of the Democratic Forces (UFD))
    16 Jan 1965 – 7 Mar 1965: Acting) Alain Poher (Popular Republican Movement (MRP)) – lost election
    7 Mar 1965 – 7 Mar 1979: 19) Francois Mitterrand (Convention of Republican Institutions (CIR)), Unified Socialist Party after 1 May 1965) – term-limited
    14 Feb 1965 (1st round): Mitterrand (CIR) over Charles de Gaulle (UNR), Jean Lecanuet (Popular Republican Movement (MRP)), Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour (Miscellaneous far right (DVED)), Pierre Marcilhacy (European Liberal Party (PLE)) and Marcel Barbu (Miscellaneous left (DVG))
    28 Feb 1965 (2nd round): Mitterrand (CIR) over Charles de Gaulle (UNR)
    14 Feb 1972 (1st round): Mitterrand (USP) over Georges Pompidou (UNR), Alain Poher (MRP), Jacques Duclos (French Communist Party (PCF)), Gaston Deffere (French Section of the Workers’ International (SFIO)), Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour (DVED), and Gaston Monnerville (L’Réforme)
    28 Feb 1972 (2nd round): Mitterrand (USP) over Georges Pompidou (UNR)
    7 Mar 1979 – 7 Mar 1986: 20) Pierre Mauroy (USP) – lost re-election in a major upset amid multiple scandals
    14 Feb 1979 (1st round): Mauroy (USP) over Michel Jean-Pierre Debré (UNR), Valery Giscard d’Estaing (MRP), Jean Royer (Conservative), Arlette Laguiller (Workers’), Rene Dumont (Reform), Jacques Duclos (PCF), Gaston Defferre (SFIO), and Bertrand Renouvin (New Royalist Action)
    28 Feb 1979 (2nd round): Mauroy (USP) over Michel Jean-Pierre Debré (UNR)
    7 Mar 1986 – 17 May 1989: 21) Jean-Marie Le Pen (National Front (FN)) – impeached, convicted, and removed from office upon conviction for multiple offenses
    14 Feb 1986: Le Pen (Nationl Front (FN)) over Jaques Chaban-Delmas (Republican), Pierre Mauroy (USP), Valery Giscard d’Estaing (MRP), Jean Royer (Conservative), Arlette Laguiller (Workers’), Rene Dumont (Independent), Michel Rocard (Independent Socialist), Marie-France Garaud (Centrist), Georges Marchais (French Communist Party (PCF)), and Michel Crepeau (Radical Party of the Left (PRG))
    28 Feb 1986: Le Pen (Nationl Front (FN)) over Jaques Chaban-Delmas (Republican)
    17 May 1989 – 30 July 1989: Acting) Alain Poher Popular (Republican Movement (MRP)) – lost election
    30 July 1989 – 30 July 2003: 22) Claude Estier (Socialist Alliance (SA))
    – term-limited
    9 July 1989 (1st round): Estier (Socialist Alliance (SA)) over Brice Lalonde (Green), Jean-Claude Gaudin (Union for French Democracy (UDF)), Rene Monory (Center), Raymond Barre (Independent), Bertrand Renouvin (New Royalist Action) and Maurice Papon (National Front (FN)).
    23 July 1989 (2nd round): Estier (Socialist Alliance (SA)) over Brice Lalonde (Green)
    9 July 1996 (first round): Jean-Claude Gaudin (Republican), Edith Campion Cresson (Independent Socialist), Jean-Pierre Stirbois (National Front), and others
    23 July 1996 (runoff): cancelled – Estier received over 50% in the first round
    30 July 2003 – 30 July 2010: 23) Marie-Segolene Royal (Socialist Alliance (SA)) – lost re-election
    9 July 2003 (first round): Marie-Segolene Royal (SA) over Francois Bayrou (Centrist), Jean-Louis Debré (Republican), Marie-France Stirbois (National Front), and others
    23 July 2003 (runoff): Marie-Segolene Royal (SA) over Francois Bayrou (Centrist)
    30 July 2010 – 30 July 2017: 24) Francois Leotard (Republican) – lost re-election
    9 July 2010 (first round): Marie-Segolene Royal (SA) over Francois Leotard (Republican), Jean-Luc Melenchon (Democratic Socialist), Charles M. J. V. Napoleon (Centrist), Jean-Pierre Raffarin (Sensible), and others
    23 July 2010 (runoff): Francois Leotard (Republican) over Marie-Segolene Royal (SA)
    30 July 2017 – present: 25) Joseph “José” Bové (Green) – incumbent
    9 July 2017 (first round): Francois Leotard (Republican) over Joseph “José” Bové (Green), Benoit Hamon (Socialist Alliance), Dominique Voynet (Democratic Socialist), Francois Bayrou (Democratic Union), Jean-Christophe Napoleon (Centrist), Jeremie Renier (Independent), Jacques Cheminade (National Front), Laurent Fabius (Sensible) and Romain Duris (Action)
    23 July 2017 (runoff): Joseph “José” Bové (Green) over Francois Leotard (Republican)

    Presidium-Generals of GAGAUZIA
    1991-2011: 1) Mihail Kendighelean (Independent)
    2011-present: 2) Petr Tomaily (Socialist)

    Leaders of GERMANY
    Heads of State of EAST GERMANY
    1950-1973: Walter Ulbricht (C) - died in office from a stroke at the age of 80
    1973-1989: Erich Honecker (C) - attempted reforms to quell public unrest; communist rule collapsed
    Chancellors of WEST GERMANY
    1949-1963: Konrad Adenauer (CDU) - coalition lost majority control
    1963-1969: Ludwig Erhard (CDU) - coalition lost majority control
    1969-1974: Willy Brandt (SPD) - coalition lost majority control
    1974: Walter Scheel (FDP) - coalition lost majority control
    1974-1976: Helmut Schmidt (SPD) - coalition lost majority control
    1985-1985: Helmut Kohl (CDU/CSU) - oversaw the unification of East Germany and West Germany
    Chancellors of WEST GERMANY
    1985-1992: Helmut Kohl (CDU/CSU) - stepped own ahead of elections due to rising unpopularity over his handling of the early 1990s recession
    1992: Sabine Bergmann-Pohl (CDU/CSU) - first female Chancellor of Germany; coalition lost majority control
    1992-2000: Oskar Lafontaine (SPD) - coalition lost majority control
    2000-2007: Edmund Stoiber (CDU/CSU) - response to SARS Global Pandemic was effective but controversial; coalition lost majority control
    2007-2010: Petra Kelly (SPD/Green) - second female Chancellor of Germany; coalition lost majority control
    2010-present: Gerhard Schroder (SPD) - incumbent

    Prime Ministers of GREECE
    5/17/1958-9/20/1961: Konstantinos Karamanlis (ERE)
    9/20/1961-11/4/1961: Konstantinos Dovas (Independent)
    11/4/1961-6/18/1963: Konstantinos Karamanlis (ERE)
    6/18/1963-11/8/1963: Panagiotis Pipinelis (ERE)
    11/8/1963-6/10/1965: Georgios Papandreou (EK)
    6/10/1965-6/22/1965: Ilias Tsirimokos (Independent)
    6/22/1965-10/9/1972: Grigoris Lambrakis (EK/EDA alliance)
    10/9/1972-3/5/1977: Konstantinos Karamanlis (New Democracy)
    3/5/1977-5/8/1977: Georgios Mavros (New Democracy)
    5/8/1977-12/12/1978: Andreas Papandreou (PASOK)
    12/12/1978-10/20/1985: Alexandros Panagoulis (Centre Union)
    10/20/1985-10/11/1987: Andreas Papandreou (PASOK)
    10/11/1987-9/8/1989: Alexandros Panagoulis (Centre Union)
    9/8/1989-4/9/1992: Alexandros Onassis (Centre Union)
    4/9/1992-5/7/1998: Melina Mercouri (PASOK)
    5/7/1998-1/17/1999: Andreas Papandreou (PASOK)
    1/17/1999-7/8/1999: George Papandreou (PASOK)
    7/8/1999-6/15/2005: Giorgos Vassiliou (United Democrats)
    6/15/2005-2/24/2007: Yannis Dragasakis (United Democrats)
    2/24/2007-3/30/2008: Costas Simitis (PASOK)
    3/30/2008-8/16/2010: Kostas Karamanlis (Democratic Alliance)
    8/16/2010-1/2/2015: Theodoros Pangalos (PASOK)
    1/2/2015-5/14/2017: Antonis Manitakis (Democratic Front)
    5/14/2017-11/28/2017: Ioannis Plakiotakis (Multi-Partisan Coalition)
    11/28/2017-3/23/2021: Fotini “Fofi” Gennimata (PASOK)
    3/23/2021-present: Evangelos-Vasileios “Vangelis” Meimarakis (Democracy Now)

    Presidents of GUYANA
    1970-1980: 1) Arthur Chung (I) – first-ever ethnic Chinese head of state of a non-Asian country; retired
    1980-1985: 2) Forbes Burnham (PNC) – died from a sudden heart attack
    1985-1992: 3) Desmond Hoyte (PNC) – lost re-election
    1992-1997: 4) Cheddi Jagan Sr. (PPP) – died from a sudden heart attack
    1997-1997: 5) Sam Hinds (PPP) – lost party leadership position to more popular challenger
    1997-1999: 6) Janet Jagan (PPP) – widow of Cheddi Jagan Sr.; first white, first Jewish, and first female President; resigned due to rising health issues
    1999-2000: 7) Bharrat Jagdeo (PPP) – lost election
    2000-2009: 8) Barton U. A. Scotland (PNC) – lost re-election
    2009-2014: 9) Cheddi “Joey” Jagan Jr. (PPP) – son of two former Presidents; lost re-election
    2014-2018: 10) Sandra Marie Chan-A-Sue (PNC) – second female President, second Chinese President, and first female Chinese President; lost re-election
    2018-2020: 11) Manzoor Nadir (PPP) – lost party leadership position to more popular challenger
    2020-present: (7)) Bharrat Jagdeo (PPP) – incumbent

    Prime Ministers of ITALY
    1960-1963: ((32)) Amintore Fanfani (Christian Democracy)
    1963-1963: 37) Giovanni Leone (CD)
    1963-1965: 38) Aldo Moro (CD)
    1965-1969: (37)) Giovanni Leone (CD)
    1969-1975: 39) Benigno Zaccagnini (CD)
    1975-1978: (38)) Aldo Moro (CD)
    1978-1985: 40) Francesco De Martino (United Socialist)
    1985-1987: (38)) Aldo Moro (CD)
    1987-1991: (40)) Francesco De Martino (US)
    1991-1992: 41) Ottaviano Del Turco (US)
    1992-1992: 42) Pierre Carniti (Independent)
    1992-1999: 43) Arnaldo Forlani (CD)
    1999-2004: 44) Gianfranco Fini (Conservative National Alliance)
    2004-2005: 45) Gianni De Michelis (New Socialist Alliance, but officially Independent)
    2005-2012: (44)) Gianfranco Fini (CNA)
    2012-2016: 46) Bobo Craxi (NSA)
    2016-2020: (44)) Gianfranco Fini (CNA)
    2020-present: 47) Stefania Craxi (NSA)

    Presidents of IRAQ (elected by the Council of Representatives by a 2/3rds majority until the implementation of the Electorate College-based indirect presidential elections system in 1989-1991 reforms):
    7/14/1958-2/8/1963: 1) Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba’i (1904-1965) Independent – deposed
    2/8/1963-4/13/1966: 2) Abdul Salam Arif (1921-1966) ASU – died in office
    4/13/1966-11/2/1975: 3) Abdul Rahman Arif (1916-2007) ASU – retired due to waning popularity
    11/2/1975-1/20/1979: 4) Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (1914-1985) Iraqi Ba’ath/Independent – rejected from Ba’ath Party in early 1978 for participating in Atlanta Peace Talks; retired, officially due to “my failure to handle the national recession”
    1/20/1979-3/4/1986: 5) Tahir Yahya (1915-1986) Iraqi Ba’ath – retired due to waning popularity; passed away soon after leaving office
    3/4/1986-5/8/1991: 6) Abdul Rahman Arif (1916-2007) ASU – retired due to waning health
    5/8/1991-5/8/2003: 7) Abd ar-Razzaq Said al-Naif (1934-2010) ASU (“Pro-West” faction) – retired despite popularity, establishing a precedence
    5/8/2003-5/8/2009: 8) Saleh Muhammed al-Mutlaq (b. 1947) ASU (“moderate” faction) – former Ba’ath Party member, rejected for supporting justice reform; lost re-election but did not contest election results, establishing a precedence
    5/8/2009-5/8/2015: 9) Nouri al-Maliki (b. 1950) People of Iraq – lost re-election, and was pressured by party leadership to withdraw court challenges to the results; controversial for past anti-Zionist comments despite his more moderate political stances while in office
    5/8/2015-present: 10) Hussain al-Shahristani (b. 1942) ASU (“Pro-West” faction) – incumbent; term-limited after winning re-election in May 2021
    Governors of The Autonomous Republic of KURDISTAN
    12/13/2003-1/3/2013: 1) Jalal Talabani (Patriotic Union)
    1/3/2013-1/3/2017: 2) Nechirvan Barzani (Kurdistani Democratic)
    1/3/2017-present: 3) Rowsch Shaways (Patriotic Union)

    Presidents of IRELAND
    19/12/1974-21/3/1978: Cearbhall O Dalaigh (All-Party Nomination) – died in office
    17/11/1974: unopposed
    22/5/1978-21/5/1992: Patrick Hillery (Fianna Fail) – term-limited
    23/4/1978: unopposed
    23/4/1985: Austin Currie (Fine Gael)
    22/5/1992-21/5/2006: Mary Robinson (Independent) – term-limited
    23/4/1992: Mary McAleese (Fianna Fail) and Mary Banotti (Fine Gael)
    23/4/1999: unopposed
    22/5/2006-21/5/2020: Avril Doyle (Fine Gael) – term-limited
    23/4/2006: Mary O’Rourke (Fianna Fail) and Martin McGuinness (Sinn Fein)
    23/4/2013: Dana Rosemary Scallon (Independent) and Martin McGuinness (Sinn Fein)
    22/5/2020-present: Dana Rosemary Scallon (Independent) – incumbent
    23/4/2020: Bernadette Devlin McAliskey (Labour) and Gay Mitchell (Fine Gael)
    Taoiseachs of IRELAND
    1993-1997: Dick Spring (Labour)
    1997-1999: John Bruton (Fine Gael)
    1999-2003: Maire Geoghegan-Quinn (Fianna Fail)
    2003-2009: Ruairi Quinn (Labour)
    2009-2014: Dermot Ahern (Fianna Fail)
    2014-present: Michael Noonan (Fine Gael)

    Prime Ministers of INDIA
    1984-1989: 6) Rajiv Gandhi (INC) – lost election over rising geopolitical tensions
    1989-1995: 7) V. P. Singh (JD/NF) – initially popular for signing landmark peace accord with Pakistan that ended conflict over Kashmir
    1995-1997: (6)) Rajiv Gandhi (INC) – removed from office after being convicted of embezzlement
    1997-1998: 8) P. V. Narasimha Tao (INC) – lost re-election amid economic downturn
    1998-2001: 9) Lalu Prasad (JD/UF) – lost re-election after struggling to maintain a coalition government
    2001-2004: 10) Lal Krishna Advani (BJP) – forced out of office by his own party over his very poor and very divisive handling of the 2001-2004 SARS pandemic
    2004-2005: 11) Aral Bihari Vajpayee (BJP) – entered office at the age of 79; lost election in a landslide
    2005-2010: 12) Sonia Maino Gandhi (INC) – established fixed terms; lost re-election over controversial taxes and business regulations; wife of a former PM
    2010-present: 13) N. Chandrababu Naidu (TD) – incumbent; left-of-center technocrat and former businessman

    Presidents of INDONESIA
    1945-1965: 1) Sukarno – overthrown in bloody military coup
    1965-1992: 2) Suharto – took over West Irian in 1969; almost invaded East Timor in 1975; resigned amid major financial crisis
    1992-2005: 3) Sudharmono – defeated challenger Try Sutrisno in 1993 civil war; won 1995 election over Ali Sadikin; retired due to waning popularity
    2005-2015: 4) Megawati Sukarnoputri – daughter of Sukarno; won in 2005 over Tommy Suharto and in 2010 over Prabowo Subianto; retired
    2015-present: 5) Alwi Shihab – won in 2015 over Surya Paloh; won re-election in landslide; nation will host the 2024 summer Olympics; incumbent

    Shahs of IRAN
    1941-1978: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi – assassinated
    1978-present: Reza Pahlavi – entered office at the age of 17; cooled tensions with the Saudis to work with the Saudi Arabian Space Center and contribute to the regional effort to send a manned lunar module to the moon in 2008; country hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics; incumbent

    Prime Ministers of ISRAEL
    1969-1974: 4) Golda Meir (Labor) – retired due to declining popularity
    1974-1977: 5) Yitzhak Rabin (Labor) – lost election
    1977-1985: 6) Menachem Begin (Likud) – retired due to declining health
    1985-1988: 7) Yitzhak Shamir (Likud) – lost re-election
    1988-1990: (5)) Yitzhak Rabin (Labor) – lost re-election
    1990-1991: (7)) Yitzhak Shamir (Likud) – lost re-election
    1991-1994: 8) Shulamit Aloni (Meretz) – lost re-election
    1994-1996: (5)) Yitzhak Rabin (Labor) – retired after cancer diagnosis
    1996: 9) Teddy Kollek (Labor) – interim leader until Labor’s factions could agree on a single compromise leader candidate
    1996-1997: 10) Ami Ayalon (Labor) – lost election
    1997-2000: 11) Ariel Sharon (Likud) – lost re-election
    2000-2001: 12) Yossi Sarid (Meretz) – lost re-election
    2001-2004: (11)) Ariel Sharon (Likud) – lost re-election
    2004-2010: 13) Dr. Yosef “Yossi” Beilin (Labor/Meretz coalition) – lost re-election
    2010-2015: 14) Moshe Feiglin (Likud/Libertarian coalition) – lost re-election
    2015-present: 15) Tziporah Malka “Tzipi” Livni (Labor/Hatnua coalition) – incumbent

    Prime Ministers of JAPAN
    1989-1991: Toshiki Kaifu (LDP) – lost party confidence and ousted from leadership position
    1991-1993: Kiichi Miyazawa (LDP) – lost majority control
    1993-1994: Morihiro Hosokawa (New) – lost majority control
    1994-1994: Tsutomu Hata (Renewal) – lost majority control
    1994-1995: Tomiichi Murayama (Socialist) – lost majority control
    1995-1999: Ryutaro Hashimoto (LDP) – ousted from party leadership amid economic recession and fighting among internal factions
    1999-2000: Takeo Hiranuma (LDP) – ousted from party leadership
    2000-2001: Shintaro Ishihara (LDP) – ousted from party leadership
    2001-2002: Junichiro Koizumi (LDP) – ousted from party leadership
    2002-2008: Ryutaro Hashimoto (LDP) – mounted successful political comeback; announced stepping down due to declining health, and passed away soon after leaving office
    2008-2008: Taro Aso (LDP) – lost majority control as coalition crumbled among internal division
    2008-2010: Ichiro Ozawa (Centrist Coalition) – lost majority control
    2010-2016: Mizuho Fukushima (Social Democratic) – lost majority control
    2016-2020: Renho (Constitutional Democratic) – lost coalition confidence
    2020-2021: Seiji Maehara (Constitutional Democratic) – lost coalition confidence
    2021-present: Renho (Constitutional Democratic) – incumbent

    Kings of LAOS
    1959-1992: Sisavang Vatthana (1907-1992) – died from natural causes
    1992-2019: Vong Savang (1931-2019) – died from natural causes
    2019-present: Soulivong Savang (b. 1963) – is an openly avid Anglophile; incumbent

    Presidents of LEBANON
    1970-1976: 11) Suleiman Frangieh (Marada Movement) – term-limited
    1976-1982: 12) Elias Sarkis (unaffiliated) – term-limited
    1982-1988: 13) Musa al-Sadr (Amal Movement) – first non-Christian President; term-limited
    1988-1994: 14) Antoine “Tony” Frangieh (Marada Movement) – term-limited
    1994-2000: 15) Hussein El-Husseini (Amal Movement) – term-limited
    2000-2006: 16) Nayla Moawad (Qornet Shehwan Gathering) – first female President; term-limited
    2006-2011: 17) Nassib Lahoud (Democratic Renewal Movement) – died in office after a long illness
    2011-2012: – ) Elias Murr (Labour Organization) – served as “Acting” President and was not a candidate for a full term
    2012-2018: 18) Albert Mansour (Call For Sustainable Peace) – term-limited
    2018-present: 19) Boutros Harb (Independent) – incumbent

    Leaders of LIBYA
    MONARCHS of The KINGDOM of LIBYA
    1951-1969: 1) Idris I (Senussi Dynasty) – first and only King of Libya; overthrown in a coup
    REVOLUTIONARY COMMAND COUNCIL CHAIRMEN of The LIBYAN ARAB REPUBLIC
    1969-1982: 2) Muammar Gaddafi (Arab Socialist Union) – overthrown during the US-Libya War
    PRIME MINISTERS of The REPUBLIC of LIBYA
    1982-1985: 3) Mustafa Ben-Halim (Libyan Movement) – coalition lost majority control
    1985-1987: 4) Sadiq Al-Ghariani (National Identity) – slightly pro-West, conservative “third-way”; party lost majority control
    1987-1993: (3)) Mustafa Ben-Halim (Libyan Movement) – coalition lost majority control
    1993-1995: 5) Aguila Saleh Issa (Independent Pathway) – slightly anti-West but strongly anti-US; party lost majority control
    1995-2000: (3)) Mustafa Ben-Halim (Libyan Movement) – stepped down at the age of 79
    2000-2007: 6) Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab (Libyan Movement) – coalition lost majority control
    2007-2012: 7) Mohammed Magariaf (Renewal) – socially conservative and anti-West; party lost majority control
    2012-2017: (4)) Sadiq Al-Ghariani (National Identity) – stepped down amid corruption investigation; later arrested and tried but acquitted
    2017-2019: 8) Hussein Al-Qatrani (National Identity) – party lost majority control
    2019-2021: 9) Mustafa Abdul Jalil (Independent) – compromise candidate; coalition lost majority control
    2021-present: 10) Salwa Bughaighis (Justice) – first female Libyan Prime Minister; won position as part of compromise to form majority coalition; incumbent

    Presidents of MEXICO
    1958-1964: 55) Adolfo Lopez Mateos (PRI)
    1964-1970: 56) Gustavo Diaz Ordaz (PRI)
    1970-1976: 57) Luis Echeverria (PRI)
    1976-1982: 58) Jose Lopez Portillo y Pacheco (PRI)
    1982-1988: 59) Miguel de la Madrid (PRI)
    1988-1994: 60) Luis Alvarez (PAN)
    1994-2000: 61) Luis Colosio (PRI)
    2000-2006: 62) Esteban Moctezuma (PRI)
    2006-2012: 63) Marcela Guerra Castillo (PRI)
    2012-2018: 64) Santiago Creel (PAN)
    2018-present: 65) Miguel Angel Osorio Chong (PRI)

    Presidents of MOZAMBIQUE
    1975-present: 1) Samora Machel (FRELIMO) – currently 87 years old and has been in office for just over 46 years now; incumbent

    Prime Ministers of NEW ZEALAND
    1957-1957: 26) Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake (National) – party lost majority
    1957-1960: 27) Walter Nash (Labour) – won in 1957; party lost majority
    1960-1966: (26)) Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake (National) – won in 1960 and 1963; party lost majority over his “undecisive” approach to US foreign policy during the Cuba and Indochina Wars
    1966-1972: 28) Norman Eric Kirk (Labour) – won in 1966 and 1969; died from a heart attack at the age of 49
    1972-1972: Acting) Arthur James Faulkner (Labour) – was Deputy Prime Minister; served temporarily and unofficially, from 19 February to 26 February; lost bid to serve as full PM
    1972-1981: 29) Bill Rowling (Labour) – won in 1972, 1975, and 1978; party lost majority
    1981-1984: 30) Sir Robert Muldoon (National) – won in 1981; party lost majority
    1984-1989: (29)) Bill Rowling (Labour) – won in 1984 and 1987; stepped down due to declining health, after a total of 14 non-consecutive years in office
    1989-1999: 31) Jim Anderton (Labour) – won in 1990, 1993 and 1996; party lost majority
    1999-2002: 32) Sir Simon William “Johnny” English (National) – won in 1999; entered office at the age of 38; part lost majority over his poor handling of the SARS Global Pandemic
    2002-2011: 33) Dame Tariana Turia (Labour) – won in 2002, 2005 and 2008; born to an American father and a Maori mother; first female NZ PM; stepped down amid waning popularity
    2011-2011: 34) Rodney David Donald (Labour until 2011, then Labour-Green Alliance) – alliance lost majority amid incumbency fatigue
    2011-2016: (32)) Sir Simon William “Johnny” English (National-People’s Alliance) – experienced a political comeback in 2009; won in 2011 and 2014; was praised for his handling of the 2013 economic downturn; resigned in November amid waning popularity, criticisms for several gaffes, and an investigation into a workplace pestering allegation
    2016-2017: 35) Simon Joseph Bridges (National-People’s Alliance) – entered office at the age of 40; was of Maori descent; died in a plane crash
    2017-2017: Acting) Winston Peters (National-People’s Alliance) – was Deputy Prime Minister; served temporarily and unofficially, from 17 June to 24 June; lost bid to serve as full PM
    2017-2017: 36) Margaret Mary “Maggie” Barry (National-People’s Alliance) – second female NZ PM; party lost majority
    2017-present: 37) Metiria Turei (Labour-Maori-Green Alliance) – won in 2017 and 2020; incumbent; born into a Maori family; third female NZ PM; her Deputy PM is Hone Harawira

    Sultans of OMAN
    1932-1970: Said bin Taimur – overthrown by son after several years of mental decline and poor leadership leading to Oman’s living standards plummeting
    1970-2020: Qaboos bin Said – praised for improving Oman’s living conditions, including sanitation, literacy and nutrition; played an instrumental role in bringing regional leaders together for peace negotiations during the 1970s and again in the 1990s
    2020-present: Haitham bin Tariq – Qaboos’ nephew; chosen by Qaboos to be his successior due to dedication to improving Omani quality of life

    Presidents of PALESTINE
    The Transfer of Authority from Israel to an interim Palestinian Authority (headed by Arafat as “Interim President”) occurred after the landmark 1978 Peace Treaty, and the transfer process was completed in 1982, with an independent Palestinian state sustaining a “special relationship” (i.e., a complicated but functioning and relatively peaceful one) with Israel and Jordan being established.
    1982-1994: 1) Nasser Arafat (Popular Palestinian Democratic Front) – retired
    1994-1995: 2) Samir Ghawshah (PPDF) – lost re-election
    1995-1999: 3) Yasser Abed Rabbo (Strength Through Peace) – lost re-election
    1999-2007: 4) Sari Nusseibeh (The Centrist Way) – retired
    2007-2017: 5) Farouk Kaddoumi (Fatah) – retired amid low approval ratings linked to “hostile” comments made against Israel’s PM in 2016
    2017-present: 6) Salam Fayyad (The Centrist Way) – incumbent

    Presidents of PANAMA
    1968-1973: 10) Arnulfo Arias – retired
    1973-1983: 11) Demetrio Lakas – the son of Greek immigrants; overthrown in coup
    1983-1983: 12) Manuel Noriega – killed in US-backed countercoup in December, roughly six months after taking office
    1983-1990: (11)) Demetrio Lakas – reinstated, won re-election in 1984, then retired
    1990-1996: 13) Carlos Duque – term-limited
    1996-2002: 14) Mireya Moscoso – first female President; former First Lady (Arias); term-limited
    2002-2008: 15) Rubén Blades – famous actor, singer-songwriter, and activist; term-limited
    2008-2014: 16) Ricardo Martinelli – the son of Italian and Spanish immigrants; later tried and convicted for wiretapping and other forms of abuse of power
    2014-2020: 17) José Miguel Alemán – term-limited
    2020-present: 18) Balbina Herrera – second female President; term-limited

    Presidents of PARAGUAY
    1954-1996: 60) Alfredo Stroessner (ANR-Colorado) – dictator; died in plane crash
    1996-1997: 61) Andrez Rodriguez (ANR-Colorado) – died in office from cancer
    1997-2001: 62) (ANR-Colorado) – deposed in a coup d’etat
    2001-2010: 63) Julio Cesar Franco (Independent until 2002, then Liberation) – became a more active opponent of the Stroessner regime after his brother Federico Franco was killed in a 1989 purge in Asuncion; initially served on a temporary basis; organized free and fair elections for 2002, but they were postponed for nearly two years due to the severity of the nation’s SARS crisis; won a single 6-year term in 2004 due to his highly-approved handling of the SARS virus; tried and failed to become an eligible candidate in 2010, which diminished his popularity considerably
    2010-2016: 64) Pedro Fadul (BF-PPL Alliance) – term-limited; unpopular due to lackluster handling of economic decline in 2013-2014
    2016-present: 65) Maria Gloria Solaeche (Democratic Progressive) – incumbent; anti-corruption; term-limited

    Presidents of The PHILIPPINES
    1965-1986: 10) Ferdinand Marcos (Nationalist/KBL) – was instrumental to US actions during Indochina Wars; ran a dictatorship; fled to Hawaii during the People Power Revolution that ousted him from power
    1986-1995: 11) Corazon Aquino (UNIDO/Independent) – widow of resistance leader Benigno S. Aquino Jr.; established term limits and retired
    1995-2000: 12) Fernando Poe Jr. (KNP) – lost re-election
    2000-2005: 13) Jose de Venecia Jr. (Lakas) – accused of corruption; lost re-election
    2005-2015: 14) Miriam Defensor Santiago (PRP) – term-limited
    2015-present: 15) Dr. Luis Antonio Tagle (Pragmatic) – incumbent; is improving relations with the US after a relations strained under last two predecessors

    Leaders of POLAND
    BEFORE 1984 COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT CAPITULATION:
    Wojciech Jaruzelski (as First Secretary of the Polish Union Workers’ Party) and Henryk Jablonski (As Chairman OF the Council of the state)
    AFTER 1984 COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT CAPITULATION (AS PRESIDENT OF POLAND):
    5/23/1984-5/23/1994: 1) Jarek Kuron (Solidarity) – term-limited
    5/2/1984: Kuron over Tadeusz Mazowiecki (Independent)
    5/2/1989: Kuron over Jan Olszewski (Conservative Movement)
    5/23/1994-5/23/1999: 2) Leszek Kolakowski (Solidarity) – retired
    5/2/1994: Kolakowski over Waldemar Pawlak (Christian Democratic) and Leszek Balcerowicz (Economic Reform)
    5/23/1999-5/23/2009: 3) Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz (Civility) – term-limited
    5/2/1999: Gonkiewicz-Waltz over Andrzej Olechowski (Defense) and Marian Krzaklewski (Solidarity)
    5/2/2004: Gonkiewicz-Waltz over Waldemar Pawlak (Christian Democratic), Janusz Korwin-Mikke (Defense/Polish Right) and Janusz Sniadek (Solidarity)
    5/23/2009-5/23/2019: 4) Krystyna Bochenck (Civility) – term-limited
    5/2/2009: Bochenck over Donald F. Tusk (Christian Democratic) and Piotr Duda (Solidarity)
    5/2/2014: Bronislaw Maria Komorowski (Christian Democratic) and Anna Grodzka (Green, endorsed by Solidarity)
    5/23/2019-present: 5) Jaroslaw Leszek Walesa (Solidarity) – incumbent
    5/2/2019: Jerzy Szmajdzinski (Democratic Left Alliance)

    Leaders of ROMANIA
    GENERAL SECRETARIES (1945-1982)
    10/16/1945-4/19/1954: Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (Communist) – stepped down
    4/19/1954-9/30/1955: Gheorghe Apostol (Communist) – stepped down
    9/30/1955-3/19/1965: Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (Communist) – died in office from lung cancer
    3/19/1965-3/29/1971: Gheorghe Apostol (Communist) – ousted in a coup
    3/29/1971-7/21/1971: Ion Gheorghe Maurer (Communist) – assassinated by an unknown sniper
    7/21/1971-4/28/1981: Elena Ceausescu (Communist) – fled the capitol during riots but continued to claim office until her capture and execution in July 1982
    4/28/1981-7/25/1982: Ilie Verdet (Communist) – stepped down
    7/25/1982-12/12/1982: Gheorghe Apostol (Communist)
    PRESIDENTS (1982-present)
    7/25/1982-12/12/1991: 1) Gheorghe Apostol (Communist, then Independent after June 1983) – resigned after holding Moldovan unification referendums
    12/12/1991-1/7/1993: 2) Alexandra Barladeanu (Independent) – led the unofficial “transitional government”
    1/7/1993-1/7/1998: 3) Michael I (Independent) – former King of Romania; upheld one-term pledge; officially called “Michael Romanescu”
    1/7/1998-1/7/2003: 4) Nicolae Manolescu (Liberal Democratic (left-wing centrist)) – upheld one-term pledge
    1/7/2003-1/7/2013: 5) Theodor Stolojan (Christian Democratic (right-wing centrist)) – term-limited
    1/7/2013-present: 6) Dumitru Ciubasenco (Liberal Democratic (endorsed by Social Democratic in 2012 and 2017)) – incumbent; first President from the former Moldova

    Kings of SAUDI ARABIA
    1964-1975: Faisal – assassinated
    1975-1982: Khalid – died from heart attack
    1982-1993: Fahd – died from a massive stroke due to poor health being aggravated by rising protests over human rights violations
    1993-2015: Abdullah – died from pneumonia
    2015-present: Salman – incumbent

    Presidents of SENEGAL
    1960-1980: 1) Leopold Sedar Senghor (Socialist)
    1980-1982: 2) Abdou Diouf (Socialist)
    Presidents of The GAMBIA
    1970-1982: 1) Sir Dawda Jawara (People’s)
    Presidents of The SENEGAMBIA CONFEDERATION
    1982-1990: 1) Abdou Diouf (Socialist)
    1990-2000: 2) Assan Musa Camara (People’s)
    2000-2010: 3) Abdou Diouf (Socialist)
    2010-2015: 4) Moustapha Niasse (Progressive)
    2015-present: 5) Adama Barrow (People’s)

    Presidents of SOMALIA
    1969-1995: 3) Siad Barre (Socialist) – died from complications from a heart attack suffered earlier that month
    1995-2014: 4) Muhammad Ali Samatar (Socialist) – contributed to regional goal of sending astronauts to the moon in 2008 via test probe launches from the Jilib Launch Base north of Jilib; investigated for committing a series of illegal and impeachable actions; pardoned self and stepped down amid economic crisis
    2014-present: 5) Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi (Socialist) – introduced reform to bring country out of recession; incumbent

    Presidents of SOUTH AFRICA
    1984-1989: 1) Nelson Mandela (ANC) – succeeded P. W. Botha; retired
    1989-1994: 2) Steve Biko (BCM/Inkatha Freedom (People’s)) – lost re-election
    1994-2004: 3) Chris Hani (ANC) – term-limited
    2004-2008: 4) Mangosuthu Buthelezi (People’s) – impeached and removed from for his involvement in the 2007 I.O.C. Bribery Scandal
    2008-2014: 5) Keorapetse Kgositsile (ANC, Independent after 11/2/2013) – was elected Deputy President in 2004; elected to a full term in 2009; retired
    2014-2019: 6) Nosimo Zisiwe Beauty Balindlela (Democratic Alliance) – first female President; lost re-election
    2019-present: 4) Mosima G. “Tokyo” Sexwale (ANC) – incumbent

    Prime Ministers of SPAIN (1975-present)
    1975-1976: Carlos Arias Navarro (NM) – oversaw transition from Francoism to democracy; resigned amid waning popularity
    1976-1981: Adolfo Suarez (NM until 1977, then UCD) – legalized all political parties and negotiated the creation of autonomous communities
    1981-1982: Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo (UCD) – supported efforts to have Spain join NATO; oversaw responses to the 1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt
    1982-1990: Felipe Gonzalez (PSOE) – implemented liberal reforms and economic restructuring, and improved education and the social security system
    1990-1995: Adolfo Suarez (CDS) – addressed worker strikes with denationalization measures meant to lower unemployment rates
    1995-2007: Felipe Gonzalez (PSOE) – learned from his previous administration's mistakes to successfully combat unemployment with lower interest rates, expanding labor markets, and modernizing industries; resigned, after roughly 20 non-consecutive years as PM, due to fatigue
    2007-2008: Joaquin Almunia (PSOE) – eased recreadrug restrictions and sought to strengthen relations among all the nations of Europe
    2008-2011: Angel Acebes (PP) – worked to deregulate economy to encourage entrepreneurial growth
    2011-2013: Jose Blanco (PSOE) – struggled to deal with the Great European recession of 2013
    2013-2014: Soraya Saenz de Santamaria (PP) – struggled to deal with both economic recession and rising secession movements
    2014-2015: Jose Antonio Perez Tapias (PSOE) – dealt with unemployment-fueled secession efforts by improving post-recession conditions
    2015-2019: Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba (PSOE) – protected trans rights and improved relations abroad; died in office suddenly from a massive stroke
    2019-2020: Susana Diaz (PSOE) – championed laws to protect women from workplace pestering and prejudice
    2020-present: Santiago Abascal (PP/Vox Alliance) – incumbent; a “compromise” candidate during the last election now seen as highly controversial and divisive for multiple far-right statements and actions

    Presidents of SRI LANKA
    1972-1978: 1) William Gopallawa (Independent) – position altered in 1978 from ceremonial to executive
    1978-1989: 2) J. R. Jayawardene (UNP) – term-limited
    1989-1993: 3) Ranasinghe Premadasa (UNP) – assassinated
    1993-2001: 4) Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (UNP) – allowed UK PM John Lennon mediate peace talks between him and LTTE leader Selvarasa Pathmanathan in early 1994, resulting in the three of them sharing the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize for ending the Sri Lankan Civil War earlier that year; term-limited
    2001-2007: 5) Gamini Dissanayake (UNP) – term-limited
    2007-2013: 6) Victor Hettigoda (Freedom) – term-limited
    2013-2019: 7) Ranil Wickremesinghe (UNP) – term-limited
    2019-present: 8) Shirani Bandaranayake (Freedom) – incumbent

    Presidents of SUDAN
    1969-1985: 6) Jaafar Nimeiry (Military/SSU) – deposed
    1985-1986: 7) Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab (Military) – handed over power to civilian government
    1986-1989: 8) Ahmed al-Mirghani (DUP) – deposed
    1989-2013: 9) Omar al-Bashir (Military/NCP) – deposed; fled and captured; tried and found guilty of numerous charges by the UN International Tribunal Court and sentenced to life in prison at Helmond
    2013-2014: 10) Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf (Military/NCP) – deposed
    2014-2017: 11) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (Military) – handed over power to civilian government
    2017-present: 12) Rebecca Nyandeng De Mabior (SUP) – first female President; incumbent

    Co-Presidents of SOUTH SUDAN
    2014-present: 1 and 2) Khalil Ibrahim and Ahmed Diraige (Independents)

    Presidents of SURINAME
    1975-1978: 1) Johan Ferrier – overthrown in a coup
    1978-1978: disputed – position essentially shared by Desi Bouterse and Henck Arron
    1978-1982: 2) Desire Delano “Desi” Bouterse – overthrown in a coup
    1982-1993: 3) Wilfred Hawker – restored democracy in 1985 and was democratically elected to two four-year terms; arrested after attempted a self-coup
    1993-1993: 4) Henk Chin A Sen – completed Hawker’s term
    1993-2001: 5) Ronnie Brunswijk – youngest President; term-limited
    President-Elect in 2001: Pretaap Radhakishum – died suddenly from a heart attack at the age of 66, one week before he could be sworn into the Presidency
    2001-2009: 6) Niermala Badrising – first female President (TTL’s Sarah Palin); term-limited
    2009-2013: 7) Robert Ameerali – term-limited
    2013-2014: 8) Dino Bouterse – arrested after evidence was spilled ontech of his ties to several major international recreadrug cartels
    2014-2017: 9) Gregory Rusland – lost re-election
    2017-2021: 10) Ashwin Adhin – lost re-election
    2021-present: 11) Diana Pokie – second female President; incumbent

    Prime Ministers of SWEDEN
    1946-1969: 25) Tage Erlander (Social Democrats) – introduced universal health insurance and pension additions; hosted the 1968 Sanders-Shelepin Summit in Gothenburg
    1969-1976: 26) Olof Palme (Social Democrats) – maintained a “non-alignment” policy during the Cold War
    1976-1978: 27) Thorbjorn Falldin (Centre Party) – rose quickly in politics after a career in farming
    1978-1979: 28) Ola Ullsten (People’s Party) – led minority government amid inter- and intra- party disagreements over energy policy
    1979-1982: (27)) Thorbjorn Falldin (Centre Party) – lauded for humbleness and straightforwardness, but failed to form coalitions to pass meaningful legislation
    1982-1988: (26)) Olof Palme (Social Democrats) – restructured and modernized several industries
    1988-1989: 29) Carl Bildt (Moderate) – failed to pass tax reform over concerns of it negatively impacting social programs
    1989-2001: (26)) Olof Palme (Social Democrats) – implemented a progressive tax plan; worked well with US President Carol Bellamy and strengthened Swedish relations with Yugoslavia, leading to many Yugovs naming their children after him
    2001-2008: 30) Anna Lindh (Social Democrats) – first female PM; close ally of predecessor during the 1990s; praised for handling the Global SARS Pandemic of 2002-2003 but criticized in 2007 for raising taxes to pay for “unprecedental” national medical expenses
    2008-2011: 31) Bo Lundgren (Alliance) – lowered taxes and replaced anti-unemployment policies with anti-inflationary policies, which were later blamed for worsening economic conditions during The Great European Recession of 2013
    2011-2013: 32) Lennart Daléus (Social Democrats) – environmentalist and former centrist; often feuded with Deputy PM Håkan Juholt
    2013-2014: 33) Maud Olofsson (Centre) – allegedly worsened economic conditions by allying with Moderates and the Neoliberal wing of the Social Democrats to deregulate banking procedures and reduce wealth taxes
    2014-present: 34) Mona Ingeborg Andersson Sahlin (Social Democrats) – reversed predecessor’s actions; currently enjoying high approval ratings

    Presidents of SYRIA
    1971-1997: 18) Hafez al-Assad – died
    1997-1999: -- Bassel al-Assad (claimed office)
    1997-2009: 19) Abdul Halim Khaddam – retired
    2009-2021: 20) Farouk al-Sharaa – Khaddam’s preferred successor; retired
    2021-present: 21) Ghazi Kanaan – al-Sharaa's preferred successor; incumbent

    Presidents of TAIWAN
    1948-1975: 1) Chiang Kai-shek (Kuomintang) – died in office amid PRC Civil War
    1975-1978: 2) Yen Chia-kan (Kuomintang) – considered invading the PRC during its Civil War of 1975; retired
    1978-1988: 3) Chiang Ching-kuo (Kuomintang) – died in office
    1988-2000: 4) Lee Teng-hui (Kuomintang) – implemented free elections in 1995; won 1996 election in a landslide as it occurred two days after the Second Korean War officially ended; retired; left office with high approval ratings
    2000-2008: 5) Peng Ming-min (Democratic Progressive) – entered office at the age of 76; term-limited
    2008-2012: 6) You Ching (Democratic Progressive) – lost re-election
    2012-2020: 7) Elmer Fung (Kuomintang) – term-limited
    2020-present: 8) Lin Ting-chun (Democratic Progressive) – first female President; daughter of former Presidential candidate Lin Yi-hsiung; her twin sister Liang-chun serves in the national legislature; incumbent

    Presidents of TRANSNISTRIA (independence declared in 1991, achieved in 1992)
    1991-2001: 1) Andrey Manoylov (Independent until 1993, then Country) – retired due to poor health
    2001-2006: 2) Alexandru Caraman (Country) – lost re-election over his poor handling of SARS Global Pandemic
    2006-2014: 3) Aleksandr Radchenko (Socialist-Democratic) – died in office from poor health
    2014-2016: 4) Ilona Tyuryaeva (Socialist-Democratic) – lost election
    2016-2021: 5) Oleg Khorzhan (Socialist-Democratic) – lost re-nomination
    2021-present: 6) Yevgeny Shevchuk (Independent) – incumbent

    List of Presidents of TURKEY
    1961-1966: 4) Cemal Gursel – died in office from poor health
    1966-1969: 5) Cevdet Sunay – removed from office over the Turkish Missile Crisis of 1969
    1969-1974: 6) Sadi Irmak – co-led a shift in Greco-Turkish relations after the Bulgarian Plot of 1971 was uncovered
    1974-1980: 7) Naim Talu – former economist and banker who left office willing after losing re-election
    1980-1990: 8) M. Fethullah Gulen – left-of-center reformist; almost overthrown in 1982; another coup attempt was planned in 1984 for later in the year but the plan fell apart once the USSR collapsed
    1990-1997: 9) Suleyman Demirel – center-right
    1997-2009: 10) Deniz Baykal – left-leaning
    2009-2019: 11) Kemal Kilicdaroglu – centrist reformer
    2019-present: 12) Cem Uzan – former businessman; incumbent

    Leaders of UGANDA
    PRESIDENTS of The FIRST REPUBLIC
    1963-1966: 1) Edward Mutesa (Kabaka Yekka) – overthrown
    1966-1971: 2) Milton Obote (Uganda People’s Congress) – overthrown
    PRESIDENT of The MILITARY JUNTA
    1971-1976: 3) Idi Amin (Ugandan Armed Forces) – overthrown, fled and captured alive in UK-led, US-based military intervention
    PRIME MINISTERS of The SECOND REPUBLIC
    1976-1979: 4) Paul Ssemogerere (Democratic) – politically moderate; stepped down over continued political partisan fighting
    1979-1980: 5) Edward Rugumayo (Democratic) – party lost majority control; results contest by both parties
    1980-1982: 6) Dani Wadada Nabudere (Uganda People’s Congress) – left-leaning intellectualist; overthrown in a coup later discovered to have been strongly backed by the US’s Denton administration and CIA
    PRESIDENTS of The THIRD REPUBLIC
    1982-1996: 7) Tito Lutwa Okello (Liberty) – passed away from an undisclosed illness at the age of 81
    1996-1999: 8) Henry Oryem Okello (Liberty) – entered office at the age of 36; son of Tito Okello; overthrown in nationwide pro-democracy movement; currently resides in London
    PRESIDENTS of The FOURTH REPUBLIC
    1999-1999: Temporary Governing Council – committee of 27 community leaders who worked with local officials to form a consensus when developing a new constitution; dissolved upon inauguration of newly elected President
    1999-2005: (2)) Milton Obote (People’s) – dealt with the SARS global pandemic; died in office at the age of 80
    2005-2007: 9) Olara A. Otunnu (People’s) – lost election to a full term and failed to overturn the election results or rally enough members of the military to launch a self-coup
    2007-2015: 10) Dr. Kizza Besigye (New Democratic) – term-limited
    2015-2019: 11) Robinah Nabbanja (Nationalist) – first female President; lost re-election; received praise for accepting the election results and conceding graciously, leading to her receiving a position in her successor’s cabinet
    2019-present: (10)) Dr. Kizza Besigye (New Democratic) – incumbent

    Presidents of The UKRAINE
    1984-1991: 1) Leonid Kravchuk (Independent) – term-limited
    1991-1998: 2) Viachselav Chornovil (People’s Movement) – term-limited
    1998-2005: 3) Levko Lukyanenko (Republican) – term-limited
    2005-2012: 4) Leonid Kuchma (Independent) – surrounded by scandals; term-limited
    2012-2017: 5) Oleksandr Moroz (Social Centric) – died in plane crash
    2017-2019: 6) Inna Bohoslovska (Social Centric) – ascended to the position due to being Vice President; first female President; lost election
    2019-present: 7) Yulia Tymoshenko (Ukrainian Left) – incumbent

    Prime Ministers of The UNITED KINGDOM
    10 Jan 1957 – 18 Oct 1963: Harold Macmillan (Conservative) – stepped down
    1959: Macmillan over Hugh Gaitskell (Labour) and Jo Grimond (Liberal)
    18 Oct 1963 – 27 Aug 1965: Alec Douglas-Home (C) – party lost majority
    1964: Douglas-Home over Harold Wilson (Labour) and Jo Grimond (Liberal)
    27 Aug 1965 – 15 May 1968: George Brown (Labour) – stepped down
    1965: Brown over Douglas-Home (C) and Jo Grimond (Liberal)
    15 May 1968 – 10 Oct 1968: John Stonehouse (Labour) – removed from office for treason
    10 Oct 1968 – 3 Dec 1968: Michael Foot (Labour) – party lost majority
    3 Dec 1968 – 28 Mar 1973: Enoch Powell (C) – party lost majority
    1968: Powell over Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal) and Michael Foot (Labour)
    28 Mar 1973 – 15 Sept 1983: Dingle M. Foot (Labour) – stepped down
    1973: Foot over Enoch Powell (C) and David Steel (Liberal)
    1975: Foot over Edward Heath (C) and David Steel (Liberal)
    1979: Foot over Edward Heath (C), David Steel (Liberal) and Mary Whitehouse (Moralist)
    15 Sept 1983 – 26 Nov 1987: Shirley Williams (Labour) – party lost majority
    1984: Williams over Jim Prior (C), David Steel/David Owen (SDP-Liberal Alliance), United Kingdom Intrepid Progressive (Eric Heffer) and Mary Whitehouse (Moralist)
    26 Nov 1987 – 4 Feb 1992: Alastair Goodlad (C) – party lost majority
    1987: Goodlad over Shirley Williams (Labour), David Steel/David Owen (SDP-Liberal Alliance), and Eric Heffer (UKIP)
    4 Feb 1992 – 8 Mar 2004: John Winston Lennon (Labour) – resigned per campaign promise
    1992: Lennon over Goodlad (C), Paddy Ashdown (Liberal Democrats), and Jeremy Corbyn (UK Intrepid Progressive)
    1995: Lennon over Jill Knight (C), Paddy Ashdown (LD), and Jeremy Corbyn (UKIP)
    2000: Lennon over Nigel Lawson (C), Charles Kennedy (LD), and Rosemary Byrne/Tommy Sheridan (UKIP/Socialist Alliance)
    2002: Beckett over Ken Clarke (C), Charles Kennedy (LD), and Belinda Lee (UKIP)
    8 Mar 2004 – 28 Nov 2006: Harriet Harman (Labour) – lost re-election
    2005: Beckett over Ken Clarke (C), Charles Kennedy (LD), and Belinda Lee (UKIP)
    28 Nov 2006 – 16 Aug 2011: Michael Heseltine (C) – lost re-election
    2006: Heseltine over Harman (Labour), Charles Kennedy (LD), and Belinda Lee (UKIP)
    2010: Heseltine over Alan Beith (Labour) and Charles Kennedy (LD), and Peter Bevan-Baker (UKIP)
    16 Aug 2011 – 3 Mar 2015: Mary Creagh (L) – resigned unexpectedly
    2011: Creagh over Michael Heseltine (C), Lynne Featherstone (LD), Caroline Lucas (Green), and Peter Bevan-Baker (UKIP)
    2014: Creagh over Jacob Rees-Mogg (C), Greg Mulholland (LD), Blair Jenkins (Scottish People’s), and Caroline Lucas (Green)
    3 Mar 2015 – 10 Oct 2015: Lawrence Sanders (L) – resigned once “a more long-term” party leader was elected
    10 Oct 2015 – 17 Dec 2016: Ed Balls (L) – lost re-election
    17 Dec 2016 – 28 Sept 2020: Alastair Goodlad (C) – lost re-election
    2016: Goodlad over Ed Balls (L), Wera Hobhouse (LD), Blair Jenkins (Scottish People’s) and Caroline Lucas (Green)
    28 Sept 2020 – present: Guy Standing (L) – incumbent
    2020: Standing over Alastair Goodlad (C), Daisy Cooper (LD), Louise Hay Linton (Scottish People’s) and Amelia Womack (Green)
    Mayors of LONDON
    1993-2001: Chris Patten (Conservative) – term-limited
    2001-2005: Tony Banks (Labour) – lost re-election
    2005-2013: Steven Norris (Conservative) – term-limited
    2013-2021: Nicky Gavron (Labour) – term-limited; first female mayor
    2021-present: Eddie Izzard (Labour) – incumbent; first BLUTAGO mayor, announcing a preference for “she/her” pronouns in 2020

    Presidents of The Republic of UNITED KOREA (formed in 1996)
    1996-1998: 1) Kim Young-sam (Democratic Liberal Party, then New Korea, then Independent) – was president of South Korea 1993-1996
    1998-2003: 2) Kim Dae-jung (Democratic Liberal Party, then Millennium Democratic Party) – term-limited
    1997: Lee Hoi-chang (Democratic Conservative Party)
    2003-2008: 3) Hong Sook-ja (Social Democratic Party) – first female President; term-limited
    2002: Lee In-je (MDP), Choi Byung-ryul (GNP), Kwon Young-ghil (DLP), Roh Moo-hyun (DCP) and Chung Dong-young (Independent)
    2008-2013: 4) Lee Hoi-chang (Grand National Party) – term-limited
    2007: Chun Young-se (SDP), Park Jie-won (DUP), Thae Yong-ho (DLP) and Roh Moo-hyun (MDP)
    2013-2018: 5) Han Myeong-sook (Democratic Unity Party, then Centrist Democratic Party) – second female President; term-limited
    2012: Lee Myung-bak (GNP), Kang Gi-gap (DLP) and Kim Je-dong (SDP)
    2018-2020: 6) Roh Hoe-chan (Social Democratic Party, then Independent) – initially highly popular; impeached, convicted and removed from office for accepting bribes and workplace misconduct, shifting election cycles by nearly three years; later put on suicide watch after attempting suicide over his fall from grace
    2017: Moon Sung-hyeon (DLP), Chung Dong-young (CDP), Park Won-soon (GNP) and Lee Jae-oh (Populist)
    2020-2021: 7) Woo Hee-jong (Grand National Party, then National Sensibility Party) – served as interim leader while staying on as Prime Minister
    2021-present: 8) Ji Seong-ho (Democratic Liberal Party) – first United Korea President from “the former North”; youngest Korean President ever, entering office at the age of 38; incumbent
    2020: Rhyu Si-min (SDP), Sim Sang-jeong (Populist), Lee Sang-don (Reform)

    Presidents of The UNITED STATES of AMERICA
    1/20/1961-1/20/1965: 35) Lyndon Baines Johnson (Democratic-TX) – lost re-election
    VP: 37) Hubert H. Humphrey Jr. (D-MN) – lost re-election
    1960: Johnson/Humphrey over Richard M. Nixon/Walter Judd (R)
    1/20/1965-1/20/1973: 36) Harland David “Colonel” Sanders (Republican-KY) – term-limited
    VP: 38) William Scranton (R-PA) – term-limited
    1964: Sanders/Scranton (R) over Lyndon B. Johnson/Hubert Humphrey (D) and John M. Patterson/C. Farris Bryant (Heritage and Independence Party)
    1968: Sanders/Scranton (R) over Jack Kennedy/Grant Sawyer (D)
    1/20/1973-1/20/1981: 37) Walter Frederick “Fritz” Mondale (D-MN) – term-limited
    VP: 39) Maurice Robert “Mike” Gravel (D-AS) – term-limited
    1972: Mondale/Gravel (D) over William Scranton/Mike Stepovich (R)
    1976: Mondale/Gravel (D) over Ronald Reagan/William Westmoreland (R)
    1/20/1981-12/28/1986: 38) Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr. (R-AL) – resigned
    VP: 40) Andrew Lamar Alexander Jr. (R-TN) (resigned), then none (between 8/15/1985 and 11/14/1985), then 41) Jack French Kemp (R-NY) – ascended
    1980: Denton/Alexander (R) over Scoop Jackson (D)/Jimmy Carter (replaced Jake Butcher) (D) and Phil Hoff/Pete McCloskey (Progressive/“Far-Left coalition”)
    1984: Denton/Alexander (R) over Mike Gravel/J. Charles Jones (D)
    12/28/1986-1/20/1989: 39) Jack French Kemp (R-NY) – lost nomination
    VP: none (until 4/2/1987), then 42) J. J. Polonko Jr. (R-NJ) – not nominated for a full term
    1/20/1989-1/20/1993: 40) Carol Bellamy (D-NY) – lost re-election
    VP: 43) Jerry Litton (D-MO) – lost re-election
    1988: Bellamy/Litton (D) over Maureen Reagan/Richard Lugar (R) and Glen Bell/Bill Daniels (Independent)
    1/20/1993-5/9/1995: 41) Lido A. “Lee” Iacocca (R-CA) – assassinated
    VP: 44) Larry Miles Dinger (R-IA) – ascended
    1992: Iacocca/Dinger (R) over Bellamy/Litton (D)
    5/9/1995-1/20/2001: 42) Larry Miles Dinger (R-IA) – lost re-election
    VP: none (until 10/12/1995), then 45) James Howard Meredith (R-MS) – lost re-election
    1996: Dinger/Meredith (R) over John Glenn/Raymond Eugene Green (D)
    1/20/2001-1/20/2009: 43) Jesse L. Jackson Sr. (D-SC) – term-limited
    VP: 46) Paul David Wellstone (D-MN) – term-limited
    2000: Jackson/Wellstone (D) over Dinger/Meredith (R)
    2004: Jackson/Wellstone (D) over Bernie Goetz/Eldon Bargewell (R)
    1/20/2009-1/20/2013: 44) Paul David Wellstone (D-MN) – lost re-election
    VP: 47) Robert Norman “Bob” Ross (D-AS) – lost re-election
    2008: Wellstone/Ross (D) over Olympia Snowe/Gary Johnson (R) and Bernie Goetz/Beverly J. “Bev” Kilmer (Boulder/Strong/Action)
    1/20/2013-11/10/2020: 45) Allen Kelsey (Kelsey) Grammer (R-CA) – resigned to “recover from stress and recent health issues, and spend more time with family,” but also to let his friend, the VP, serve as President
    VP: 48) Harley Davidson Brown (R-ID) – ascended
    2012: Grammer/Brown (R) over Paul Wellstone/Bob Ross (D) and Jason Buck/Bob Wise (Boulder/Strong)
    2016: Grammer/Brown (R) over Gary Locke/Robert P. Casey Jr. (D) and Jimmy McMillan/John J. Capozzi Jr. (various)
    11/10/2020-1/20/2021: 46) Harley Davidson Brown (R-ID) – completed Grammer’s term
    VP: none (until 12/1/2020), then 49) Bonnie Dumanis (R-MA) – completed Brown’s term
    1/20/2021-present: 47) Charlotte Pritt (D-WV)
    – incumbent
    VP: 50) Kwame Raoul (D-IL)
    – incumbent
    2020 (first round): Pritt/Raoul (D) over Harley Davidson Brown/Jennifer Sandra Johnson (R), Jimmy McMillan/Krist Novoselic (People’s), and many others
    2020 (final round): Pritt/Raoul (D) over Harley Davidson Brown/Jennifer Sandra Johnson (R)

    Leaders of RUSSIA
    Premiers of The U.S.S.R. (SOVIET RUSSIA)
    14 Oct 1953 – 5 Feb 1963: Nikita Khrushchev (Communist) – deposed
    5 Feb 1963 – 10 Dec 1968: Alexander Nikolayevich Shelepin (C) – died in accident, during an argument over the merits of detente, at the age of 50
    10 Dec 1968 – 21 Apr 1969: Aleksi Inauri (C) – in office during the Turkish Missile Crisis; died from stress and poor health at the age of 61
    21 Apr 1969 – 7 Dec 1976: Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin (C) – died in office at the age of 72 from exhaustion from overworking
    7 Dec 1976 – 12 March 1977: Nikolai Tikhonov (C)
    – Kosygin ally; deposed
    12 March 1977 – 25 Jan 1982: Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov (C)
    – died in office at the age of 79 from arteriosclerosis and diabetes
    25 Jan 1982 – 12 Jan 1983: Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny (C) – died in office at the age of 79 from cancer
    23 Jan 1983 – 9 May 1984: Dmitriy Fyodorovich Ustinov (C) – died in office at the age of 75 from multiple factors, including stress, pneumonia, and issues with his liver, kidneys and aortic valve
    9 May 1984 – 15 May 1984: Vladimir Orlov (C) – retired
    15 May 1984 – 16 Sept 1984: Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev (C) – position dissolved
    Presidents of The N.D.R.R. (RUSSIAN REPUBLIC)
    16 Sept 1984 – 17 Aug 1985: 1) Vladimir Orlov (independent) – retired
    17 Aug 1985 – 17 Aug 1995: 2) Vladislav Volkov (Democratic)
    – former cosmonaut; retired amid declining popularity
    17 Aug 1995 – 17 Aug 2000: 3) Viktor Chernomyrdin (Motherland) – lost re-nomination and retired
    17 Aug 2000 – 17 Aug 2005: 4) Nina Lobkovskaya (independent) – had a long and colorful military career (starting with being a sniper during WWII); retired at the age of 80; still alive (as of July 4, 2021) at the age of 96
    17 Aug 2005 – 17 Aug 2015: 5) Oleg Malyshkin (National/Iron Fist until 2012, National after Iron Fist dissolved in 2012) – retired amid declining popularity
    17 Aug 2015 – 17 Aug 2020: 6) Vladimir Nikolayev (National) – highly controversial; lost re-election over declining economy, and unsuccessfully contested the results; fled the country after leaving office amid criminal investigations into his ties to numerous scandals and other actions
    17 Aug 2020 – present: 7) Sholban Kara-ool (Protectionist) – incumbent

    Presidents of UNITED TURKESTAN
    12/28/1983-1/5/1993: 1) Mukhtar Ablyazov of Kazakhstan (Independent/Unity) – one of the nation’s co-founders; elected in 1983, 1986, and 1989
    1/5/1993-1/5/1999: 2) Ishenbai Kadyrbekov of Kyrgyzstan (Unity) – elected in 1992 and re-elected in 1995; lost re-election
    1/5/1999-12/6/2006: 3) Han Ahmedow of Turkmenistan (Unity) – elected in 1998, 2001, and 2004; died in office from a sudden heart attack
    12/6/2006-7/7/2008: 4) Islam Karimov of Uzbekistan (National) – ascended to the Presidency due to being Head of the National Gathering; elected in 2007 over Zamanbek Nurkadilov (disputed); accussed to being a dictator for implementing restrictive and biased rules and regulations; assassinated
    7/7/2008-1/5/2011: 5) Imangali Tasmagambetov of Kazakhstan (Unity) – ascended to the Presidency due to being Head of the National Gathering; retired
    1/5/2011-1/5/2017: 6) Roza Otunbayeva of Kyrgystan (Social Democratic) – first female President; lost re-election amid poor approval ratings
    1/5/2017-present: 7) Muhammad Salih of Uzbekistan (Prosperity) – incumbent

    Presidents of SOUTH VIETNAM
    1955-1965: Ngo Dinh Diem (Personalist Labor Revolutionary) – resigned under US pressure
    1965-1967: Nguyen Khanh (Unity Through Strength) – cooperated with US ahead of the successful Invasion of Hanoi
    Presidents of UNITED VIETNAM
    1967-1969: 1) Nguyen Khanh (Unity Through Strength) – resigned under US pressure
    1969-1972: 2) Nguyen Xuan Oanh (Unity Through Strength until 1971, Peaceful Today and Tomorrow after 1971) – lost re-election
    1972-1975: 3) Nguyen Hop Doan (Healing and Rebuilding) – expanded Presidential terms from two years to three, then lost re-election
    1975-1979: 4) Phan Huy Quat (Strength Through Peace) – died, shifting elections
    1979: 5) Ngo Quang Truong (Strength Through Peace)
    – lost bid for a full term
    1979-1988: 6) Have Thich Tri Quang (Tranquility) – retired after serving for three 3-year terms
    1988-1998: 7) Nguyen Ngoc Loan (Order) – died, shifting elections
    1998: 8) Gen. Cao Van Vien (Order) – Loan’s preferred successor; lost bid for a full term
    1998-2007: 9) Nguyen Thi Binh (b. 1928) (Strength Through Peace) – first female Head of State; limited to three 3-year terms following 1999 reforms
    2007-2013: 10) Nguyen Thien Nhan (b. 1953) (Order) – lost re-election
    2013-2016: 11) Viet D. Dinh (b. 1968) (Safe Center) – lost re-election
    2016-2019: 12) Vo Thi Anh Xuan (b. 1970) (Strength Through Peace) – lost re-election
    2019-present: 13) Cao Quang Anh (b. 1967) (Safe Center) – incumbent

    Presidents of URUGUAY
    1985-1990: 57) Julio Maria Sanguinetti (b. 1936) (Colorado (centrist)) – term-limited
    1990-1995: 58) Carlos Julio Pereyra (1922-2020) (National (right-leaning centrist))
    – term-limited
    1995-2000: 59) Julio Maria Sanguinetti (b. 1936) (Colorado) – term-limited
    2000-2005: 60) Tabare Vazquez (1940-2020) (Broad Front (left-leaning centrist)) – oversaw the effective implementation of “safezoning” measures
    2005-2010: 61) Azucena Berrutti (b. 1929) (Broad Front) – first female head-of-state
    2010-2015: 62) Jose Mujica (b. 1935) (Broad Front) – won over initial frontrunner Julio Maria Sanguinetti; term-limited
    2015-2020: 63) Jorge Larranaga (b. 1956) (National) – term-limited
    2020-present: 64) Graciela Villar (b. 1957) (Broad Front) – term-limited

    President of VENEZUELA
    1969-1974: 39) Rafael Caldera (COPEI) – term-limited
    1974-1979: 40) Carlos Andres Perez (Democratic Action) – term-limited
    1979-1984: 41) Luis Pinerua Ordaz (Democratic Action) – term-limited
    1984-1989: 42) Jose Rangel (MAS) – term-limited
    1989-1994: 43) Teodoro Petkoff (MAS) – term-limited
    1994-1999: 44) Eduardo Fernandez (COPEI) – term-limited
    1999-2004: 45) Claudio Fermin (Democratic Action) – term-limited
    2004-2009: 46) Oswaldo Alvarez Paz (COPEI) – term-limited
    2009-2012: 47) Tarek William Saab (MAS) – resigned amid legal issues
    2012-2014: 48) Henri Falcon (MAS) – lost election to a full term
    2014-2019: 49) Leopoldo Lopez (Democratic Action) – term-limited
    2019-present: 50) Stalin Gonzalez (Democratic Action) – incumbent

    Presidents of NORTH YEMEN
    1962-1967: 1) Abdullah al-Sallal (Military) – deposed
    1967-1974: 2) Abdul Rahman al-Iryani (Independent) – deposed
    1974-2003: 3) Ibrahim al-Hamdi (Military) – died from complications to SARS
    2003-2005: 4) Abdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi (Military) – deposed
    2005-present: 5) Ali Abdullah Saleh (Military until 2009, then People’s) – incumbent

    General-Secretaries of SOUTH YEMEN
    1978-1996: 1) Abdul Fattah Ismail (Yemeni Socialist Party) – ousted in inner-party coup after he supported North Korea in the Second Korean War
    1996-2017: 2) Ali Salem al Beidh (Yemeni Socialist Party) – stepped down due to declining health
    2017-present: 3) Aidarus al-Zoubaidi (Yemeni Socialist Party) – is the protégé of his predecessor; incumbent

    Presidiums of YUGOSLAVIA
    1953-1984: Josip Broz Tito (of Croatia) – died in office
    1984-1989: Veselin Duranovic (of Montenegro) – helped stabilize the country after his predecessor’s demise
    1989-1992: Radovan Vlajkovic (of Vojvodina)
    – terms amended to three years per Presidium
    1992-1995: Ibrahim Rugova (of Kosovo) – term-limited
    1995-1998: Stojan Andov (of Macedonia)
    – term-limited
    1998-2001: Raif Dizdarevic (of Bosnia/Herzegovina) – term-limited
    2001-2004: Lojze Peterle (of Slovenia) – term-limited
    2004-2005: Radoman Bozovic (of Serbia) – removed from office over scandals, creating a brief constitutional crisis
    2005-2007: Zoran Dindic (of Serbia) – completed Bozovic’s term; served as “Acting Presidium” for the first 8 days, until national court ruled in his favor over Meta’s
    2007-2010: Ilir Meta (of Albania) – shifted national policy to be more favorable to the rest of Europe; very popular for relinquishing claim to office in 2005
    2010-2013: Kolinda Graber-Kitarovic (of Croatia) – first female Presidium; term-limited
    2013-2016: Milo Dukanovic (of Montenegro) – term-limited
    2016-2019: Bojan Pajtic (of Vojvodina) – term-limited
    2019-present: Atifete Jahjaga (of Kosovo) – second female Presidium; incumbent

    Presidents of ZAMBIA
    1964-2014: 1) Kenneth Kaunda (Independence) – stayed in power for so long due to opposition failing to unite against him and by allowing moderate reform on occasion to placate riotous masses; nearly overthrown at least two dozen times but also managed to either broker peace deals that kept him in power or defeat his opponents outright through military action or political purges; stepped down due to poor health, shortly after celebrating his 50th year in power, and less than three years after the death of his wife; has been under house arrest intermittently since 2015; still alive as of July 4, 2021, at the age of 97
    2014-2014: 2) Guy Scott (Independence) – first white (Caucasian; half-English, half-Scottish) President in mainland sub-Saharan Africa since apartheid ended in South Africa; appointed Vice President in 2011 after serving in several administrative posts; scheduled the nation’s first-ever truly free elections; retired
    2014-2019: 3) Hakainde Hichilema (Democratic) – former businessman; lost re-election and failed to contest the election results due to the size of the runoff’s margin; previously ran in the rigged elections held in 2004 and 2010 and has already announced his intention to run again in the 2024 election
    2019-present: 4) Christine Kaseba (Patriotic) – first female President; former physician and surgeon; incumbent

    Presidents of ZIMBABWE
    1980-1992: 1) Canaan Banana (ZANU) – won election in 1980, 1985, 1990; resigned amid waning popularity
    1992-1999: 2) Joshua Nkomo (ZANU) – won a full term in 1995; died in office from prostate cancer
    1999-2000: 3) Bernard Chidzero (ZANU) – retired due to declining health
    2000-2005: 4) Abel Muzorewa (UANC) – won election in 2000; dealt with SARS pandemic ravaging communities by pleading with populace to follow safezoning guidelines; retired from office at the age of 80
    2005-2018: 5) Morgan Tsvangirai (ZAPDU) – won election in 2005, 2010, and 2015; dealt with nationwide energy crises; died in office from prostate cancer
    2018-present: 6) Arthur Mutambara (ZAPDU) – won a full term in 2020; incumbent

    Also:
    List of Popes
    1958-1963: 261) John XXIII (b. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli in Sotto il Monte, Italy) – became Pope at the age of 76; supported nuclear disarmament; excommunicated Fidel Castro; died in office
    1963-1978: 262) Paul VI (b. Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini in Concesio, Italy) – became Pope at the age of 65; first Pope since 1809 to travel outside of Italy; died in office
    1978: 263) John Paul I (b. Albino Luciani in Forno di Canale, Italy) – became Pope at the age of 65; abolished the Papal Coronation tradition and the use of the sedia gestatoria; died in office
    1978-2005: 264) John Paul II (b. Karol Jozef Wojtyla in Wadowice, Poland) – became Pope at the age of 58, making him the youngest Pope since Pius IX (1846); first Slavic Pope and first non-Italian Pope since Adrian VI (1522-1523); traveled extensively; second-longest reigning Pope; died in office
    2005-present: 265) Patrick (b. Francis Arinze in Onitsha, Nigeria) – became Pope at the age of 72; first Black Pope and first Pope born outside of Europe since Gregory III (731-741); conservative reluctant to institute massive reform to church procedures and traditions; incumbent

    JzJ4gGy.png

    [pic: imgur.com/JzJ4gGy.png ]
    World Map, c. July 2021 (includes: Czechoslovakia, Transnistria, Gagauzia, United Romania, Yugoslavia, Alania, United Turkestan, United Korea, North Yemen, South Yemen, Darfur, The Fulani Republic, Vakaga (a.k.a. The Birao Republic), and The Kingdom of Sanwi)
     
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    Index 2 – U.S. Senators
  • Index 2 – U.S. Senators


    Senate Majority Leaders:

    1961-1977: Mike Mansfield (D-MT) – retired from the Senate at the age of 73

    1977-1979: Robert Byrd (D-WV) – party lost majority

    1979-1987: Howard Baker (R-TN) – party lost majority

    1987-1997: Robert Byrd (D-WV) – party lost majority

    1997-1999: Bob Dole (R-KS) – party lost majority

    1999-2000: Robert Byrd (D-WV) – party lost majority mid-congressional session due to "vacancy-appointee" situation that unfolded

    2000-2001: Bob Dole (R-KS) – party lost majority

    2001-2005: Robert Byrd (D-WV) – retired from position due to party's shift to the left but retained Senate seat

    2005-2011: Gary Locke (D-WI) – party lost majority

    2011-2021: Webb Franklin (R-MS) – party lost majority

    2021-present: Midge Osterlund (D-PA) – incumbent



    Democratic Party Leaders:

    1961-1977: Mike Mansfield (D-MT) – retired from the Senate at the age of 73

    1977-2005: Robert Byrd (D-WV) – retired from position due to party shifting to the left but retained Senate seat

    2005-2016: Gary Locke (D-WI) – resigned from position (but not from seat) to focus on a run for President

    2016-present: Midge Osterlund (D-PA) – incumbent



    Republican Party Leaders:

    1959-1969: Everett Dirksen (R-IL) – died in office from complications to surgery that had successfully removed cancer from his lungs

    1969-1971: Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) – resigned from position (but not from seat) to focus on a run for President

    1971-1987: Howard Baker (R-TN) – retired from the position but retained Senate seat

    1987-2005: Bob Dole (R-KS) – retired from the position due to declining health issues but retained Senate seat

    2005-present: Webb Franklin (R-MS) - incumbent



    US Senate Committees

    Committee – Chair – Ranking Member

    1) Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry – Mike Gravel (D-AS) – Robert Lee Vander Plaats (R-IA)

    2) Appropriations – Sharon Sayles-Belton (D-MN) – Carla J. Stovall (R-KS)

    3) Armed Services and Domestic Security – Upendra Chivukula (D-NJ) – Allen West (R-FL)

    4) Banking, Commerce, Finance, and Trade – Warren Mosler (D-CT) – Jackie Walorski (R-IN)

    5) Budget – Sheila Simon (D-IL) – Bob Dole (R-KS)

    6) Energy and Natural Resources – Sherrod Brown (D-OH) – Sarah Hearne Steelman (R-MO)

    7) Environment and Public Works – Dina Titus (D-NV) – Randy Brock (R-OH)

    8) Education, Health, Housing and Community Affairs – Gary Locke (D-WA) – Dr. Rex Floyd Rammell (R-ID)

    9) Foreign Relations – Allyson Schwartz (D-NY) – Ted Gatsas (R-NH)

    10) Labor and Pensions – Demetrius J. Atsalis (D-MA) – Kay Granger (R-TX)

    11) Judiciary – Carl Frank Stokes (D-MD) – Orrin Hatch (R-NE)

    12) Rules, Administration, and Governmental Affairs – Mazie Hirono (D-HI) – Jan Brewer (R-AZ)

    13) Science, Technology and Transportation – Roberto Mondragon (D-NM) – Kelly Schmidt (R-ND)

    14) Small Business and Entrepreneurship – Kathleen Hartington Kennedy-Roosevelt (D-MA) – Herman Cain (R-GA)

    15) Veterans’ Affairs – Hansen Clarke (D-MI) – Patrick H. “Pete” Johnson (R-MS)



    US Senators by State:



    US Senators from Alabama’s Class 2 Seat

    1946-1973: John J. Sparkman (Democratic) – retired
    1946 (special election): unopposed
    1948: Paul Parsons (Republican)
    1954: J. Foy Guin Jr. (R)
    1960: Julian E. Elgin (R)
    1966: John Grenier (R)

    1973-1976: John L. LeFlore (D) – first African-American US Senator from Alabama; died in office at the age of 73 from a heart ailment
    1972: Red Blount Jr. (R)

    1976-1985: John J. Sparkman (D) – appointee; retired
    1976 (sp): Glen Browder (D)
    1978: Jerome B. Couch (Prohibition)

    1985-2003: Albert Lee Smith Jr. (R) – retired due to declining health
    1984: Howell Heflin (D)
    1990: John Glen Browder (D)
    1996: Roger Bedford (D)

    2003-2021: Spencer T. Bachus III (R) – lost re-election in an upset; was considered for the GOP VP nomination in 2008, 2012 and 2020
    2002: Susan Parker (D)
    2008: Vivian D. Figures (D)
    2014: Quinton T. Ross Jr. (D)

    2021-present: Randall Woodfin (D) – Mayor of Birmingham, 2017-2020; second African-American US Senator from Alabama; sworn in at age 39; incumbent
    2020: Spencer T. Bachus III (R)

    US Senators from Alabama’s Class 3 Seat

    1938-1963: J. Lister Hill (D) – lost re-nomination and lost re-election as an independent despite never changing party registration
    1938 (sp): unopposed
    1938: J. M. Pennington (R)
    1944: John A. Posey (R)
    1950: John G. Crommelin Jr. (Independent)
    1956: unopposed

    1963-1981: James D. Martin (R) – lost re-election
    1962: John G. Crommelin Jr. (D) and J. Lister Hill (I)
    1968: John M. Patterson (Heritage & Independence Party) and James Allen (D)
    1974: Clair Chisler (D) and Sam Engelhardt (HIP)

    1981-1984: Walter Flowers (D) – died in office at the age of 51 by suffering a fatal heart attack while playing tennis
    1980: James D. Martin (R) and Emory Folmar (Conservative)

    1984-1987: Jack Edwards (R) – appointee; lost re-election amid the Second Ark Wave
    1984 (sp): Richard Shelby (D)

    1987-2005: Mary Texas Hurt Garner (D) – first female US Senator from Alabama; retired
    1986: Jack Edwards (R)
    1992: Dick Sellars (R) and Jerome Shockley (Liberty)
    1998: Jerome Shockley (R)

    2005-2017: Doug Jones (D) – won in a good year for Democrats, barely won re-election, and lost re-election in a good year for Republicans
    2004: Tim James (R) and Bettye Frink (Rational Republican)
    2010: Clint Moser (R)

    2017-present: Young Boozer (R) – incumbent
    2016: Doug Jones (D)



    US Senators from Alaska’s Class 2 Seat

    1959-1968: Bob Bartlett (D) – died in office at the age of 64, following heart surgery
    1958 (sp): R. E. Robertson (R)
    1960: Lee L. McKinley (R)
    1966: Lee L. McKinley (R)

    1968-1970: Ted Stevens (R) – appointee; lost election

    1970-1973: Mike Gravel (D) – the son of Quebecois immigrants; retired to run for President
    1969 (sp): Ted Stevens (R)

    1973-1979: Eben Hopson (D) – first Inupiaq-American US Senator ever; lost re-election in a bad year for Democrats; died from cancer in 1980 at the age of 57
    1972: Howard Wallace Pollock (R)

    1979-1991: Hazel P. Heath (R) – first female US Senator from Alaska; retired at the age of 81
    1978: Eben Hopson (D)
    1984: Steve Cowper (D) and William D. “Bill” Overstreet (Independent)

    1991-2009: Jalmar “Jay” Kerttula (R) – the son of Finnish immigrants; retired at the age of 80 and passed away from natural causes in 2020 at the age of 92; his daughter is Democratic state senator Elizabeth J. "Beth" Kettula (b. 1956), who may run for Governor in 2022
    1990: Sarah J. “Sally” Smith (D) and Kathryn Poland (Green)
    1996: Frank Vondersaar (D)
    2002: Jim Sykes (D)

    2009-2021: Kevin Meyer (R) – lost re-election
    2008: Ray Metcalfe (D)
    2014: Ray Metcalfe (D) and Susan Lindauer (Country)

    2021-present: Scott Kawasaki (I) – first Japanese-American US Senator from Alaska; born in Japan to American citizens; incumbent
    2020: Kevin Meyer (R) and Corey Flintoff (D)

    US Senators from Alaska’s Class 3 Seat

    1959-1974: Ernest Gruening (D) – died in office at the age of 87
    1958 (sp): Mike Stepovich (R)
    1962: Ted Stevens (R)
    1968: Elmer E. Rasmuson (R)

    1974-1975: Ted Stevens (R) – appointee; lost election

    1975-1981: Clark Gruening (D) – is the son of Ernest Gruening; entered office at the age of 31; lost re-election
    1974: Ted Stevens (R)

    1981-2005: Frank Murkowski (R) – withdrew re-election bid late into the race due to rising unpopularity
    1980: Clark Gruening (D)
    1986: Glen Olds (D)
    1992: Mary Jordan (D)
    1998: Tony Knowles (D), Billy Toien (L), Jeffrey Gottlieb (G) and Marc Millican (I)

    2005-2011: Kevin Danaher (D) – won in a good year for Democrats due to divided opposition; lost re-election
    2004: Jerry Sanders (R), Marc Millican (I), and Jim Dore (HIP)

    2011-present: J. R. Myers (R) – populist supporter of Harley Davidson Brown; incumbent
    2010: Kevin Danaher (D)
    2016: Jacob Seth Kern (D)



    US Senators from Arizona’s Class 1 Seat

    1953-1995: Barry Goldwater Sr. (R) – ran for President in 1964, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1988, and 1992; retired
    1952: Ernest McFarland (D)
    1958: Ernest McFarland (D)
    1964: Roy Elson (D)
    1970: Renz L. Jennings (D)
    1976: Dennis DeConcini (D) and Sam Grossman (Independent Democrat)
    1982: Sam Grossman (D)
    1988: Harry Braun (D) and Peter Dunn (Independent Republican)

    1995-2013: Harry Braun (D) – significant promotor of hydrogen energy; ran for President in 2000; retired to lead energy projects outside of D.C.
    1994: Scott Grainger (R/Liberty)
    2000: Doug Wead (R), Barry Hess (Liberty), William Toel (I), and Vance Hansen (Green)
    2006: David F. Nolan (R/Liberty) and Richard Mack (Country)

    2013-2021: Grant Woods (R before 2/2/2018, D after 2/2/2018) – switched parties over disapproval of VP Brown's rhetoric; resigned for US cabinet position
    2012: David Garcia (D), Richard Mack (Liberty) and Jim Pederson (I)
    2018: David Schweikert (R)

    2021-present: Debra A. Haaland (D) – appointee; Native American (Laguna-Pueblo); incumbent

    US Senators from Arizona’s Class 3 Seat

    1927-1969: Carl Hayden (D) – retired at the age of 91
    1926: Ralph H. Cameron (R)
    1932: Ralph H. Cameron (R)
    1938: Burt H. Clingan (R)
    1944: Fred Wildon Fickett Jr. (R)
    1950: Bruce Brockett (R)
    1956: Ross F. Jones (R)
    1962: Evan Mecham (R)

    1969-1987: Paul Fannin (R) – lost re-nomination
    1968: Roy Elson (D)
    1974: Jonathan Marshall (D)
    1980: Bill Schulz (D)

    1987-2011: Eddie Najeeb Basha Jr. (D) – businessman; Roman Catholic; early supporter of same-sex marriage; retired due to declining health; died in 2013 at the age of 75
    1986: Evan Mecham (R)
    1992: Kiana Delamare (R)
    1998: Robert Lee Park (R)
    2004: John Wayne Bobbitt (R)

    2011-present: Jan Brewer (R) – incumbent
    2010: Cathy Eden (D)
    2016: Gary Swing (D/Green) and Kelli Ward (Bigfoot)



    US Senators from Arkansas’s Class 2 Seat

    1943-1977: John L. McClellan (D) – died in office at the age of 1977, following surgery to implant a pacemaker
    1942: unopposed
    1948: R. Walter Tucker (I)
    1954: unopposed
    1960: unopposed
    1966: unopposed
    1972: Wayne H. Babbitt (R)

    1977-1979: Kaneaster Hodges Jr. (D) – appointee; lost nomination

    1979-present: Jim Guy Tucker (D) – conservative-leaning; will likely retire in 2026; incumbent
    1978: Tom Kelly (R) and John J. Black (I)
    1984: Ed Bethune (R)
    1990: Tim Hutchinson (R)
    1996: Virginia Johnson (R)
    2002: Jim Bob Duggar (R)
    2008: Rebekah Kennedy (Green)
    2014: Tom Cotton (R) and Susan Benjamin (Green)
    2020: Rick Crawford (R)

    US Senators from Arkansas’s Class 3 Seat

    1945-1995: J. William Fulbright (D) – died in office from a stroke at the age of 89
    1944: Victor M. Wade (R)
    1950: unopposed
    1956: Ben Henley (R)
    1962: Kenneth Jones (R)
    1968: Charles T. Bernard (R)
    1974: John H. Jones (R)
    1980: William Clark (R) and Walter McCarty (I)
    1986: Asa Hutchinson (R)
    1992: Dale Huckabee (R)

    1995-1996: Harriet Mayor Fulbright (D) – appointee; widow of J. William Fulbright; retired

    1996-2017: F. Winford Boozman III (R) – retired due to declining health
    1995 (special): Patrick Henry Hays (D)
    1998: Lottie H. Shackelford (D)
    2004: Winston Bryant (D)
    2010: Bill Halter (D)

    2017-present: Adrienne Elrod (R) – incumbent
    2016: Dan Whitfield (D)



    US Senators from California’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1964: Clair Engle (D) – died in office (on July 30) at the age of 52 from complications from surgery in August 1963 (to remove a brain tumor) which left him partially paralyzed, followed by additional brain surgery in April 1964
    1958: Goodwin Knight (R)

    1964-1965: Alan Cranston (D) – appointee; lost election; later worked on Mike Gravel's 1972, 1980, and 1984 Presidential campaigns

    1965-1994: Richard Nixon (R) – died
    1964: Alan Cranston (D)
    1970: Tom Hayden (D) and Robert Scheer (Natural Mind)
    1976: George E. Brown (D) and David Wald (NM)
    1982: Leo Ryan (D) and Peter Duel (Progressive)
    1988: Stetson Kennedy (D), Stanley Bruce Herschensohn (Conservative), Hugh G. Bagley (I), Maria E. Munoz (Natural Mind) and Merton Short (Country)

    1994-1995: Augustus Hawkins (D) – first African-American US Senator from California; appointee; retired

    1995-2018: George Deukmejian (R) – died in office from natural causes at the age of 89 (was retiring from the office)
    1994: Peter Camejo (D/Green/La Rada Unida)
    2000: Georges Eshoo (D) and Medea Benjamin (Green)
    2006: Tony West (D) and Meredith “Murdock” Hunter (Green/Natural Mind)
    2012: Judy May Chu (D)

    2018-2019: Malia Cohen (D) – African-American female; appointee; lost election

    2019-present: Jane Jungyon Kim (D) – Korean-American female; sworn into office at the age of 41; progressive; incumbent
    2018: Malia Cohen (D)

    US Senators from California’s Class 3 Seat

    1951-1953: Richard Nixon (R) – resigned to become VP
    1950: Helen Gahagan Douglas (D)

    1953-1981: Thomas Kuchel (R) – retired at the age of 70
    1954 (sp): Sam Yorty (D)
    1956: Richard Richards (D)
    1962: Richard Richards (D)
    1968: Anthony C. Beilsenson (D) and Paul Jacobs (NM)
    1974: Keneth Frederick Hahn (D)

    1981-1987: Maureen Reagan (R) – first female US Senator from California; retired to run for President in 1988
    1980: Tom Hayden (D/NM) and David Bergland (Liberty)

    1987-1999: Mario Obledo (D) – Latino-American; retired; briefly ran for President in 2000
    1986: Pete Wilson (R)
    1992: John Seymour (R), Gore Vidal (Natural Mind), Genevieve Torres (Green) and Merton D. Short (Country)

    1999-present: Mike Gravel (D) – incumbent; has announced that he will not seek another term in 2022
    1998: Edward C. Nixon (R)
    2004: Howard Kaloogian (R) and Marsha Feinland (Natural Mind)
    2010: Elizabeth Emken (R)
    2016: Sarah Elizabeth Cupp (R) and James “Kamala” Harris (Green)



    US Senators from Colorado’s Class 2 Seat

    1955-1979: Gordon L. Allott (R) – retired
    1954: John A. Carroll (D)
    1960: Robert L. Knous (D)
    1966: Byron Johnson (D) and Henry Olshaw (HIP)
    1972: Floyd K. Haskell (D) and Secundion Salazar (La Raza Unida)

    1979-1991: William L. Armstrong (R) – term-limited by 1981 state law passed by a then-bipartisan state congress
    1978: Floyd K. Haskell (D)
    1984: Nancy Dick (D)

    1991-1997: Hank Brown (R) – retired
    1990: Josie Heath (D) and Carlos F. Lucero (La Raza Unida)

    1997-2003: Bernie Goetz (R) – businessman; retired; ran for President in 2004, 2008, and 2012
    1996: Nancy E. Dick (D) and Wayne Allard (I)

    2003-2009: Josie Heath (D) – female; lost re-election
    2002: Joseph Bernard Rogers (R)

    2009-2021: Langhorne “Lang” Sias (R) – term-limited
    2008: Josie Heath (D) and Donna Primavera (Green)
    2014: Tom Strickland (D)

    2021-present: Amy Stephens (D) – incumbent
    2020: Darryl Glenn (R)

    US Senators from Colorado’s Class 3 Seat

    1957-1963: John A. Carroll (D) – lost re-election
    1956: Dan Thornton (R)

    1963-1975: Peter H. Dominick (R) – lost re-election
    1962: John A. Carroll (D)
    1968: Stephen L. R. McNichols (D) and Gordon G. Barnwall (HIP)

    1975-1987: George L. Brown (D) – term-limited by 1980s state law
    1974: Peter H. Dominick (R)
    1980: Mary E. Buchanan (R) and Earl Higgerson (Statesman)

    1987-1993: Pat Schroeder (D) – first female US Senator from Colorado; lost re-election
    1986: Ken Kramer (R)

    1993-2005: Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R) – Native-American (Northern Cheyenne); term-limited
    1992: Pat Schroeder (D)
    1998: Dottie Lamm (D)

    2005-2017: Mark Udall (D) – term-limited
    2004: Bob Schaffer (R)
    2010: Jane Norton (R)

    2017-present: Penfield Tate III (D) – African-American; incumbent
    2016: Peggy Littleton (R)



    US Senators from Connecticut’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1971: Thomas J. Dodd (D) – died in office from a heart attack at the age of 64
    1958: William A. Purtell (R)
    1964: John Davis Lodge (R)
    1970: Antonina P. Uccello (R)

    1971-1995: Antonina P. Uccello (R) – first female US Senator from Connecticut; retired; still alive (as of July 4, 2021) at the age of 99
    1972 (sp): Gloria Schaffer (D)
    1976: Gloria Schaffer (D)
    1982: Toby Moffett (D)
    1988: Rosa DeLauro (D)

    1995-2007: Ralph Nader (I) – retired
    1994: Daniel C. Esty (D) and Gary Franks (R)
    2000: Richard Blumenthal (D) and Chris Shays (R)

    2007-present: Warren Mosler (D) – incumbent
    2006: Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. (I) and Alan Schlesinger (R)
    2012: Penny Bacchiochi (R)
    2018: Matthew Corey (R)

    US Senators from Connecticut’s Class 3 Seat

    1963-1981: Abraham Ribicoff (D) – Jewish; retired
    1962: Horace Seely-Brown Jr. (R)
    1968: Edwin H. May Jr. (R)
    1974: James H. Brannen III (R) and Arthur F. Capozzi Jr. (Country)

    1981-2011: Chris Dodd (D) – is the son of Thomas J. Dodd; retired
    1980: James L. Buckley (R)
    1986: Roger Eddy (R)
    1992: Gary Alvin Franks (R) and Robert Giaimo (Independent Democratic)
    1998: Wildley Moore (R) and Clarine Nardi Riddle (True Republican)
    2004: Jack Orchulli (R)

    2011-present: William Morten Tong (D) – Asian-American; entered office at the age of 37; incumbent
    2010: Daniel E. “Dan” Carter (R)
    2016: August Wolf (R)



    US Senators from Delaware’s Class 1 Seat

    1947-1970: John J. Williams (R) – retired and resigned early
    1946: James M. Tunnell Sr. (D)
    1952: A. I. DuPont Bayard (D)
    1958: Elbert N. Carvel (D)
    1964: Elbert N. Carvel (D)

    1970-2001: William Victor Roth Jr. (R) – appointed to the seat he had just won after the retiring incumbent resigned; retired
    1970: Jacob Zimmerman (D)
    1976: Thomas C. Mahoney (D)
    1982: David N. Levinson (D)
    1988: Shien Biau Woo (D)
    1994: Charles Oberly (D)

    2001-2019: Daniel S. Frawley (D) – retired
    2000: William Victor Roth Jr. (R)
    2006: Jan Ting (R)
    2012: Kevin Wade (R)

    2019-present: Peter C. Schwartzkopf (D) – incumbent
    2018: Rob Arlett (R)

    US Senators from Delaware’s Class 2 Seat

    1961-1985: J. Caleb Boggs (R) – lost re-election
    1960: J. Allen Frear Jr. (D)
    1966: James M. Tunnell Jr. (D)
    1972: Joe Biden (D)
    1978: Emily Womach (D)

    1985-1997: Joe Biden (D) – lost re-election in a bad year for Democrats and due to his alleged flip-flopping on several issues; ran reportedly been planning a run for the Presidency in 2000
    1984: J. Caleb Boggs (R)
    1990: M. Jane Brady (R)

    1997-2003: Raymond J. Clatworthy (R) – lost re-election
    1996: Joe Biden (D)

    2003-present: Marjorie “Midge” Osterlund (D) – incumbent
    2002: Raymond J. Clatworthy (R)
    2008: Christine O’Donnell (R)
    2014: Kevin Wade (R)
    2020: James DeMartino (R)



    US Senators from Florida’s Class 1 Seat

    1946-1971: Spessard Holland (D) – retired at the age of 78
    1946: J. Harry Schad (R)
    1952: unopposed
    1958: Leland Hyzer (R)
    1964: Claude R. Kirk Jr. (R)

    1971-1998: Lawton Chiles (D) – died in office from a heart attack at the age of 68; had previously considered retiring in 1988 and again in 1994, but was convinced by high approval ratings and allies to run again each time; he reportedly planned to not run for another term in 2000
    1970: G. Harrold Carswell (HIP), Raymond Claiborne Osborne (R) and Claude R. Kirk Jr. (Conservative)
    1976: Jack Eckerd (R) and John Grady (HIP)
    1982: Van B. Poole (R)
    1988: Louis Frey Jr. (R)
    1994: Tom Gallagher (R)

    1998-2001: Rhea Chiles (D) – widow of Lawton Chiles; appointee; retired

    2001-2013: Alexander Penelas (D) – Cuban-American; considered for VP spot on Democratic Presidential ticket in 2008; lost re-election
    2000: John Thrasher (R)
    2006: Daniel “Dan” Webster (R)

    2013-present: Allen West (R) – conservative African-American; KW2 veteran; considered for VP spot on GOP Presidential ticket in 2020; incumbent
    2012: Alexander Penelas (D)
    2018: Alan Mark Grayson (D) and Douglas Scott Rogo (Bigfoot)

    US Senators from Florida’s Class 3 Seat

    1951-1969: George Smathers (D) – lost re-election in a bad year for Democrats
    1950: John P. Booth (R)
    1956: unopposed
    1962: Emerson Rupert (R)

    1969-1981: William Cato “Bill” Cramer Sr. (R) – retired
    1968: George A. Smathers (D) and C. Farris Bryant (HIP)
    1974: LeRoy Collins Sr. (D) and Thomas Burton Adams Jr. (HIP)

    1981-1987: Paula Hawkins (R) – first female US Senator from Florida; retired; ran for President in 1988
    1980: Bill Gunter (D)

    1987-2011: Michael Bilirakis (R) – Greek-American; retired at the age of 80
    1986: Bill Nelson (D)
    1992: Harry A. Johnston (D)
    1998: Franklin B. Mann (D)
    2004: Nan Rich (D)

    2011-present: Gus Bilirakis (R) – is the son of Michael Bilirakis; moderate; does not get along well with Allen West; incumbent
    2010: Janet Cruz (D)
    2016: Bolley L. “Bo” Johnson (D)



    US Senators from Georgia’s Class 2 Seat

    1933-1971: Richard Russell Jr. (D) – died in office at the age of 73 from complications from emphysema
    1933 (sp): unopposed
    1936: unopposed
    1942: LeVert Dwyer Shivers (I)
    1948: Larkin Marshall (I)
    1954: unopposed
    1960: unopposed
    1966: J. B. Stoner (HIP)

    1971-1973: Ernest Vandiver (D) – appointee; retired

    1973-1977: Jimmy Carter (D) – resigned to become the US Secretary of State; won a Nobel Peace Prize for the Atlanta Peace Treaty; was the 1980 Democratic nominee for VP; ran for President in 1984
    1972: Fletcher Thompson (R) and J. B. Stoner (HIP)

    1977-2003: Sam Nunn (D) – retired
    1978: Fletcher Thompson (R)
    1984: Jon M. Hicks (R)
    1990: unopposed
    1996: John Gregory Cashin (R)

    2003-2021: Bob Barr (R) – lost re-nomination to a populist Harley Brown supporter
    2002: Terry Coleman (D)
    2008: Vernon Jones (D)
    2014: Edward Jerome Tarver (D) and Ollisteen “Steen” Miles (Women’s Rights)

    2021-present: R. J. Hadley (D) – African-American; incumbent
    2020: Buzz Brockway (R)

    US Senators from Georgia’s Class 3 Seat

    1957-1963: Herman Talmadge (D) – lost re-nomination, then lost re-election as an Independent despite not officially leaving the Democratic party
    1956: unopposed

    1963-1981: John William Davis (D) – drafted by President Johnson to primary Talmadge in response to Talmadge opposing Johnson's agenda; lost re-election
    1962: Herman Talmadge (I)
    1968: E. Earl Patton (R)
    1974: Jerry Johnson (R)

    1981-1987: Mack Mattingly (R) – lost re-election in a bad year for Republicans
    1980: John William Davis (D)

    1987-2005: Dr. John Skandalakis (D) – Greek-American; immigrant; retired
    1986: Mack Mattingly (R)
    1992: Dr. Paul Broun (R)
    1998: Paul Coverdell (R)

    2005-present: Herman Cain (R) – businessman; former CEO of KFC; first African-American US Senator from Georgia; survived battle with cancer in the late 2000s; ran for President in 2012; incumbent
    2004: John W. Carter (D), Denise Majette (Green), and Allen Buckley (Liberty)
    2010: Michelle Nunn (D)
    2016: Robby Wells (D)



    US Senators from Hawaii’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1977: Hiram Leong Fong (R) – Chinese-American; retired at the age of 70
    1959 (sp): unopposed
    1964: Thomas Ponce Gill (D)
    1970: Cecil Heftel (D)

    1977-2007: Patsy Matsu Takemoto Mink (D) – first female US Senator from Hawaii; Japanese-American; retired at the age of 79 and passed away last year at the age of 92
    1976: William F. Quinn (R)
    1982: Clarence J. Brown (R) and E. Bernier-Nachtwey (Independent)
    1988: Maria M. Hustace (R) and Ken Schoolland (Liberty)
    1994: Maria Hustace (R)
    2000: John S. Carroll (R)

    2007-present: Mazie Hirono (D) – Japanese-American; incumbent
    2006: Cynthia Thielen (R)
    2012: Linda Lingle (R)
    2018: Ron Curtis (R)

    US Senators from Hawaii’s Class 3 Seat

    1959-1963: Oren E. Long (D) – retired
    1959 (sp): unopposed

    1963-2015: Daniel Ken Inouye (D) – Japanese-American; WWII veteran; died in office at the age of 91 from natural causes
    1962: Ben Dillingham (R)
    1968: Wayne C. Thiessen (R) and Oliver M. Lee (Natural Mind)
    1974: James D. Kimmel (R)
    1980: Cooper Brown (R)
    1986: Frank Hutchinson (R)
    1992: Linda Martin (Green) and Richard O. Rowland (R)
    1998: Crystal Young (R)
    2004: Campbell Cavasso (R)
    2010: John Roco (R)

    2015-2017: Irene Hirano Inouye (D) – widow of Daniel Inouye; appointee; retired

    2017-present: Colleen Wakako Hanabusa (D) – Japanese-American; incumbent
    2016: Cam Cavasso (R) and Joy Allison (Country)



    US Senators from Idaho’s Class 2 Seat

    1949-1962: Henry Dworshak (R) – staunchly conservative; died in office from a heart attack at the age of 67
    1950 (sp): Claude J. Burtenshaw (D)
    1954: Glen H. Taylor (D)
    1960: R. F. “Bob” Mclaughlin (D)

    1962-1963: Len Jordan (R) – appointee; lost election

    1963-1964: Gracie Pfost (D) – died suddenly from severe pneumonia at the age of 58
    1962 (sp): Len Jordan (R)

    1964-1973: Len Jordan (R) – lost re-election
    1964 (sp): Vernon K. Smith (D)
    1966: Ralph Harding (D)

    1973-1979: Richard H. Stallings (D) – lost re-election
    1972: Len Jordan (R)

    1979-1997: George Vernon Hansen (R) – retired
    1978: Richard H. Stallings (D)
    1984: Peter M. Busch (D)
    1990: Ron Twilegar (D)

    1997-2015: Helen Chenoweth (R) – retired amid low approval ratings; still alive at the age of 83
    1996: Susan Vegors (D)
    2002: Alan Blinken (D)
    2008: Dave Sneddon (D)

    2015-present: Dr. Rex Floyd Rammell (R) – incumbent; far-right conservative former veterinarian
    2014: Nels Mitchell (D)
    2020: James Vandermaas (D)

    US Senators from Idaho’s Class 3 Seat

    1957-1984: Frank Church (D) – died in office at the age of 59 less than three months after being hospitalized for a pancreatic tumor
    1956: Herman Welker (R)
    1962: Jack Hawley (R)
    1968: George V. Hansen (R)
    1974: Robert L. Smith (R)
    1980: Steve Symms (R) and Larry Fullmer (Freedom)

    1984-2005: Bethine Clark Church (D) – was the widow of Frank Church; appointee; retired at the age of 81
    1984 (sp): Donald Billings (R)
    1986: Steve Symms (R)
    1992: Dirk Kempthorne (R)
    1998: Mike Crapo (R)

    2005-2011: Bo Gritz (R) – lost re-nomination and then launched an unsuccessful write-in campaign
    2004: Lawerence Denney (Rational Republican), Wendy Jaquet (D), and Scott F. McClure (Independent Democrat)

    2011-present: Carlos Bilbao (R) – entered office at the age of 74; incumbent; has announced that he will not run for another term in 2022
    2010: Tom Sullivan (D) and Bo Gritz (R (write-in))
    2016: Walt Minnick (D)



    US Senators from Illinois’s Class 2 Seat

    1949-1973: Paul Douglas (D) – retired
    1948: Charles W. Brooks (R)
    1954: Joseph T. Meek (R)
    1960: Samuel W. Witwer (R)
    1966: Lawrence J. S. “Lar” Daly (R) and Robert Sabonjian (HIP)

    1973-1985: Charles Percy (R) – retired
    1972: Roman Pucinski (D)
    1978: Alex Seith (D)

    1985-1997: Paul Simon (D) – lost re-election in a bad year for Democrats
    1984: Paul Findley (R)
    1990: Lynn Morley Martin (R)

    1997-2003: John Bayard Anderson (R) – retired
    1996: Paul Simon (D)

    2003-2009: Jim Edgar (R) – retired to run for US President in 2008
    2002: Arthur Simon (replaced Rod Blagojevich) (D)

    2009-2021: Kwame Raoul (D) – Haitian-American; retired; ran for President in 2016 and 2020; elected Vice President in 2020
    2008: James Comey (I) and Anthony R. “Andy” Martin-Trigona (R)
    2014: Evelyn Sanguinetti (R)

    2021-present: Napoleon Harris (D) – African-American; entered office at the age of 41; former NFL linebacker and former state senator; incumbent
    2020: Chuck Weaver (R)

    US Senators from Illinois’s Class 3 Seat

    1951-1969: Everett Dirksen (R) – died in office at the age of 73 from a cardiopulmonary arrest brought on by progressive complications (that developed into bronchopneumonia) from a right upper lobectomy that removed an asymptomatic peripherally located mass from the upper lobe of his right lung, which proved to have been lung cancer (adenocarcinoma)
    1950: Scott W. Lucas (D)
    1956: Richard Stengel (D)
    1962: Sidney R. Yates (D)
    1968: William G. Clark (D)

    1969-1970: Ralph Tyler Smith (R) – appointee; lost election

    1970-1981: Adlai Stevenson (D) – retired
    1970 (sp): Ralph Tyler Smith (R)
    1974: George M. Burditt (R)

    1981-1999: Alan J. Dixon (D) – retired
    1980: David C. O’Neal (R)
    1986: Judy Koehler (R)
    1992: Lynn Morley Martin (R) and J. Quinn Brisben (Socialist)

    1999-2009: Paul G. Vallas (D) – Greek-American; resigned for a position in the Wellstone Administration
    1998: George Ryan (R)
    2004: Steve Rauschenberger (R)

    2009-present: Sheila Simon (D) – female; progressive; incumbent
    2009 (sp): John Mondy Shimkus (R)
    2010: Kathleen Thomas (R)
    2016: Judy Koehler (R)



    US Senators from Indiana’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1983: Vance Hartke (D) – lost re-election
    1958: Harold W. Handley (R)
    1964: Russell Bontrager (R)
    1970: Richard Roudebush (R)
    1976: Earl F. Landgrebe (R)

    1983-1989: Earl Landgrebe (R) – lost re-election
    1982: Vance Hartke (D)

    1989-2013: Katie Beatrice Hall (D) – first African-American US Senator from Indiana; ran for President in 2000; retired
    1988: Earl Landgrebe (R)
    1994: Barbara Bourland (R)
    2000: Paul Hager (R)
    2006: John Herman Cox (R)

    2013-present: Jackie Walorski (R) – incumbent
    2012: Brad Ellsworth (D)
    2018: Mike Braun (D)

    US Senators from Indiana’s Class 3 Seat

    1945-1963: Homer E. Capehart (R) – lost re-election
    1944: Henry F. Schricker (D)
    1950: Alex Campbell (D)
    1956: Claude R. Wickard (D)

    1963-1975: Birch Bayh (D) – lost re-election
    1962: Homer E. Capehart (R)
    1968: William Ruckelshaus (R)

    1975-1999: Richard Lugar (R) – lost re-election; was the GOP nominee for VP in 1988
    1974: Birch Bayh (D)
    1980: Adam Benjamin Jr. (D)
    1986: Jill L. Long (D)
    1992: Tom Carper (D)

    1999-2017: Evan Bayh (D) – lost re-election in a bad year for Democrats; declined interest in running for President or VP in 2000, 2008 and 2016
    1998: Richard Lugar (R)
    2004: Marvin Scott (R)
    2010: Becky Skillman (R)

    2017-present: Brian C. Bosma (R) – incumbent
    2016: Evan Bayh (D)



    US Senators from Iowa’s Class 2 Seat

    1961-1973: Jack Miller (R) – lost re-election
    1960: Herschel C. Loveless (D)
    1966: E. B. Smith (D) and Robert D. Dilley (HIP)

    1973-1979: Dick Clark (D) – lost re-election
    1972: Jack Miller (R) and William A. Rocap Jr. (HIP)

    1979-1991: Roger Jespen (R) – retired
    1978: Dick Clark (D)
    1984: Tom Harkin (D)

    1991-1992: Larry Miles Dinger (R) – resigned to become Vice President of the United States
    1990: Berkley Warren Bedell (D)

    1992-2021: Terry Branstad (R) – lost re-election in an upset
    1994 (special): David R. Nagle (D)
    1996: Jim Ross Lightfoot (D)
    2002: Tim Hathan (D)
    2008: Daryl Beall (D)
    2014: Stephen N. Six (D)

    2021-present: Elizabeth Ann “Liz” Mathis (D) – incumbent
    2020: Terry Branstad (R)

    US Senators from Iowa’s Class 3 Seat

    1945-1965: Bourke Blakemore Hickenlooper (R) – resigned to join the administration of US President Harland “Colonel” Sanders
    1944: Guy Gillette (D)
    1950: Albert J. Loveland (D)
    1956: R. M. Evans (D)
    1962: E. B. Smith (D)

    1965-1967: Henry Oscar Talle (R) – appointee; lost election

    1967-1993: Harold Hughes (D) – retired at the age of 70; passed away in 1996 at the age of 74
    1966: Henry Oscar Talle (R)
    1968: David M. Stanley (R)
    1974: David M. Stanley (R)
    1980: James Leach (R)
    1986: Chuck Grassley (R)

    1993-1999: John William Judge (R) – lost re-election
    1992: Jean Hall Lloyd-Jones (D

    1999-2011: Patty Jean Poole (D) – first female US Senator from Iowa; lost re-election
    1998: John William Judge (R)
    2004: Jerry Kohn (R) and Albert Franzen (I)

    2011-present: Robert Lee Vander Plaats (R) – incumbent
    2010: Patty Jean Poole (D)
    2016: Rob Hogg (D) and Ray Zirkelbach (I)



    US Senators from Kansas’ Class 2 Seat

    1949-1962: Andrew F. Schoeppel (R) – former Governor of Kansas and former college football player; died in office from abdominal cancer at the age of 67
    1948: George McGill (D) and C. Floyd Hester (Prohibition)
    1954: George McGill (D) and David C. White (Prohibition)
    1960: Frank Theis (D)

    1962-1979: James B. Pearson (R) – retired
    1962 (sp): Paul L. Aylward (D)
    1966: George W. Snell (HIP), James Floyd Breeding (D) and Earl Dodge (Prohibition)
    1972: Arch Tetzlaff (D) and Gene Miller (Conservative)

    1979-1997: Nancy Landon Kassebaum (R) – first female US Senator from Kansas; retired
    1978: William R. Roy (D)
    1984: James R. Maher (D)
    1990: Joan Finney (D)

    1997-present: Carla J. Stovall (R) – incumbent
    1996: Sally Thompson (D)
    2002: John W. Carlin (D)
    2008: Nancy Boyda (D)
    2014: Chad Taylor (D)
    2020: Monique Singh-Bey (D)

    US Senators from Kansas’ Class 3 Seat

    1950-1969: Frank Carlson (R) – retired
    1950 (sp): Paul Aiken (D)
    1950: Paul Aiken (D) and Verne L. Damon (Prohibition)
    1956: George Hart (D)
    1962: K. L. Smith (D)

    1969-present: Bob Dole (R) – WWII veteran; longest-serving US Senator, as he has held this seat for over 52 years; currently (as of July 4) still alive at the age of 97; incumbent; may not run for re-election in 2022
    1968: William I. Robinson (D)
    1974: Bill Roy (D)
    1980: John Simpson (D)
    1986: Guy MacDonald (D)
    1992: Gloria O’Dell (D)
    1998: Gloria O’Dell (D)
    2004: Lee Jones (D)
    2010: Lisa Johnston (D)
    2016: Patrick Wiesner (D)



    US Senators from Kentucky’s Class 2 Seat

    1952-1955: John Sherman Cooper (R) – lost re-election
    1952 (sp): Thomas R. Underwood (D)

    1955-1956: Alben W. Barkley (D) – died of a heart attack at the age of 78
    1954: John Sherman Cooper (R)

    1956-1956: James Stephen Golden (R) – appointee; retired

    1956-1973:
    John Sherman Cooper (R) – retired
    1956 (sp): Lawrence W. Wetherby (D)
    1960: Keen Johnson (D)
    1966: Gaines P. Wilson (D)

    1973-1991: Lawrence W. Wetherby (D) – was a close, lifelong friend of Colonel Sanders; retired; passed away in January 2011, just days after turning 103
    1972: Jesse Nicholas Ryan Cecil (R), Louie Nunn (I) and Helen Breeden (HIP)
    1978: Louie Nunn (R)
    1984: Roger Harker (R)

    1991-2021: Martha Layne Osborne (D) – first female US Senator from Kentucky; ran for President in 1988; retired at the age of 84
    1990: Jim Bunning (R)
    1996: Dennis L. Lacy (R)
    2002: Jeff Hoover (R)
    2008: Daniel Essek (R)
    2014: David Patterson (R)

    2021-present: Whitney Westerfield (R) – entered office at the age of 40; incumbent
    2020: Reginald “Reggie” Thomas (D)

    US Senators from Kentucky’s Class 3 Seat

    1950-1957: Earle Clements (D) – lost re-election
    1950: Charles I. Dawson (R)

    1957-1982: Thruston Ballard Morton (R) – died in office at the age of 74
    1956: Earle C. Clements (D)
    1962: Wilson W. Wyatt (D)
    1968: John Y. Brown Jr. (D)
    1974: Wendell H. Ford (D)
    1980: Wendell H. Ford (D)

    1982-1984: Charles Rowland Peaslee “Charlie” Farnsley (D) – appointee; retired

    1984-1993: Harland David “Harley” Sanders Jr. (R) – was the son of Colonel Sanders; retired
    1983 (sp): John Y. Brown Jr. (D)
    1986: William P. Curlin Jr. (D)

    1993-2011: Patrick “Kelly” Downard (R) – lost re-election in an surprise upset
    1992: Jim Whitlock (D)
    1998: Scotty Baesler (D)
    2004: Paul E. Patton (D)

    2011-2017: Daniel Mongiardo (D) – is the son of Italian immigrants; retired; very briefly ran for President in 2016 and 2020
    2010: Patrick “Kelly” Downard (R)

    2017-present: Charles Merwin “Trey” Grayson III (R) – incumbent
    2016: Tom Recktenwald (D)



    US Senators from Louisiana’s Class 2 Seat

    1937-1972: Allen J. Ellender (D) – died in office at the age of 81; known by his colleagues for his Cajun cooking, including his roast duck and shrimp jambalaya dishes, leading to him developing a rapport with US President Colonel Sanders and the nickname "The Colonel of Louisiana"; the US Senate dining room currently (as of July 4, 2021) still serves his famous "Ellender Gumbo"
    1936: unopposed
    1942: unopposed
    1948: unopposed
    1954: unopposed
    1960: George W. Reese Jr. (R)
    1966: unopposed

    1972-1985: Jack P. F. Gremillion Sr. (D) – appointee; previously served as the Attorney General of Louisiana from 1956 to 1972; retired to unsuccessfully run for President in 1984 at the age of 70
    1972: B. C. Toledano (R) and Hall M. Lyons (HIP)
    1978: Woody Jenkins (Independent)

    1985-2020: Clyde Cecil Holloway (R) – resigned due to declining health
    1984: Jerry Huckaby (D)
    1990: William Jennings Jefferson (D) and David Duke (Heritage)
    1996: Richard Ieyoub (D)
    2002: Mary Landrieu (D)
    2008: Richard Ieyoub (D)
    2014: Troyce Guice (D)

    2020-2021: Suzanne Haik Terrell (R) – appointee; lost election

    2021-present: Antoine Pierce (D) – first African-American US Senator from Louisiana; entered office at the age of 50; incumbent
    2020: Suzanne Haik Terrell (R)

    US Senators from Louisiana’s Class 3 Seat

    1948-1987: Russell B. Long (D) – retired
    1948 (sp): Clem S. Clarke (R)
    1950: Charles S. Gerth (R)
    1956: unopposed
    1962: Taylor W. O’Hearn (R)
    1968: unopposed
    1974: unopposed
    1980: DeLesseps Story “Toni” Morrison Jr. (D), Woody Jenkins (D) and Jerry Bardwell (R)

    1987-2005: Buddy Roemer (“D” until 1991, then “R” after 1991) – lost re-election
    1986: Henson Moore (R)
    1992: Chris John (D)
    1998: Marty James Chabert (D)

    2005-2006: John Georges (D) – Greek-American businessman; resigned for CEO position
    2004: Buddy Roemer (R)

    2006-2017: Christopher Charles "Chris" John (D) – Roman Catholic former US Representative; lost re-election in a bad year for Democrats
    2006 (special): Chet Traylor (R)
    2010: Chet Traylor (R), Neeson Chauvin (D) and Nick Accardo (R)

    2017-present: Charles E. “Chas” Roemer IV (R) – is the son of Buddy Roemer; entered office at the age of 50; incumbent
    2016: Chris John (D)



    US Senators from Maine’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1996: Ed Muskie (D) – died in office from natural causes at the age of 81
    1958: Frederick G. Payne (R)
    1964: Clifford McIntire (R)
    1970: Neil S. Bishop (R)
    1976: Robert A. G. Monks (R)
    1982: Edward I. Bernstein (R)
    1988: Jasper S. Wyman (R)
    1994: John R. McKernan Jr. (R) and Plato Truman (I)

    1996-2019: Olympia Snowe (R) – was the Republican nominee and popular vote winner in the US Presidential election of 2008; retired
    1998 (special): Sean Faircloth (D)
    2000: Mark Lawrence (D)
    2006: Dawn Hill (D)
    2012: Benjamin Pollard (D) and Andrew Ian Dodge (Independent)

    2019-present: Mike Michaud (D) – openly BLUTAG; incumbent
    2018 (first round of RCV): Max Linn (R) and Joe Brooks (Independent)
    2018 (final round of RCV): Max Linn (R)

    US Senators from Maine’s Class 2 Seat

    1949-1973: Margaret Chase Smith (R) – lost re-election
    1948: Adrian H. Scolten (D)
    1954: Paul A. Fullam (D)
    1960: Lucia M. Cormier (D)
    1966: Elmer H. Violette (D)

    1973-1979: William Hathaway (D) – lost re-election
    1972: Margaret Chase Smith (R)

    1979-1985: William Cohen (R) – lost re-election
    1978: William Hathaway (D)

    1985-1989: Peter Kyros (D) – Greek-American; resigned for a cabinet position in the Bellamy administration
    1984: William Cohen (R)

    1989-1991: Nancy Nye Masterton (D) – appointee; lost election

    1991-present: Angus King (I) – incumbent; may not run for another term in 2026
    1990: Nancy Nye Masterton (D) and Bob Nutting (R)
    1996: Susan M. Collins (R) and John Rensenbrink (D)
    2002: Chellie Pingree (D) and J. D. Libby (R)
    2008: Chandler Woodcock (R) and Tom Connolly (D)
    2014: Shenna Bellows (D) and Scott D’Amboise (R)
    2020 (first round of RCV): Jared Golden (D) and Derek Levasseur (R)
    2020 (final round of RCV): Jared Golden (D)



    US Senators from Maryland’s Class 1 Seat

    1953-1971: James Glenn Beall (R) – lost re-nomination and then lost re-election as an Independent Republican without changing his party registration
    1952: George P. Mahoney (D)
    1958: Thomas D’Alesandro (D)
    1964: Joseph D. Tydings (D)

    1971-1977: Rogers Clark Ballard Morton (R) – was the brother of US Senator Thruston Ballard Morton (R-KY); lost re-election; passed away in 1979 at the age of 64, after being diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1973, which was only a minor political issue during the 1976 election
    1970: Carlton R. Sickles (D) and James Glenn Beall (Independent Republican)

    1977-2007: Paul Spyros Sarbanes (D) – Greek-American; declined interest in running for President or VP in 1980, 1984, 1988, 1996, and 2000; retired
    1976: Rogers Clark Ballard Morton (R)
    1982: Lawrence Hogan (R)
    1988: Alan Keyes (R)
    1994: Constance “Connie” Morella (R)
    2000: Paul Rappaport (R)

    2007-2013: Michael Steele (R) – first African-American US Senator from Maryland; was considered for the VP spot on the 2012 GOP Presidential ticket; lost re-election
    2006: Ben Cardin (D) and Kevin Zeese (G)

    2013-present: Carl Frank Stokes (D) – second African-American US Senator from Maryland; considered running for President in 2016 and 2020; incumbent
    2012: Michael Steele (R)
    2018: Tony Campbell (R)

    US Senators from Maryland’s Class 3 Seat

    1951-1963: John Marshall Butler (R) – retired
    1950: Millard E. Tydings (D)
    1956: George P. Mahoney (D)

    1963-1969: Daniel J. Brewster (D) – lost re-election
    1962: Edward T. Miller (R)

    1969-1987: Charles Mathias Jr. (R) – retired
    1968: Daniel J. Brewster (D) and George P. Mahoney (HIP)
    1974: Barbara Mikulski (D)
    1980: Edward T. Conroy (D)

    1987-2017: Barbara Mikulski (D) – first female US Senator from Maryland; retired
    1986: Linda Chavez (R)
    1992: Martha Scanlan Klima (R)
    1998: Ross Pierpont (R)
    2004: E. J. Pipkin (R)
    2010: Jim Rutledge (R)

    2017-present: Rand Beers (D) – incumbent
    2016: Kathy Szeliga (R)



    US Senators from Massachusetts’ Class 1 Seat

    1953-1961: John Fitzgerald “Jack” Kennedy (D) – resigned to join the Johnson administration; was the Democratic nominee for President in 1968
    1952: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (R)
    1958: Vincent Celeste (R)

    1961-1962: Benjamin Smith (D) – appointee; retired

    1962-2001: Eunice Kennedy-Shriver (D) – first female US Senator from Massachusetts; was a younger sister of Jack Kennedy; ran for President in 1988 after declining to run in 1972 and 1984; retired
    1962 (sp): George Cabot Lodge II (R) and H. Stuart Hughes (I)
    1964: Howard Whitmore Jr. (R)
    1970: John Volpe (R) and Josiah A. Spaulding (Independent)
    1976: Michael S. Robertson (R)
    1982: Ray Shamie (R)
    1988: Joseph Malone (R)
    1994: John Lakian (R)

    2001-present: Kathleen Hartington Kennedy-Roosevelt (D) – is a niece of Jack Kennedy and Eunice Kennedy-Shriver; married to a relative of FDR; was a possible candidate for President in 2016 and 2020; incumbent
    2000: Carla Howell (R)
    2006: Kenneth Chase (R)
    2012: Brian Paul Lees (R)
    2018: Curt Schilling (R)

    US Senators from Massachusetts’ Class 2 Seat

    1945-1967: Leverett Saltonstall (R) – retired
    1944 (sp): John H. Corcoran (D)
    1948: John I. Fitzgerald (D)
    1954: Foster Furcolo (D)
    1960: Thomas J. O’Connor (D)

    1967-1991: Ed Brooke (R) – first African-American US Senator from Massachusetts; ran for President in 1980 and 1988; retired
    1966: Endicott Peabody (D)
    1972: John J. Droney (D)
    1978: Paul Tsongas (D)
    1984: James Shannon (D)

    1991-2013: Bill Weld (R) – ran for President in 2004 and briefly in 2008 and 2012; resigned for US Cabinet position in the Grammer administration
    1990: Ken O’Donnell (D)
    1996: Robert Stowe (D) and Susan Gallagher (Conservative)
    2002: Tom Birmingham (D)
    2008: Edward O’Reilly (D)

    2013-2015: Lewis George “Lew” Evangelidis (R) – Greek-American; appointee; lost election

    2015-present: Demetrius J. Atsalis (D) – Greek-American; incumbent
    2014: Lewis George “Lew” Evangelidis (R)
    2020: Kevin O’Connor (R)



    US Senators from Michigan’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1971: Philip Hart (D) – lost re-election
    1958: Charles E. Potter (R)
    1964: Elly M. Peterson (R)

    1971-1989: George W. Romney (R) – ran for President in 1976 and 1980; retired
    1970: Philip Hart (D)
    1976: Donald Riegle (D)
    1982: Walter Reuther (D)

    1989-1995: Elly Maude Peterson (R) – retired
    1988: Milton Robert “Bob” Carr (D)

    1995-2001: W. Mitt Romney (R) – is the son of George W. Romney; lost re-election
    1994: Milton Robert “Bob” Carr (D)

    2001-2007: Barbara-Rose Collins (D) – lost re-election
    2000: W. Mitt Romney (R) and Matthew Abel (Green)

    2007-2013: Andrew “Rocky” Raczkowski (R) – entered office at the age of 38; ran for President in 2012; lost re-election
    2006: Barbara-Rose Collins (D)

    2013-present: Hansen Clarke (D) – first Bangladeshi-American US Senator ever; ran for President in 2016; incumbent
    2012: Andrew “Rocky” Raczkowski (R)
    2018: Tagg Romney (R)

    US Senators from Michigan’s Class 2 Seat

    1955-1966: Patrick V. McNamara (D) – died in office from a stroke at the age of 71
    1954: Homer S. Ferguson (R)
    1960: G. Mennen Williams (R)

    1966-1985: Robert P. Griffin (R) – appointee; retired
    1966: Richard F. Vander Veen (D)
    1972: Frank J. Kelley (D), Jerome P. Cavanaugh (I), Patrick Dillinger (HIP) and Barbara Halpert (Human Rights)
    1978: Carl Levin (D)

    1985-2015: Jack R. Lousma (R) – former astronaut; retired
    1984: Donald J. Albosta (D)
    1990: Barbara-Rose Collins (D)
    1996: William Roundtree (D)
    2002: John D. Cherry Jr. (D) and John S. Mangopoulos (Reform)
    2008: Bart Stupak (D)

    2015-2021: Terry Lynn Stern Rakolta (R) – lost re-election
    2014: Mark Hamilton Schauer (D)

    2021-present: Abdul El-Sayed (D) – Egyptian-American; lost re-election
    2020: Terry Lynn Stern Rakolta (R)



    US Senators from Minnesota’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1971: Eugene McCarthy (D) – retired
    1958: Edward John Thye (R)
    1964: Wheelock Whitney (R)

    1971-1985: Hubert H. Humphrey Jr. (D) – died in office after a long battle with cancer
    1970: Clark MacGregor (R)
    1976: Gerald W. Brekke (R) and Paul Helm (I)
    1982: David Durenberger (R)

    1985-2001: Joan Growe (D) – retired
    1985 (sp): Arlen Ingolf Erdahl (R)
    1988: Arlen Overvig (R)
    1994: Rod Grams (R) and Dean Barkley (I)

    2001-2019: Hubert Horatio “Skip” Humphrey III (D) – is the son of VP Hubert Humphrey; retired
    2000: Carol Molnau (R) and Jim Gibbons (I)
    2006: Mark Kennedy (R)
    2012: Rod Grams (R) and Michael C. Colley (Country)

    2019-present: Farheen Hakeem (D) – Muslim; entered office at the age of 43; incumbent
    2018: Leonard J. Richards (R)

    US Senators from Minnesota’s Class 2 Seat

    1949-1960: Hubert H. Humphrey Jr. (D) – resigned after being elected Vice President of the United States
    1948: Joseph H. Ball (R)
    1954: Val Bjornson (R)
    1960: P. Kenneth Peterson (R)

    1960-1961: Roy Weir (D) – appointee; retired

    1961-1972: Walter Mondale (D) – resigned after being elected President of the United States
    1961 (sp): Elmer L. Andersen (R)
    1966: Robert A. Forsythe (R)
    1972: Phil Hansen (R)

    1972-1982: Bob Short (D) – died in office from cancer at the age of 65
    1973: Phil Hansen (R)
    1978: Harold Stassen (R)

    1982-1997: Mark Dayton (D) – lost re-election; despite 1996 being a bad year for Democrats, the loss was still considered to be a major upset
    1983 (sp): Tom Hagedorn (R)
    1984: Tom Hagedorn (R)
    1990: Vin Weber (R)

    1997-2003: Gilbert Gutknecht Jr. (R) – moderate; retired; unsuccessfully ran for President in 2004 and has recently expressed interest in running for President again in 2024
    1996: Mark Dayton (D)

    2003-present: Sharon Sayles-Belton (D) – African-American female; ran for President in 2016; incumbent
    2002: Carol Molnau (R)
    2008: Jack Shepard (R)
    2014: Tim Penny (R)
    2020: Karin Housley (R)



    US Senators from Mississippi’s Class 1 Seat

    1947-1989: John C. Stennis (D) – retired
    1947 (sp): unopposed
    1952: unopposed
    1958: unopposed
    1964: unopposed
    1970: William R. Thompson (I)
    1976: unopposed
    1982: Haley Barbour (R)

    1989-present: William Webster “Webb” Franklin (R) – incumbent
    1988: Dick Molpus (D)
    1994: Ken Harper (D)
    2000: Troy Brown (D)
    2006: Erik Fleming (D)
    2012: Roger Weiner (D)
    2018: Mike Espy (D)

    US Senators from Mississippi’s Class 2 Seat

    1943-1979: James Eastland (D) – retired
    1942: unopposed
    1948: unopposed
    1954: James A. White (R)
    1960: Joe A. Moore (R)
    1966: Prentiss Walker (R) and Clifton R. Whitley (I)
    1972: James H. Meredith (R) and Prentiss Walker (I)

    1979-1995: James H. Meredith (R) – first African-American US Senator from Mississippi; resigned after being confirmed for the US Vice Presidency
    1978: Maurice Dantin (D)
    1984: Maurice Dantin (D)
    1990: George Raymond Jr. (D)

    1995-1997: James E. Chaney (D) – appointee; lost election

    1997-2004: Kirkwood Fordice (R) – died in office from leukemia at the age of 70
    1996: James E. Chaney (D)
    2002: Gilbert Fountain (D)

    2004-2006: Erik R. Fleming (D) – appointee; lost election

    2006-present: Patrick H. “Pete” Johnson (R) – member of the Johnson political family of Mississippi (both his grandfather and uncle served in public office, too); incumbent
    2005 (sp): Erik R. Fleming (D)
    2008: Grady F. “Gray” Tollison (Independent R) and Bootie Hunt (D)
    2014: Travis Childers (D)
    2020: J. P. “Jay” Hughes Jr. (D)



    US Senators from Missouri’s Class 1 Seat

    1953-1961: Stuart Symington (D) – resigned for US Cabinet position
    1952: James P. Kem (R)
    1958: Hazel Palmer (R)

    1961-1963: Albert S. J. Carnahan (D) – appointee; retired

    1963-1977: Leonor Sullivan (D) – first female US Senator from Missouri; retired
    1962 (sp): William C. Cole (R)
    1964: Jean P. Bradshaw (R)
    1970: John Danforth (R) and Gene Chapman (HIP)

    1977-1989: Jerry Litton (D) – resigned after being elected Vice President of the United States
    1976: John Danforth (R)
    1982: R. Wendell Bailey (R)
    1988: Norvell William “Bill” Emerson (R)

    1989-1993: Margaret Blake Kelly (D) – appointee; resigned
    1989 (sp): John William “Jack” Buechner (R)

    1993-1995: Thomas M. Keyes (D) – appointee; lost nomination

    1995-2013: Alan Wheat (D)
    – first African-American US Senator from Missouri; lost re-election
    1994: Bill Johnson (R)
    2000: Grant Samuel Stauffer (R)
    2006: Jim Talent (R)

    2013-present: Sarah Hearne Steelman (R) – incumbent
    2012: Alan Wheat (D) and Velma Steinman (Liberty)
    2018: Travis Gonzalez (D) and Leonard J. Steinman II (Liberty, b. 1952)

    US Senators from Missouri’s Class 3 Seat

    1960-1975: Edward V. Long (D) – lost re-election
    1960 (sp): Lon Hocker (R)
    1962: Crosby Kemper (R)
    1968: Thomas B. Curtis (R)

    1975-1987: Thomas B. Curtis (R) – lost re-election
    1974: Edward V. Long (D)
    1980: Robert Anton Young III (D)

    1987-2005: Bill Bradley (D) – briefly ran for President in 1996 and 2000; retired; later served as a US Ambassador under President Jackson
    1986: Thomas B. Curtis (R)
    1992: Jeanne Bojarski (R)
    1998: Tamara Millay (R) and Wayne Cryts (D write-in)

    2005-2017: Wayne Cryts (D) – previously served in the US House of Representatives; was often called "the voice of the farmers" when in both chambers; retired due to declining health
    2004: Mike Steger (R)
    2010: Chuck Purgason (R)

    2017-present: David A. Catania (R) – incumbent
    2016: Joseph “Chief Wana Dubie” Bickell (D, 1958-2021) and Susan Montee (Independent Democrat)



    US Senators from Montana’s Class 1 Seat

    1953-1977: Mike Mansfield (D) – retired
    1952: Zales Ecton (R)
    1958: Lou Welch (R)
    1964: Alex Blewett (R)
    1970: Harold E. Wallace (R)

    1977-1983: John Melcher (D) – lost re-election
    1976: Stanley C. Burger (R)

    1983-1989: Ron Marlenee (R) – lost re-election
    1982: John Melcher (D)

    1989-2007: Jack Mudd (D) – lost re-election in a bad year for Democrats
    1988: Ron Marlenee (R)
    1994: Tom Faranda (R)
    2000: Rick Hill (R)

    2007-2013: Stan Jones (R) – lost re-election
    2006: Jack Mudd (D)

    2013-2019: Denise Juneau (D) –first female US Senator from Montana; lost re-election
    2012: Stan Jones (R)

    2019-present: Stan Jones (R) – incumbent
    2018: Denise Juneau (D) and Steve Bullock (Moderate Democratic)

    US Senators from Montana’s Class 2 Seat

    1961-1973: Lee Metcalf (D) – lost re-election
    1960: Orvin B. Fjare (R)
    1966: Tim M. Babcock (R)

    1973-1979: Henry S. “Hank” Hibbard (R) – lost re-nomination
    1972: Lee Metcalf (D)

    1979-2021: Larry Williams (R) – retired
    1978: Paul G. Hatfield (D)
    1984: John Driscoll (D)
    1990: John Patrick “Pat” Williams (D)
    1996: Stephen Heaton (D)
    2002: Hal G. Harper (D)
    2008: Robert Kelleher (D)
    2014: Amanda Curtis (D) and Roger Roots (Liberty)

    2021-present: Jenny Eck (D) – incumbent
    2020: Jon Sonju (R)



    US Senators from Nebraska’s Class 1 Seat

    1954-1971: Roman Hruska (R) – lost re-election
    1954 (sp): James F. Green (D)
    1958: Frank B. Morrison (D)
    1964: Raymond W. Arndt (D)

    1971-2007: Ted Sorensen (D) – retired
    1970: Roman Hruska (R)
    1976: John Y. McCollister (R)
    1982: Jim Keck (R) and Virginia Walsh (I)
    1988: David Karnes (R) and Ernie Chambers (New Alliance)
    1994: Jan Stoney (R)
    2000: Don Stenberg (R)

    2007-2017: Don Stenberg (R) – resigned for position in the Grammer administration
    2006: Maxine Moul (D)
    2012: Chuck Hassebrook (D)

    2017-2018: Charlie Janssen (R) – appointee; lost election

    2018-present: Oletha Faust-Goudeau (D) – first female African-American US Senator from Nebraska; ran for President in 2016 and 2020; incumbent
    2017 (sp): Charlie Janssen (R)
    2018: Charles Herbster (R)

    US Senators from Nebraska’s Class 2 Seat

    1955-1965: Carl Curtis (R) – resigned for a cabinet position in the Sanders administration
    1954: Keith Neville (D)
    1960: Robert B. Conrad (D)

    1965-1973: Dwight W. Burney (R) – appointee; retired
    1966: C. Armstrong Callan (D)

    1973-present: Orrin Hatch (R) – moved to Nebraska in the 1960s; incumbent; may not run for re-election in 2026
    1972: Philip C. Sorensen (D) and Terry Carpenter (I)
    1978: J. James Exon (D)
    1984: J. James Exon (D)
    1990: John J. Cavanaugh III (D)
    1996: Ben Nelson (D) and John DeCamp (Liberty)
    2002: Charlie A. Matulka (D)
    2008: Scott Kleeb (D)
    2014: David Domina (D) and Jim Jenkins (Independent)
    2020: Preston Love Jr. (D)



    US Senators from Nevada’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1965: Howard W. Cannon (D) – lost re-election
    1958: George W. Malone (R)

    1965-1995: Paul Dominque Laxalt (R) – considered running for president in 1980, 1988, and 1992; considered for VP nomination in 1972, 1976, 1980, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1995, and 1996; retired
    1964: Howard W. Cannon (D)
    1970: Howard W. Cannon (D)
    1976: James David Santini (D)
    1982: Harry Reid (D)
    1988: Richard Byran (D)

    1995-2007: Anna Nevenic (D) – lost re-election
    1994: Kenny Guinn (R)
    2000: Jim Gibbons (R)

    2007-2019: Patricia Anne “Patty” Cafferata (R) – retired
    2006: Anna Nevenic (D)
    2012: Barbara Buckley (D)

    2019-present: Doug Swanson (R) – incumbent
    2018: Jan Laverty Jones (D)

    US Senators from Nevada’s Class 3 Seat

    1954-1974: Alan H. Bible (D) – retired and resigned after a successor was elected
    1954 (sp): Ernest S. Brown (R)
    1956: Cliff Young (R)
    1962: William B. Wright (R)
    1968: Edward Fike (R)

    1974-1999: Barbara Vucanovich (R) – appointed to seat to which she was elected after retiring incumbent resigned; first female US Senator from Nevada; retired
    1974: Mike O’Callaghan (D) and Jack C. Doyle (HIP)
    1980: Mary Gojack (D)
    1986: Myron E. Leavitt (D)
    1992: Lois Avery (D) and Joe Garcia (Country)

    1999-2005: Patricia Anne “Patty” Cafferata (R) – is the daughter of Barbara Vucanovich; lost re-election
    1998: James Bilbray (D)

    2005-present: Dina Titus (D) – Greek-American; condered for VP nomination in 2008; declined running for President in 2016 and in 2020; incumbent
    2004: Patricia Anne “Patty” Cafferata (R)
    2010: Sue Lowden (R)
    2016: Tyrus O. “Ty” Cobb (R)



    US Senators from New Hampshire’s Class 2 Seat

    1937-1961: Styles Bridges (R) – retired
    1936: William N. Rogers (D)
    1942: Francis P. Murphy (D)
    1948: Alfred E. Fortin (D)
    1954: Gerard L. Morin (D)
    1960: Herbert W. Hill (D)

    1961-1967: Maurice Murphy (R) – lost re-election
    1962 (sp): Thomas J. McIntyre (D)

    1967-1973: Thomas J. McIntyre (D) – lost re-election
    1966: Maurice J. Murphy (R) and Chester Earl Merrow (Independent)

    1973-1979: Harrison Reed Thyng (R) – retired
    1972: Thomas J. McIntyre (D)

    1979-1981: Carmen C. Chimento (I) – appointee; retired
    1978: Gordon J. Humphrey (R) and Thomas J. McIntyre (D) – the 1978 election between Humphrey and McIntyre was too close to call ahead of the new session, so the governor appointed a nonpartisan centrist to serve as an “interim” Senator; soon after, with the election winner deemed “undeterminable,” a special election was called
    1979 (sp): Gordon J. Humphrey (R) and Thomas J. McIntyre (D) – the 1979 special election was, similar to the 1978 election, too close to call ahead of congress reconvening in early 1980; a second special election was thus called for and held in 1980, with both Humphrey and McIntyre separately deciding against a third matchup

    1981-1981: Wesley Powell (R) – died suddenly, just days after entering office, triggering a third special election in as many years
    1980 (sp): Norman D’Amours (D) and incumbent Carmen C. Chimento (I)

    1981-1981: Lane Dwinell (R) – appointee; retired

    1981-1985: Hugh Gregg (R)
    – entered office in December 1981; lost re-election
    1981 (sp): John Rauh (D)

    1985-1997: Endicott Peabody (D) – retired
    1984: Hugh Gregg (R)
    1990: Harold Burns (R)

    1997-2003: Ken Blevens (R) – lost re-election
    1996: Dick Swett (D)

    2003-2009: Beverly Hollingworth (D) – lost re-election
    2002: Ken Blevens (R)

    2009-2013: Kelley Ashby (R) – resigned for a position in the Grammer administration
    2008: Beverly Hollingworth (D)

    2013-present: Yvonne Katrina Lantos (D) – appointee; incumbent
    2014: Frank Christopher Guinta (R)
    2020: Regina Birdsell (R)

    US Senators from New Hampshire’s Class 3 Seat

    1954-1987: Norris Cotton (R) – retired
    1954 (sp): Stanley J. Betley (D)
    1956: Laurence M. Pickett (D)
    1962: Alfred Catalfo Jr. (D)
    1968: John W. King (D)
    1974: John A. Durkin (D) and Carmen C. Chimento (HIP)
    1980: John A. Durkin (D)

    1987-1993: Emile Dorilas Beaulieu Jr. (D) – lost re-election
    1986: Robert F. Shaw (R)

    1993-1999: Katherine M. Alexander (R) – first female US Senator from New Hampshire; very libertarian; narrowly lost re-election in a surprise upset (while it was a bad election year for most Republican candidates, most polls suggested that she would narrowly win)
    1992: Emile Dorilas Beaulieu Jr. (D)

    1999-2011: Lou D’Allesandro (D) – lost re-election
    1998: Katherine M. Alexander (R)
    2004: Sharon Carson (R)

    2011-present: Ted Gatsas (R) – Greek-American; considered for his party's VP nomination in 2020; incumbent; may run for President in 2024 (he has not yet announced whether or not he will run for re-election in 2022)
    2010: Lou D’Allesandro (D)
    2016: Carol Shea-Porter (D)



    US Senators from New Jersey’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1982: Harrison Arlington "Pete" Williams Jr. (D) – resigned ahead of a planned expulsion vote for his conviction for taking bribes in the Abscam sting operation of 1981
    1958: Robert W. Kean (R)
    1964: Bernard M. Shanley (R)
    1970: Nelson G. Gross (R)
    1976: David A. Norcross (R)

    1982-1983: Frank Lautenberg (D) – appointee; lost re-election

    1983-2007: Frank X. McDermott (R) – moderate; retired at the age of 82 and passed away in late 2020
    1982: Frank Lautenberg (D)
    1988: Jim Florio (D)
    1994: Herb Klein (D)
    2000: Jon Corzine (official write-in) (D) and John A. Lynch Jr. (withdrew amid scandal) (D)

    2007-2013: Thomas Kean Jr. (R) – elected in a good year for Republicans; a member of the Kean political family of New Jersey; lost re-election
    2006: Gina Rose Genovese (D)

    2013-present: Upendra Chivukula (D) – born in southern India in 1950; incumbent
    2012: Thomas Kean Jr. (R)
    2018: Alison Elizabeth Littell McHose (R)

    US Senators from New Jersey’s Class 2 Seat

    1955-1982: Clifford Philip Case Jr. (R) – died in office at the age of 77, only days after US Senator Harrison A. Williams (D-NJ) resigned
    1954: Charles R. Howell (D)
    1960: B. B. Thorn Lord (D)
    1966: Warren W. Wilentz (D)
    1972: B. B. Thorn Lord (D)
    1978: Ray “Buttercup” Rollinson (D)

    1982-1983: Richard J. Coffee (D) – appointee; lost election

    1983-2015: Mary V. Mochary (R) – born in Hungary in 1942 and settled with her family in New Jersey when she was 9 years old retired; first female US Senator from New Jersey; retired
    1982 (sp): Richard J. Coffee (D)
    1984: Alexander J. Menza (D)
    1990: Barbara Wright McConnell (D)
    1996: Robert Torricelli (D)
    2002: Rob Andrews (D)
    2008: Donald Cresitello (D) and Gregory “Greg” Pason (Socialist)

    2015-2021: Lisa Perez Jackson (D) – first female African-American US Senator from New Jersey; resigned upon being confirmed for a position in the current Presidential administration
    2014: Steve Lonegan (R)
    2020: Hirsh Singh (R)

    2021-present: Dawn Zimmer (D) – appointee; incumbent



    US Senators from New Mexico’s Class 1 Seat

    1935-1962: Dionisio "Dennis" Chavez (D) – first-ever Hispanic person elected to a full term in the US Senate; died in office from cancer, which was attributed to his being a lifelong smoker, at the age of 74
    1936 (sp): M. A. Otero Jr. (R)
    1940: Albert K. Mitchell (R)
    1946: Patrick J. Hurley (R)
    1952: Patrick J. Hurley (R)
    1958: Forrest S. Atchley (R)

    1962-1964: Edwin L. Mechem (R) – appointed; lost election

    1964-1978: Joseph Manuel Montoya (D)
    – died in office at the age of 62
    1964 (sp): Edwin L. Mechem (R)
    1964: Edwin L. Mechem (R)
    1970: Anderson Carter (R)
    1976: Harrison Schmitt (R)

    1978-1981: Mary Coon Walters (D) – appointee; lost nomination

    1981-2007: Pedro “Pete” Jiménez (D)
    – retired
    1980 (sp): Manuel Lujan (R)
    1982: Harrison Schmitt (R)
    1988: Bill Valentine (R)
    1994: Robin Dozier Otten (R)
    2000: William T. Redmond (R)

    2007-2009: Gloria Tristani (D) – first female US Senator from New Mexico; resigned for a cabinet position in the Wellstone administration
    2006: Joseph J. Carraro (R)

    2009-present: Debbie Jaramillo (D) – appointee; incumbent
    2010 (special): Retta Ward (R)
    2012: Greg Sowards (R)
    2018: Mick Rich (R)

    US Senators from New Mexico’s Class 2 Seat

    1949-1973: Clinton Presba Anderson (D) – retired
    1948: Patrick J. Hurley (R)
    1954: Edwin L. Mechem (R)
    1960: William Colwes (R)
    1966: Anderson Carter (R)

    1973-present: Roberto Mondragon (D) – sworn into office at the age of 32; progressive environmentalist; recorded some music albums in the 1970s and 1980s, and subsequently is the only incumbent US Senator to have a hit single ("Aloha Amigos," 1979); incumbent; has expressed interest in running for another term in 2026 (interestingly, if he and Senator Orrin Hatch (R-NE) retire in 2026 and Senator Bob Dole (R-KS) retires in 2022, all three men would "tie" for the record for longest-serving US Senator in history at 54 years for each of them; this has led to a semi-serious "competition" of sorts between the three to see when each of them will leave office, a competition that may be the reason behind Hatch, Dole and Mondragon all still being in office and declining interest in resigning any time soon)
    1972: Pete Domencini (R) and Jack Daniels (Independent Democratic)
    1978: Pete Domencini (R)
    1984: Joseph Skeen (R)
    1990: Manuel Lujan Jr. (R)
    1996: Bruce M. Bush (R)
    2002: Orlin G. Cole (R)
    2008: Heather Wilson (R)
    2014: David Clements (R)
    2020: Elisa Martinez (R)



    US Senators from New York’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1971: Kenneth Keating (R) – lost re-election
    1958: Frank S. Hogan (D)
    1964: Samuel S. Stratton (D)

    1971-1983: Paul O’Dwyer (D) – lost re-election
    1970: Kenneth B. Keating (R), James L. Buckley (Conservative) and Allard K. Lowenstein (Liberal/Natural Mind)
    1976: James L. Buckley (Conservative) and William E. Miller (R)

    1983-1995: Michael Rockefeller (R/Liberal) – is the son of former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller; often labeled a "LID"; lost re-election; currently (as of July 4, 2021) still alive
    1982: Paul O’Dwyer (D), Florence M. Sullivan (C) and Allard K. Lowenstein (Progressive)
    1988: Edolphus Towns (D), Adelle R. Nathanson (Conservative) and Charlene Mitchell (Progressive)

    1995-2007: Gabriel “Gabe” Kaplan (D/Labor/Working Families/Progressive/Green) – former actor and professional poker player; focused on education reform; unsuccessfully ran for President in 2000; retired
    1994: Michael Rockefeller (R/Liberal), and Henry F. Hewes (Conservative/Life)
    2000: Rick Lazio (R) and John O. Adefope (Conservative/Life)

    2007-present: Thomas Richard "Tom" Suozzi (D) – moderate; briefly ran for President in 2016 and 2020; incumbent
    2006: Edward Ridley Finch Cox (R)
    2012: George Maragos (R)
    2018: Chris Gibson (R)

    US Senators from New York’s Class 3 Seat

    1957-1981: Jacob Javits (R) – lost re-election
    1956: Robert F. Wagner Jr. (D)
    1962: James B. Donovan (D)
    1968: Joseph Y. Resnick (D)
    1974: Lee Alexander (D) and Barbara A. Keating (Conservative)

    1981-2005: Mario Biaggi (D/Conservative until 2000, then R/Conservative) – retired
    1980: Jacob K. Javits (R) and Bess Myerson (Liberal/Natural Mind)
    1986: Al D’Amato (R), Mark Green (Green) and John S. Dyson (Liberal)
    1992: Norma Segal (R/Liberal) and Mohammad T. Mehdi (Green)
    1998: William P. McMillen (R)

    2005-present: Allyson Schwartz (D) – incumbent
    2004: Howard Mills III (R)
    2010: Gary Berntsen (R), Colia Clark (Green/Natural Mind) and Randy Credico (Liberty)
    2016: Larry Kudlow (R) and Vito Russo (I)



    US Senators from North Carolina’s Class 2 Seat

    1958-1973: B. Everett Jordan (D) – retired
    1958 (sp): Richard C. Clarke Jr. (R)
    1960: Kyle Hayes (R)
    1966: John S. Shallcross (R)

    1973-1991: Terry Sanford (D) – lost re-election
    1972: Jesse Helms (R)
    1978: George Wimbish (R)
    1984: James Holshouser (R)

    1991-2003: James Grubbs “Jim” Martin (R) – lost re-election
    1990: Terry Sanford (D)
    1996: Harvey Gantt (D)

    2003-2009: Daniel Terry Blue Jr. (D) – African-American; lost re-election
    2002: James Grubbs “Jim” Martin (R)

    2009-2015: Margaret A. “Meg” Ryan (R) – no relation to the actress Meg Ryan; lost re-election
    2008: Daniel Terry Blue Jr. (D)

    2015-2021: Dan Clodfelter (D) – retired
    2014: Margaret A. “Meg” Ryan (R)

    2021-present: Charles Graham (D) – Native-American; incumbent
    2020: Theodore Paul “Ted” Budd (R)

    US Senators from North Carolina’s Class 3 Seat

    1954-1975: Sam Ervin (D) – retired
    1954 (sp): unopposed
    1956: Joel A. Johnson (R)
    1962: Claude L. Greene Jr. (R)
    1968: Robert V. Somers (R)

    1975-2011: Nick Galifianakis (D) – Greek-American; retired
    1974: Wood Hall Young (R) and William Stevens (Country)
    1980: Earl Baker Ruth (R)
    1986: Jim Broyhill (R)
    1992: Robert Cannon Hayes (R)
    1998: Barbara Howe (R)
    2004: John Ross Hendrix (R)

    2011-present: Rand Paul (R) – incumbent
    2010: Elaine Marshall (D)
    2016: Deborah K. Ross (D)



    US Senators from North Dakota’s Class 1 Seat

    1960-1965: Quentin N. Burdick (D) – lost re-election
    1960 (sp): John E. Davis (R)

    1965-1971: Thomas S. Kleppe (R) – lost re-election
    1964: Quentin N. Burdick (D)

    1971-2001: Arthur Albert Link (D) – retired
    1970: Thomas S. Kleppe (R)
    1976: Robert Stroup (R)
    1982: Gene Knorr (R)
    1988: Kenneth C. Gardner (R)
    1994: Ben Clayburgh (R)

    2001-2007: Eliot Glassheim (D) – lost re-election
    2000: Duane Sand (R)

    2007-2019: John Hoeven (R) – retired
    2006: Eliot Glassheim (D)
    2012: Paul Gulleson (D)

    2019-present: David Dean Andahl (R) – incumbent
    2018: Earl Ralph Pomeroy III (D)

    US Senators from North Dakota’s Class 3 Seat

    1945-1981: Milton R. Young (R) – retired
    1946 (sp): William Lanier (D) and Gerald P. Nye (Independent)
    1950: Harry O’Brien (D)
    1956: Quentin N. Burdick (D)
    1962: William Lanier (D)
    1968: Herschel Lashkowitz (D)
    1974: James R. Jungroth (D) and Kenneth C. Gardiner (Country)

    1981-1987: Mark Andrews (R) – lost re-election
    1980: Kent Johanneson (D)

    1987-2011: Kent Conrad (D) – retired
    1986: Mark Andrews (R)
    1992: Steve Sydness (R) and Darold Larson (I)
    1998: Donna Nalewaja (R)
    2004: Mike Liffrig (R)

    2011-present: Kelly Schmidt (R) – incumbent
    2010: Joan Heckaman (D)
    2016: Joel C. Heitkamp (D)



    US Senators from Ohio’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1965: Stephen M. Young (D) – lost re-election
    1958: John W. Bricker (R)

    1965-1971: Robert A. Taft Jr. (R) – lost re-election
    1964: Stephen M. Young (D)

    1971-2001: John Glenn (D) – former NASA astronaut; retired
    1970: Robert A. Taft Jr. (R)
    1976: Richard B. Kay (R)
    1982: Paul Pfeifer (R)
    1988: John R. Kasich Jr. (R)
    1994: Paul E. Pfeifer (R) and Joseph Slovenec (I)

    2001-2007: Terry A. Anderson (D) – retired
    2000: Frank A. Cremeans (R)

    2007-present: Sherrod Brown (D) – progressive and pro-labor unions; incumbent
    2006: David Smith (R)
    2012: Eric Deaton (R)
    2018: Jim Renacci (R)

    US Senators from Ohio’s Class 3 Seat

    1957-1969: Frank J. Lausche (D) – retired
    1956: George H. Bender (R)
    1962: John M. Briley (R)

    1969-1987: William B. Saxbe (R) – retired
    1968: John Gilligan (D), Frank J. Lausche (I) and John M. Briley (HIP)
    1974: Howard Metzenbaum (D)
    1980: Mary Rose Oakar (D) and John E. Powers (I)

    1987-1994: Carl Stokes (D) – African-American; announced early retirement due to worsening health, triggering a special election after which he resigned
    1986: Tom Kindness (R)
    1992: Mike DeWine (R), Martha Grevatt (Country) and Douglas DeGood (Independent Democrat)

    1994-2003: Anthony J. Celebrezze Jr. (D) – appointed to the seat to which he was elected after retiring incumbent resigned; died in office
    1994 (special): Phyllis Goetz (R)
    1998: George Voinovich (R)

    2003-2009: Peter Lawson Jones (D) – resigned for ambassadorship
    2004: Nancy Putnam Hollister (R) and Tony Patrick Hall (Independent Democrat)

    2009-present: Randy Brock (R) – African-American; conservative; entered office in late November 2009; considered for VP nomination in 2012; incumbent
    2009 (sp): Robert L. Burch Jr. (D)
    2010: Michael B. Coleman (D) and Eric Deaton (Constitutionalists’)
    2016: Joyce Beatty (D)



    US Senators from Oklahoma’s Class 2 Seat

    1949-1963: Robert S. Kerr (D) – died in office
    1948: Ross Rizley (R)
    1954: Fred M. Mock (R)
    1960: Hayden Crawford (R)

    1963-1965: J. Howard Edmondson (D) – appointed; lost election

    1965-2003: Bud Wilkinson (R)
    – retired and passed away days later
    1964 (sp): J. Howard Edmondson (D)
    1966: Fred R. Harris (D)
    1972: Ed Edmondson (D) and William G. Roach (HIP)
    1978: David L. Boren (D)
    1984: David L. Boren (D)
    1990: Dave McCurdy (D)
    1996: Glen D. Johnson Jr. (D)

    2003-present: Steve Largent (R) – incumbent
    2002: David Walters (D)
    2008: Jim Rogers (D)
    2014: Dan Boren (D)
    2020: Sheila Bilyeu (D)

    US Senators from Oklahoma’s Class 3 Seat

    1951-1969: A. S. Mike Monroney (D) – retired
    1950: W. H. Bill Alexander (R)
    1956: Douglas McKeever (R)
    1962: Hayden Crawford (R)

    1969-1981: Henry Bellmon (R) – retired
    1968: A. S. Mike Monroney (D)
    1974: Ed Edmondson (D)

    1981-2005: Marvin Henry “Mickey” Edwards (R) – lost re-election
    1980: Andrew Coats (D), Billy Joe Clegg (Conservative) and Charles R. Nesbitt (I)
    1986: James R. Jones (D)
    1992: Steve Lewis (D)
    1998: Laura Boyd (D)

    2005-2011: Brad Carson (D) – of Native-American descent; lost re-election
    2004: Marvin Henry “Mickey” Edwards (R)

    2011-2017: Evelyn Rogers (R) – retired
    2010: Brad Carson (D)

    2017-present: Lisa J. Billy (R) – Native-American; incumbent
    2016: Mike Workman (D) and Dax Ewbank (Liberty)



    US Senators from Oregon’s Class 2 Seat

    1960-1967: Maurine Brown Neuberger (D) – retired
    1960 (sp): Elmo Smith (R)
    1960: Elmo Smith (R)

    1967-1997: Mark Hatfield (R) – retired
    1966: Robert B. Duncan (D)
    1972: Edith Green (D)
    1978: Vernon Cook (D)
    1984: Mary Wendy Roberts (D)
    1990: Harry Lonsdale (D)

    1997-2009: Norma Paulus (R) – retired
    1996: Peter DeFazio (D)
    2002: Bill Bradbury (D)

    2009-present: Jefferson Smith (D) – incumbent
    2008: Gordon Smith (R)
    2014: Jo Rae Perkins (R (and endorsed by the Boulder Party of Oregon))
    2020: Brad Avakian (R) and Winona LaDuke (Green)

    US Senators from Oregon’s Class 3 Seat

    1945-1974: Wayne Morse (D since 1955, I 1952-1955, R before 1952) – died in office
    1944: Edgar W. Smith (D)
    1950: Howard Latourette (R)
    1956: Douglas McKay (R)
    1962: Sig Unander (R)
    1968: Wendell Wyatt (R)

    1974-1975: Earl T. Newbry (R) – appointee; retired

    1975-1981: Tom McCall (R) – retired due to cancer
    1974: Betty Roberts (D)

    1981-1987: John R. Dellenback (R) – lost re-election
    1980: Ted Kulongoski (D)

    1987-present: Walter Leslie “Les” AuCoin (D) – incumbent
    1986: John R. Dellenback (R)
    1992: Dennis Alan “Denny” Smith (R)
    1998: Tonie Nathan (R) and Aaron Dixon (Green)
    2004: Al King (R)
    2010: Jim Huffman (R)
    2016: Faye Stewart (R) and Shanti Lewallen (Working Families)



    US Senators from Pennsylvania’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1977: Hugh Scott (R) – retired
    1958: George M. Leader (D)
    1964: Genevieve Blatt (D)
    1970: William G. Sesler (D)

    1977-1983: Bill Green (D) – lost re-election
    1976: Elmer Greinert “Bud” Shuster (R)

    1983-1989: Elmer Greinert “Bud” Shuster (R) – lost re-election
    1982: Bill Green (D)

    1989-2001: Darcy Richardson (D) – retired
    1988: Elmer Greinert “Bud” Shuster (R)
    1994: Dick Santorum (R), Diane G. Blough (Country) and Donald Ernsberger (Liberty)

    2001-2007: Paul Kanjorski (D) – lost re-election
    2000: Patrick J. Toomey (R)

    2007-2019: H. J. Heinz III (R) – retired
    2006: Paul Kanjorski (D)
    2012: Jason Altmire (D)

    2019-present: Luke R. Ravenstahl (D) – incumbent
    2018: Camera Chatham Bartolotta (R)

    US Senators from Pennsylvania’s Class 3 Seat

    1957-1969: Joseph S. Clark (D) – lost re-election in a bad year for Democrats
    1956: James H. Duff (R)
    1962: James E. Van Zandt (R)

    1969-1975: Herman T. Schneebeli (R) – lost re-election
    1968: Joseph S. Clark (D) and Frank W. Gaydosh (HIP)

    1975-2000: Bob Casey Sr. (D) – died from cancer
    1974: Herman T. Schneebeli (R)
    1980: Arlen Specter (R)
    1986: George Gekas (R)
    1992: Wayne Curtis Weldon (R) and John Perry III (I)
    1998: Barbara Hafer (R)

    2000-present: Bob Casey Jr. (D) – appointee; incumbent
    2000 (special): Philip Sheridan English (R)
    2004: Betsy Summers (R)
    2010: John Kennedy (R)
    2016: Lou Barletta (Country) and William Scranton III (R)



    US Senators from Potomac’s Class 1 Seat

    2006-present: Eleanor Holmes Norton (D) – African-American; one of the most popular US Senators in the nation; incumbent
    2006: Carol Schwartz (R)
    2012: unopposed
    2018: unopposed

    US Senators from Potomac’s Class 2 Seat

    2006-2015: David Schwartzman (D) – retired
    2008: Carol Schwartz (R)

    2015-present: Anthony A. Williams (D) – African-American; known for sporting a bowtie; incumbent
    2014: Bruce Majors (R)
    2020: unopposed



    US Senators from Puerto Rico’s Class 1 Seat

    2006-2019: Luis Fortuno (R) – lost re-election
    2006: Rafael Hernandez Colon (D)
    2012: Cirilo Tirado Rivera (D)

    2019-present: Alexandra Lugaro (D) – incumbent
    2018: Luis Fortuno (R)

    US Senators from Puerto Rico’s Class 2 Seat

    2006-2021: Norma Burgos (R) – lost re-election
    2008: Jorge Santini (D)
    2014: Margarita Nolasco Santiago (D)

    2021-present: Brenda Lopez de Arraras (D) – incumbent
    2020 (first round of RCV): Norma Burgos (R), Carmen Milagros Ortiz (D) and Maria Elvira Salazar (Conservative)
    2020 (final round of RCV): Norma Burgos (R)



    US Senators from Rhode Island’s Class 1 Seat

    1950-1977: John Pastore (D) – retired
    1950 (sp): Austin T. Levy (R)
    1952: Bayard Ewing (R)
    1958: Bayard Ewing (R)
    1964: Ronald R. Lageux (R)
    1970: John McLaughlin (R)

    1977-1989: Robert Owens Tiernan (D) – lost re-election
    1976: Donald P. Ryan (R)
    1982: Vincent Marzullo (R)

    1989-2001: Claudine Schneider (R) – lost re-election
    1988: Robert Owens Tiernan (D)
    1994: Linda Kushner (D)

    2001-present: Myrth York (D) – incumbent
    2000: Claudine Schneider (R)
    2006: Ellerton Pratt “Mark” Whitney III (“Liberty” Republican) and Steve Laffey (Independent Republican)
    2012: Barry Hinckley (R)
    2018: Martha Elizabeth McSally (R)

    US Senators from Rhode Island’s Class 2 Seat

    1961-1997: Claiborne Pell (D) – retired
    1960: Raoul Archambault Jt. (R)
    1966: Ruth M. Briggs (R)
    1972: John Chafee (R) and John Quattrocchi Jr. (Independent)
    1978: James G. Reynolds (R)
    1984: Barbara Leonard (R)
    1990: Robert Machtley (R)

    1997-2003: Nancy J. Mayer (R) – lost re-election
    1996: Donald Gill (D)

    2003-present: Elizabeth H. Roberts (D) – incumbent
    2002: Nancy J. Mayer (R)
    2008: Robert Tingle (R)
    2014: Mark Zaccaria (R)
    2020: Scott Avedisian (R)



    US Senators from South Carolina’s Class 2 Seat

    1954-1956: Strom Thurmond (Independent Democrat) – resigned
    1954: Edgar A. Brown (D)

    1956-1956: Thomas Wofford (D) – appointee; retired

    1956-2005: Strom Thurmond (D until 1962/R after 1962) – died in office
    1956 (sp): unopposed
    1960: unopposed
    1966: Bradley Morrah (D)
    1972: Eugene N. Zeigler (D)
    1978: Charles D. Ravenel (D)
    1984: Melvin Purvis Jr. (D)
    1990: Bob Cunningham (D)
    1996: Elliot Close (D)
    2002: Alexander Sanders (D)

    2005-2006: Strom Thurmond Jr. (R) – appointee; lost election

    2006-2015: Mike Thurmond (D) – African-American; lost re-election
    2005 (sp): Strom Thurmond Jr. (R)
    2008: Mark Sanford (R) and Michael Cone (I)

    2015-present: J. Gary Simrill (R) – was a close ally of US House Speaker McMaster; incumbent
    2014: Mike Thurmond (D)
    2020: Mandy Powers Norrell (D)

    US Senators from South Carolina’s Class 3 Seat

    1945-1965: Olin D. Johnston (D) – died
    1944: James B. Gaston (R)
    1950: unopposed
    1956: Leon P. Crawford (R)
    1962: W. D. Workman Jr. (R)

    1965-2011: Fritz Hollings (D) – retired
    1966 (sp): unopposed
    1968: Marshall Parker (R)
    1974: Gwenyfred Bush (R)
    1980: Marshall T. Mays (R)
    1986: H. Dargan McMaster (R)
    1992: Thomas F. Hartnett (R)
    1998: Richard Quillian (R)
    2004: Jim DeMint (R)

    2011-present: Sherry Shealy Martschink (R) – incumbent
    2010: A. Victor “Vic” Rawl (D)
    2016: Laurie Funderburk (D)



    Senators from South Dakota’s Class 2 Seat

    1948-1973: Karl Earl Mundt (R) – retired
    1948: John A. Engel (D)
    1954: Kenneth Holum (D)
    1960: George McGovern (D)
    1966: Donn H. Wright (D)

    1973-1979: James Abourezk (D) – retired
    1972: Robert W. Hirsch (R)

    1979-2009: Larry Pressler (R) – retired
    1978: Don Barnett (D)
    1984: George V. Cunningham (D)
    1990: Ted Muenster (D) and Dean L. Sinclair (Independent)
    1996: Gene N. Lebrun (D)
    2002: Herman Eilers (D)

    2009-present: SuAnne Big-Crow (R) – Native-American; paraplegic since a car accident in her 20s; incumbent
    2008: Scott Heidepriem (D)
    2014: R. J. Volesky (D)
    2020: Dennis Feickert (D)

    Senators from South Dakota’s Class 3 Seat

    1951-1962: Francis H. Case (R) – died
    1950: John A. Engel (D)
    1956: Kenneth Holum (D)

    1962-1975: Joseph H. Bottom (R) – lost re-election
    1962: George McGovern (D)
    1968: Wayne Peterson (D)

    1975-1981: George McGovern (D) – lost re-election
    1974: Joseph H. Bottom (R)

    1981-1994: Frank Farrar (R) – died in a plane crash
    1980: George McGovern (D)
    1986: Tom Daschle (D)
    1992: Franklin Edvard Denholm (D)

    1994-1995: Carole Hillard (R) – appointee; lost election

    1995-2017: Teresa McGovern (D) – retired
    1994 (special): Carole Hillard (R)
    1998: Ron Schmidt (R)
    2004: John Thune (R)
    2010: James A. “Jim” Lintz (R)

    2017-present: Doug Sombke (R) – incumbent
    2016: Bernie Hunhoff (D)



    US Senators from Tennessee’s Class 1 Seat

    1953-1998: Albert Arnold “Al” Gore Sr. (D) – died in office from natural causes
    1952: Hobart F. Atkins (R)
    1958: Hobart F. Atkins (R)
    1964: Dan H. Kuykendall (R)
    1970: Bill Brock (R)
    1976: Bill Brock (R)
    1982: Robin Beard (R)
    1988: Bill Anderson (R)
    1994: Bill Frist (R) and John Jay Hooker (I)

    1998-2001: Charles V. Brown (D) – appointee; lost nomination

    2001-2013: Bob Clement Jr. (D) – lost re-election
    2000: Mae Beavers (R) and Jeff Clarke (I)
    2006: Van Hilleary (R)

    2013-present: Mae Beavers (R) – incumbent
    2012: Bob Clement Jr. (D) and Zach Poskevich (Independent Republican)
    2018: Roy Herron (D) and Stephen Fincher (Rational Republican)

    US Senators from Tennessee’s Class 2 Seat

    1949-1963: Estes Kefauver (D) – died in office
    1948: B. Carroll Reece (R)
    1954: Tom Wall (R)
    1960: A. Bradley Frazier (R)

    1963-1964: Herbert S. Walters (D) – appointee; lost nomination

    1964-1991: Howard Baker (R)
    – retired
    1964 (sp): Ross Bass (D)
    1966: Frank G. Clement (D)
    1972: Ray Blanton (D)
    1978: Joseph L. Evins (D)
    1984: Jane Eskind (D) and Ed McAteer (Salvation)

    1991-1997: Marilyn Lloyd (D) – lost re-election
    1990: William R. Hawkins (R)

    1997-2017: Hillary Rodham-Clinton (R) – resigned after being confirmed for a cabinet position in the Grammer administration
    1996: Marilyn Lloyd (D)
    2002: Jim Cooper (D)
    2008: Bob Tuke (D)
    2014: Lincoln Davis (D)

    2017-2017: Joey Hensley (R) – appointee; lost nomination

    2017-present: Dr. Manish Kumar “Manny” Sethi, Ph.D. (R) – entered office in late November 2017; incumbent
    2017 (sp): Sara Peery Kyle (D)
    2020: Madeline Anne Rogero (D)



    US Senators from Texas’s Class 1 Seat

    1957-1971: Ralph Yarborough (D) – lost re-nomination
    1958: Roy Whittenburg (R)
    1964: George H. W. Bush (R) and Bruce Alger (HIP)

    1971-1983: Lloyd Bentsen (D) – lost re-election
    1970: John Connally (R) and Jack Carswell (HIP)
    1976: Alan Steelman (R) and Pedro Vasquez (Socialist Workers/La Raza Unida)

    1983-1989: James M. Collins (R) – retired due to poor health
    1982: Lloyd Bentsen (D)

    1989-2001: Ann Richards (D) – resigned for a position in the Jesse Jackson administration
    1988: Audie Murphy (R), Eldon Boulter (Liberty) and Albert G. Bustamante (La Raza Unida)
    1994: Harry “Steve” Bartlett (R), Mary J. Ruwart (Liberty) and Jose Angel Gutierrez (La Raza Unida)

    2001-2007: Mickey Leland (D) – lost re-election
    2000: Joe Barton (R) and Adrian Garcia (La Raza Unida)

    2007-present: Kay Granger (R) – incumbent
    2006: Mickey Leland (D)
    2012: Henry Cisneros (D), Gene Kelly (I) and Rick Noriega (La Raza Unida)
    2018: Ricardo Sanchez (D) and Joaquin Castro (La Raza Unida)

    US Senators from Texas’s Class 1 Seat

    1949-1961: Lyndon B. Johnson (D) – resigned to become President of the United States
    1948: Jack Porter (R)
    1954: Carlos G. Watson (R)
    1960: John G. Tower (R)

    1961-1961: William A. Blakley (D) – appointee election

    1961-1967: John G. Tower (R) – lost re-election
    1961 (special): William A. Blakley (D)

    1967-1975: Lyndon B. Johnson (D) – died in office
    1966: John G. Tower (R) and Bruce Alger (HIP)
    1972: Bruce Alger (R)

    1975-1979: J. J. Pickle (D) – lost re-election
    1976 (sp): George H. W. Bush (R) and Frank Tejeda (La Raza Unida)

    1979-1991: Ron Paul (R) – retired; failed all bids for President
    1978: J. J. Pickle (D), Wingate Hezekiah Lucas (Big), and Luis A. Diaz de Leon (LRU)
    1984: Sam Johnson (D) and Silvestre “Silver” Reyes (La Raza Unida)

    1991-2009: Kay Bailey Hutchison (R) – retired
    1990: Kathryn J. Whitmire (D) and Gary Johnson (Liberty)
    1996: Richard W. Fisher (D) and Victor Morales (La Raza Unida)
    2002: Ron Kirk (D/LRU) and Roy H. Williams (Green)

    2009-present: Mac Thornberry (R) – incumbent
    2008: Ahmad Hassan (D), Sylvia Garcia (LRU), and Tina Villanueva (I)
    2014: Nancy Nathanson (D), David Alameel (La Raza Unida) and Steve Stockman (Liberty)
    2020: Ruben Hinojosa (D) and Solomon Ortiz Jr. (La Raza Unida)



    US Senators from Utah’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1995: Frank E. Moss (D) – retired
    1958: Arthur V. Watkins (R)
    1964: Ernest L. Wilkinson (R)
    1970: Laurence J. Burton (R) and Clyde B. Freeman (HIP)
    1976: Sherman P. Lloyd (R)
    1982: David D. Marriott (R)
    1988: Wilford V. Oveson (R)

    1995-2019: David D. Marriott (R) – retired
    1994: Patrick A. Shea (D)
    2000: Gary Van Horn (Country)
    2006: Pete Ashdown (D)
    2012: Benjy McAdams (D)

    2019-present: Spencer Cox (R) – incumbent
    2018: James Singer (D)

    US Senators from Utah’s Class 3 Seat

    1951-1975: Wallace F. Bennett (R) – retired
    1950: Elbert D. Thomas (D)
    1956: Alonzo F. Hopkin (D)
    1962: David S. King (D)
    1968: Milton N. Wellenmann (D)

    1975-1993: Jake Garn (R) – retired
    1974: Wayne Owens (D), Utah Phillips (I) and Kenneth Rex Larson (HIP)
    1980: Den Berman (D)
    1986: Craig Oliver (D) and Mary Zins (I)

    1993-1996: Rex Edwin Lee (R) – died in office
    1992: Bill Orton (D)

    1996-2017: Lyle Hillyard (R) – considered "the heart of the Senate"; retired
    1996 (special): Karen Hale (D)
    1998: Scott Leckman (D)
    2004: Paul Van Dam (D)
    2010: Sam Granato (D)

    2017-present: Shawn Bradley (R) – retired NBA player; tallest US Senator ever at 7-foot-6; incumbent
    2016: Jonathan Swinton (D)



    Vermont Senators from the Class 1 Seat

    1959-1971: Winston L. Prouty (R) – died in office
    1958: Frederick J. Fayette (D)
    1964: Frederick J. Fayette (D)
    1970: Fiore L. Bove (D) and William H. Meyer (Liberty Union/Natural Mind)

    1971-1973: Thomas P. Salmon (D) – appointee; lost election

    1973-1983: Robert Theodore Stafford (R) – lost re-election
    1972 (special): Thomas P. Salmon (D)
    1976: Scott Skinner (D) and Nancy Kaufman (Liberty Union)

    1983-2001: Phil Hoff (Progressive until 1987, I 1987, D after 1987) – retired
    1982: Robert Theodore Stafford (R) and James A. Guest (D)
    1988: Mike Griffes (R) and Jerry Levy (Liberty Union)
    1994: Jim Jeffords (R) and Peter Diamondstone (Liberty Union)

    2001-2001: Fred Tuttle (R) – resigned immediately upon getting a law passed
    2000: Ed Flanagan (D)

    2001-present: Anthony Pollina (D) – appointee; incumbent
    2002 (sp): William Meub (R)
    2006: Greg Parke (R)
    2012: H. Brooke Paige (R) and Boots Wardinski (Liberty Union)
    2018: Jasdeep Pannu (R), B.J. Peacock (Independent), Folasade Adeluola (Independent) and Reid Kane (Liberty Union)

    Vermont Senators from the Class 3 Seat

    1941-1984: George Aiken (R) – died in office
    1940 (sp): Herbert Comings (D)
    1944: Harry Witters (D)
    1950: James Bigelow (D)
    1956: Bernard O’Shea (D)
    1962: W. Robert Johnson (D)
    1968: unopposed
    1974: Nathaniel Frothingham (D)
    1980: Pete Diamondstone (Liberty Union)

    1984-1987: Peter Plympton Smith (R) – lost re-election
    1985 (special): James A. Guest (D)

    1987-1999: Madeleine M. Kunin (D) – retired
    1986: Peter Plympton Smith (R)
    1992: Jim Douglas (R) and Jerry Levy (Liberty Union)

    1999-2005: Peter Diamondstone (Liberty Union) – only US Senator to ever attempt to pass legislation to abolish the US Senate (it died in committee); lost re-election
    1998: Bob Melamede (D) and Hugh Douglas (R)

    2005-present: William Sorrell (D, then Independent after 7/7/2017) – incumbent
    2004: Peter D. Moss (R) and Peter Diamondstone (Liberty Union)
    2010: Len Britton (R) and Darcy Troville (Liberty Union)
    2016: H. Brooke Paige (R) and B.J. Peacock (Liberty Union)



    US Senators from Virginia’s Class 1 Seat

    1933-1965: Harry F. Byrd Sr. (D) – resigned
    1933 (sp): Henry A. Wise (R)
    1934: Lawrence C. Page (R)
    1940: Hilliard Berstein (I) and Alice Burke (I)
    1946: Lester S. Parsons (R)
    1952: H. M. Vise Sr. (Independent Democratic) and Clarke T Robb (Social Democratic)
    1958: Louise Wensel (I)
    1964: Richard A. May (R) and James W. Respess (Independent)

    1965-1995: Harry F. Byrd Jr. (D before 1970/I after 1970) – retired
    1966 (sp): Lawrence M. Traylor (R) and John W. Carter (I)
    1970: George Rawlings (D) and Ray Garland (R)
    1976: Martin H. Perper (D)
    1982: Dick Davis (D) and Maurice A. Dawkins (R)
    1988: Abner Linwood “Lin” Holton Jr. (R) and Gerald Baliles (D)

    1995-2001: Frank Wolf (R) – lost re-election
    1994: Rick Boucher (D)

    2001-2007: Bobby Scott (D) – lost re-election
    2000: Frank Wolf (R)

    2007-2013: Ben Lewis Jones (R) – lost re-election
    2006: Bobby Scott (D)

    2013-present: Tom Perriello (D) – incumbent
    2012: Ben Lewis Jones (R) and Harris N. Miller (Independent Democrat)
    2018: Denver Riggleman (R/Bigfoot)

    US Senators from Virginia’s Class 2 Seat

    1946-1971: A. Willis Robertson (D) – died in office
    1946 (sp): Robert H. Woods (R)
    1948: Robert H. Woods (R)
    1954: Charles W. Lewis Jr. (Independent Democratic) and Clarke T. Robb (Southern Democratic)
    1960: Stuart D. Baker (ID)
    1966: James P. Ould Jr. (R) and F. Lee Hawthorne (HIP)

    1971-1973: William Lloyd Scott (R) – appointee; lost election

    1973-1979: John Otho Marsh Jr. (D) – lost re-election
    1972: William Lloyd Scott (R) and Horace E. Henderson (Independent)

    1979-2003: Richard Dudley Obenshain (R) – retired due to declining health
    1978: John Otho Marsh Jr. (D)
    1984: Edythe C. Harrison (D)
    1990: Lyon Gardiner Tyler Jr. (D)
    1996: Leslie Byrne (D)

    2003-2015: George Allen (R) – lost re-election
    2002: Meyera Oberndorf (D)
    2008: Tim Kaine (D)

    2015-present: Brian Moran (D) – incumbent
    2014: George Allen (R)
    2020: Omari Faulkner (R) and Nick Freitas (Bigfoot)



    US Senators from Washington’s Class 1 seat

    1953-1987: Henry M. “Scoop” Jackson (D) – died in office
    1952: Harry P. Cain (R)
    1958: William B. Bantz (R)
    1964: Lloyd J. Andrews (R)
    1970: John Ehrlichman (R)
    1976: George M. Brown (R)
    1982: Doug Jewett (R) and King Lysen (I)

    1987-1989: Norm Dicks (D) – appointee; retired

    1989-2007: Jolene Unsoeld (D) – retired
    1988: John Spellman (R) and Floyd Hicks (Independent Democratic)
    1994: Rod Chandler (R)
    2000: Mike McGavick (R)

    2007-present: Norm Rice (D) – incumbent
    2006: Linda Smith (R)
    2012: Mike Baumgartner (R)
    2018: Hong Tran (R)

    US Senators from Washington’s Class 3 Seat

    1944-1975: Warren G. Magnuson (D) – lost re-election
    1944: Harry P. Cain (R)
    1950: Walter Williams (R)
    1956: Arthur B. Langlie (R)
    1962: Richard G. Christensen (R)
    1968: Jack Metcalf (R)

    1975-1981: Daniel J. Evans (R) – retired
    1974: Warren G. Magnuson (D)

    1981-1993: Catherine Dean May (R) – retired
    1980: Allen Byron Swift (D)
    1986: Deborah Senn (D)

    1993-present: Gary Locke (D) – incumbent
    1992: Slade Gorton (R)
    1998: Linda Smith (R)
    2004: George Nethercutt (R)
    2010: Paul Akers (R)
    2016: Steve Litzow (R)



    US Senators from West Virginia’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-2010: Robert C. Byrd (D) – died in office
    1958: Chapman Revercomb (R)
    1964: Cooper P. Benedict (R)
    1970: Elmer H. Dodson (R)
    1976: unopposed
    1982: Cleveland Benedict (R) and William B. Howland (Progressive)
    1988: M. J. Wolfe (R)
    1994: Stanley L. Klos (R)
    2000: David T. Gallaher (R)
    2006: Hiram Lewis (R)

    2010-2019: Betty Ireland (R) – lost re-election
    2010 (sp): Brooks F. McCabe Jr. (D)
    2012: Natalie Tennant (D)

    2019-present: Jesse Johnson (D) – incumbent
    2018: Betty Ireland (R)

    US Senators from West Virginia’s Class 2 Seat

    1958-1985: Jennings Randolph (D) – lost re-election
    1958 (sp): John D. Hoblitzell Jr. (R)
    1960: Cecil Underwood (R)
    1966: Francis J. Love (R)
    1972: Louis Leonard (R)
    1978: Arch Moore Jr. (R)

    1985-1997: John Raese (R) – lost re-nomination
    1984: Jay Rockefeller (D)
    1990: Harley O. Staggers Jr. (D)

    1997-2009: Jon McBride (R) – retired
    1996: Joseph P. Albright (D)
    2002: Jim Lees (D)

    2009-2015: Nick Rahall (R until 7/5/2011, then D until 2/8/2013, then back to R again) – lost re-election
    2008: Sheirl Fletcher (D)

    2015-2021: Sylvia Mathews Burwell (D) – retired to run for US President
    2014: Nick Rahall (R)

    2021-present: Charles S. Trump IV (R) – incumbent
    2020: Mike Pushkin (D)



    US Senators from Wisconsin’s Class 1 Seat

    1957-1989: William Proxmire (D) – retired
    1958: Roland J. Steinle (R)
    1964: Wilbur N. Renk (R)
    1970: John E. Erickson (R)
    1976: Stanley York (R)
    1982: Scott McCallum (R)

    1989-2001: Susan Engeleiter (R) – ran for President in 1992; lost re-election
    1988: Herb Kohl (D)
    1994: Alvin Baldus (D)

    2001-2019: Russ Feingold (D) – considered running for President in 2016; lost re-election
    2000: Susan Engeleiter (R) and James Powers Moody (I)
    2006: Robert Lorge (R)
    2012: Kris Kobach (R)

    2019-present: Steven Craig Gunderson (R) – incumbent
    2018: Russ Feingold (D) and Robert Welch (Moral Conservative)

    US Senators from Wisconsin’s Class 3 Seat

    1939-1967: Alexander Wiley (R) – died in office
    1938: F. Ryan Duffy (D)
    1944: Howard J. McMurray (D) and Harry Sauthoff (Progressive)
    1950: Thomas E. Fairchild (D)
    1956: Henry W. Maier (D)
    1962: Gaylord Nelson (D)

    1967-1973: Philleo Nash (D) – appointee; resigned for US cabinet position
    1968: Jack B. Olson (R)

    1973-1975: Gaylord Nelson (D) – appointee; lost election to a full term

    1975-1987: Roman Blenski (R) – retired
    1974: Gaylord Nelson (D)
    1980: Lynn Ellsworth Stalbaum (D/Progressive)

    1987-2014: Bronson La Follette (D) – announced he was retiring due to poor health, triggering a special election
    1986: Russell Olson (R)
    1992: Scott L. Klug (R)
    1998: Stephen B. “Steve” King (R)
    2004: Tim Michels (R)
    2010: David Westlake (R)

    2014-present: Douglas J. La Follette (D) – incumbent
    2014 (special): Rebecca Ann Reed (R)
    2016: Dick Linenkugel (R)



    US Senators from Wyoming’s Class 1 Seat

    1959-1965: Gale W. McGee (D) – lost re-election
    1958: Frank A. Barrett (R)

    1965-2017: John S. Wold (R) – died in office
    1964: Gale W. McGee (D)
    1970: Edness Kimball Wilkins (D)
    1976: Peter M. Jorgensen (D)
    1982: Rodger McDaniel (D)
    1988: John Vinich (D)
    1994: Susan Anderson (D)
    2000: Mel Logan (D)
    2006: Dale Groutage (D)
    2012: William Bryk (D)

    2017-present: Marian Orr (R) – appointee; incumbent
    2018: Curt Meier (Independent Republican) over Mike Massie (D)

    US Senators from Wyoming’s Class 2 Seat

    1961-1962: John J. Hickey (D) – lost re-election

    1962-1967: Milward L. Simpson (R) – retired
    1962 (sp): John J. Hickey (D)

    1967-1991: Gale W. McGee (D) – retired
    1966: Clifford P. Hansen (R)
    1972: Keith Thomson (R)
    1978: Alan K. Simpson (R)
    1984: Gordon H. Barrows (R)

    1991-2015: Barbara Cubin (R) – retired
    1990: Kathy Helling (D)
    1996: Kathy Karpan (D)
    2002: Joyce Jansa Corcoran (D)
    2008: Chris Rothfuss (D)

    2015-present: Foster Stephen Friess (R) – incumbent
    2014: Mary Throne (D)
    2020: Lincoln Chafee (Liberty) and Jason Shogren (D)



    US Senate composition on 7/4/2021:

    AL: Randall Woodfin (D) 2021, Young Boozer (R) 2017

    AK: Scott Kawasaki (I) 2021, J. R. Myers (R) 2011

    AZ: Deb Haaland (D) 2021, Jan Brewer (R) 2011

    AR: Jim Guy Tucker (D) 1979, Adrienne Elrod (R) 2017

    CA: Jane Kim (D) 2019, Mike Gravel (D) 1999

    CO: Amy Stephens (D) 2021, Penfield Tate III (D) 2017

    CT: Warren Mosler (D) 2007, William Tong (D) 2011

    DE: Peter C. Schwartzkopf (D) 2019, Midge Osterlund (D) 2003

    FL: Allen West (R) 2013, Gus Bilirakis (R) 2011

    GA: R. J. Hadley (D) 2021, Herman Cain (R) 2005

    HI: Mazie Hirono (D) 2007, Colleen Hanabusa (D) 2017

    ID: Rex Rammell (R) 2015, Carlos Bilbao (R) 2011

    IL: Napoleon Harris (D) 2021, Sheila Simon (D) 2009

    IN: Jackie Walorski (R) 2013, Brian C. Bosma (R) 2017

    IA: Liz Mathis (D) 2021, Robert Lee Vander Plaats (R) 2011

    KS: Carla J. Stovall (R) 1997, Bob Dole (R) 1969

    KY: Whitney Westerfield (R) 2021, Trey Grayson (R) 2017

    LA: Antoine Pierce (D) 2021, Chas Roemer (R) 2017

    ME: Mike Michaud (D) 2019, Angus King (I) 1991

    MD: Carl Frank Stokes (D) 2013, Rand Beers (D) 2017

    MA: Kathleen Kennedy-Roosevelt (D) 2001, Demetrius Atsalis (D) 2015

    MI: Hansen Clarke (D) 2013, Abdul El-Sayed (D) 2021

    MN: Farheen Hakeem (D) 2019, Sharon Sayles-Belton (D) 2003

    MS: Webb Franklin (R) 1989, Pete Johnson (R) 2006

    MO: Sarah Hearne Steelman (R) 2013, David A. Catania (R) 2017

    MT: Stan Jones (R) 2019, Jenny Eck (D) 2021

    NE: Oletha Faust-Goudeau (D) 2018, Orrin Hatch (R) 1973

    NV: Doug Swanson (R) 2019, Dina Titus (D) 2005

    NH: Yvonne Katrina Lantos (D) 2013, Ted Gatsas (R) 2011

    NJ: Upendra Chivukula (D) 2013, Dawn Zimmer (D) 2021

    NM: Debbie Jaramillo (D) 2009, Roberto Mondragon (D) 1973

    NY: Tom Suozzi (D) 2007, Allyson Schwartz (D) 2005

    NC: Charles Graham (D) 2021, Rand Paul (R) 2011

    ND: David Dean Andahl (R) 2019, Kelly Schmidt (R) 2011

    OH: Sherrod Brown (D) 2007, Randy Brock (R) 2009

    OK: Steve Largent (R) 2003, Lisa J. Billy (R) 2011

    OR: Jefferson Smith (D) 2009, Les AuCoin (D) 1987

    PA: Luke R. Ravenstahl (D) 2019, Bob Casey Jr. (D) 2000

    PO: Eleanor Holmes Norton (D) 2006, Anthony A. Williams (D) 2015

    PR: Alexandra Lugaro (D) 2019, Brenda Lopez de Arraras (D) 2021

    RI: Myrth York (D) 2001, Elizabeth H. Roberts (D) 2003

    SC: J. Gary Simrill (R) 2015, Sherry Shealy Martschink (R) 2011

    SD: SuAnne Big-Crow (R) 2009, Doug Sombke (R) 2017

    TN: Mae Beavers (R) 2013, Manny Sethi (R) 2017

    TX: Kay Granger (R) 2007, Mac Thornberry (R) 2009

    UT: Spencer Cox (R) 2019, Shawn Bradley (R) 2017

    VT: Anthony Pollina (D) 2001, William Sorrell (I) 2005

    VA: Tom Perriello (D) 2019, Brian Moran (D) 2015

    WA: Norm Rice (D) 2007, Gary Locke (D) 1993

    WV: Jesse Johnson (D) 2019, Charles S. Trump IV (R) 2021

    WI: Steven Craig Gunderson (R) 2019, Doug La Follette (D) 2014

    WY: Marian Orr (R) 2017, Foster Friess (R) 2015


    1xXwXf5.png

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    56 Democrats, 3 Democrat-caucusing Independents, 45 Republicans


    35 female Senators (24 Democratic, 11 Republican); 14 black Senators (11 Democratic, 3 Republican); 11 Asian/Indian/Middle-Eastern Senators (9 Democratic, 1 Republican, 1 Independent); 5 Hispanic/Latinic-American Senators (4 Democratic, 1 Republican); 4 Greek-American Senators (2 Democratic, 2 Republican); 4 Native American Senators (1 Democratic, 3 Republican); 2 BLUTAGO-American Senators (1 Democratic, 1 Republican)

    So yeah, less polarized and much more ethnically diverse than in OTL...
     
    Last edited:
    Index 3 – U.S. Representatives
  • Index 3 – U.S. Representatives

    House Speakers:

    1955-1961: Sam Rayburn (D-TX) – died in office from cancer

    1961-1967: John W. McCormack (D-MA) – party lost majority for the first time since the 1952 House elections

    1967-1971: Charles Halleck (R-IN) – party lost majority

    1971-1975: Morris K. Udall (D-AZ) – party lost majority

    1975-1977: Robert H. Michel (R-IL) – party lost majority in a bad year for Republicans in general

    1977-1981: Morris K. Udall (D-AZ) – party lost majority

    1981-1987: Robert H. Michel (R-IL) – part lost majority after showcasing indecisiveness over the move to impeach President Denton

    1987-1991: Hale Boggs (D-LA) – party lost majority

    1991-1995: Robert Smith Walker (R-PA) – lost leadership position to interparty challenger amid inability to unite party members

    1995-2001: David F. Emery (R-ME) – party lost majority

    2001-2007: Barbara Kennelly (D-CT) – first female House Speaker; party lost majority

    2007-2009: H. Dargan McMaster (R-SC) – party lost majority

    2009-2011: Barbara Kennelly (D-CT) – party lost majority

    2011-2019: H. Dargan McMaster (R-SC) – retired due to declining interparty popularity

    2019-present: Ed Markey (D-MA) – incumbent



    Democratic Leaders

    1955-1961: Samuel Taliaferro "Sam" Rayburn (TX) – died in office at the age of 79 from pancreatic cancer

    1961-1969: John William McCormack (MA) – unseated in party leadership vote at the age of 77 due to his poor handling of the 1966 and 1968 races

    1969-1981: Morris King "Mo" Udall (AZ) – entered office at the age 46 in a what was described at the time as a "generational shift"; retired (from both the leadership and his seat) due to Parkinson's disease diagnosis

    1981-1989: Hale Boggs (LA) – entered office at the age of 66; planned to oversee impeachment proceedings in early 1987 prior to Denton resigning; retired (from both the leadership and his seat) due to declining health

    1989-1997: Richard Andrew "Dick" Gephardt (MO) – entered office at the age of 47; retired from leadership (but did not resign from his seat) in response to his poor handling of the 1996 races

    1997-2011: Barbara Bailey Kennelly (D-CT) – retired (from leadership, her seat, and public life) at the age of 74

    2011-present: Edward John "Ed" Markey (D-MA) – entered office at the age of 64 in a political shift from the moderate Kennelly to the more progressive Markey; incumbent



    Republican Leaders

    1959-1975: Charles Abraham Halleck (R-IN) – retired (from leadership, his seat, and public life) at the age of 74

    1975-1991: Robert Henry Michel (R-IL) – retired at the age of 67 (from leadership and his seat) in light of the rise of the pro-obstructionist Walker as a likely challenger in 1991

    1991-1995: Robert Smith Walker (R-PA) – entered office at the age of 48; challenged Bellamy's administration much more aggressively than did his predecessor; unseated by Emery after alienating a slim majority of House Republicans, allegedly via being biased in favor of the Religious Right over all other factions of the GOP

    1995-2005: David Farnham Emery (R-ME) – entered office at the age of 46; unseated by McMaster in response to the GOP's poor performances in the 2004 elections

    2005-2019: H. Dargan McMaster (R-SC) – entered office at the age of 57; brought back Walker's obstructionist policies; retired amid rising disapproval from Republicans across the party over his handling of the 2018 elections

    2019-present: Larry Lee Householder (R-OH) – party factions agreed to back him for speaker as a "compromise" candidate; entered office at the age of 59; has been accused by watchdog organizations of being corrupt; incumbent



    Current members of the House (245 (D), 195 (R), 1 (I))

    (note: congressional district lines are not exactly the same as in OTL due to gerrymandering happening under different congressional majorities in 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021, and due to the methods used in some states in TTL being different to those used by those same states in OTL)

    District number: incumbent (party initial, birth year (if available); notes) – year they began serving

    Alabama (7; 1D, 6R)

    (1) 1: Benjamin Nash "Rusty" Glover III (R, b. 1966; previously served in the state senate from 2006 to 2010) – 2011

    (2) 2: Jay Love (R, b. 1968; former candidate for Mayor of Montgomery; previously served in the state House from 2002 to 2012) – 2013

    (3) 3: Jason Dial (R; conservative) – 2003

    (4) 4: Bill Cabaniss (R; member of several committees concerning agriculture and the interior) – 1991

    (5) 5: Clayton Hinchman (R; former political activist) – 2019

    (6) 6: Marty Connors (R; conservative) – 1997

    (7) 7: Shelia Smoot (D; former WBRC-TV reporter) – 2009

    Alaska (1; 1R)

    (8) At-large: David Seaward (R; previously served as the Mayor of Seward) – 2021

    Arizona (9; 4D, 5R)


    (9) 1: Paul Babeu (R, b. 1969 in Massachusetts; KW2 veteran; openly BLUTAGO; previously served as Sheriff of Pinal County from 2009 to 2017; severed in some political offices in Massachusetts during the late 1990s and early 2000s decade before moving to Arizona to pursue a career in law enforcement; may run for Govenror or the US Senate in 2022) – 2017

    (10) 2: Powell Gammill (R; libertarian) – 2009

    (11) 3: Amanda Aguirre (D; former political activist) – 2013

    (12) 4: Don Karg (R; conservative) – 2007

    (13) 5: Joan Greene (D; former political activist) – 2019

    (14) 6: Curtis L. "Curt" Pringle (R, b. 1959 in Iowa but moved with his family to Arizona at the age of 9 in 1968; considered to be a pro-business moderate; previously served in the state House from 1989 to 2001 and in the state Senate from 2001 to 2007) – 2007

    (15) 7: Catherine Miranda (D, b. 1964; previously served in the state senate from 2015 to 2018) – 2019

    (16) 8: Randy J. Graf (R, b. 1957; socially conservative aligned with the likes of Tommy Tancredo, Bo Gritz, and Bernie Goetz; previously served in the state House from 2001 to 2005) – 2007

    (17) 9: Juan Jose Mendez (D, b. 1985) – 2021

    Arkansas (4; 1D, 3R)

    (18) 1: Leslie Carol Rutledge (R, b. 1976; previously served as the state Attorney General from 2011 to 2019, then lost a bid for the GOP nomination for governor in 2018) – 2021

    (19) 2: Dustin Blake McDaniel (D, b. 1972; to the right of his party; previously served as the state Attorney General from 2007 to 2015) – 2015

    (20) 3: Jim L. Holt (R, b. 1965; Baptist minister who believes evolution is "an unproven theory"; previously served in the state House from 2001 to 2003) – 2007

    (21) 4: Beth Anne Rankin (R; former Miss Arkansas, 1995) – 2011

    California (53; 41D, 12R)

    (22) 1: Carlos Santamaria (D; former engineer and educator) – 2017

    (23) 2: William Penn Patrick (R, b. 1930; former businessman; aviator best known for crash-landing his private plane into the Potomac - twice; may retire in 2022) – 1997

    (24) 3: Kim Vann (D) – 2015

    (25) 4: Jessica Morse (D) – 2019

    (26) 5: Marc Levine (D, b. 1974; Jewish; party loyalist; previously served in the state assembly from 2012 to 2016) – 2017

    (27) 6: Heather Fargo (D, b. 1952; previously served as the Mayor of Sacramento from 2000 to 2008) – 2009

    (28) 7: Deborah V. Ortiz (D, b. 1957; previously served in the state senate from 1998 to 2005) – 2005

    (29) 8: Rosario Marin (R, b. 1958; Mexican-American; previously served as a US Undersecretary of the Treasury from 1997 to 2001 and several roles under Presidents Iacocca and Dinger before that) – 2003

    (30) 9: Michael Derrick Tubbs (D, b. 1990; African-American; previously served as Mayor of Stockton, declining to run for re-election to instead run for Congress; strongly supports passing a nationwide Federal Freedom Fund program) – 2021

    (31) 10: Joan Buchanan (D, b. 1952; previously served in the state assembly from 2008 to 2012) – 2013

    (32) 11: Michela Alioto (D, b. 1968; granddaughter of former San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto) – 1999

    (33) 12: Michelle McMurry (D) – 2009

    (34) 13: Fiona Ma (D, b. 1966; previously served on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors from 2002 to 2004; currently serves on House Committees concerning financing and the treasury) – 2005

    (35) 14: Karen Lorraine Speier (D, b. 1950; previously served in the state assembly from 1986 to 1990) – 1991

    (36) 15: Jose Moreno Hernandez (D, b. 1962; former NASA astronaut) – 2011

    (37) 16: Debbie Bacigalupi (R; businesswoman) – 2013

    (38) 17: Vinod Khosla (D, b. 1955; Indian-American; billionaire and one of the wealthiest members of Congress; former businessman and venture capitalist) – 2009

    (39) 18: Pierluigi Oliverio (D, b. 1969; previously served on the San Jose City Council from 2007 to 2017; has been accused of corruption) – 2019

    (40) 19: Louie Campos (D) – 2019

    (41) 20: Helene Schneider (D, b. 1970; previously served as the Mayor of Santa Barbara from 2010 to 2018) – 2019

    (42) 21: Evelyn Li (R) – 2017

    (43) 22: Van Vo (R, b. 1950; Vietnamese-American; staunchly anti-Communist; former talk show host) – 2013

    (44) 23: Monica Lewinsky (D, b. 1973; feminist; Jewish; considered for her party's VP nomination in 2016; gave a rousing keynote speech at the 2016 DNC; unsuccessfully ran for her party's presidential nomination in 2020 before running for another congressional term at the last minute) – 2011

    (45) 24: Wendy Reed (D) – 2021

    (46) 25: Sarah Kate Silverman (D, b. 1970; non-religious; originally from New Hampshire; progressive; previously a political activist and award-winning TV/film actress and comedian known for addressing social taboos and controversial topics through satirical and deadpan humor) – 2021

    (47) 26: Amanda Andrea Renteria (D, b. 1974; Mexican-American; party loyalist) – 2015

    (48) 27: Diane Trautman (D) – 1997

    (49) 28: Jackie Conaway (D) – 2009

    (50) 29: Christy Fisher (D, b. 1969; previously served in the state assembly from 2018 to 2020) – 2021

    (51) 30: Maria Armoudian (D; Armenian-American) – 1999

    (52) 31: Marjorie Musser Mikels (D) – 2003

    (53) 32: Gilbert Anthony Cedillo (D, b. 1954; previously served in the state senate from 2002 to 2009) – 2010

    (54) 33: Emanuel Alberto Pleitez (D, b. 1982; the son of Mexican and Salvadoran immigrants) – 2013

    (55) 34: Gloria J. Romero (D, b. 1955; previously served as majority leader of the state senate from 2001 to 2008; notable promoter of charter schools) – 2009

    (56) 35: Marguerite Archie-Hudson (D, b. 1937; previously served in the state assembly from 1990 to 1995) – 1995

    (57) 36: Mark Ridley-Thomas (D, b. 1954; African-American; previously served as a city councilman from 1991 to 2002) – 2003

    (58) 37: Isadore Hall III (D, b. 1971; African-American; serves of the House Agricultural Committee, overseeing matters concerning labor relations; previously served as a city councilman from 2003 to 2008) – 2009

    (59) 38: Rick Zbur (D, b. 1957; openly BLUTAGO; civil rights activist and environmentalist) – 1997

    (60) 39: Zak Ringelstein (D; progressive; originally from Maine but moved to California in 2010) – 2019

    (61) 40: Rodolfo Cortes Barragan (D; child therapist and behavioral health specialist) – 2019

    (62) 41: David John Sanchez (D, b. 1947; Chicano activist involved in the "Free Cheech" movement of the 1970s) – 1987

    (63) 42: Anthony A. “Tony” Strickland (R, b. 1970; previously served in the state senate from 2008 to 2012) – 2013

    (64) 43: Rocky De La Fuente (D, b. 1954 in San Diego but raised in Mexico and the US; moderate, reformist, conservative-leaning former businessman; his son is serving with him in congress from a seat in Texas) – 2017

    (65) 44: Aja Lena Brown (D, b. 1982; African-American; former Mayor) – 2019

    (66) 45: David “Dave” Min (D, b. 1976 to immigrants from South Korea; political activist; previously served as an attorney and assistant law professor) – 2019

    (67) 46: Antonio Ramon "Tony" Villar (D, b. 1953; Hispanic American; previously served as Democratic National Committee Chair from 2013 to 2017) – 2019

    (68) 47: Robert “Harlando” Garcia (D, b. 1977 in Peru and immigrated to the US with his mother at the age of 5; openly BLUTAGO; his nickname is a surprisingly common name among some Latin American communities; previously served as the Mayor of Long Beach from 2014 to 2021) – 2021

    (69) 48: Sukhee Kang (D, b. 1952 in South Korea, served in the SK Army from 1973 to 1975, and immigrated to the US in 1977; entered politics in response to hate crimes against Asian-Americans rising amid the KW2; previously served as the Mayor of Irvine from 2008 to 2016; worked on the Locke'16 campaign) – 2019

    (70) 49: Steven Seokho Choi (R, b. 1944 in South Korea and moved to the US in 1968; previously worked in academia and entered politics in response to post-war rebuilding efforts in United Korea; won a second term over declared winner Rockard John "Rocky" Delgadillo (D, b. 1960) after a recount) – 2007

    (71) 50: Omar Navarro (R, b. 1989; marketing consultant and political activist with a history of criminal activities and controversial statements; won an open seat) – 2021

    (72) 51: George “Jorge” Barraza (D) – 2001

    (73) 52: Michael D. Lumpkin (D, b. 1964; retired US Navy Commander (SEALs) and KW2 veteran; currently serving on House committees concerning foreign policy; considered a crisis management expert; praised for working with ODERCA to execute immediate post-hurricane relief efforts throughout the 2010s) – 2009

    (74) 53: Mara Woodworth Elliott (D, b. 1968; Latina; previously served as a City Attorney from 2016 to 2020) – 2021

    Colorado (7; 2D, 4R, 1I)

    (75) 1: Diana DeGette (D, b. 1957; previously served in the state House from 1993 to 1997; possible candidate for President or VP in 2016 and 2020) – 1997

    (76) 2: Roger Barris (R) – 2019

    (77) 3: Mark R. Charles (Independent; Native American (Navajo); progressive environmentalist, political activist, Reformed pastor, and computer programmer) – 2021

    (78) 4: Wayne Warren Williams (R, b. 1963; previously served as the state Secretary of State from 2015 to 2020) – 2021

    (79) 5: Ginette E. “Gigi” Dennis (R, b. 1961; previously served in the state senate) – 2007

    (80) 6: Ted Harvey (R; previously served in the state senate from 2007 to 2015) – 2015

    (81) 7: Wayne Wolf (D; was bitten by a wolf (non-severely) in a 2010 incident) – 2009

    Connecticut (5; 4D, 1R)

    (82) 1: Pedro E. Segarra (D, b. 1959 in Puerto Rico and raised in New York City; openly BLUTAGO; Hispanic-American; previously served as Mayor of Hartford from 2010 to 2015; may run for Governor someday) – 2017

    (83) 2: Robert H. Steele (R, b. 1938; was previously a securities analyst for an insurance company; second-longest-serving incumbent Representative) – 1970

    (84) 3: April Capone Almon (D, b. 1975; former businesswoman; previously served as the Mayor of East Haven from 2007 to 2011; accusations of corruption have followed her for years) – 2013

    (85) 4: Diane Catherine Goss Farrell (D, b. 1955; finances specialist; moderate; party loyalist) – 2005

    (86) 5: Mary Glassman (D; former state legislator) – 2019

    Delaware (1; 1D)

    (87) At-large: Karen Hartley-Nagle (D; children's rights advocate) – 2009

    Florida (22; 7D, 15R)

    (88) 1: Dennis K. Baxley (R, b. 1952; previously served in the state House) – 2013

    (89) 2: Jimmy Theo Patronis Jr. (R, b. 1972; previously served in the state House) – 2021

    (90) 3: Anthony Sabatini (R, b. 1988; previously served in the state House; best known for numerous controversial views, comments, and gaffes) – 2021

    (91) 4: Panos D. Prevedouros (R, b. 1961 in Greece; former engineering professor who used to live in Hawaii) – 2011

    (92) 5: Kionne L. McGhee (D, b. 1977; African-American; previously served in the state senate) – 2017

    (93) 6: Jeanette Marie Nunez (R, b. 1972; Cuban-American; former Speaker of the state House) – 2019

    (94) 7: Shevrin D. “Shev” Jones (D, b. 1983; African-American; openly BLUTAGO; previously served in the state House) – 2019

    (95) 8: Carlos Lopez-Cantera (R, b. 1973 in Spain; Cuban-American; Jewish; previously served in the state House) – 2013

    (96) 9: Sean Michael Shaw (D, b. 1978; African-American; previously served in the state House) – 2019

    (97) 10: Jeffrey D. "Jeff" Kottkamp (R, b. 1960; previously served in the state senate) – 2011

    (98) 11: Frank T. Brogan (R, b. 1953; previously served as Lieutenant Governor; serves on House Committees concerning education) – 2011

    (99) 12: Ashley Brooke Moody (R, b. 1975; former judge of the 13th Judicial Circuit Court of Florida; strong supporter of Harley Brown in 2020 and successfully pushed for Jennifer Sandra Johnson for VP during the vetting process) – 2017

    (100) 13: Pamela Jo "Pam" Bondi (R, b. 1965; former attorney and corporate lobbyist) – 2017

    (101) 14: Maria Lorts Sachs (D, b. 1949; previously served in the state senate) – 2009

    (102) 17: Bobby Lynn Brantley (R, b. 1948; previously served as Lieutenant Governor) – 1991

    (103) 18: Perry Eugene Thurston Jr. (D, b. 1961; African-American; previously served in the state House 2006 to 2014) – 2015

    (104) 19: Anna Holliday "Holly" Benson (R, b. 1971; previously served in the state House from 2000 to 2006) – 2007

    (105) 20: Frank White (R, b. 1978; previously served in the state House from 2016 to 2018) – 2019

    (106) 21: Jeremy Ring (D, b. 1970; former tech startup executive; previously served in the state senate) – 2021

    (107) 22: Daryl Lafayette Jones (D, b. 1955 in Mississippi; KW2 veteran; served in the US Air Force for 20 years, retiring at the rank of Colonel in 1997) – 1999

    Georgia (14; 6D, 8R)

    (108) 1: Robert E. “Bob” Johnson (R) – 2015

    (109) 2: Lester George Jackson (D, b. 1959; African-American; US Navy veteran; previously served in the state senate from 2009 to 2015) – 2015

    (110) 3: Jeff Mullis (R; very conservative; previously served in the state senate) – 2003

    (111) 4: Sheikh Rahman (D, b. 1960 in Bangladesh; Muslim; previously served in the state senate) – 2021

    (112) 5: Jennifer Lyn Auer "Jen" Jordan (D, b. 1974 in North Carolina; focused on education issues; previously served in the state senate) – 2019

    (113) 6: Nan Grogan Orrock (D, b. 1943; feminist activist; previously served in the state House from 1987 to 1995) – 1995

    (114) 7: Samuel Zamarripa (D, b. 1952; former entrepreneur; previously served in the state Senate from 2003 to 2009) – 2009

    (115) 8: Hunter Hill (R, b. 1977; previously served in the state Senate from 2013 to 2017) – 2017

    (116) 9: Jim Ayers (R, b. 1982) – 2019

    (117) 10: Vernon Jones (R, b. 1960; was a Democrat until 2005; African-American conservative; previously served as Chief Executive Officer of DeKalb County from 2001 to 2007) – 2007

    (118) 11: Micah Gravley (R, b. 1974; previously served in the state House from 2013 to 2017) – 2017

    (119) 12: Ceasar C. Mitchell (D, b. 1968; African-American; previously served as President of the Atlanta City Council from 2010 to 2018) – 2019

    (120) 13: Katie Dempsey (R; previously served in the state House from 2007-2010) – 2011

    (121) 14: Charlice H. Byrd (R; originally an elementary school educator from New Orleans, Louisiana; previously served in the state House from 2005 to 2013) – 2013

    Hawaii (2; 2D)

    (122) 1: Muliufi Francis "Frank" (also "Mufi") Hannemann (D, b. 1954; former Governor; ran for President in 2016 and 2020) – 2019

    (123) 2: Ann Kobayashi (D, b. 1937; former businesswoman; previously served in the state senate from 1981 to 1994) – 1995

    Idaho (2; 2R)

    (124) 1: Christine “Christy” Perry (R, b. 1968 in Turkey to a US military family; previously served in the state House from 2010 to 2016) – 2017

    (125) 2: Michael Keith "Mike" Simpson (R, b. 1950; previously served as Speaker of the state House from 1992 to 1998) – 1999

    Illinois (19; 13D, 6R)

    (126) 1: Donne Trotter (D, b. 1950; African-American; used to support gun rights for minority families living in high-crime/urban areas; previously served in the state senate from 1993 to 1997) – 1997

    (127) 2: Toi Hutchinson (D, b. 1973; previously served in the state senate from 2009 to 2012) – 2013

    (128) 3: Constance A. Howard (D, b. 1942; previously served in the state from 1995 to 2000; has been accused of corruption throughout her career) – 2000

    (129) 4: LeAlan Marvin Jones (D, b. 1979; African-American; environmentalist; former journalist) – 2011

    (130) 5: Patrick J. O’Connor (D, b. 1955; previously served as the City of Chicago's Alderman from its 40th Ward from 1983 to 1986) – 1987

    (131) 6: Andre Vasquez (D, b. 1979; former hip-hop rapper and progressive community organizer) – 2021

    (132) 7: Daniel Kalman Biss (D, b. 1977; progressive; previously served in the state senate from 2013 to 2019) – 2019

    (133) 8: Julie Hamos (D, b. 1949 in Hungary fled with her family to the US at the height of the Hungarian Revolution in 1956; previously served in the state House from 1998 to 2010) – 2011

    (134) 9: Daniel Joseph “Dan” Seals (D, b. 1971 to Chicago Bears lineman George Seals; political consultant; party loyalist) – 2007

    (135) 10: Debbie Halvorson (D, b. 1958; previously served in the state senate from 1997 to 2009, has come very close to losing re-election several times) – 2009

    (136) 11: Elizabeth Coulson (R, b. 1954; previously served in the state House from 1997 to 2003) – 2003

    (137) 12: Theresa Kormos (R; former nurse) – 2011

    (138) 13: Jeanne M. Remmes (R, b. 1964; previously served in the state House from 2013 to 2019) – 2019

    (139) 14: Ricca Slone (D, b. 1947; previously served in the state House from 1997 to 2005) – 2005

    (140) 15: Angela Michael (D) – 2013

    (141) 16: Chris Miller (R, b. 1954; former farmer) – 2017

    (142) 17: Esther Joy King (R; former attorney and businesswoman) – 2021

    (143) 18: Jim McConoughey (R; conservative) – 2021

    (144) 19: Jeanette Beatrice Taylor (D, b. 1975; progressive community organizer; previously served as a city councilwoman) – 2021

    Indiana (9; 2D, 7R)

    (145) 1: Katherine L. Davis (D, b. 1956; former entrepreneur and aide to several Democratic party officials) – 2003

    (146) 2: Donald Rainwater (R; strongly libertarian) – 2015

    (147) 3: Rebecca S. "Becky" Skillman (R, b. 1950; previously served as Lieutenant Governor from 2009 to 2013 and in the state senate from 1992 to 2004; unsuccessfully ran for Governor in 2004 and 2012) – 2015

    (148) 4: Sue Boeglin (R, b. 1960; former academic; previously served in the state House from 2010 to 2016) – 2017

    (149) 5: W. Roland Stine (R, b. 1940; previously served in the state House from 2002 to 2004) – 2005

    (150) 6: Michael Richard "Dick" Pence (R, b. 1959; former conservative activist; elected as part of the overall cultural and political backlash to Bellamy's election in 1988) – 1991

    (151) 7: Vi Simpson (D, b. 1946; previously served in the state senate from 1984 to 1992) – 1993

    (152) 8: H. Jonathon Costas (R, b. 1957; guitarist; previously served as the Mayor of Valparaiso from 2004 to 2020) – 2021

    (153) 9: John Massie Mutz (R, b. 1935; oldest member of Congress; former businessman; previously served as Lieutenant Governor) – 1989

    Iowa (4; 1D, 3R)

    (154) 1: Monica Vernon (D, b. 1957; previously served as the Mayor of Cedar Rapids) – 2019

    (155) 2: Beneful “Benny” Johnson (R, b. 1987; former columnist and political activist; recently accused of plagiarizing with speeches from other politicians) – 2021

    (156) 3: John Archer (R; conservative) – 2015

    (157) 4: Greg Ganske (R, b. 1949; former plastic surgeon, and retired U.S. Army reserve lieutenant colonel) – 1995

    Kansas (4; 1D, 3R)

    (158) 1: Tami Wiencek (R; former reporter and anchor for KWWL-TV Waterloo; previously served in the state House from 2007 to 2009) – 2009

    (159) 2: Michelle De La Isla (D, b. 1976; Latin-American; previously served as the Mayor of Topeka from 2018 to 2020 and on the Topeka City Council from 2013 to 2018; elected in a good year for Democrats) – 2021

    (160) 3: Jacob Andrew Joseph "Jake" LaTurner (R, b. 1988; previously served as state Treasurer from 2017 to 2021) – 2021

    (161) 4: Todd Tiahrt (R, b. 1951; previously served in the state senate from 1993 to 1995) – 1995

    Kentucky (6; 1D, 5R)

    (162) 1: Vickie Yates Glisson (R; previously served as state Secretary of Health and Family Services) – 2019

    (163) 2: Robert Lee Perry (R) – 2021

    (164) 3: Jack Conway (D, b. 1969; previously served as state Deputy Attorney General) – 2003

    (165) 4: Alecia Webb-Edgington (R, b. 1966; previously served in the state House from 2008 to 2012) – 2013

    (166) 5: Harold Dallas "Hal" Rogers (R, b. 1937; previously served as Commonwealth Attorney of Pulaski County and Rockcastle County from 1969 to 1981) – 1981

    (167) 6: Stephen B. “Steve” Pence (R, b. 1953; previously served an award-winning Assistant US Attorney for the Western Division of Kentucky during the 1990s) – 2007

    Louisiana (6; 1D, 5R)

    (168) 1: Melvin Lee “Kip” Holden (D, b. 1952; African-American; previously served as Mayor-President of Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish from 2005 to 2008) – 2009

    (169) 2: Claston Bernard (R, b. 1979; former Jamaican decathlete) – 2021

    (170) 3: William Harold Nungesser (R, b. 1959; previously served as President of Plaquemines Parish from 2007 to 2014) – 2015

    (171) 4: Randall Lord (R) – 2013

    (172) 5: Luke Joshua Letlow (R, b. 1979; previously served as an aide and advisor to several local and statewide politicians) – 2021

    (173) 6: Ralph “Trey” Baucum (R) – 2017

    Maine (2; 2D)

    (174) 1: Dennis L. "Duke" Dutremble (D, b. 1947; previously served in the state House and state Senate) – 1995

    (175) 2: Emily Ann Cain (D, b. 1980; previously served in the state House from 2005 to 2012 and in the state Senate from 2012 to 2014) – 2015

    Maryland (8; 7D, 1R)

    (176) 1: Kostas Alexakis (D; Greek-American; former business owner and political activist) – 2005

    (177) 2: Wendy Rosen (D) – 2013

    (178) 3: Byron Sigcho-Lopez (D, b. 1983 in Ecuador; former educator and community activist) – 2021

    (179) 4: Nancy Jacobs (R; alleged "LID") – 2017

    (180) 5: Norman R. Stone Jr. (D, b. 1935; second-oldest member of Congress; won his first election to public office in 1962; moderate; previously served in the state Senate from 1983 to 1987) – 1987

    (181) 6: Richard Madaleno (D, b. 1965; progressive; previously served in the state senate from 2007 to 2010) – 2011

    (182) 7: Isiah “Ike” Leggett (D, b. 1944; African-American; previously served as a member of the Montgomery County Council from the At-Large district from 1986 to 1990) – 1991

    (183) 8: Joseline Pena-Melnyk (D, b. 1966 in the Dominican Republican; previously served as a member of the state House of Delegates from the 21st district from 2007 to 2012) – 2013

    Massachusetts (9; 9D)

    (184) 1: Andrea F. “Andy” Nuciforo Jr. (D, b. 1964; previously served in the state senate from 1997 to 2007; focuses on real estate, healthcare, education, and business litigation issues) – 2007

    (185) 2: Alex Morse (D, b. 1989; previously served as the Mayor of Holyoke from 2012 to 2021) – 2021

    (186) 3: Michael Albano (D, b. 1950; former college professor and government affairs consultant; party loyalist; previously served as the Mayor of Springfield from 1995 to 2000, and in various appointments under Governors Dukakis and Murphy) – 2001

    (187) 4: Kevin O’Sullivan (D, b. 1953; former businessman; previously served in the state House from 1987 to 1995) – 1995

    (188) 5: Ed Markey (D, b. 1946; current House Speaker; previously served in the state House from 1973 to 1976) – 1976

    (189) 6: Setti Warren (D, b. 1970; African-American; previously served as the Mayor of Newton from 2010 to 2016) – 2017

    (190) 7: Barbara A. L’Italien (D, b. 1961; previously served in the state House from 2003 to 2011) – 2011

    (191) 8: Brianna Wu (D, b. 1977; former video game developer and computer programmer; has a small but passionate "cult" following ontech) – 2019

    (192) 9: Tito Jackson (D, b. 1975; African-American; previously served on the Boston City Council for District 7 from 2011 to 2017) – 2017

    Michigan (15; 10D, 5R)

    (193) 1: Lynn Afendoulis (R, b. 1958; Greek-American; previously worked as a reporter and media consultant, and in the state House from 2019 to 2021) – 2021

    (194) 2: William Opalicky (D; progressive) – 2013

    (195) 3: Justin Amash (R, b. 1980; Arab Christian; libertarian; previously served in the state House from 2009 to 2011) – 2011

    (196) 4: Aric Nesbitt (R, b. 1980; previously served in the state House from 2011 to 2017) – 2017

    (197) 5: Gretchen Demarest Driskell (D, b. 1958; previously served in the state House from 2013 to 2016 and as the Mayor of Saline for 14 years) – 2017

    (198) 6: Frederick Stephen "Fred" Upton (R, b. 1953; previously served as a congressional staff members, and then in the White House Office of Management and Budget from 1981 to 1985; collaborated with investigators during the Lukens Hush Money Scandal) – 1987

    (199) 7: Dale W. Zorn (R, b. 1953; previously served as a member of the Monroe County Board of Commissioners from 1991 to 2010) – 1999

    (200) 8: Ellen Cogen Lipton (D, b. 1967; former patent attorney; previously served in the state House from 2009 to 2013) – 2013

    (201) 9: Nancy Skinner (D; not to be confused for the California state senator with the exact same name) – 2007

    (202) 10: Garlin Gilchrist II (D, b. 1982; African-American; previously served as Detroit City Clerk from 2018 to 2020) – 2021

    (203) 11: Fayrouz Saad (D; born in Michigan to Lebanese immigrants; previously served in the Jackson administration's Department of Community Development on immigration reform, security issues and economic development programs, and in the Wellstone administration as a DCD Undersecretary; worked on congressional campaigns in 2014 and 2016) – 2019

    (204) 12: Debbie Dingell (D, b. 1953; former executive director of Global Community Relations and Government Relations at GM and former member of Wayne State University's board of governors) – 2015

    (205) 13: Greg Mathis (D, b. 1960; African-American; former TV court show arbitrator; previously served as a Judge of the District Court of the State of Michigan from 1995 to 1998; won special election; currently serves on judiciary committee) – 2018

    (206) 14: Brenda Lawrence (D, b. 1954; African-American; previously served as the Mayor of Southfield from 2001 to 2015) – 2015

    (207) 15: Kimberly Bizon (D; previously served as an online marketing director and as the head of a real estate agency) – 2021

    Minnesota (8; 5D, 3R)

    (208) 1: Al Quie (R, b. 1923; as the longest continuously serving member of the House, he is the "Dean of the House"; at 62+ years in office, he holds the record for longest-serving member of US Congress in history) – 1958

    (209) 2: Bobby Joe Champion (D, b. 1963; African-American; former attorney; previously served in the state senate from 2013 to 2019 and in the state House from 2009 to 2013) – 2019

    (210) 3: Terri E. Bonoff (D, b. 1957; previously served in the state senate from 2005 to 2009) – 2009

    (211) 4: Susan Pendergast Sindt (D; former science teacher; previously owned and operated a tobacco vaping business) – 2019

    (212) 5: Daniel La Spata (D, b. 1981 in New Jersey but went to college in MN; former activist; progressive Democratic Socialist; previously served in the state House from 2017 to 2021) – 2021

    (213) 6: Jay Pond (D, b. 1959; environmentalist; "apprentice" of Jim McGovern) – 2005

    (214) 7: Linda Runbeck (R, b. 1946; previously served in the state Senate from 1993 to 1997) – 1997

    (215) 8: Jenifer W. Loon (R, b. 1963; previously served in the state House from 2009 to 2017) – 2017

    Mississippi (4; 1D, 3R)

    (216) 1: Nancy Adams Collins (R, b. 1947; previously served as President of Sanctuary Hospice house) – 2011

    (217) 2: Henry William “Chuck” Espy III (D, b. 1975; African-American; previously served in the state House from 2000 to 2008; is just barely holding onto this seat despite the district being gerrymandered in his favor) – 2009

    (218) 3: Hayes Dent (R, b. 1962) – 1997

    (219) 4: Clinton Bernard LeSueur (R, b. 1969; African-American; socially conservative; left the Democratic party in 2001; former newspaper reporter) – 2005

    Missouri (8; 3D, 5R)

    (220) 1: William Clay Jr. (D, b. 1956; African-American; is the son of former US Rep. Bill Clay (D), who served this same seat from 1969 to 2001; previously served in the state senate from 1991 to 2001 and in the state House from 1983 to 1991) – 2001

    (221) 2: Ted House (D, b. 1959; previously served in the state House from 1989 to 1993) – 1993

    (222) 3: Francis E. “Franc” Flotron Jr. (R, b. 1964; serves on the US House Committee for small businesses; known for sporting a beard and ponytail; previously served in the state Senate and in the state House) – 2001

    (223) 4: William J. Federer (R, b. 1957; conservative author; previously served on the board of several nonprofit organizations, ministries, and local schools) – 2007

    (224) 5: Judy Baker (D, b. 1960; former business owner; previously served in the state House from 2005 to 2009) – 2009

    (225) 6: Jeanne Patterson (R; serves on transportation committee) – 2007

    (226) 7: Jack Goodman (R, b. 1973; previously served in the state senate from 2005 to 2012) – 2013

    (227) 8: Mike Moon (R, b. 1958; previously served in the state House from 2013 to 2018) – 2019

    Montana (1; 1R)

    (228) At-large: Elsie Arntzen (R, b. 1956; previously served in the state House from 2005 to 2009; serves on education committee) – 2009

    Nebraska (3; 3R)

    (229) 1: Curt Bromm (R, b. 1945; previously served in the Nebraska Legislature from 2003 to 2004) – 2005

    (230) 2: Colby Coash (R, b. 1975; cites conservative talking points for why he opposes the death penalty; previously served in the Nebraska Legislature from 2009 to 2013) – 2013

    (231) 3: David Ingolf Maurstad (R, b. 1953; former insurance agent; previously served as Lieutenant Governor from 1999 to 2001) – 2001

    Nevada (4; 3D, 1R)

    (232) 1: Dario Herrera (D, b. 1973; previously served as Clark County (Nevada) Commissioner from district "G" from 1999 to 2003; has been investigated for corruption numerous times but keeps getting cleared of wrongdoing and keeps (barely) winning re-election) – 2005

    (233) 2: Chad Christensen (R; when former police officer Chad Christensen of Idaho served in the US House from 2013 to 2017, both of these Republican men named Chad Christensen served on the agriculture committee, creating confusion that made its way onto late night comedy shows during that time period) – 2011

    (234) 3: John Oceguera (D, b. 1968; Native-American (Walker River Paiute tribe); previously served as the Speaker of the Nevada Assembly from 2011 to 2013 and as a member of the Nevada Assembly from 2000 to 2013) – 2013

    (235) 4: Patricia Ann "Pat" Spearman (D, b. 1955; former Military Police Corps Lieutenant Colonel; supporter of women's rights, veterans rights, and BLUTAGO rights; previously served in the state senate from 2013 to 2018) – 2019

    New Hampshire (2; 1D, 1R)

    (236) 1: Kathleen “Kathy” Sullivan (D, b. 1954; former chair of the New Hampshire Democratic Party) – 2021

    (237) 2: Marilinda Joy Garcia (R, b. 1983; former professional harpist; previously served in the state House from 2006 to 2008 and again from 2010 to 2014) – 2015

    New Jersey (12; 9D, 3R)

    (238) 1: Steven Michael Fulop (D, b. 1977; Jewish; previously served as the Mayor of Jersey City from 2013 to 2019 and as a member of the Jersey City Council from 2005 to 2013) – 2019

    (239) 2: Adam J. Taliaferro (D, b. 1982; African-American; former college football player known for making a miraculous recovery from a life-threatening accident; previously served in the state General Assembly from 2015 to 2020) – 2021

    (240) 3: James R. Kern III (R, b. 1988; previously served as a Freeholder of Warren County from 2019 to 2021 and as the Mayor of Pohatcong Township from 2011 to 2018) – 2021

    (241) 4: Matthew "Matt" Riccardi (R, b. 1987; self-declared "constitutionalist"; previously worked n several positions for the state Republican Party) – 2019

    (242) 5: Victoria Lynn Spellman Napolitano (R, b. 1988; Catholic; previously served as the Mayor of Moorestown Township and on the Moorestown Town Council) – 2021

    (243) 6: James Edward “Jim” Johnson (D, b. 1960; former prosecuting attorney; previously served as the US Under Secretary of the Treasury for Enforcement from 2001 to 2004) – 2005

    (244) 7: John Wisniewski (D, b. 1962; Polish; previously served in the state General Assembly from the 19th district from 1996 to 2000; won the seat over incumbent Leonard Lance (R, b. 1952), who had held the seat since 1993) – 2001

    (245) 8: Francis X. Tenaglio (D, b. 1949; previously served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the 159th district from 1977 to 1978; worked as an accountant until landing a higher-paying job in New Jersey and moved there in 1981; worked in multiple positions for the state Democratic Party) – 1987

    (246) 9: Ronald C. Rice (D, b. 1968; previously served on the Newark Municipal Council as a West Ward Councilman from 2006 to 2010; won special election) – 2010

    (247) 10: Tamara Harris (D; African-American; former businesswoman and former equity research analyst; won the seat over incumbent Michael James "Mike" Pappas (R, b. 1960; Greek-American), who had held the seat since 1997) – 2019

    (248) 11: Verlina Reynolds-Jackson (D, b. 1971; previously served as a member of the Trenton City Council from 2010 to 2018) – 2019

    (249) 12: Rush Dew Holt III (D, b. 1976; former psephologist and political analyst for TON; elected to succeed his father, Rush Holt Jr. (D, b. 1948), who held this same seat from 1999 to 2005) – 2015

    New Mexico (3; 1D, 2R)

    (250) 1: Rebecca Vigil-Giron (D, b. 1954; Hispanic; previously served as the state Secretary of State from 1987 to 1991) – 1991

    (251) 2: Janice E. Arnold-Jones (R, b. 1952; former business manager and community activist with close ties to the US military; previously served in the state House from 2003 to 2010) – 2011

    (252) 3: Michelle Garcia-Holmes (R; former Chief of Staff for the state Attorney General's Office) – 2021

    New York (27; 23D, 4R)

    (253) 1: Randy Altschuler (R, b. 1970; wealthy former businessman) – 2011

    (254) 2: James A. Garner (R; African-American; Army veteran of the Indochina Wars era; former Mayor of Hempstead Village from 1989 to 1993) – 1993

    (255) 3: Kevan M. Abrahams (D; African-American; previously served as a Nassau County Legislator in the 1st Legislative District) – 2005

    (256) 4: David A. Bishop (D, b. 1966; progressive; previously served in the Suffolk County Legislature from 1993 to 2001) – 2001

    (257) 5: Julia Salazar (D, b. 1990; DSA member; former activist; progressive; known for supporting sex workers rights and other views; previously served in the state senate from 2019 to 2021) – 2021

    (258) 6: Elizabeth Crowley-O’Hara (D, b. 1977; cousin of incumbent US Rep. Joe Crowley (D-NY14); previously served as a member of the New York City Council from the 30th district) – 2013

    (259) 7: Evergreen Chou (D; born in Taiwan and moved to the US with his parents when he was 9; environmentalist; previously served in the NY State Assembly) – 2009

    (260) 8: Darryl C. Towns (D, b. 1961; previously served in the state assembly from the 54th district; focused on urban housing and community renewal efforts) – 2013

    (261) 9: William Colridge "Bill" Thompson Jr. (D, b. 1953; previously served as the New York City Comptroller from 2002 to 2007) – 2007

    (262) 10: Margaret S. Chin (D, b. 1953 in Hong Kong; Asian-American; previously served in the state senate; first elected in special election) – 2020

    (263) 11: Michael Tannousis (R; Greek-American; elected from a conservative district) – 2021

    (264) 12: Nelson Antonio Denis (D, b. 1955; former film director; previously served in the state Assembly) – 2001

    (265) 13: Suzan Johnson Cook (D, b. 1957; African-American; previously served in multiple positions in the Jackson and Wellstone administrations) – 2015

    (266) 14: Joe Crowley (D, b. 1962; Chair of the House Democratic Caucus and is considered to be "next in line" for the position of Speaker of the House; previously served in the state Assembly from 1987 to 1998) – 1999

    (267) 15: Adolfo Carrion Jr. (D, b. 1961; previously served in multiple positions under Presidents Jackson and Wellstone) – 2015

    (268) 16: Robert J. "Harlando" Rodriguez (D, b. 1976; previously served in the state Assembly) – 2013

    (269) 17: Adam Clayton Powell IV (D, b. 1962 in Puerto Rico to then-incumbent US Rep. Adam Clayton Powell Jr.; previously served as a member of the state senate from 1995 to 1997; first elected in a special election) – 1997

    (270) 18: Kathy Hochul (D, b. 1958; previously served as a County Clerk and as a legislative aide) – 2009

    (271) 19: Zephyr Rain Teachout (D, b. 1971; progressive; advocate of campaign finance reform and government transparency; former author, activist, and community organizer; previously worked as a college professor and law firm associate; briefly ran for President during 2020 election cycle) – 2015

    (272) 20: Kirsten "Tina" Gillibrand (D, b. 1966; moderate; former law firm associate and former law clerk; previously held the same seat from 2005 until 2011, when she lost re-election in a bad year for Democrats) – 2015

    (273) 21: Francis Joseph "Frank" Scaturro (R, b. 1972; constitutional law expert; previously served as a law clerk and as an aide for an Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court) – 2011

    (274) 22: William Lewis "Bill" Owens (D, b. 1949; former partner at a law firm) – 2009

    (275) 23: Svante L. Myrick (D, b. 1987; previously served as the Mayor of Ithaca from 2012 to 2018) – 2019

    (276) 24: Eric Leroy Adams (D, b. 1960; moderate-to-conservative record; was a strong supporter of Mario Biaggi; former NYPD police officer from 1984 to 1996; previously served in the US House from New York from 1997 to 2001 (lost re-election); was a Republican from 1995 to 2011) – 2017

    (277) 25: Stephanie Miner (D, b. 1970; previously served as the Mayor of Syracuse from 2010 to 2018) – 2019

    (278) 26: Byron Brown (D, b. 1958; African-American; previously served as the Mayor of Buffalo from 2006 to 2010) – 2011

    (279) 27: Crystal Peoples-Stokes (D, b. 1951; previously served in the State Assembly from 2001 to 2007) – 2007

    North Carolina (13; 8D, 5R)

    (280) 1: Donald G. “Don” Davis (D, b. 1971; African-American; previously served as the Mayor of Snow Hill from 2001 to 2004; first elected via special election) – 2004

    (281) 2: Daniel Kent McCreary (D, b. 1983; former businessman, entrepreneur and US Marine Corps captain; first elected via special election after incumbent Representative L. McCrae Dowless Jr. (R, b. 1956) was expelled for voter fraud in the previous election which Dowless "stole" from incumbent (since 1997) Bobby Ray "Bob" Etheridge (D, b. 1941)) – 2019

    (282) 3: George Grant Cleveland (R, b. 1939; previously served in the state house from 2005 to 2009; known for making "out of touch" statements such as suggesting that poverty does not exist in his state, and supporting the repeal of Article 1, Section 4 of the NC Constitution that prohibits the state from seceding from the US) – 2009

    (283) 4: Clayton Holmes "Clay" Aiken (D, b. 1978; openly BLUTAGO; former musician, activist, and TV personality; recently criticized ontech for making several "elitist" comments) – 2019

    (284) 5: Patricia Earlene “Pat” McElraft (R, b. 1947; former technical sales representative for Microbiology Product Company; previously served in the state House from 2007 to 2011) – 2011

    (285) 6: Kandie Diane Smith (D, b. 1969; African-American; previously served in the state House from 2015 to 2021) – 2021

    (286) 7: Dr. Joan T. Perry, MD (R; former primary care physician) – 2011

    (287) 8: Vince Coakley (R; former talk radio host) – 2015

    (288) 9: Dr. Ada M. Fisher (R, b. 1947; African-American; Jewish; her grandfather was freed from slavery via the Emancipation Proclamation when he was 10 years old; former physician; previously served in various positions for the state Republican party) – 2007

    (289) 10: Patricia Timmons-Goodson (D, b. 1954; African-American; previously served as an Associate Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 2006 to 2012) – 2013

    (290) 11: Morris Durham “Moe” Davis (D, b. 1958; retired US Air Force Colonel; former attorney and educator) – 2021

    (291) 12: Beverly Miller Earle (D, b. 1943; African-American; previously served in the state House from 1995 to 1999) – 1999

    (292) 13: Viola Alexander Lyles (D, b. 1952; previously served as the Mayor of Charlotte) – 2021

    North Dakota (1; 1R)

    (293) At-large: Ryan Lee Provancher (R, b. 1987; previously worked as an oilman and a worker safety activist, and belonged to the Civil Air Patrol; considered a moderate and often accused of being a "LID" for supporting legislation to strengthen worker safety procedures, due to such measures saving his life in 2013 when he was almost exposed to hydrogen sulfide and again in 2014 when he was almost crushed by a collapsing structure) – 2017

    Ohio (17; 5D, 12R)

    (294) 1: Dennis Kucinich (D, b. 1946; has served several non-consecutive terms in the US House from total of three states, started with his first congressional victory in 1972, which was a good year for Democrats) – 2019

    (295) 2: Gregory S. Lashutka (R, b. 1944; former football player (AFL); previously ran for Mayor of Columbus twice in the 1990s) – 2001

    (296) 3: Michael B. Coleman (D, b. 1954; African-American; previously served as the Mayor of Columbus from 2000 to 2016) – 2017

    (297) 4: James Peter “Jim” Trakas (R, b. 1965; previously served in the state House from 1999 to 2006) – 2007

    (298) 5: Niraj J. Antani (R, b. 1991 in Ohio but briefly lived in Pennsylvania with his parents during middle school; party loyalist; previously served in the state House from 2013 to 2017 and in the state senate from 2017 to 2021) – 2021

    (299) 6: Chuck Blasdel (R, b. 1971; previously served in the state House from 2001 to 2006) – 2007

    (300) 7: Matt Huffman (R, b. 1960; previously served in the state House from 2007 to 2011) – 2011

    (301) 8: Robert R. "Bob" Cupp (R, b. 1950; previously served in the state senate from 1985 to 1990) – 1991

    (302) 9: Marcia Carolyn "Marcy" Kaptur (D, b. 1946; progressive and pro-labor unions; former academic; previously involved in Democratic organization and voter mobilization efforts) – 1983

    (303) 10: Samuel Joseph "Joe the Plumber" Wurzelbacher (R, b. 1973; former small business owner and conservative political activist) – 2013

    (304) 11: Bohdan Andrew Futey (D, b. 1939 in Buczacz, Poland (now Buchach, Ukraine) and moved with his family to the US in 1957; speaks Ukrainian fluently; former professor, founding law firm partner, and chief assistant police prosecutor; first elected as an Independent, then served as a Republican from early 1976 to early 2020, switching to the Democratic party in protest of his party "embracing his [Harley Brown's] dangerous version of Republican values" and barely winning the Democratic nomination and general election later in the year) – 1975

    (305) 12: Larry Lee Householder (R, b. 1959; current House Minority Leader and Leader of the House Republican Conference; previously served in the state House from 1997 to 1999) – 1999

    (306) 13: Charleta Tavares (D; previously served in the state senate from 1998 to 2004 and in the state House from 1993 to 1998) – 2005

    (307) 14: Keith Faber (R, b. 1966; previously served in the state senate from 2007 to 2012 and in the state House from 2001 to 2007) – 2013

    (308) 15: Larry J. Obhof (R, b. 1977; previously served in the state senate from 2011 to 2016) – 2017

    (309) 16: Mark J. Romanchuk (R, b. 1962; previously served in the state house from 2013 to 2017; strongly supported Harley Brown in 2020 and was rumored to be a possible candidate for a cabinet position in a 2021-to-2025 Brown administration) – 2017

    (310) 17: Theresa Gavarone (R, b. 1966; previously served in the state senate from 2019 to 2020 and in the state House from 2016 to 2019) – 2021

    Oklahoma (5; 5R)

    (311) 1: George Faught (R, b. 1962 in Texas; previously served in the state House from 2007 to 2009) – 2009

    (312) 2: John Tyler Hammons (R, b. 1988; Native American (Cherokee); previously served as the Mayor of Muskogee, Oklahoma from 2008 to 2012 and as an assistant attorney general for the Cherokee Nation from 2015 to 2017) – 2021

    (313) 3: Richard Castaldo (R; conservative; former small business owner) – 2019

    (314) 4: Brian Bingman (R, b. 1953; Native American (Creek); previously served in the state senate from 2007 to 2011) – 2011

    (315) 5: Janet Barresi (R, b. 1952; previously served as the state Superintendent of Public Instruction from 2011 to 2015) – 2017

    Oregon (5; 3D, 2R)

    (316) 1: Carol Voisin (D, b. 1947 in Kansas and raised in Colorado; former peace activist; academic; previously taught ethics, critical thinking, and writing at Southern Oregon University) – 2005

    (317) 2: James M. Lindsay (R, b. 1959 in Massachusetts; author; former academic; considered to be a leading authority on foreign policy analysis ) – 2017

    (318) 3: Elizabeth Steiner Hayward (D, b. 1963; previously served as a member of the state Senate from the 17th district from 2011 to 2015) – 2015

    (319) 4: Aleksander Reed "Alek" Skarlatos (R, b. 1992; Greek-American; former US Army Specialist; previously served as Douglas County Commissioner from 2019 to 2021; as the youngest member of congress, he is sometimes referred to the "Baby of the House") – 2021

    (320) 5: Mary Nolan (D, b. 1954; previously served as a member of the state House from 2001 to 2011) – 2011

    Pennsylvania (19; 12D, 7R)

    (321) 1: Debbie Williams (R; former conservative political activist) – 2017

    (322) 2: Isabella Fitzgerald (D, b. 1949; previously served in the state house from 2017 to 2019) – 2019

    (323) 3: Bibiana Boerio (D, b. 1954; former businesswoman; previously served as Chief of Staff to Governor Goldberg from 2011 to 2015 and as an advisor during his presidential campaign in late 2015 and early 2016) – 2019

    (324) 4: Anndrea M. Benson (D; moderate-to-progressive) – 2003

    (325) 5: Linda Deliah Thompson (D, b. 1961; previously served as the Mayor of Harrisburg from 2010 to 2014) – 2015

    (326) 6: Eric Papenfuse (D, b. 1971; former businessman; previously served as the Mayor of Harrisburg from 2014 to 2020) – 2021

    (327) 7: Steve Santarsiero (D; former state senator; focused on education, infrastructure investment, environmental protection, women's health issues, and mental health improvement initiatives) – 2011

    (328) 8: Summer L. Lee (D, b. 1987; member of the DSA; former lawyer and community organizer; previously served in the state House from the 34th district from 2019 to 2021) – 2021

    (229) 9: John Karl Fetterman (D, b. 1969; former football player and former business owner; progressive; became political involved after joining the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America program, initially to impress someone he was dating but the experience gave him perspective and his life a sense of greater purpose) – 2009

    (330) 10: Dawn Keefer (R, b. 1972; previously served in the state House of Representatives from the 92nd district from 2017 to 2021) – 2021

    (331) 11: Charles W. Smithgall (R, b. 1945; former pharmacist and businessman; previously served as the Mayor of Lancaster from 1998 to 2004) – 2005

    (332) 12: John Eichelberger (R, b. 1958; previously served as a member of the Blair County Board of Commissioners) – 1999

    (333) 13: Stephen Bloom (R, b. 1961; previously served in the state House of Representatives from the 199th district from 2011 to 2013) – 2013

    (334) 14: Douglas Vincent "Doug" Mastriano (R, b. 1964; previously served in the state House of Representatives from the 33rd district from 2019 to 2021; has been described by some as a "Christian nationalist") – 2021

    (335) 15: Marty Nothstein (R, b. 1971; former professional road bicycle racer and track cyclist, winning gold medals at the 1996 and 2000 Olympic Games; former coach, business owner, and moderate-to-conservative political activist) – 2017

    (336) 16: Anthony Hardy Williams (D, b. 1957; African-American; previously served in the state House of Representatives from 1989 to 1998) – 1999

    (337) 17: Dan Onorato (D, b. 1961; former Certified Public Accountant; previously served as Chief Executive of Allegheny County from 2004 to 2012, as the Controller of Allegheny County from 2000 to 2004, and as a member of the Pittsburgh City Council from the 1st district from 19992 to 2000; considered running for Governor in 2018; may run for Governor in 2022) – 2013

    (338) 18: Helen Gym (D, b. circa 1968 in Seattle, WA to parents born in Korea who immigrated to the US in the 1960s; raised in Ohio but went to college in PA; former reporter, teacher, and grassroots organizer, and civil rights activist; previously worked on the Locke'16 Presidential campaign and as a member of the Philadelphia City Council from the At-Large district from 2016 to 2019) – 2019

    (339) 19: William Mark "Bill" Peduto (D, b. 1964; known for sporting a very large beard; previously served as the Mayor of Pittsburgh from 2014 to 2020 and as a member of the Pittsburgh City Council from the 8th district from 2002 to 2014) – 2021

    Potomac (1; 1D)

    (340) At-large: Marie Collins Johns (D, b. 1951; African-American; former businesswoman; previously served as the Deputy Administrator of the Small Business Administration under President Jackson from 2005 to 2006) – 2006

    Puerto Rico (6; 4D, 2R)

    (341) 1: Antonio J. Colorado (R, b. 1939; former lawyer; previously served as the Resident Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico from 1992 to 2000) – 2006

    (342) 2: Dr. Miriam J. Ramirez, M.D. (D, b. 1941; former physician and political activist, becoming active in Puerto Rico's statehood movement in the 1970s; served as a medical advisor to Governor Rocky Versace during the SARS Global Pandemic; enjoys high approval ratings at home, winning her current term unopposed) – 2006

    (343) 3: Epifanio "Epi" Jimenez (D, b. 1965; retired Lieutenant Colonel of the Army National Guard of Puerto Rico; previously served in the commonwealth Rico House of Representatives from 1994 to 2006 and in the state senate from 2006 to 2016) – 2017

    (344) 4: Leonides “Leo” Diaz Urbina (R, b. 1962; former lawyer; previously served in the commonwealth House of Representatives from 1993 to 2001) – 2006

    (345) 5: Rafael "Tatito" Hernandez (D, b. 1972; previously served in the state House from 2009 to 2019) – 2019

    (346) 6: Maria de Lourdes Santiago (D, b. 1968; was a strong supporter of the statehood movement; former newspaper columnist; previously served in the state senate from 2006 to 2013; currently focused on women's health, mental health, and special education issues, among other issues) – 2013

    Rhode Island (2; 2D)

    (347) 1: Anastasia P. Williams (D, b. 1957 in Panama; previously served in the state House from the 9th district from 1993 to 2001) – 2001

    (348) 2: Gordon Dennis Fox (D, b. 1961; openly BLUTAGO; previously served in the state House from 1993 to 2005; has been accused of corruption numerous times) – 2005

    South Carolina (8; 3D, 5R)

    (349) 1: Katie Arrington (R, b. 1970; former businesswoman; previously served in the state House from 2017 to 2019) – 2019

    (350) 2: Joe Grimaud (R; social conservative; former business owner and political activist) – 2001

    (351) 3: Robert Lee Waldrep Jr. (R; conservative; party loyalist; defeated perennial candidate Benjamin "Ben" Frasier Jr. (D, b. 1942) in both the 2018 and 2020 general elections) – 2003

    (352) 4: Richard J. “Rich” Cash (R, b. 1960; serves on the House Budget Committee; previously served in the state senate from 2017 to 2021) – 2021

    (353) 5: Jaime R. Harrison (D, b. 1976; African-American; liberal; previously served as Chair of the South Carolina Democratic Party from 2013 to 2017) – 2019

    (354) 6: Matt Moore (R, b. 1982; conservative; previously served as Chair of the South Carolina Republican Party from 2013 to 2017; noted for getting along well with Harrison, with the strength of their friendship being brought up on occasion when describing inter-party relations in D.C.) – 2019

    (355) 7: Elizabeth Colbert Busch (D, b. 1954; former economist; previously served as the Director of Business Development at Clemson University; her brother is actor-comedian Stephen Colbert) – 2013

    (356) 8: Bakari T. Sellers (D, b. 1984; African-American; just barely won this seat in 2020, which was a good year for Democrats overall; previously served in the state House from 2006 to 2014 and in the state senate from 2014 to 2020) – 2021

    South Dakota (1; 1R)

    (357) At-large: Shantel Swedlund Krebs (R, b. 1973; former businesswoman; previously served in the state House of Representatives from the 10th district from 2005 to 2011) – 2011

    Tennessee (9; 3D, 6R)

    (358) 1: Carl Twofeathers Whitaker (R, b. 1953; Native American (Mohegan); previously served as the Chief of Police of West Mansfield from 1986 to 2001; former political activist and community affairs organizer) – 2017

    (359) 2: Shane Reeves (R, b. 1968; former pharmacist and businessman; previously served as a member of the state senate from the 14th district from 2018 to 2021) – 2021

    (360) 3: Charles V. Brown (D; former construction worker; previously served as a county road supervisor in the 1980s) – 2007

    (361) 4: Todd Gardenhire (R, b. 1948; previously served in the state senate from the 10th district from 2013 to 2015) – 2015

    (362) 5: Marquita Bradshaw (D, b. 1974; African-American; environmentalist; activist; political organizer; progressive; is the niece of former moderate-to-conservative US Rep. John J. DeBerry Jr. (D, b. 1951), who held this same seat from 2001 to 2017 (lost re-election to Eddie Mannies (R, b. 1959; openly BLUTAGO), who lost re-election in 2020); previously served as the environmental justice chair of the Tennessee chapter of The Sierra Club) – 2021

    (363) 6: Dolores R. Gresham (R, b. 1942; previously served in the state House from district 94 from 2003 to 2007) – 2007

    (364) 7: Marsha Blackburn (R, b. 1952; conservative; strongly endorsed and campaigned for Harley Brown in 2012 and 2020; floated as a possible VP nomination candidate in 2012 and 2020; previously served in the state senate from the 23rd district from 1999 to 2003) – 2003

    (365) 8: Hoyt "Colonel Mark" White (R, b. 1950; former political activist; party loyalist; previously served as second vice-chairman of the Shelby County Republican Party and in the state House from 2005 to 2007) – 2007

    (366) 9: Steve Cohen (D, b. 1949; Jewish; previously served in the state senate from the 30th district from 1983 to 1989; currently works on the Judiciary, Transportation, and Natural Resources Committees) – 1989

    Texas (36; 17D, 19R)

    (367) 1: Wayne Christian (R, b. 1950; former financial planner; previously served in the state House from 1997 to 2005) – 2005

    (368) 2: Thad Heartfield (R, b. 1940; previously served in the state House from 1975 to 1979, as the District Attorney for Jefferson County from 1969 to 1975, and as that county's assistant district attorney from 1965 to 1969) – 1979

    (369) 3: Lorie Burch (D; previously founded and managed her own law practice; was known as a perennial candidate for previously running for various public offices in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012. 2014, and 2016) – 2019

    (370) 4: John Kevin Ellzey Sr. (R, b. 1970; KW2 veteran; served in the US Navy as a fighter pilot until retiring at the rank of Commander in 2010; previously served as an aide and advisor to Governor Bill Owens (R-TX) from 2011 to 2013) – 2015

    (371) 5: Ken Ashby (R; boasts having an "ultra-libertarian" record and "idolizing" Ron Paul; previously worked in teaching and engineering; first elected in 1996 and first running for Congress in 1992) – 1997

    (372) 6: Dr. Laura G. Murillo (R; previously served as an Executive at Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center) – 2013

    (373) 7: Cristina Tzintzun-Ramirez (D, b. 1982; Mexican-American; former labor organizer) – 2021

    (374) 8: William Cameron "Willie" McCool (R, b. 1961; former NASA astronaut, best known for being one of the first Marstronauts to step foot on the planet Mars (2003); will likely run for higher office in 2022 or 2024) – 2017

    (375) 9: Royce Barry West (D, b. 1952; African-American; previously served in the state Senate from the 23rd district from 1993 to 1998) – 1999

    (376) 10: Brewster McCracken (R; previously served on the Austin City Council and worked as a felony prosecutor in the Harris County District Attorney's Office) – 2007

    (377) 11: Edwin Barry “Ed” Young (R, b. 1961; pastor; founder of the Fellowship Church (1989); controversial member of "the religious far-right"; strongly supported Harley Brown in 2020 despite calling him a "fake Christian" in early 2012 for Brown's support of BLUTAGO rights) – 2017

    (378) 12: Barbara Elizabeth Cornelius "Betsy" Price (R, b. 1949; former businesswoman; previously served as the Mayor of Fort Worth from 2011 to 2021) – 2021

    (379) 13: Calvin DeWeese (R; conservative; former political activist) – 2019

    (380) 14: Chris Peden (R; conservative; former political organizer) – 2009

    (381) 15: Ivy Ruth Taylor (D, b. 1970; African-American; previously served as the Mayor of San Antonio from 2014 to 2017) – 2017

    (382) 16: Carol Alvarado (D, b. 1967; previously served in the state House from 2009 to 2013) – 2013

    (383) 17: Peter Churchman (R; conservative; former political activist) – 2017

    (384) 18: Enrique Garcia (D; moderate; former community organizer) – 2019

    (385) 19: Arlene Wohlgemuth (R, b. 1947; previously served in the state House from 1995 to 2005) – 2005

    (386) 20: Sri Preston Kulkarni (D, b. 1978; Indian-American; previously served in the US Foreign Service) – 2019

    (387) 21: James Arthur Strohm (R; conservative; former political activist) – 2007

    (388) 22: Shelley Sekula-Gibbs (R, b. 1953; previously served on the Houston City Council from 2002 to 2006) – 2006

    (389) 23: David Gordon Wallace (R; conservative; former political activist) – 2009

    (390) 24: Steve Stockman (R, b. 1956; libertarian; former computer salesman; has been investigated for corruption several times) – 1995

    (391) 25: Raul Torres (R, b. 1955; former Certified Public Accountant; previously served in the state House from 2011 to 2013) – 2013

    (392) 26: Roque De La Fuente III (D; moderate; serving alongside father, who is currently representing a House seat from California) – 2021

    (393) 27: Dr. Marty Perez (R; former political organizer) – 2019

    (394) 28: Enrique Roberto "Henry" Cuellar (D, b. 1955; Mexican-American; one of the most conservative Democrats in Congress; previously served in the state House from 1987 to 1999) – 1999

    (395) 29: Gina Ortiz Jones (D, b. 1981; openly BLUTAGO; is the daughter of a single mother immigrant from the Philippines (Ilocano); retired US Air Force Captain; former intelligence officer) – 2019

    (396) 30: Eddie Bernice Johnson (D, b. 1935; oldest incumbent member of congress, has announced that she will not run for re-election in 2022; African-American; previously served in the state senate from the 23rd district from 1987 to 1993 and in the state House from the 33rd district from 1973 to 1977) – 1993

    (397) 31: Scott McClellan (R, b. 1968; former campaign manager and conservative grassroots organizer; previously served as Governor Owens' press secretary from 2007 to 2015; is the youngest son of former US Rep. Carole Keeton (R-TX, 1991-1999 (lost re-election)); become well known for feuding with his former boss ontech in 2019) – 2017

    (398) 32: Carlos Quintanilla (D, b. in Illinois; former business owner) – 2019

    (399) 33: William Patrick "Will" Wynn (D, b. 1961; former businessman and Mayor) – 2009

    (400) 34: Laura Miller (D, b. 1958; previously served as a city councilwoman) – 2007

    (401) 35: Jasmine Crockett (D, b. 1981; former attorney and political activist) – 2021

    (402) 36: Lloyd Alton Doggett II (D, b. 1946; previously served as a Justice of the Texas Supreme Court from 1989 to 1994) – 1995

    Utah (4; 1D, 3R)

    (403) 1: Lilia Laura Pace (D, b. 1955; former teacher and labor union leader; previously served as President of the National Education Association from 2014 to 2020) – 2021

    (404) 2: Bruce Patton Summerhays (R, b. 1944; former professional golfer and prominent member of the Mormon church) – 2007

    (405) 3: Wayne Larry Niederhauser (R, b. 1959; former certified public accountant; previously served as a member of the state Senate from 2006 to 2019 and as President of the state Senate from 2013 to 2018) – 2019

    (406) 4: John Dougall (R, b. 1966; has received bipartisan praise for his work on several US House subcommittees; previously served as state Auditor from 2013 to 2021 and in the state House from 2003 to 2013) – 2021

    Vermont (1; 1D)

    (407) At-large: John O’Brien (D, b. 1962; former filmmaker, Justice of the Peace, and campaign manager; best known for his work with dairy farmer-turned-US Senator Fred Tuttle; previously served on the Town of Tunbridge selectboard from 2015 to 2028 and in the state House from 2019 to 2021) – 2021

    Virginia (11; 8D, 3R)

    (408) 1: Krystal Marie Ball (D, b. 1981 in King George County, VA; progressive; former business owner, certified public accountant, political commentator and TV/newspaper contributor) – 2011

    (409) 2: A. Joseph Canada Jr. (R, b. 1939; previously served in the state senate from the 8th district from 1972 to 1980) – 1981

    (410) 3: Jerrauld C. "Jay" Jones (D, b. 1989; African-American; previously served in the state House of Delegates from the 89th district 2018-2021) – 2021

    (411) 4: Jody Moses Wagner (D, b. 1955; previously served as the state Secretary of Finance and as the state Treasurer) – 2015

    (412) 5: Winsome Earle Sears (R, b. 1964; African-American; former US Marine Corps Commander and former state senator; previously served as the Director of the CIA from 2013 to 2017 and as the Director of the FBI from 2017 to 2019) – 2021

    (413) 6: Jennifer Carroll Foy (D, b. 1981; African-American; previously served in the state House of Delegates from 2018 to 2020) – 2021

    (414) 7: David L. Bulova (D, b. 1969; previously served in the state House of Delegates from 2006 to 2014; first elected in a special election) – 2014

    (415) 8: Charniele LeRhonda Herring (D, b. 1969 in the Dominican Republic to Army parents; African-American; previously served as Chair of the Virginia Democratic Party from 2012 to 2014) – 2015

    (416) 9: William Bruce "Bill" Redpath (R, b. 1957; strongly libertarian; former Certified Public Accountant, Chartered Financial Analyst, and Accredited Senior Appraiser; previously served in the state House of Delegates from 1994 to 1998 and in the state Senate from 1998 to 2002; lost US House bid in 2002) – 2007

    (417) 10: Linda Q. Smyth (D, b. 1949 in Missouri; former appointee to the Fairfax County Planning Commission; previously served as a member of the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors from the Providence district from 2003 to 2005) – 2005

    (418) 11: Katherine Keith "Kate" Hanley (D, b. 1943 in Missouri; previously served in the state senate from 1991 to 1995) – 1995

    Washington (10; 8D, 2R)

    (419) 1: Laura Ruderman (D, b. 1970; previously served in the state House from 1999 to 2005) – 2004

    (420) 2: Mary B. Verner (D, b. 1956; previously served in multiple positions for the Governor's office, and as Executive Director of the Upper Columbia United Tribes) – 2005

    (421) 3: Dino John Rossi (R, b. 1959; former businessman; moderate; previously served in the state senate from 1997 to 2003; briefly ran for President in 2004, 2008, and 2012, and has considered running for higher office multiple times; might run for President again in 2024) – 2003

    (422) 4: Kshama Sawant (D, b. 1973 in India to a Tamil Brahmin family; moved to the US in the late 1990s; self-declared "outright, morally right, anti-Right, far-left socialist"; former software engineer and economics instructor; previously served as a member of the Seattle City Council) – 2021

    (423) 5: Clint Bradley Didier (R, b. 1959; former NFL player) – 2011

    (424) 6: Kesha Ram (D, b. 1986 in California, but went to college in WA; Indian-American; is the great-great-granddaughter of Sir Ganga Ram; previously served in the state House from 2011 to 2017; unsuccessfully ran for Lieutenant Governor in 2016) – 2021

    (425) 7: Kevin W. Van De Wege (D, b. 1974; previously served in the state senate from 2017 to 2021 and in the state House from 2007 to 2017) – 2021

    (426) 8: Christine Rolfes (D, b. 1967; previously served in the state House from 2007 to 2011; currently serves of education, veterans affairs and environment committees) – 2011

    (427) 9: Brian S. Sonntag (D, b. 1951; previously served as state Auditor from 1993 to 2013) – 2013

    (428) 10: Marko Liias (D, b. 1981; Finnish-American; openly BLUTAGO; previously served in the state senate from 2014 to 2018 and in the state House from 2008 to 2014) – 2019

    West Virginia (3; 1D, 2R)

    (429) 1: Michael Angelo "Mike" Oliverio II (R, b. 1963; former lobbyist; previously served in the state senate from 1995 to 2011 and in the state House of Delegates from 1993 to 1994; left the Democratic party in 2009 over its national shift to the left) – 2015

    (430) 2: Paula Jean Swearengin (D, b. 1974; former activist; progressive; won seat in an upset credited to Pritt's presidential candidacy) – 2021

    (431) 3: Robert D. Beach (R, b. 1959; previously served in the state senate from 2011 to 2016; currently serves on the agriculture committee) – 2017

    Wisconsin (9; 6D, 3R)

    (432) 1: Rob Zerban (D; former entrepreneur; previously served as Kenosha County Supervisor from the 2nd district from 2008 to 2012) – 2013

    (433) 2: Peter Theron (R; former businessman) – 2015

    (434) 3: Randall John Bryce (D, b. 1964; former ironworker; strongly pro-union; known for his prominent mustache) – 2019

    (435) 4: G. Spencer Coggs (D, b. 1949; African-American; previously served in the state assembly from 1983 to 1987) – 1987

    (436) 5: LaTonya Johnson (D, b. 1972; African-American; former activist; previously served in the state senate from 2017 to 2019 and in the state assembly from 2013 to 2017) – 2019

    (437) 6: S. Biko Barnes (D, b. 1986; African-American; previously served in the state assembly from 2013 to 2017) – 2021

    (438) 7: Mary Burke (D, b. 1959; previously served as the state secretary of commerce) – 2007

    (439) 8: Peggy A. Rosenzweig (R, b. 1936; second-oldest female member of Congress; may retire next year; previously served in the state senate from 1993 to 1997; almost lost re-election to Marina Dimitrijevic, who is running for the seat again in 2022) – 1997

    (440) 9: John G. Gard (R, b. 1963; previously served as Speaker of the Wisconsin Assembly from 2003 to 2007) – 2007

    Wyoming (1; 1R)

    (441) At-large: Colin Mackenzie Simpson (R, b. 1959; a member of the Simpson political family of Wyoming; previously served in the state House from 1999 to 2003) – 2003
     
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    Index 4 – U.S. Governors and Lieutenant Governors
  • Index 4 – U.S. Governors and Lieutenant Governors

    Governors and Lieutenant Governors (or the state’s equivalent to a Lieutenant Governor) in this timeline, as of July 4, 2021​



    Governors of ALABAMA

    1947-1951: 42) Jim Folsom Sr. (D) – term-limited
    1946: Lyman Ward (R)

    1951-1955: 43) Gordon Person (D) – term-limited
    1950: John S. Crowder (R)

    1955-1959: (42)) Jim Folsom Sr. (D) – term-limited
    1954: Tom Abernathy (R)

    1959-1963: 44) John Malcolm Patterson (D) – term-limited; served as C. Farris Bryant’s more moderate running mate in 1964
    1958: William Longshore (R)

    1963-1967: 45) George Wallace (D) – term-limited; ran for President in 1968
    1962: Frank P. Walls (I)

    1967-1971: 46) Ryan DeGreffenried Sr. (D) – term-limited
    1966: John M. Patterson (HIP) and Arthur Glenn Andrews (R)

    1971-1971: (45)) George Wallace (D) – died in office in a plane crash before he could officially launch a bid for US President
    1970: Bull Connor (I), Asa Carter (HIP) and Bert Nettles (R)

    1971-1975: 47) Sam Engelhardt (D, then HIP in 1972) – term-limited; ran for President in 1972

    1975-1979: 48) Jeremiah Denton (R) – Cuban War veteran and war hero; term-limited; successfully ran for President in 1980
    1974: Richmond Flowers Sr. (D) and J. Taylor Hardin (I)

    1979-1981: 49) Elvin McCary (R) – died in office from heart failure
    1978: Melba Till Allen (D) and J. Taylor Hardin (I)

    1981-1983: 50) Charles Woods (D) – WWII veteran/burn victim known for his iconic eyepatch and deformed hands and face; term-limited

    1983-1987: 51) Ann Bedsole (R) – first female Governor; term-limited
    1982: Mary Texas Hurt Garner (D)

    1987-1991: 52) Bill Baxley (D) – term-limited; considered running for President in 1996 and 2000
    1986: John Hall Buchanan Jr. (R)

    1991-1995: 53) Shorty Price (R) – term-limited
    1990: Joseph Charles McCorquodale Jr. (D) and John Logan Cashin Jr. (Alabama)

    1995-1999: 54) Bettye Frink (R) – second female Governor; term-limited
    1994: Lambert Mims (D)

    1999-2003: 55) Winton Blount (R) – term-limited
    1998: Lenora Pate (D)

    2003-2006: 56) Ryan DeGraffenried Jr. (D) – died in office suddenly from poor health
    2002: Richard Shelby (R)

    2006-2007: 57) Lowell Ray Barron (D) – ascended to office as president pro tempore of the state senate after the Lt. Gov., then Gov., each died

    2007-2011: 58) Jim Folsom Jr. (D) – ascended to office as Lt. Gov.-Elect, after Lt. Gov./Gov.-Elect Baxley died; son of former Governor Jim Folsom Sr.; term-limited; considered running for President in 2016
    2006: Lucy Baxley (D) over Roy Moore (R) and Tony Petelos (Integrity)

    2011-2015: 59) David Woods (R) – son of former Governor Charles Woods; term-limited
    2010: Beth Killough Chapman (Boulder) and Sadie Moore Stewart (D)

    2015-2019: 60) Richmond McDavid Flowers Jr. (D) – term-limited
    2014: Adelbert Carl “Del” Marsh (R)

    2019-present: 61) Twinkle Andress Cavanaugh (R) – third female Governor but fourth female to be elected Governor; incumbent; may run for President in 2024
    2018: Artur G. Davis (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of ALABAMA
    1947-1951: 16) James C. Inzer (D) – term-limited
    1951-1955: 17) James Allen (D) – term-limited
    1955-1959: 18) William G. Hardwick (D) – term-limited
    1959-1963: 19) Albert Boutwell (D) – term-limited
    1963-1967: 20) James Allen (D) – term-limited
    1967-1971: 21) Albert Brewer (D) – term-limited
    1971-1971: 22) Sam Engelhardt (D) – ascended to the governorship
    1971-1975: vacant
    1975-1979: 23) Albert Brewer (D) – term-limited
    1979-1981: 24) Charles Woods (D) – ascended to the governorship
    1981-1983: vacant
    1983-1987: 25) Albert Brewer (D) – term-limited
    1987-1991: 26) Jim Folsom Jr. (D) – term-limited
    1991-1995: 27) George McMillan (D) – term-limited
    1995-1999: 28) Don Siegelman (D) – term-limited
    1999-2003: 29) Steve Windom (R) – term-limited
    2003-2006: 30) Lucy Baxley (D) – first female Lt. Gov.; died in office after being elected Governor but before she could be sworn into the governorship
    2006-2007: vacant
    2007-2011: 31) Sadie Moore Stewart (D) – first African-American and second female Lt. Gov.; term-limited
    2011-2015: 32) Kay Ivey (R) – third female Lt. Gov.; term-limited
    2015-2019: 33) Beth Chapman (R) – fourth female Lt. Gov.; term-limited
    2019-present: 34) Stan Cooke (R) – incumbent



    Governors of ALASKA

    1959-1962: 1) William A. Egan (D) – lost re-election
    1958: John Butrovich Jr. (R)

    1962-1970: 2) Mike Stepovich (R) – term-limited; was the GOP nominee for VP in 1972
    1962: William A. Egan (D)
    1966: Wendall P. Kay (D) and John Grasse (I)

    1970-1978: 3) Jay Hammond (R) – term-limited
    1970: W. Eugene Guess (D) and Ralph M. Anderson (I)
    1974: Chauncey Croft (D) and Joe Vogler (I)

    1978-1986: 4) Bill Clinton (D) – term-limited
    1978: Lowell Thomas Jr. (R), Don Wright (I) and Mike Colletta (Alaskan Libertarian Party)
    1982: Terry Miller (R) and Richard L. Randolph (Liberty)

    1986-1988: 5) Tom Fink (R) – recalled from office over his poor handling of the Chevron Oil Spill
    1986: George H. Hohman Jr. (D), Don Wright (Green), Andre Marrou (Liberty), and Bill Hudson (Alaska Independence Party)

    1988-1994: 6) Bob Ross (I) – retired to focus on cancer diagnosis
    1988 (successful recall special election): Bill Overstreet (I), Bill Sheffield (D), Jay Kerttula (R), Joe Vogler (AIP) and Benjamin F. “Ben” Grussendorf Jr. (D)
    1990: Wally Hickel (R), Tony Knowles (D), Joe Vogler (AIP), Rick Halford (Liberty), and Michael O’Callaghan (I)

    1994-1998: 7) Nora Dauenhauer (Green) – retired to uphold single-term pledge from 1994 election bid
    1994: Robin L. Taylor (Liberty), Red Boucher (D), J. H. Lindauer Jr. (R), and Joe Vogler (AIP)

    1998-2002: 8) Kenneth James Fanning (Libertarian-Republican Alliance) – lost re-election
    1998: Samuel R. Cotton (D), Jim Sykes (Green) and Joe Vogler (AIP)

    2002-2010: 9) Niilo Emil Koponen (Democratic-Green-Union) – term-limited
    2002: Kenneth James Fanning (LRA), Don Wright (AIP), W.A.R. Ross (Defense), and Ralph Winterrowd (Patriots’)
    2006: Loren Leman (Libertarian-Republican Alliance) and Daniel DeNardo (Independent/AIP)

    2010-2014: 10) Willie Hensley (GDU) – lost re-election
    2010: Jerry Ward (LRA/Boulder) and Clyde Baxley (AIP)

    2014-present: 11) Lesil Lynn “Lizzie” McGuire (LRA) – incumbent; term-limited; may run for President in 2024
    2014: Willie Hensley (GDU), Jerry Ward (Boulder) and Mead Treadwell (I)
    2018: Anna McKinnon (Democratic), Craig Campbell (I), Jeffrey D. Brown (Green), Della Coburn (Socialist) and Ivan M. Ivan (Progressive Green)

    Lieutenant Governors of ALASKA
    1969-1970: 1) Robert W. Ward (R) – retired to run for Governor
    1970-1978: 2) Hazel P. Heath (R) – retired to successfully run for the US Senate
    1978-1982: 3) Katie Hurley (D) – retired to run for Governor
    1982-1986: 4) Red Boucher (D) – lost re-election
    1986-1990: 5) Terry Miller (R) – lost re-election
    1990-1994: 6) Nora Dauenhauer (I until 1994, then Green) – retired to successfully run for Governor
    1994-1998: 7) Jim Sykes (Green) – retired to run for Governor
    1998-2002: 8) Loren Leman (LRA) – lost re-election
    2002-2010: 9) Willie Hensley (GDU) – term-limited
    2010-2014: 10) Hollis S. French (GDU) – lost re-election
    2014-present: 11) Mike Chenault (LRA) – incumbent



    Governors of ARIZONA

    1959-1969: 11) Paul Fannin (R) – retired
    1958: Robert Morrison (D)
    1960: Lee Ackerman (D)
    1962: Samuel Goddard (D)
    1964: Art Brock (D)
    1966: Norman Green (D)

    1969-1971: 12) Jack Williams (R) – lost re-election
    1968: Samuel Goddard II (D)

    1971-1975: 13) Raul Hector Castro (D) – lost re-election
    1970: Jack Williams (R) and Evan Mecham (HIP)

    1975-1983: 14) Sam Steiger (R) – term-limited
    1974: Raul Hector Castro (D) and Jack Ross (I)
    1978: Jack Ross (D)

    1983-1987: 15) Richard Kleindienst (R) – lost re-election
    1982: Bruce Babbitt (D)

    1987-1995: 16) Carolyn Warner (D) – term-limited
    1986: Richard Kleindienst (R)
    1990: Fife Symington III (R) and Max Hawkins (Life)

    1995-1999: 17) Samuel Goddard III (D) – lost re-election
    1994: Barbara Barrett (R) and John A. Buttrick (Liberty)

    1999-2007: 18) David Fraser Nolan (R) – term-limited
    1998: Samuel Goddard III (D), Paul Johnson (I) and Scott Malcolmson (I)
    2002: Betsey Bayless (D)

    2007-2011: 19) Debbie McCune Davis (D) – lost re-election
    2006: Brenda Burns (R)

    2011-2013: 20) Russell K. Pearce (R) – recalled
    2010: Debbie McCune Davis (D)

    2013-2015: 21) Don Goldwater (R) – lost re-election
    2013 (successful recall special election): Neil Giuliano (D), Russell K. Pearce (R), Jer Lewis (R), Tommy Cattey (I) and Bob Worsley (R)

    2015-2019: 22) Tina Flint Smith (D) – retired
    2014: Don Goldwater (R)

    2019-present: 23) Barry Hess (R) – incumbent
    2018: Marco A. Lopez Jr. (D)

    Secretaries of State of ARIZONA
    1949-1978: 11) Wesley Brolin (D)
    1978-1983: 12) Bart Fleming (R)
    1983-1991: 13) Rose Mofford (D)
    1991-1999: 14) Ray Rottas (R)
    1999-2003: 15) Tony West (R)
    2003-2011: 16) Chris Deschene (D)
    2011-2019: 17) Barry Hess (R)
    2019-present: 18) Michele Reagan (R)



    Governors of ARKANSAS

    1955-1965: 36) Orval Faubus (D) – lost re-election
    1954: Pratt C. Remmel (R)
    1956: Roy Mitchell (R)
    1958: George W. Johnson (R)
    1960: Henry M. Britt (R)
    1962: Willis Ricketts (R)

    1965-1972: 37) Winthrop Rockefeller (R) – withdrew from re-election and resigned from office due to worsening cancer
    1964: Orval Faubus (D)
    1966: James Douglas Johnson (D)
    1970: Virginia Johnson (D)

    1972-1973: 38) Footsie Britt (R) – lost election

    1973-1975: 39) Dale Bumpers (D) – retired
    1972: Footsie Britt (R)

    1975-1979: 40) David Pryor (D) – retired
    1974: Frank D. White (R)
    1976: Leon Griffith (R)

    1979-1987: 41) Orval Faubus (D) – lost re-election
    1978: Lynn Lowe (R) and Nancy Pearl Johnson Hall (Independent)
    1980: Frank D. White (R)
    1982: Marshall Chrisman (R)

    1987-1991: 42) Lynn Lowe (R) – lost re-election
    1986: Orval Faubus (D)

    1991-1999: 43) Mike Beebe (D) – term-limited
    1990: Lynn Lowe (R)
    1994: James Douglas Johnson (R)

    1999-2003: 44) Nicky Daniel “Nick” Bacon (D) – lost re-election
    1998: E. Sheffield Nelson (R)

    2003-2009: 45) Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (R) – died
    2002: Nick Bacon (D)
    2006: Mike Ross (D)

    2009-2015: 46) Mark Darr (R) – lost re-election
    2010: Jim Lendall (D) and Elvis D. Presley (I)

    2015-present: 47) Conner Eldridge (D) – incumbent
    2014: Mark Darr (R)
    2018: John Timothy “Tim” Griffin (R) and Mar Stodola (Independent)

    Lieutenant Governors of ARKANSAS
    1947-1967: 10) Nathan Green Gordon (D)
    1967-1972: 11) Footsie Britt (R)
    1972-1973: vacant
    1973-1981: 12) Joe Purcell (D)
    1981-1991: 13) Winston Bryant (D)
    1991-1999: 14) Nick Bacon (D)
    1999-2003: 15) Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (R)
    2003-2009: 16) Mark Darr (R)
    2009-2011: vacant
    2011-present: 17) Debra Hobbs (R)



    Governors of CALIFORNIA

    1959-1971: 32) Pat Brown (D) – retired
    1958: William F. Knowland (R)
    1962: Joe Shell (R)
    1966: Ray Kroc (R), Tim Leary (NM)

    1971-1979: 33) Ronald Reagan (R) – lost re-election
    1970: Jesse Unruh (D), Tim Leary (NM) and Max Rafferty (HIP)
    1974: Robert Moretti (D) and Elizabeth Keathley (NM)

    1979-1983: 34) Phillip Burton (D) – died
    1978: Ronald Reagan (R)
    1982: Edward M. Davis (R)

    1983-1987: 35) George Christopher (R) – retired

    1987-1995: 36) Donald Kennedy (D)
    – retired
    1986: Anthony Kennedy (R)
    1990: Mary K. Shell (R), Peter Camejo (Green) and Maria Elizabeth Munoz (La Raza Unida)

    1995-2003: 37) Kathleen Brown (D) – lost re-election
    1994: Carol Boyd Hallett (R)
    1998: Dennis R. Peron (R)

    2003-2003: 38) Dana Rohrabacher (R) – fled; removed from office in absentia
    2002: Kathleen Brown (D), Peter Camejo (Green) and Van Vo (Liberty)

    2003-2005: 39) John L. Burton (D) – resigned

    2005-2007: 40) Debbie Cook (D until 2005, then G) – lost election

    2007-2012: 41) Kelsey Grammer (R) – resigned
    2006: Debbie Cook (Green), Laura Wells (D) and Leonard Padilla (Liberty)
    2010: Steve Peace (D) and Tommy Chong (Green)

    2012-present: 42) Cruz Bustamante (D) – incumbent
    2014 blanket primary: Cruz Bustamante (D) and Steve Westley (D) over George Radanovich (R), Tom Campbell (Liberty) and Judy May Eng (Green)
    2014 runoff: Steve Westley (D)
    2018 blanket primary: Cruz Bustamante (D) and Steve Knight (R) over Malia Cohen (Green), Oliver Stone (Bigfoot) and Mary “The Fringe Centerfold Candidate” Carey (Natural Mind)
    2018 runoff: Steve Knight (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of CALIFORNIA
    1959-1967: 37) Glenn M. Anderson (D)
    1967-1971: 38) Rob Finch (R)
    1971-1975: 39) Ed Reinecke (R)
    1975-1979: 40) Mervyn M. Dymally (D)
    1979-1983: 41) Mike Curb (R)
    1983-1983: 42) George Christopher (R)
    1983-1987: 43) Cathie Wright (R)
    1987-2003: 44) Leo T. McCarthy (D)
    2003-2003: 45) John L. Burton (D)
    2003-2005: 46) Debbie Cook (D)
    2005-2007: 47) Audie Bock (Green)
    2007-2011: 48) Liz Figueroa (D)
    2011-2012: 49) Cruz Bustamante (D)
    2012-2019: 50) Delaine Eastin (D)
    2019-present: 51) Mark Leno (D)



    Governors of COLORADO

    1957-1963: 35) Stephen McNichols (D) – lost re-election
    1956: Donald G. Brotzman (R)
    1958: Palmer L. Burch (R)

    1963-1975: 36) John Arthur Love (R) – retired
    1962: Stephen McNichols (D)
    1966: Robert Lee Knous (D) and Walter R. Plankinton (HIP)
    1970: Mark Hogan (D) and Albert Gurule (La Raza Unida)

    1975-1979: 37) Dick Lamm (D) – lost re-election
    1974: John David Vanderhoof (R) and Earl Dodge (Prohibition)

    1979-1987: 38) Bill Daniels (R) – retired
    1978: Dick Lamm (D), Roy Peister (Tea) and Earl Dodge (Prohibition)
    1982: Raymond Kogovsek (D), Paul K. Grant (Libertarian), John D. Fuhr (Country), Earl Dodge (Prohibition)

    1987-1991: 39) Byron L. Johnson (D) – lost re-election
    1986: Bob Leon Kirscht (R)

    1991-1995: 40) John Andrews (R) – lost re-election
    1990: Byron L. Johnson (D)

    1995-2007: 41) Wellington Webb (D) – retired
    1994: John Andrews (R)
    1998: Gene Nichol (R)
    2002: Bo Callaway (R)

    2007-2011: 42) Jane E. Norton (R) – lost re-nomination
    2006: Gail Schoettler (D) and Mary Lou Makepeace (I)

    2011-2019: 43) William “Bill” Thiebaut Jr. (D) – retired
    2010: Sandra D. Johnson (R)
    2014: Patricia Elaine Miller (R)

    2019-present: 44) Mark Allen Callahan (R) – incumbent
    2018: Bernie Buescher (D), A. Harlan Romanoff (G) and Joseph A. Garcia (La Raza Unida)

    Lieutenant Governors of COLORADO
    1959-1967: 36) Robert Lee Knous (D)
    1967-1971: 37) Mark Anthony Hogan (D)
    1971-1975: 38) John D. Vanderhoof (R)
    1975-1979: 39) George L. Brown (D)
    1979-1987: 40) Ted L. Strickland (R)
    1987-1991: 41) Mike Callihan (D)
    1991-1995: 42) Lillian Bickel (R)
    1995-2007: 43) Gail Schoettler (D)
    2007-2011: 44) Clyde Harkins (R)
    2011-2019: 45) A. Harlan Romanoff (D until 2018, then G)
    2019-present: 46) Cynthia Coffman (R)



    Governors of CONNECTICUT

    1955-1963: 80) Abraham Ribicoff (D) – retired
    1954: John Davis Lodge (R)
    1958: Fred R. Zeller (R)

    1963-1971: 81) John N. Dempsey (D) – retired
    1962: John deKoven Alsop (R)
    1966: E. Clayton Gengras (R)

    1971-1975: 82) Fiske Holcomb Ventres (R) – lost re-election
    1970: Attilio R. Frassinelli (D)

    1975-1980: 83) Ella T. Grasso (D) – resigned from office due to poor health, died soon after from ovarian cancer
    1974: Fiske Holcomb Ventres (R)
    1978: Ronald Sarasin (R)

    1980-1981: 84) William Ross Cotter (D) – died

    1981-1991: 85) Robert K. Killian (D) – lost re-nomination
    1982: Julie Belaga (R)
    1986: Lowell Weicker (R)

    1991-1995: 86) Eunice Groark (R) – established term-limits; retired
    1990: Bill O’Neill (D)

    1995-2003: 87) Bruce Morrison (D) – term-limited
    1994: Jodi Rell (R)
    1998: Jodi Rell (R) and Sandra Bender (Independent Democratic)

    2003-2009: 88) Phyllis Busansky (D) – died
    2002: John Rowland (R)
    2006: Michael Fedele (R) and Roberta Scaglione (I)

    2009-2011: 89) Nancy S. Wyman (D) – lost election

    2011-2019: 90) Nancy Lee Johnson (R)
    – term-limited
    2010: Nancy S. Wyman (D)
    2014: Susan Bysiewicz (D) and Nancy S. Wyman (Independent Democratic)

    2019-present: 91) Ted Kennedy Jr. (D) – incumbent
    2018: Prasad Srinivasan (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of CONNECTICUT
    1959-1963: 94) John N. Dempsey (D)
    1963-1967: 95) Anthony J. Armentano (D)
    1967-1971: 96) Attilio R. Frassinelli (D)
    1971-1975: 97) Ronald Sarasin (R)
    1975-1980: 98) William Ross Cotter (D)
    1980-1981: 99) Robert K. Killian (D)
    1981-1991: 100) Joseph J. Fauliso (D)
    1991-1995: 101) Robert Jaekle (R)
    1995-1999: 102) Joe Ganim (D)
    1999-2003: 103) Joe Courtney (D)
    2003-2007: 104) George Jepsen (D)
    2007-2009: 105) Nancy S. Wyman (D)
    2009-2011: 106) Dannel Malloy (D)
    2011-2015: 107) Mark Boughton (R)
    2015-2019: 108) Richard Nelson “Oz” Griebel (R)
    2019-present: 109) Juan Figueroa (D)



    Governors of DELAWARE

    1961-1965: 64) Elbert N. Carvel (D) – term-limited
    1960: John W. Rollins (R)

    1965-1969: 65) David P. Buckson (R) – adjusted term limits; retired
    1964: Charles L. Terry Jr. (D)

    1969-1977: 66) Russell W. Peterson (R) – term-limited
    1968: Charles L. Terry Jr. (D)
    1972: Sherman W. Tribbitt (D) and Virginia M. Lyndall (HIP)

    1977-1985: 67) Joseph R. “Joe” Biden Jr. (D) – term-limited
    1976: Pete du Pont (R)
    1980: Andrew Foltz (R) and George Cripps (Conservative)

    1985-1992: 68) Michael Castle (R) – resigned
    1984: William J. Quillen (D)
    1988: Jacob Kreshtool (D)

    1992-1993: 69) Shien Bau Woo (D) – completed predecessor’s term

    1993-2001: 70) Janet Rzewnicki (R) – term-limited
    1992: John Carney (D)
    1996: Midge Osterlund (D)

    2001-2009: 71) Ruth Ann Minner (D) – term-limited
    2000: John Burris (R)
    2004: William Swain Lee (R)

    2009-2017: 72) John C. Carney Jr. (D) – term-limited
    2008: William Swain Lee (R) and Robert Venables Sr. (Independent Democrat)
    2012: Jeff Cragg (R)

    2017-present: 73) Stephanie Hansen (D) – incumbent
    2016: Kevin Wade (R)
    2020: John Machurek (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of DELAWARE
    1961-1965: 16) Eugene Lammot (D)
    1965-1969: 17) Russell W. Peterson (R)
    1969-1977: 18) Eugene Bookhammer (R)
    1977-1985: 19) William J. Quillen (D)
    1985-1992: 20) Shien Bau Woo (D)
    1992-1993: vacant
    1993-2001: 21) John Burris (R)
    2001-2009: 22) John C. Carney Jr. (D)
    2009-2017: 23) Stephanie Hansen (D)
    2017-present: 24) Matthew Denn (D)



    Governors of FLORIDA

    1961-1965: 34) C. Farris Bryant (D before mid-1964, HIP after mid-1964) – retired
    1960: George C. Peterson (R)

    1965-1967: 35) LeRoy Collins Sr. (D) – lost re-nomination
    1964: Charles R. Holley (R)

    1967: 36) Robert King High (D) – died
    1966: Claude Kirk (R)

    1967-1971: 37) Verle Allyn Pope (D) – lost re-election

    1971-1979: 38) Louis Bafalis (R) – term-limited
    1970: Verle Allyn Pope (D)
    1974: Wayne Mixson (D)

    1979-1987: 39) Jack Eckerd (R) – term-limited
    1978: Buddy McKay (D)
    1982: Earl Hutto (D)

    1987-1995: 40) Bruce A. Smathers (D) – term-limited
    1986: Louis Frey (R)
    1990: Bill McCollum (R)

    1995-2003: 41) LeRoy Collins Jr. (D) – term-limited
    1994: Tillie K. Fowler (R)
    1998: Joe Scarborough (R)

    2003-2011: 42) Antoinette “Toni” Jennings (R) – term-limited
    2002: Gary Pajcic (D)
    2006: Bill McBride (D)

    2011-2015: 43) Bob Smith (R) – lost re-election
    2010: Katherine Castor (D) and Nancy Argenziano (I)

    2015-2019: 44) Alex Sink (D) – lost re-election
    2014: Bob Smith (R) and Pam Iorio (Independent Democratic)

    2019-present: 45) Jennifer Sandra Johnson (R) – incumbent
    2018: Alex Sink (D), Danny Whitney (Country) and Lewis Black (Liberty Union)

    Lieutenant Governors of FLORIDA
    1969-1971: 9) Thomas Burton “Tom” Adams Jr. (D)
    1971-1979: 10) Ray C. Osborne (R)
    1979-1981: 11) Paula Hawkins (R)
    1981-1987: 12) Leo Callahan (R)
    1987-1995: 13) Franklin B. Mann (D)
    1995-2003: 14) Gary Pajcic (D)
    2003-2011: 15) Frank Brogan (R)
    2011-2015: 16) John E. Thrasher (R)
    2015-2019: 17) Daniel Saul Gelber (D)
    2019-present: 18) Steve Southerland (R)



    Governors of GEORGIA

    1959-1963: 73) Ernest Vandiver (D) – term-limited
    1958: unopposed

    1963-1967: 74) Carl Sanders (D) – term-limited
    1962: unopposed

    1967-1971: 75) Bo Callaway (R) – term-limited
    1966: Jimmy Carter (D) and Lester Maddox (HIP)

    1971-1975: 76) Lester Maddox (D) – term-limited
    1970: James Bentley (R) and Udolpho Sikes Underwood (I)

    1975-1977: 77) Bert Lance (D) – resigned
    1974: Ronny Thompson (R)

    1977-1979: 78) Benjamin W. Fortson Jr. (D) – term-limited

    1979-1983: 79) John Skandalakis (D) – term-limited
    1978: Rodney M. Cook (R) and J. B. Stoner (I)

    1983-1987: 80) Hal Suit (R) – term-limited
    1982: Larry McDonald (D)

    1987-1988: 81) Billy Carter (D) – adjusted term limits; died
    1986: Guy Davis (R)

    1988-1995: 82) Jimmy Lee Jackson (D) – term-limited
    1990: Guy Millner (R)

    1995-2003: 83) Eston Wycliffe “Wyc” Orr Sr. (D) – term-limited
    1994: Sonny Perdue (R)
    1998: Mike Bowers (R)

    2003-2011: 84) Karen Christine Walker (R) – term-limited
    2002: Roy Barnes (D)
    2006: Connie Stokes (D)

    2011-2019: 85) Shirley Franklin (D) – term-limited
    2010: Alveda King (R)
    2014: John Barge (R)

    2019-present: 86) Ben Lewis Jones (D) – incumbent
    2018: Newton Leroy “Newt” Gingrich (R) and Kasim Reed (Justice)

    Lieutenant Governors of GEORGIA
    1959-1963: 4) Garland T. Byrd (D)
    1963-1967: 5) Peter Zack Geer (D)
    1967-1971: 6) George T. Smith (D)
    1971-1975: 7) Peter Zack Geer (D)
    1975-1979: 8) Zell Miller (D)
    1979-1983: 9) Peter Zack Geer (D)
    1983-1987: 10) Zell Miller (D)
    1987-1988: 11) Jimmy Lee Jackson (D)
    1988-1999: 12) Zell Miller (D)
    1999-2003: 13) Connie Stokes (D)
    2003-2011: 14) Susan Holmes (R)
    2011-2017: 15) Bubber Epps (R)
    2017-2019: 16) Matt Dollar (R)
    2019-present: 17) Clay Cox (R)



    Governors of HAWAII

    1959-1962: 1) William F. Quinn (R) – lost re-election
    1959: John A. Burns (D)

    1962-1970: 2) John A. Burns (D) – term-limited
    1962: William F. Quinn (R)
    1966: Randolph Crossley (R)

    1970-1978: 3) Thomas Ponce Gill (D) – term-limited
    1970: Samuel Pailthorpe King (R)
    1974: Randolph Crossley (R)

    1978-1981: 4) Alema Leota (Independent) – impeached
    1978: Frank Fasi (D) and John R. Leopold (R)

    1981-1982: 5) Tokio Ige (I) – lost election

    1982-1990: 6) Jean S. M. King (D) – term-limited
    1982: David M. Akui (R) and incumbent Tokio Ige (I)
    1986: Dominis Garrida “D. G.” Anderson (R)

    1990-1997: 7) Fred Hemmings (R) – resigned
    1990: John D. Waihee III (D), John P. Craven (I) and Peggy Ross (Natural Mind)
    1994: Malama Solomon (D) and Frank Fasi (I)

    1997-2002: 8) Pat Saiki (R) – retired
    1998: Jackie King (D)

    2002-2004: 9) Mike Gabbard (R) – resigned
    2002: Roseanne Barr (D)

    2004-2006: 10) John Carroll (R) – lost election

    2006-2014: 11) Frank Hannemann (D)
    – term-limited
    2006: John Carroll (R)
    2010: George G. Peabody (R)

    2014-present: 12) Douglas “Doug” Chin (D) – incumbent
    2014: Jeff Davis (R)
    2018: Ray L’Heureux (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of HAWAII
    1959-1962: 1) James Kealoha (R)
    1962-1966: 2) William S. Richardson (D)
    1966-1970: 3) Thomas Ponce Gill (D)
    1970-1978: 4) George Ariyoshi (D)
    1978-1981: 5) Tokio Ige (I)
    1981-1982: 6) Frank Pore (I)
    1982-1986: 7) Nelson Doi (D)
    1986-1990: 8) Ben Cayetano (D)
    1990-1994: 9) Billie Beamer (R)
    1994-1997: 10) Pat Saiki (R)
    1997-1998: 11) Stan Koki (R)
    1998-2002: 12) Linda Lingle (R)
    2002-2004: 13) John Carroll (R)
    2004-2006: 14) Duke Aiona (R)
    2006-2014: 15) Douglas “Doug” Chin (D)
    2014-present: 16) David Ige (D)



    Governors of IDAHO

    1955-1963: 24) Robert E. Smylie (R) – lost re-election
    1954: Clark Hamilton (D)
    1958: Alfred M. Derr (D)

    1963-1966: 25) Vernon K. Smith (D) – died
    1962: Robert E. Smylie (R)

    1966-1967: 26) William Edward Drevlow (D) – retired

    1967-1975: 27) Charles Herndon (D)
    – set term limits; retired
    1966: Don Samuelson (R), Perry Swisher (I) and Philip Jungert (I)
    1970: Jack M. Murphy (R)

    1975-1983: 28) Jay S. Amyx (R) – term-limited
    1974: Vernon Ravenscroft (D)
    1978: John V. Evans (D)

    1983-1991: 29) Larry Jackson (R) – term-limited
    1982: Compton Ignatius White Jr. (D)
    1986: Marjorie Ruth Moon (D)

    1991-1995: 30) Larry LaRocco (D) – lost re-election
    1990: Roger Fairchild (R)

    1995-1999: 31) Butch Otter (R) – lost re-nomination
    1994: Larry LaRocco (D)

    1999-2007: 32) Larry J. Echo Hawk (D) – term-limited
    1998: Dirk Kempthorne (R) and Peter Rickards (I)
    2002: Daniel Adams (R)

    2007-2012: 33) Harley D. Brown (R) – resigned
    2006: Jerry Brady (D)
    2010: Robert C. Huntley (D)

    2012-2015: 34) Sharon L. Block (R) – retired

    2015-present: 35) Butch Otter (R) – incumbent
    2014: Brian C. Cronin (D)
    2018: Michelle Stennett (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of IDAHO
    1959-1966: 31) William Edward Drevlow (D)
    1966-1967: 32) Charles Herndon (D)
    1967-1975: 33) Vernon Ravenscroft (D)
    1975-1983: 34) Larry Jackson (R)
    1983-1987: 35) David Leroy (R)
    1987-1995: 36) Butch Otter (R)
    1995-2003: 37) Jack Riggs (R)
    2003-2007: 38) Jim Risch (R)
    2007-2012: 39) Sharon L. Block (R)
    2012-present: 40) Brad Little (R)



    Governors of ILLINOIS

    1961-1965: 33) Otto Kerner Jr. (D) – lost re-election
    1960: William Stratton (R)

    1965-1973: 34) Charles Percy (R) – retired
    1964: Otto Kerner Jr. (D)
    1968: Samuel H. Shapiro (D)

    1973-1981: 35) Paul Simon (D) – retired
    1972: Richard B. Ogilvie (R)
    1976: J. R. Thompson (R)

    1981-1991: 36) John B. Anderson (R) – established term limits; retired
    1980: Neil F. Hartigan (D)
    1982: Adlai Stevenson III (D)
    1986: Adlai Stevenson III (D)

    1991-1999: 37) Jim Edgar (R) – term-limited
    1990: Frank Annunzio (D)
    1994: Dawn Netsch (D)

    1999-2003: 38) Darrell Issa (R) – retired
    1998: Glenn Poshard (D)

    2003-2004: 39) Jim Cantalupo (R) – died in office from a sudden heart attack
    2002: Pat Quinn (D)

    2004-2008: 40) Corrine J. Wood (R) – resigned for a position in the Wellstone administration
    2006: Edwin Eisendrath (D)

    2008-2015: 41) Roland Burris (D) – retired
    2010: Kirk W. Dillard (R)

    2015-present: 42) Al Giannoulias (D) – Greek-American; incumbent
    2014: Christine Radogno (R)
    2018: Jeanne Ives (R) and Chris Fleming (Bigfoot)

    Lieutenant Governors of ILLINOIS
    1961-1969: 38) Samuel H. Shapiro (D)
    1969-1973: 39) Paul Simon (D)
    1973-1981: 40) Neil Haritgan (D)
    1981-1999: 41) George H. Ryan (R)
    1999-2004: 42) Corrine J. Wood (R)
    2004-2007: vacant
    2007-2008: 43) Roland Burris (D)
    2008-2011: vacant
    2011-2015: 44) Daniel W. Hynes (D)
    2015-present: 45) Litesa Wallace (D)



    Governors of INDIANA

    1957-1961: 40) Harold W. Handley (R) – term-limited
    1956: Ralph Tucker (D)

    1961-1965: 41) Crawford Fairbanks Parker (R) – term-limited
    1960: Matthew E. Welsh (D)

    1965-1969: 42) Richard O. Ristine (R) – term-limited
    1964: Roger D. Branigin (D)

    1969-1973: 43) J. Irwin Miller (R) – term limits adjusted in 1972; retired
    1968: Robert L. Rock (D) and Melvin E. Hawk (Prohibition)

    1973-1977: 44) Robert L. Rock (D) – lost re-election
    1972: Otis Bowen (R), Berryman S. Hurley (HIP) and Finley N. Campbell (NM)

    1977-1981: 45) Danny Lee Burton (R) – retired
    1976: Robert L. Rock (D)

    1981-1989: 46) Dan Quayle (R) – term-limited
    1980: John A. Hillenbrand (D)
    1984: Richard Gordon Hatcher (D)

    1989-1997: 47) Evan Bayh (D) – term-limited
    1988: John Mutz (R)
    1992: Lindley Pearson (R)

    1997-2005: 48) Steve Goldsmith (R) – term-limited
    1996: Frank O’Bannon (D)
    2000: Joe Kernan (D)

    2005-2009: 49) Jill Long Thompson (D) – lost re-election
    2004: David Martin McIntosh (R (official write-in)), Ken Gividen (Liberty) and Jonathon Sharkey (R/VWP)

    2009-2013: 50) Rupert Boneham (R) – lost re-election
    2008: Jill Long Thompson (D)

    2013-2021: 51) John R. Gregg (D) – term-limited
    2012: Rupert Boneham (R)
    2016: Allen Lucas Messer (R) and Thomas McDermott Jr. (Rent Regulation, endorsed by Jimmy McMillan/NY Working Families)

    2021-present: 52) Ben Quayle (R) – incumbent
    2020: Jonathan Weinzapfel (D) and Karen Freeman-Wilson (Green)

    Lieutenant Governors of INDIANA
    1961-1965: 41) Richard O. Ristine (D)
    1965-1969: 42) Robert L. Rock (D)
    1969-1973: 43) Richard C. Bodine (D)
    1973-1981: 44) Robert D. Orr (R)
    1981-1989: 45) John Mutz (R)
    1989-1997: 46) Frank O’Bannon (D)
    1997-2005: 47) Linley E. Pearson (R)
    2005-2013: 48) David McIntosh (R)
    2013-2021: 49) Mitch Daniels (R)
    2021-present: 50) Jennifer McCormick (R)



    Governors of IOWA

    1961-1963: 35) Norman A. Erbe (R) – lost re-election
    1960: Edward J. McManus (D)

    1963-1967: 36) Harold Hughes (D) – resigned
    1962: Norman A. Erbe (R)
    1964: Evan L. “Curly” Hultman (R) and Robert Dilley (HIP)

    1967-1967: 37) Robert D. Fulton (D) – finished predecessor’s term

    1967-1971: 38) Robert D. Ray (R) – lost re-election
    1966: Robert D. Fulton (D) and David B. Quiner (HIP)
    1968: Paul Franzenburg (D)

    1971-1979: 39) Armour Boot (D) – retired
    1970: Robert D. Ray (R)
    1974: Arthur Alan Neu (R)

    1979-1983: 40) Chuck Grassley (R) – lost re-election
    1978: Jerome D. Fitzgerald (D)

    1983-1991: 41) Jo Ann McIntosh Zimmerman (D) – term-limited
    1982: Chuck Grassley (R)
    1986: Roxanne Conlin (R)

    1991-1999: 42) Joy Coming (R) – term-limited
    1990: Donald Avenson (D)
    1994: Bonnie Campbell (D)

    1999-2007: 43) Sally Pederson (D) – term-limited
    1998: Tom Tauke (R)
    2002: Kim Reynolds (R)

    2007-2015: 44) Fred Grandy (R) – former actor; term-limited
    2006: Mike Blouin (D)
    2010: Pam Jochum (D)

    2015-present: 45) Kimberly Ann McFadden (R) – incumbent
    2014: Jack Hatch (D) and Chris Reed (Independent R)
    2018: Cathy Glasson (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of IOWA
    1961-1965: 36) William Lewis Mooty (R)
    1965-1967: 37) Robert D. Fulton (D)
    1967-1975: 38) Roger Jepsen (R)
    1975-1983: 39) Roxanne Conlin (R)
    1983-1991: 40) Terry Branstad (R)
    1991-1995: 41) Bonnie Campbell (D)
    1995-2003: 42) Ann Dearing Holtgren Pellegreno (R)
    2003-2011: 43) Pam Jochum (D)
    2011-2019: 44) Cathy Glasson (D)
    2019-present: 45) Rita Hart (D)



    Governors of KANSAS

    1961-1965: 36) John Anderson Jr. (R) – retired
    1960: George Docking (D)
    1962: Dale Saffels (D)

    1965-1967: 37) William H. Avery (R) – lost re-election
    1964: Harry G. Wiles (D) and Kenneth L. Myers (HIP)

    1967-1975: 38) Robert B. Docking (D) – retired
    1966: William H. Avery (R) and Rolland Ernest Fisher (Prohibition)
    1968: Rick Harman (R)
    1970: Kent Frizzell (R)
    1972: Morris Kay (R)

    1975-1987: 39) Robert Frederick Bennett (R) – lost re-election
    1974: Vern Miller (D) and Marshall Uncapher (Prohibition)
    1978: John W. Carlin (D) and Frank W. Shelton Jr. (American)
    1982: John W. Carlin (D)

    1987-1995: 40) Jim Slattery (D) – retired
    1986: Robert Frederick Bennett (R)
    1990: Mike Hayden (R) and Christina Campbell-Cline (I)

    1995-2003: 41) Martha Keys (D) – term-limited
    1994: Jan Meyers (R)
    1998: Bill Graves (R)

    2003-2007: 42) Nancy Boyda (D) – term-limited
    2002: Tim Shallenburger (R)

    2007-2015: 43) Lynn Jenkins (R) – term-limited
    2006: Nancy Boyda (D)
    2010: Jill Docking (D)

    2015-present: 44) Susan Wagle (R) – incumbent
    2014: Carl Brewer (D)
    2018: Pam Horton Curtis (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of KANSAS
    1961-1965: 34) Harold H. Chase (R)
    1965-1973: 35) John Crutcher (R)
    1973-1975: 36) James H. DeCoursey Jr. (D)
    1975-1976: 37) Harold H. Chase (R)
    1976-1979: 38) Shelby Smith (R)
    1979-1987: 39) Paul Dugan (D)
    1987-1995: 40) Jack D. Walker (R)
    1995-2003: 41) Sheila Frahm (R)
    2003-2011: 42) Gary Sherrer (R)
    2011-2015: 43) Susan Wagle (R)
    2015-present: 44) Jeff Colyer (R)



    Governors of KENTUCKY

    1947-1950: 47) Earle Clements (D) – resigned
    1947: Eldon S. Dummit (R)

    1950-1955: 48) Lawrence Wetherby (D) – term-limited
    1951: Eugene Siler (R)

    1955-1959: 49) Harland David “(The) Colonel” Sanders Sr. (R) – retired as part of bipartisan deal to extend term limits
    1955: Albert B. “Happy” Chandler (D)

    1959-1967: 50) Bert T. Combs (D) – term-limited
    1959: Edwin Denney (R)
    1963: Louie Nunn (R)

    1967-1975: 51) John M. Robsion Jr. (R) – term-limited
    1967: Ed Breadthitt (D) and Christian Glanz (HIP)
    1971: Happy Chandler (D) and Louie Nunn (HIP)

    1975-1979: 52) Mary Louise Foust (R) – first female Governor; lost re-election
    1975: Wendell H. Ford (D) and Louie Nunn (HIP)

    1979-1980: 53) John B. Breckinridge (D) – died in office suddenly from a heart ailment
    1979: Mary Louise Foust (R)

    1980-1987: 54) Martha Layne Osborne (nee Hall) (D) – term-limited
    1981 (sp): Thurman Jerome Hamlin (R)
    1983: Jim Bunning (R)

    1987-1995: 55) Bucky Ray Jarrell (D) – term-limited
    1987: John Harper (R)
    1991: Larry Forgy (R)

    1995-1999: 56) Sonny Landham (R) – former actor; lost re-election
    1995: Bob Babbage (D)

    1999-2007: 57) Gatewood Galbraith (D) – term-limited
    1999: Sonny Landham (R) and Louie Nunn (I)
    2003: Rebecca Jackson (R)

    2007-2015: 58) Darryl Owens (D) – first African-American Governor of Kentucky; term-limited
    2007: Donna Walker Mancini (R) and Jackson W. Andrews (Independent Democrat)
    2011: Thomas Massie (R)

    2015-present: 59) Hal Heiner (R) – incumbent
    2015: Geoff Young (D)
    2019: Adam Edelen (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of KENTUCKY
    1947-1950: 40) Lawrence W. Wetherby (D)
    1950-1951: vacant
    1951-1955: 41) Doc Beauchamp (D)
    1955-1959: 42) Ed Denney (R)
    1959-1963: 43) Wilson W. Wyatt (D)
    1963-1967: 44) H. Bernie Lawrence (R)
    1967-1975: 45) Mary Louise Faust (R)
    1975-1979: 46) Thurman Jerome Hamlin (R)
    1979-1980: 47) Martha Layne Hall Osborne (D)
    1980-1980: vacant
    1980-1983: 48) Steve Beshear (D)
    1983-1987: 49) Brereton C. Jones (D)
    1987-1995: 50) Bob Babbage (D)
    1995-1999: 51) Rebecca Jackson (R)
    1999-2007: 52) Darryl Owens (D)
    2007-2015: 53) Geoff Young (D)
    2015-present: 54) Julie Denton (R)



    Governors of LOUISIANA

    1960-1964: (47)) Jimmie Davis (D) – term-limited
    1959: Francis Grevemberg (R)

    1964-1968: 49) Gillis Long (D) – term-limited
    1963: Charlton Lyons (R)

    1968-1972: 50) John J. McKeithen (D) – term-limited
    1967: Charlton Lyons (R) and John Rarick (HIP)

    1972-1976: (47)) Jimmie Davis (D) – term-limited
    1971: Robert Max Ross (R)

    1976-1980: 51) Edwin Edwards (D) – term-limited
    1975: Robert G. Jones (D) and Wade O. Martin Jr. (D)

    1980-1984: 52) James Edward “Jimmy” Fitzmorris Jr. (D) – term-limited
    1979: Edgar Gonzague “Sonny” Mouton Jr. (D)

    1984-1985: (49)) Gillis W. Long (D) – died in office suddenly from a heart attack
    1983: Henson Moore (R)

    1985-1988: 53) Robert Louis Freeman Sr. (D) – term-limited

    1988-1992: 54) Edith Kirkpatrick (D) – first female Governor of Louisiana; term-limited
    1987: Billy Tauzin (D), Speedy Oteria Long (D), James H. Brown (D), and Bob Livingston (R)

    1992-1996: 55) W. Fox McKeithen (R) – term-limited
    1991: Kathleen “Kat” Blanco (D)

    1996-2000: 56) Cleo Fields (D) – first African-American Governor of Louisiana; term-limited
    1995: T. Lee Horne III (R)

    2000-2004: (55)) W. Fox McKeithen (R) – term-limited
    1999: Melinda Schwegmann (D)

    2004-2008: 57) Harry Shearer (D) – term-limited and returned to acting
    2003: Huntington Downer (R)

    2008-2012: 58) Steve Scalise (R) – term-limited
    2007: Foster Campbell (D), Walt Boasso (D) and C. E. “Peppi” Bruneau Jr. (R)

    2012-2016: 59) Sharon Woodall Hewitt (R) – term-limited
    2011: Dorothy A. Brown

    2016-2020: 60) Joseph M. Nixon (R) – term-limited
    2015: John N. Kennedy (D)

    2020-present: 61) Caroline Fayard (D) – incumbent
    2019: Clay John Schexnayder (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of LOUISIANA
    1960-1972: 45) Clarence C. “Taddy” Aycock (D)
    1972-1980: 46) James Edward “Jimmy” Fitzmorris Jr. (D)
    1980-1985: 47) Robert Louis Freeman Sr. (D)
    1985-1985: vacant
    1985-1988: 48) James H. “Jim” Brown (D)
    1988-1992: 49) Paul Hardy (R)
    1992-1996: 50) Melinda Schwegmann (D)
    1996-2011: 51) Kathleen “Kat” Blanco (D)
    2011-2011: vacant
    2011-2012: 52) Sharon Woodall Hewitt (R)
    2012-2016: 53) Benedict G. “Benny” Rouselle (I)
    2016-present: 54) Elbert Guillory (R)



    Governors of MAINE

    1959-1959: 66) Clinton A. Clauson (D) – died in office
    1958: Horace A. Hildreth (R)

    1959-1971: 67) John H. Reed (R) – term-limited
    1962: Maynard Dolloff (D)
    1966: Kenneth M. Curtis (D)

    1971-1979: 68) Pete Kyros (D) – term-limited
    1970: James S. Erwin (R)
    1974: James B. Longley (I) and James Erwin (R)

    1979-1983: 69) Linwood E. Palmer Jr. (R) – lost re-election
    1978: Joseph Brennan (D)

    1983-1987: 70) Helen Longley (Progressive) – retired
    1982: Linwood E. Palmer Jr. (R) and Joseph Brennan (D)

    1987-1995: 71) Libby Mitchell (D) – term-limited
    1986: John McKernan (R) and Sherry Huber (Progressive)
    1990: Andrew Adam (R) and John Menario (Progressive)

    1995-2003: 72) James B. Longley Jr. (I) – term-limited
    1994: Andrew Adam (D) and Richard David Hewes (R)
    1998: Tom Connolly (D) and William Clarke (R)

    2003-2007: 73) Matthew Dunlap (D/DSA) – lost re-election
    2002: Tom Connolly (R), Jonathan Carter (G) and John Michael (I)

    2007-2015: 74) Peter E. Cianchette (R) – term-limited
    2006: incumbent Matthew Dunlap (D/DSA) and Jonathan Carter (G)
    2010: Barbara Merrill (D) and Lynne Williams (I)

    2015-2019: 75) Patricia LaMarche (Green) – lost re-election
    2014: Kimberley Clark Rosen (R) and Hannah Pingree (D)

    2019-present: 76) Cynthia Dill (D) – incumbent
    2018 (first round of RCV): Marianne Moore (R), Patricia LaMarche (Green) and Justin Alfond (Independent)
    2018 (final round of RCV): Marianne Moore (R)

    Presidents of the Senate of MAINE
    1958-1959: John H. Reed (R)
    1959-1962: Earle M. Hillman (R)
    1962-1964: Robert A. Marden (R)
    1964-1968: Carlton Day Reed Jr. (D)
    1968-1974: Kenneth P. MacLeod (R)
    1974-1982: Joseph Sewall (R)
    1982-1984: Gerard Conley (D)
    1984-1992: Charles P. Pray (D)
    1992-1996: Dennis L. Dutremble (D)
    1996-2000: Jeffrey Butland (R)
    2000-2001: Mike Michaud (D)
    2001-2002: Richard A. Bennett (R)
    2002-2008: Beverly Daggett (D)
    2008-2012: Beth Edmonds (D)
    2012-2016: Eloise Vitelli (D)
    2016-2020: Catherine Breen (D)
    2020-present: Matthea Elisabeth Larsen-Daughtry (D)



    Governors of MARYLAND

    1959-1967: 54) J. Millard Tawes (D) – term-limited
    1958: James P. S. Devereux (R)
    1962: Frank Small Jr. (R)

    1967-1971: 55) Spiro Agnew (R) – Greek-American; lost re-election
    1966: Hyman Pressman (D) and George Mahoney (HIP)

    1971-1977: 56) Marvin Mandel (D) – resigned
    1970: Spiro Agnew (R) and Robert Woods Merkle Sr. (HIP)
    1974: Louise Gore (R)

    1977-1987: 57) Blair Lee III (D) – term-limited
    1978: John Glenn Beall Jr. (R)
    1982: Robert A. Pascal (R)

    1987-1990: 58) William O. Mills (R) – committed suicide amid numerous scandals
    1986: Stephen H. Sachs (D)

    1990-1991: 59) Melvin A. Bilal (R) – lost election

    1991-1999: 60) Decatur “Bucky” Trotter (D)
    – term-limited
    1990: Melvin A. Bilal (R)
    1994: Ellen Sauerbrey (R)

    1999-2007: 61) Eileen Rehrmann (D) – lost re-election
    1998: Helen Delich Bentley (R)
    2002: Spear Lancaster (R)

    2007-2015: 62) John P. Sarbanes (D) – term-limited
    2006: Bob Ehrlich (R)
    2010: Dean Ahmad (R/L) and Dan Bongino (I)

    2015-present: 63) Kumar P. Barve (D) – incumbent
    2014: Daniel Bongino (R)
    2018: Jonathan Bartlett Jennings (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of MARYLAND
    1971-1977: 2) Blair Lee III (D)
    1977-1983: 3) Samuel W. Bogley (D)
    1983-1987: 4) J. Joseph Curran Jr. (D)
    1987-1990: 5) Melvin A. Bilal (R)
    1990-1991: 6) Ellen Sauerbrey (R)
    1991-1999: 7) Eileen M. Rehrmann (D)
    1999-2007: 8) Parris Glendening (D)
    2007-2015: 9) Kumar P. Barve (D)
    2015-present: 10) Kenneth Ulman (D)



    Governors of MASSACHUSETTS

    1961-1963: 61) John Volpe (R) – lost re-election
    1960: Joseph D. Ward (D)

    1963-1965: 62) Endicott Peabody (D) – lost re-election
    1962: John Volpe (R)

    1965-1971: 63) John Volpe (R) – retired
    1964: Endicott Peabody (D)
    1966: Edward J. McCormack Jr. (D)

    1971-1977: 64) Pierre Salinger (D) – resigned
    1970: Francis W. Sargent (R)
    1974: John Frederick Collins (R)

    1977-1991: 65) Michael Dukakis (D) – retired
    1978: Lou Nickinello (R)
    1982: Christopher A. Iannella (R) and Paul Tsongas (Liberty)
    1986: George Kariotis (R), John Cassavetes (Liberty), Christy Mihos (I) and Nick Paleologos (I)

    1991-1999: 66) Evelyn Murphy (D) – lost re-nomination
    1990: Steven Pierce (R)
    1994: Paul Tsongas (Liberty) and Argeo Paul Cellucci (R)

    1999-2015: 67) Michael Dukakis (D) – retired
    1998: George Bachrach (R) and Paul Loscocco (I)
    2002: Daniel Grabauskas (R)
    2006: Christy Mihos (R)
    2010: Patrick Guerriero (R)

    2015-present: 68) Maura Healey (D) – incumbent
    2014: Gabriel Eduardo Gomez (R) and Scott Lively (Boulder)
    2018 (RCV): Kerry Healey (R), Bruce Tarr (R), Steven Xiarhos (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of MASSACHUSETTS
    1961-1963: 60) Edward F. McLaughlin Jr. (D)
    1963-1965: 61) Francis X. Bellotti (D)
    1965-1967: 62) Elliot Richardson (R)
    1967-1971: 63) Francis Sargent (R)
    1971-1977: 64) Michael Dukakis (D)
    1977-1979: vacant
    1979-1987: 65) Thomas P. O’Neill III (D)
    1987-1991: 66) Joyce Spiliotis (D)
    1991-1999: 67) Ted Speliotis (D)
    1999-2007: 68) Sally Kerans (D)
    2007-2011: 69) Gale Candaras (D)
    2011-2015: 70) Demetrius Atsalis (D)
    2015-2019: 71) Leland Cheung (D)
    2019-present: 72) Jay Gonzalez (D)



    Governors of MICHIGAN

    1961-1963: 42) John Swainson (D) – lost re-election
    1960: Paul D. Bagwell (R)

    1963-1971: 43) George W. Romney (R) – retired
    1962: John Swainson (D)
    1964: Neil O. Staebler (D)
    1966: Zolton Ferency (D)

    1971-1979: 44) Martha Griffiths (D) – retired
    1970: William Milliken (R)
    1974: Marvin Leonel Esch (R)

    1979-1983: 45) Soapy Williams (D) – retired
    1978: William Milliken (R)

    1983-1989: 46) Elly M. Peterson (R) – resigned
    1982: Soapy Williams (D), Don Riegle (Progressive) and Jimmy Hoffa (Workers’)
    1986: William B. Fitzgerald Jr. (D)

    1989-1991: 47) James H. Brickley (R) – lost election

    1991-2003: 48) James J. Blanchard (D)
    – lost re-election
    1990: James H. Brickley (R)
    1994: Connie Binsfeld (R)
    1998: Allen Alley (R)

    2003-2011: 49) Ronna Romney (R) – retired
    2002: James J. Blanchard (D)
    2006: David Bonior (D)

    2011-2019: 50) Michael Moore (D) – retired
    2010: Cornelius Pieter “Pete” Hoekstra (R)
    2014: John Hoogendyk (R)

    2019-present: 51) Brian Calley (R) – incumbent
    2018: Abdul El-Sayed (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of MICHIGAN
    1959-1961: 52) John Swainson (D)
    1961-1965: 53) T. John Lesinski (D)
    1965-1971: 54) William G. Milliken (R)
    1971-1975: 55) Carl Levin (D)
    1975-1983: 56) James Damman (R)
    1983-1989: 57) James H. Brickley (R)
    1989-1989: vacant
    1989-1991: 58) Connie Binsfeld (R)
    1991-2003: 59) Olivia Maynard (D)
    2003-2011: 60) Dick Posthumus (R)
    2011-2019: 61) Lisa Brown (D)
    2019-present: 62) Patrick J. Colbeck (R)



    Governors of MINNESOTA

    1955-1963: 29) Orville Freeman (DFL) – lost re-election
    1954: C. Elmer Anderson (R)
    1956: Ancher Nelson (R)
    1958: George MacKinnon (R)
    1960: Elmer L. Andersen (R)

    1963-1967: 30) Donald Orr Wright Sr. (R) – lost re-nomination
    1962: Orville Freeman (DFL)

    1967-1975: 31) Coya Knutson (DFL) – first female Governor of Minnesota; retired
    1966: Harold LeVander (R)
    1970: Douglas M. Head (R)

    1975-1976: 32) Odin Langen (R) – resigned
    1974: Edward J. Gearty (DFL)

    1976-1979: 33) Clark MacGregor (R) – lost election

    1979-1991: 34) Coya Knutson (DFL) – retired
    1978: Clark MacGregor (R) and Richard Pedersen (American)
    1982: Wheelock “Whee” Whitney Jr. (Independent-Republican-Liberty)
    1986: Jon Grunseth (Independent-Republican-Liberty) and Florian Chmielewski (I)

    1991-1995: 35) Rudy Perpich (DFL) – died in office from cancer
    1990: Bill Frenzel (R), Jerome M. Hughes (Independent), and Arlan Stangeland (Liberty)
    1994: Harveydale Maruska (IRL (Independence-Republican-Liberty))

    1995-2000: 36) Paul David Wellstone (DFL) – resigned to become Vice President of the United States
    1998: Frank Germann (IRL) and Warren Limmer (Sanctity)

    2000-2011: 37) Nancy Elizabeth Lee Johnson (DFL) – retired
    2002: Steven Sviggum (IRL)
    2006: Tom Emmer (IRL)

    2011-2016: 38) Alex Kozinski (IRL) – impeached
    2010: Rick Nolan (DFL), David Tomassoni (Green) and Rick Staneck (Boulder)
    2014: Margaret Kelliher (DFL) and Sandy Pappas (Green)

    2016-2019: 39) Michelle Bachmann (IRL) – lost re-election

    2019-present: 40) Melvin Carter (DFL) – first African-American Governor of Minnesota; incumbent
    2018: Michelle Bachmann (IRL) and Maureen Reed (Green)

    Lieutenant Governors of MINNESOTA
    1955-1963: 36) Karl Rolvaag (DFL)
    1963-1967: 37) Alex Keith (DFL)
    1967-1975: 38) Ed Gearty (DFL)
    1975-1976: 39) Clark MacGregor (R)
    1976-1976: vacant
    1976-1979: 40) Wheelock “Whee” Whitney Jr. (R)
    1979-1983: 41) Warren Spannaus (DFL)
    1983-1989: 42) Rudy Perpich (DFL)
    1989-1989: vacant
    1989-1991: 43) Marlene Johnson (DFL)
    1991-1995: 44) Paul Wellstone (DFL)
    1995-1995: vacant
    1995-2000: 45) Nancy Johnson (DFL)
    2000-2001: vacant
    2001-2011: 46) Judy Dutcher (DFL)
    2011-2016: 47) Michelle Bachmann (IRL)
    2016-2016: vacant
    2016-2019: 48) Patti Anderson (IRL)
    2019-present: 49) Rebecca Otto (DFL)



    Governors of MISSISSIPPI

    1960-1964: 53) Ross Barnett (D) – term-limited
    1959: unopposed

    1964-1968: 54) Paul B. Johnson Jr. (D) – term-limited
    1963: Ruben Phillips (R)

    1968-1972: 55) Ruben Phillips (R) – term-limited
    1967: William Winter (D)

    1972-1976: 56) Walter Nixon (D) – term-limited
    1971: Gil Carmichael (R) and Charles Evers (I)

    1976-1980: 57) William Winter (D) – term-limited
    1975: Gil Carmichael (R)

    1980-1984: 58) Evelyn Gandy (D) – term-limited
    1979: Charles Evers (R) and Arthur Eaves Sr. (I)

    1984-1986: 59) Cliff Finch (D) – died in office from a sudden heart attack
    1983: Wayne Dowdy (R)

    1986-1988: 60) Evelyn Gandy (D) – retired

    1988-1996: 61) Ray Mabus (D) – term-limited
    1987: Rex Armistead (R)
    1991: Pete Johnson (R)

    1996-2000: 62) Rev. Estus Pirkle (R) – lost re-election
    1995: Dick Molpus (D)

    2000-2004: 63) Unita Zelma Blackwell (D) – first female African-American Governor of Mississippi; retired
    1999: Estus Pirkle (R) and Ed Briggs (M)

    2004-2008: 64) James Earl Chaney (D) – lost re-election
    2003: Cecil Ray Price (R)

    2008-2012: 65) Hudson Holliday (R) – retired
    2007: James Earl Chaney (D) and Louis Fondren (Reform)

    2012-2016: 66) Martha Rainville (R) – lost re-nomination
    2011: Jim Hood (D)

    2016-present: 67) Robert Gray (D) – incumbent
    2015: Michael Watson (R)
    2019: Phil Gunn (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of MISSISSIPPI
    1960-1964: 23) Paul B. Johnson Jr. (D)
    1964-1966: (22)) Carroll Gartin (D)
    1966-1968: vacant
    1968-1972: 24) Charles L. Sullivan (D)
    1972-1976: 25) Cliff Finch (D)
    1976-1980: 26) Evelyn Gandy (D)
    1980-1984: (25)) Cliff Finch (D)
    1984-1986: (26)) Evelyn Gandy (D)
    1986-1988: vacant
    1988-1996: 27) Brad Dye (D)
    1996-2004: 28) Eddie Briggs (R)
    2004-2012: 29) Michael Watson (R)
    2012-2020: (28)) Eddie Briggs (R)
    2020-present: 30) Jason M. White (R)



    Governors of MISSOURI

    1957-1965: 44) James T. Blair Jr. (D) – term-limited
    1956: Lon Hocker (R)
    1960: Edward G. Farmer (R)

    1965-1973: 45) Ethan A. H. Shepley (R) – term-limited
    1964: Warren E. Hearnes (D)
    1968: Thomas F. Eagleton (D), Lawrence K. Roos (Missourian) and Bill Beeny (HIP)

    1973-1977: 46) James W. Symington (D) – lost re-nomination
    1972: Christopher S. “Kit” Bond (R)

    1977-1985: 47) Bill Bradley (D) – term-limited
    1976: Harvey F. Euge (R) and Helen Savio (I)
    1980: Bill Phelps (R)

    1985-1993: 48) Betty Cooper Hearnes (D) – term-limited
    1984: Gene McNary (R) and Ken Rothman (I)
    1988: Mike Roberts (R) and John Ashcroft (Country)

    1993-2001: 49) Mel Carnahan (D) – term-limited
    1992: William L. Webster (R)
    1996: Margaret Blake Kelly (R)

    2001-2009: 50) Cynthia Bowers (D) – term-limited
    2000: Jim Talent (R) and Bob Holden (I)
    2004: John Swenson (R)

    2009-2017: 51) Perry B. Clark (D) – term-limited
    2008: Kenny Hulshof (R)
    2012: Dave Spence (R)

    2017-2018: 52) Tom Schweich (R) – resigned to seek mental health assistance after experiencing serious thoughts of suicide
    2016: Chris Koster (D)

    2018-present: 53) Catherine Hanaway (R) – incumbent
    2020: Sylvester “Sly” James Jr. (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of MISSOURI
    1961-1965: 37) Hilary A. Bush (D)
    1965-1969: 38) Thomas Eagleton (D)
    1969-1977: 39) William S. Morris (D)
    1977-1981: 40) William C. Phelps (R)
    1981-1989: 41) William L. Webster (R)
    1989-1993: 42) N. William Emerson (R)
    1993-1996: 43) Vincent C. Schoemehl (D)
    1996-2001: 44) R. Wendell “Will” Bailey (R)
    2001-2009: 45) William White (R)
    2009-2017: 46) William Campbell (D)
    2017-2018: 47) Catherine Hanaway (R)
    2018-present: 48) William Randles (R)



    Governors of MONTANA

    1961-1962: 15) Donald G. Nutter (R) – died in plane crash
    1960: Paul Cannon (D)

    1962-1973: 16) Tim Babcock (R) – lost re-election
    1964: Roland Renne (D)
    1968: Forrest H. Anderson (D) and Wayne Montgomery (New Reform)

    1973-1981: 17) Thomas Lee Judge (D) – retired
    1972: Tim Babcock (R) and Ed Smith (New Reform)
    1976: Stanley G. Stephens (R)

    1981-1985: 18) Martin J. “Red” Beckman (D, I after losing re-nomination) – lost re-election
    1980: Jack Ramirez (R)

    1985-1993: 19) Dorothy Bradley (D) – first female Governor; retired
    1984: Pat Goodover (R) and Red Beckman (I)
    1988: Stan Stephens (R)

    1993-1997: 20) Gordon McOmber (D) – lost re-election
    1992: Marc Racicot (R)

    1997-2005: 21) Denny Rehberg (R) – retired
    1996: Gordon McOmber (D)
    2000: Mark O’Keefe (D)

    2005-2006: 22) Thomas Lee Judge (D) – died
    2004: Bob Brown (R)

    2006-2013: 23) Michael R. Cooney (D) – retired
    2008: Rick Hill (R) and Ben Garrison (Boulder)

    2013-2021: 24) Rocky McCain (R) – retired
    2012: Brian Schweitzer (D), Ben Garrison (Boulder) and Lloyd Havaw Reese (I)
    2016: Bill McChesney (D)

    2021-present: 25) Bob Quist (D) – incumbent
    2020: Albert Olszewski (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of MONTANA
    1961-1962: 21) Tim Babcock (R)
    1962-1963: vacant
    1963-1973: 22) Thomas Lee Judge (D)
    1973-1981: 23) Martin J. “Red” Beckman (D)
    1981-1989: 24) Stan Stephens (R)
    1989-1993: 25) Gordon McOmber (D)
    1993-1997: 26) Denny Rehberg (R)
    1997-2005: 27) Judy Martz (R)
    2005-2006: 28) Michael Cooney (D)
    2006-2007: vacant
    2007-2009: 29) Carol Williams (D)
    2009-2013: 30) Amanda Curtis (D)
    2013-2021: 31) Jon Sonju (R)
    2021-present: 32) Linda McCulloch (D)



    Governors of NEBRASKA

    1959-1960: 29) Ralph G. Brooks (D) – died
    1958: Victor Anderson (R)

    1960-1961: 30) Dwight W. Burney (R) – retired

    1961-1971: 31) Frank B. Morrison (D)
    – retired
    1960: John R. Cooper (R)
    1962: Fred Seaton (R)
    1964: Dwight W. Burney (R)
    1966: Philip Hart Weaver (R) and Philip C. Sorensen (Liberal)

    1971-1979: 32) J. James Exon (D) – term-limited
    1970: Albert C. Walsh (R)
    1974: Richard Marvel (R) and Ernie Chambers (I)

    1979-1987: 33) Charles Thone (R) – term-limited
    1978: Gerald T. Whelan (D)
    1982: J. Robert “Bob” Kerrey (D)

    1987-1995: 34) Helen Boosalis (D) – term-limited
    1986: Kay A. Orr (R)
    1990: David Domina (R)

    1995-2003: 35) Kay A. Orr (R) – term-limited
    1994: Maxine B. Moul (D)
    1998: Kim Robak (D)

    2003-2011: 36) Lowen Kruse (D) – term-limited
    2002: Mike Johanns (R) and Stormy Dean (I)
    2006: Dave Nabity (R)

    2011-2015: 37) Ernie Chambers (I) – lost re-election
    2010: John W. DeCamp (R) and Brenda J. Council (D)

    2015-2020: 38) David K. Karnes (R) – resigned due to worsening cancer and died soon afterwards
    2014: Kim Robak (D) and Ernie Chambers (I)
    2018: Steve Lathrop (D)

    2020-present: 39) Beau McCoy (R) – incumbent

    Lieutenant Governors of NEBRASKA
    1957-1960: 26) Dwight W. Burney (R)
    1960-1965: 27) John E. Everroad (R)
    1965-1967: 28) Philip C. Sorensen (D)
    1967-1975: 29) Frank Marsh (R)
    1975-1979: 30) Gerald T. Whelan (D)
    1979-1987: 31) Roland A. Luedtke (R)
    1987-1995: 32) Donald F. McGinley (D)
    1995-2003: 33) Mike Johanns (R)
    2003-2011: 34) Brenda J. Council (D)
    2011-2019: 35) John E. Nelson (R)
    2019-2020: 36) Beau McCoy (R)
    2020-present: 37) Charlie Janssen (R)



    Governors of NEVADA

    1959-1971: 21) F. Grant Sawyer (D) – retired
    1958: Charles H. Russell (R)
    1962: Oran K. Grayson (R)
    1966: Wilford Owen Woodruff (R) and Lloyd Gilbert (HIP)

    1971-1983: 22) Rex Bell Jr. (R) – retired
    1970: Mike O’Callaghan (D) and Charles Springer (I)
    1974: Henry W. “Hank” Thornley (D)
    1978: Robert E. Rose (D)

    1983-1995: 23) Joseph Yale Resnick (D) – retired
    1982: Clarence Clifton Young (R)
    1986: Ed Fike (R)
    1990: Charles Woods (R)

    1995-2007: 24) Doug Swanson (R) – retired
    1994: Sue Wagner (D)
    1998: Jan Laverty Jones (D)
    2002: Joe Neal (D)

    2007-2011: 25) Dennis Hof (R) – lost re-election
    2006: James B. Gibson (D)

    2011-2015: 26) Oscar Goodman (D) – lost re-election
    2010: Dennis Hof (R)

    2015-2019: 27) Randy Quaid (R) – lost re-election
    2014: Oscar Goodman (D)

    2019-present: 28) Lucy Flores (D) – incumbent
    2018: Randy Quaid (R) and Rory Reid (Compromise)

    Lieutenant Governors of NEVADA
    1955-1962: 21) Rex Bell (D)
    1962-1962: vacant
    1962-1963: 22) Maude Frazier (D)
    1963-1964: 23) Paul Laxalt (R)
    1964-1965: vacant
    1965-1967: 24) Cameron McVicar Batjer (I)
    1967-1971: 25) Ed Fike (R)
    1971-1975: 26) Harry M. Reid (D)
    1975-1979: 27) Robert E. Rose (D)
    1979-1987: 28) Ed Fike (R)
    1987-1995: 29) Sue Wagner (D)
    1995-2003: 30) Dawn Gibbons (R)
    2003-2011: 31) Nancy Saitta (R)
    2011-2019: 32) Frankie Sue Del Papa (D)
    2019-present: 33) George James Chanos (R)



    Governors of NEW HAMPSHIRE

    1959-1963: 70) Wesley Powell (R) – retired
    1958: Bernard L. Boutin (D)
    1960: Bernard L. Boutin (D

    1963-1967: 71) John W. King (D) – lost re-election
    1962: John Pillsbury (R)
    1964: John Pillsbury (R)

    1967-1973: 72) Harrison Reed Thyng (R) – retired
    1966: John W. King (D)
    1968: Emile R. Bussiere (D)
    1970: Meldrim Thomson Jr. (HIP) and Roger Crowley (D)

    1973-1981: 73) Malcolm McLane (D) – retired
    1972: Chester Earl Merrow (R)
    1974: David L. Nixon (R)
    1976: Walter R. Peterson Jr. (R)
    1978: Mabel Everett (R)

    1981-1985: 74) Walter R. Peterson Jr. (R) – retired
    1980: Thomas B. Wingate (D)
    1982: John W, King (D)

    1985-1991: 75) Calvin Warburton (R) – retired
    1984: Chris Spirou (D)
    1986: Paul McEachern (D) and Paul N. Gagnon (Independent)
    1988: Paul N. Gagnon (D)

    1991-1993: 76) Bob Smith (R) – lost re-election
    1990: Joe Grandmaison (D) and Miriam Luce (Liberty)

    1993-1997: 77) Chris Spirou (D) – lost re-election
    1992: Bob Smith (R) and Miriam Luce (Liberty)
    1994: Steve Winter (R)

    1997-1999: 78) Ovide Lamontagne (R) – lost re-election
    1996: Chris Spirou (D)

    1999-2005: 79) George Condodemetraky (D) – retired
    1998: Ovide Lamontage (R)
    2000: John Babiarz (R)
    2002: Craig Benson (R)

    2005-2009: 80) Kelley Ashby (R) – retired to run for a US Senate seat
    2004: John Lynch (D)
    2006: John Lynch (D)

    2009-2011: 81) Sherman Packard (R) – lost re-election
    2008: Mark Fernald (D)

    2011-2017: 82) Rushern L. Baker III (D) – retired
    2010: Sherman Packard (R)
    2012: John Henry Sununu (R) and William Byrk (I)
    2014: Walt Havenstein (R)

    2017-2021: 83) Darryl W. Perry (R) – lost re-election
    2016: Andrew Hosmer (D)
    2018: Andru H. Volinsky (D)

    2021-present: 84) Martha S. Hennessey (D) – incumbent
    2020: Darryl W. Perry (R)

    Presidents of the Senate of NEW HAMPSHIRE
    1959-1961: Norman A. Packard (R)
    1961-1963: Samuel Green (R)
    1963-1965: Phillip S. Dunlap ( R)
    1965-1968: Stewart Lamprey (R)
    1968-1970: Arthur Tufts (R)
    1970-1972: John R. Bradshaw (R)
    1972-1974: David L. Nixon (R)
    1974-1976: Alf E. Jacobson (R)
    1976-1978: Mabel Everett (R)
    1978-1980: Robert B. Monier (R)
    1980-1982: Vesta M. Roy (R)
    1982-1984: William S. Bartlett, Jr. (R)
    1984-1986: Edward C. Dupont, Jr. (R)
    1986-1988: Ralph D. Hough (R)
    1988-1990: Joseph L. Delahunty (R)
    1990-1992: David W. Hess (R)
    1992-1994: Sherman Packard (R)
    1994-1996: Clesson J. Blaisdell (D)
    1996-1998: Arthur P. Klemm, Jr. (R)
    1998-2000: Gary Lambert (R)
    2000-2002: Debora Pignatelli (D)
    2002-2004: Joseph E. “Jeb” Bradley (R)
    2004-2006: Bette R. Lasky (D)
    2006-2008: Michael D. Whalley (R)
    2008-2010: Lucinda “Cindy” Rosenwald (D)
    2010-2012: Gordon J. MacDonald (R)
    2012-2014: David Boutin (D)
    2014-2016: Joyce Craig (D)
    2016-2018: Kevin Cavanaugh (D)
    2018-2020: Dan Feltey (D)
    2020-present: Scott McGilvray (D)



    Governors of NEW JERSEY

    1954-1962: 44) Robert B. Meyner (D) – term-limited
    1953: Paul L. Troast (R)
    1957: Malcolm Forbes (R)

    1962-1970: 45) Richard J. Hughes (D) – term-limited
    1961: James P. Mitchell (R)
    1965: Wayne Dumont (R)

    1970-1978: 46) Francis X. McDermott (R) – term-limited
    1969: Alexander Buel “Sandy” Trowbridge III (D)
    1973: Ann Klein (D)

    1978-1986: 47) James J. Florio (D) – term-limited
    1977: Raymond Bateman (R)
    1981: Walter H. Jones (R)

    1986-1993: 48) Gloria A. Decker (D) – resigned
    1985: Barbara A. Curran (R)
    1989: W. Cary Edwards (R)

    1993-1994: Acting) Richard J. Codey (D) – retired

    1994-1997: 49) Maryanne Trump Giuliani (R) – resigned
    1993: Peter Shapiro (D)

    1997-1998: Acting) Richard J. Codey (D) – retired

    1998-1999: 50) Richard Pucci (D) – resigned
    1997: José F. Sosa (R)

    1999-2002: Acting) Richard J. Codey (D) – retired

    2002-2003: 51) John P. O’Neill (R) – resigned
    2001: Wilbur Ross (D)

    2003-2008: 52) Richard J. Codey (D) – resigned
    2005: Bret D. Schundler (R) and Joan Little (G)

    2008-2018: 53) Joe Louis Clark (D) – term-limited
    2009: Steve Lonegan (R)
    2013: Joe Kyrillos (R)

    2018-present: 54) Glenn K. Rieth (R) – incumbent
    2017: Stephen M. Sweeney (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of NEW JERSEY
    2006-2008: 1) Joe Louis Clark (D)
    2008-2018: 2) Peter Benson Carlisle (D)
    2018-present: 3) Anna Campbell Little (R)



    Governors of NEW MEXICO

    1961-1962: 19) Edwin L. Mechem (R) – resigned
    1960: John Burroughs (D)

    1962-1963: 20) Tom Bolack (R) – retired

    1963-1967: 21) Jack M. Campbell (D)
    – lost re-election
    1962: Edwin L. Mechem (R)
    1964: Merle H. Tucker (R)

    1967-1971: 22) David F. Cargo (R) – lost re-election
    1966: Jack M. Campbell (D)
    1968: Mack Easley (D)

    1971-1975: 23) Bruce King (D) – term-limited
    1970: David F. Cargo (R)

    1975-1979: 24) Jerry Apodaca (D) – term-limited
    1974: Pete Domenici (R) and Gene Gonzales (La Raza Unida)

    1979-1983: 25) Joe Skeen (R) – term-limited
    1978: Bruce King (D)

    1983-1987: 26) Toney Anaya (D) – term-limited
    1982: John B. Irick (R)

    1987-1991: 27) Fabian Chavez Jr. (D) – term-limited
    1986: Joseph H. Mercer (R)

    1991-1995: 28) Ben Lujan Sr. (D) – term-limited
    1990: Frank M. Bond (R)

    1995-1999: 29) Richard P. “Rick” Cheney (R) – term-limited
    1994: Paul G. Bardacke (D) and Bill Richardson (LRU)

    1999-2003: 30) Richard “Cheech” Marin (D/LRU) – term-limited
    1998: John Dendahl (R)

    2003-2007: 31) Gary Earl Johnson (R/Liberty) – term-limited
    2002: Martin David Bacon (D/Green/DSA/LRU)

    2007-2011: 32) Martin Chavez (D/LRU) – term-limited
    2006: John A. Sanchez (R)

    2011-2015: 33) Gary Earl Johnson (R/Liberty) – term-limited
    2010: Jim Baca (D/La Raza Unida)

    2015-2019: 34) Allen Edward Weh (R) – term-limited
    2014: Gary King (D)

    2019-present: 35) Javier Gonzales (D) – incumbent
    2018: Aubrey Dunn Jr. (R) and Hector Hugo Balderas Jr. (Independent Democratic)

    Lieutenant Governors of NEW MEXICO
    1961-1962: 18) Tom Bolack (R)
    1962-1963: vacant
    1963-1967: 19) Mack Easley (D)
    1967-1971: 20) Lee Francis (R)
    1971-1972: 21) Roberto Mondragon (D)
    1972-1975: vacant
    1975-1979: 22) Robert E. Ferguson (D)
    1979-1983: 23) Lee Francis (R)
    1983-1987: 24) Fabian Chavez Jr. (D)
    1987-1991: 25) Paul G. Bardacke (D)
    1991-1995: 26) Casey Luna (D)
    1995-1999: 27) John Dendahl (R)
    1999-2003: 28) Martin David Bacon (D)
    2003-2007: 29) John A. Sanchez (R)
    2007-2011: 30) Jim Baca (D)
    2011-2015: 31) John A. Sanchez (R)
    2015-2019: 32) Aubrey Dunn Jr. (R)
    2019-present: 33) Howie Morales (D)



    Governors of NEW YORK

    1/1/1959-1/23/1965: 49) Nelson Rockefeller (R) – resigned to take a Cabinet position in the Sanders Administration
    1958: W. Averell Harriman (D)
    1962: Robert Morgenthau (D)

    1/23/1965-12/31/1966: 50) Malcolm Wilson (R) – lost election

    1/1/1967-1/3/1981: 51) Mario Biaggi (D until 1978, Conservative 1978-1979, D after 1979) – resigned to take US Senate seat
    1966: Malcolm Wilson (R) and Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. (Liberal)
    1970: Steven Boghos Derounian (R), Arthur J. Goldberg (Liberal) and Norman Mailer (Natural Mind)
    1974: Peter A. Peyser (R/Liberal)
    1978: Hugh Carey (D), Nelson Rockefeller (R/Liberal) and Mary Jane Tobin (Independence)

    1/3/1981-12/31/1998: 52) Mario Cuomo (D) – retired
    1982: Lewis Lehrman (R/Conservative)
    1986: Paul J. Curran (R/Conservative), Denis Dillon (Life) and Lenora Fulani (Green)
    1990: Pierre Andrew Rinfret (R), Herbert London (Conservative), and Louis P. Wein (Life)
    1994: Tom Golisano (Conservative) and Herbert London (R)

    1/1/1999-12/31/2002: 53) Bernadette Castro (R) – lost re-election
    1998: Mary Anne Krupsak (D), Tom Golisano (I), Roy Innis (WF), Rudy Giuliani (C), Al Lewis (G), Evan Galbraith (L), and Lenora Fulani (NM)

    1/1/2003-2/21/2009: 54) Andrew Cuomo (D) – resigned to become a US Ambassador under President Wellstone
    2002: Bernadette Castro (R)
    2006: James Bacalles (R)

    2/21/2009-12/31/2010: 55) Matthew Driscoll (D) – lost election

    1/1/2011-12/31/2014: 56) Blase Thomas “Tom” Golisano (I) – billionaire; retired; declined running for President in 2012, 2016 and 2020
    2010: Matthew Driscoll (D/Liberal), Andrea Stewart-Cousins (Working Families/Green), William Christie Samuels (Progressive), John Edward Sweeney (R/Conservative), and Robert “Naked Cowboy” Burck (Independence/Natural Mind)

    1/1/2015-present: 57) Michael Gianaris (D) – first Greek-American Governor of New York; incumbent
    2014: John M. Kennedy Jr. (R)
    2018: Michael H. Ranzenhofer (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of NEW YORK
    1959-1965: Malcolm Wilson (R)
    1965-1965: Acting) Joseph Zaretski (D)
    1965-1966: Acting) Earl W. Brydges (R)
    1967-1978: Howard J. Samuels (D)
    1979-1981: Mario Cuomo (D)
    1981-1982: Acting) Warren M. Anderson (R)
    1983-1984: Howard J. Samuels (D)
    1984-1986: Acting) Warren M. Anderson (R)
    1987-1998: Basil Alexander Paterson (D)
    1999-2001: Ralph J. Marino (R)
    2001-2002: Acting) William Christie Samuels (D)
    2003-2006: Ken Auletta (D)
    2007-2009: Matthew Driscoll (D)
    2009-2010: Acting) Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D)
    2011-2014: Tom Ognibene (I)
    2015-present: RoAnn Maggiolino Destito (D)



    Governors of NORTH CAROLINA

    1961-1965: 65) Terry Sanford (D) – term-limited
    1960: Robert L. Gavin (R)

    1965-1969: 66) Daniel K. Moore (D) – term-limited
    1964: Robert L. Gavin (R)

    1969-1973: 67) James Carson Gardner (R) – term-limited
    1968: Robert W. Scott (D)

    1973-1977: 68) Walter B. Jones Sr. (D) – term-limited
    1972: James Holshouser (R), Hargrove “Skipper” Bowles (Independent Democrat), and Arlis F. Pettyjohn (HIP)

    1977-1985: 69) Jim Hunt (D) – term-limited
    1976: David Flaherty (R) and Herbert F. “Chub” Seawall Jr. (Country)
    1980: Jesse Helms (R)

    1985-1989: 70) Elizabeth Hanford “Liddy” Gardner (R) – lost re-election
    1984: Rufus L. Edmisten (D)

    1989-1997: 71) Harvey Gantt (D) – term-limited
    1988: Liddy Gardner (R), Ruby T. Hooper (Independent) and Jesse Helms (Exposure)
    1992: Scott McLaughlin (R)

    1997-2001: 72) James Carson Gardner (R) – lost re-election
    1996: Lacy Thornburg (D)

    2001-2009: 73) Jim Hunt (D) – term-limited
    2000: James Carson Gardner (R)
    2004: Patrick Ballantine (R)

    2009-2013: 74) Fern Shubert (D until mid-2009, then R) – lost re-election
    2008: Fred Smith (R)

    2013-2018: 75) Helen Elizabeth “Beth” Garrett (D) – died
    2012: Fern Shubert (R)
    2016: Clyde Robert Brawley (R)

    2018-2021: 76) Cherie K. Berry (R) – lost election

    2021-present: 77) Rachel Hunt (D)
    – incumbent
    2020: Cherie K. Berry (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of NORTH CAROLINA
    1961-1961: 24) Harvey Cloyd Philpott (D)
    1961-1965: vacant
    1965-1969: 25) Robert W. Scott (D)
    1969-1973: 26) Walter B. Jones Sr. (D)
    1973-1977: 27) Jim Hunt (D)
    1977-1985: 28) Rufus L. Edmisten (D)
    1985-1993: 29) Robert B. Jordan (D)
    1993-2001: 30) Dennis Wicker (D)
    2001-2009: 31) Bev Perdue (D)
    2009-2013: 32) Robert Pittenger (R)
    2013-2017: 33) Linda Coleman (D)
    2017-2018: 34) Cherie K. Berry (R)
    2018-2021: vacant
    2021-present: 35) Chaz Beasley (D)



    Governors of NORTH DAKOTA

    1961-1973: 26) William L. Guy (D) – retired
    1960: Clarence P. Dahl (R) and Herschel Lashkowitz (Independent)
    1962: Mark Andrews (R)
    1964: Donald M. Halcrow (R)
    1968: Robert P. McCarney (R)

    1973-1981: 27) Aloha Pearl Taylor Brown Eagles (R) – retired; ran for President in 1980
    1972: Charles Tighe (D)
    1976: Sophus Vernon Trom (D)

    1981-1987: 28) Ruth Meiers (D) – died in office from cancer
    1980: Ernest Sands (R)
    1984: Anna Bourgois (R)

    1987-1993: 29) George A. Sinner (D) – retired
    1988: Rosemarie Myrdal (R)

    1993-2001: 30) Edward Thomas Schafer (R) – retired
    1992: Nicholas Spaeth (D)
    1996: Eliot Glassheim (D)

    2001-2009: 31) Tracy Potter (D) – retired
    2000: John Hoeven (R)
    2004: Roland Riemers (R)

    2009-2017: 32) Heidi Heitkamp (D) – retired
    2008: Tim Mathem (R)
    2012: Rick Berg (R)

    2017-present: 33) Jasper Schneider (R) – incumbent
    2016: Ryan Taylor (D)
    2020: Anthony Weiner (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of NORTH DAKOTA
    1961-1963: 27) Orville W. Hagen (R)
    1963-1965: 28) Frank A. Wenstrom (R)
    1965-1973: 29) Charles Tighe (R)
    1973-1981: 30) Wayne G. Sanstead (D)
    1981-1987: 31) George A. Sinner (D)
    1987-1989: 32) Lloyd Omdahl (D)
    1989-1997: 33) Ernest Sands (R)
    1997-2005: 34) Roland Riemers (R)
    2005-2013: 35) Rick Berg (R)
    2013-2017: 36) Ryan Taylor (D)
    2017-present: 37) Drew Wrigley (R)



    Governors of OHIO

    1959-1963: 60) Michael V. DiSalle (D) – lost re-election
    1958: C. William O’Neill (D)

    1963-1971: 61) Jim Rhodes (R) – term-limited
    1962: Michael DiSalle (D)
    1966: Frazier Reams Jr. (D)

    1971-1979: 62) Buz Lukens (R) – term-limited
    1970: Robert E. Sweeney (D), Roger Cloud (IR) and Edward T. Lawton (HIP)
    1974: Robert E. Sweeney (D)

    1979-1987: 63) Jim Rhodes (R) – term-limited
    1978: J. J. Gilligan (D)
    1982: Dick Celeste (D)

    1987-1995: 64) Jerry Springer (D) – term-limited
    1986: Paul E. Gillmor (R)
    1990: George Voinovich (R) and Ron Daniels (I)

    1995-1999: 65) William J. Brown (D) – died from heart issue
    1994: Bob Taft (R)
    1998: Greg Lashutka (R)

    1999-2003: 66) Douglas DeGood (D) – died in plane crash
    2002: Paul Eugene Gillmor (R)

    2003-2007: 67) Sherrod Brown (D) – retired to successfully run for the US Senate

    2007-2015: 68) Maureen O’Connor (R) – term-limited
    2006: Michael B. Coleman (D)
    2010: Robert L. Burch Jr. (D)

    2015-2019: 69) James M. “Jim” Petro (R) – lost re-election
    2014: Robert “Bob” Fitrakis (D)

    2019-present: 70) Yvette McGee Brown (D) – incumbent
    2018: James M. “Jim” Petro (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of OHIO
    1959-1963: 53) John W. Donahey (D)
    1963-1979: 54) John W. Brown (R)
    1979-1984: 55) George Voinovich (R)
    1987-1999: 56) Paul R. Leonard (D)
    1999-1999: 57) William J. Brown (D)
    2003-2003: 58) Sherrod Brown (D)
    2004-2007: 59) Robert L. Burch Jr. (D)
    2007-2015: 60) Jim Renacci (R)
    2015-2019: 61) Mary Taylor (R)
    2019-present: 62) Joseph Schiavoni (D)



    Governors of OKLAHOMA

    1955-1959: 15) Raymond D. Gary (D) – retired
    1954: Reuben K. Sparks (R)

    1959-1963: 16) J. Howard Edmondson (D) – resigned
    1958: Phil Ferguson (R) and D. A. Jelly Bryce (I)

    1963: 17) George Patterson Nigh (D) – finished Edmondson’s term

    1963-1971: 18) Henry Bellmon (R) – term-limited
    1962: W. P. Bill Atkinson (D)
    1966: Preston J. Moore (D)

    1971-1979: 19) David Hall (D) – term-limited
    1970: Dewey F. Bartlett (R) and Reel Little (HIP)
    1974: Jim Inhofe (R)

    1979-1983: 20) George Patterson Nigh (D) – lost re-election
    1978: Ron Shotts (R)

    1983-1987: 21) Neal McCaleb (R) – retired
    1982: George Patterson Nigh (D) and Howard Bell (Progressive)

    1987-1991: 22) Mike Turpen (D) – lost re-election
    1986: Robert N. Goodhead (R) and Mike Fair (I)

    1991-1995: 23) Bill Price (R) – lost re-election
    1990: Mike Turpen (D) and Thomas Ledgerwood II (I)

    1995-2003: 24) Robert S. Kerr III (D) – term-limited
    1994: Wes Watkins (I) and incumbent Bill Price (R)
    1998: Hoppy Heidelberg (R)

    2003-2011: 25) J. C. Watts Jr. (R) – term-limited
    2002: Brad Henry (D)
    2006: Constance Johnson (D)

    2011-2019: 26) Rebecca Hamilton (R) – term-limited
    2010: Randy William Bass (Boulder) and Susan Savage (D)
    2014: Elizabeth Herring (D) and R. J. Harris (Liberty)

    2019-present: 27) T. W. Shannon (R) – incumbent
    2018: Anastasia A. Pittman (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of OKLAHOMA
    1955-1959: 7) Cowboy Pink Williams (D)
    1959-1963: 8) George Nigh (D)
    1963-1967: 9) Leo Winters (D)
    1967-1979: 10) George Nigh (D)
    1979-1987: 11) Spencer Bernard (D)
    1987-1995: 12) Robert S. Kerr III (D)
    1995-2003: 13) Mary Fallin (R)
    2003-2011: 14) Rebecca Hamilton (R)
    2011-2015: 15) R. J. Harris (R until 2014, then Liberty)
    2015-2019: 16) T. W. Shannon (R)
    2019-present: 17) Dana Murphy (R)



    Governors of OREGON

    1959-1967: 29) Mark Hatfield (R) – term-limited
    1958: Robert D. Holmes (D)
    1962: Robert Y. Thornton (D)

    1967-1975: 30) Tom McCall (R) – term-limited
    1966: Robert Straub (D)
    1970: Robert Straub (D)

    1975-1979: 31) Edith Green (D) – lost re-election
    1974: Wendell Wyatt (R)

    1979-1987: 32) Victor Atiyeh (R) – term-limited
    1978: Edith Green (D)
    1982: Ted Kulongoski (D)

    1987-1995: 33) Norma Paulus (R) – term-limited
    1986: Edward Fadeley (D)
    1990: Barbara Roberts (D), David B. Frohnmayer (Independent R) and Al Mobley (Independent)

    1995-1999: 34) John Lim (R) – first Korean-American Governor of Oregon; retired
    1994: Rod Monroe (D) and Ed Hickam (Country)

    1999-2007: 35) John Elwood “Bud” Clark (I before 6/5/2004, D after 6/5/2004) – term-limited
    1998: John Kitzhaber (D) and Bill Sizemore (R)
    2002: Ted Kulongoski (D) and Kevin Mannix (R)

    2007-2013: 36) Mary Starrett (R) – resigned
    2006: Harry Lonsdale (D)
    2010: John Kitzhaber (D)

    2013-present: 37) Tina Kotek (D) – incumbent
    2014: Suzanne Bonamici (R) and Frances Lappe (I)
    2018: Vicki Berger (R)

    Secretaries of State of OREGON
    1959-1965: 17) Howell Appling (R)
    1965-1967: 18) Tom McCall (R)
    1967-1977: 19) Clay Myers (R)
    1977-1985: 20) Norma Paulus (R)
    1985-1991: 21) Barbara Roberts (D)
    1991-1999: 22) Phil Keisling (D)
    1999-2009: 23) Bill Bradbury (D)
    2009-2013: 24) Tina Kotek (D)
    2013-2019: 25) Jeanne Atkins (D)
    2019-present: 26) Jennifer Williamson (D)



    Governors of PENNSYLVANIA

    1959-1963: 37) David Leo Lawrence (D) – term-limited
    1958: Art McGonigle (R)

    1963-1965: 38) William W. Scranton II (R)
    1962: Richardson Dilworth (D)

    1965-1967: 39) Raymond P. Shafer (R)

    1967-1971: 40) Robert Casey Sr. (D)
    – term-limited
    1966: Harold Stassen (R)

    1971-1975: 41) Milton Shapp (D) – term-limited
    1970: Raymond Shafer (R) and Andrew J. Watson (Constitution)

    1975-1979: 42) Martin P. Mullen (D) – term-limited
    1974: Drew Lewis (R)

    1979-1983: (41)) Milton Shapp (D) – term-limited
    1978: Dick Thornburgh (R)

    1983-1987: 43) Stewart Greenleaf (D) – lost re-election
    1982: Bobby Butera (R)

    1987-1995: 44) William Scranton III (R) – term-limited
    1986: Stewart Greenleaf (D)
    1990: Ed Rendell (R)

    1995-2003: 45) Lynn Yeakel (D) – term-limited
    1994: Peg Luksik (R)
    1998: Ernie Preate (R)

    2003-2011: 46) Lynn Swann (R) – term-limited
    2002: Catherine Baker Knoll (D)
    2006: Marjorie Margolies (D)

    2011-2019: 47) Dr. Barry Goldberg (D) – term-limited
    2010: Jane M. Earll (R)
    2014: Everett A. Stern (R) and Lynne Abraham (Boulder)

    2019-present: 48) Paul Mango (R) – incumbent
    2018: Jo Ellen Litz (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of PENNSYLVANIA
    1959-1963: 22) John Morgan Davis (D)
    1963-1965: 23) Raymond P. Shafer (R)
    1965-1967: 24) Raymond J. Broderick (R)
    1967-1971: 25) John Morgan Davis (D)
    1971-1975: 26) Martin P. Mullen (D)
    1975-1979: 27) Ernie Kline (D)
    1979-1983: 28) Stewart Greenleaf (D)
    1983-1987: 29) James Lloyd (D)
    1987-1995: 30) Mike Fisher (R)
    1995-2003: 31) Tom Foley (D)
    2003-2011: 32) Jane M. Earll (R)
    2011-2019: 33) Jo Ellen Litz (D)
    2019-present: 34) Kristin Phillips-Hill (R)



    Governors of POTOMAC (since statehood, 7/4/2006)

    2006-2007: 1) Charlene Drew Jarvis (D) – finished term elected to while Potomac was the city of Washington, D.C.

    2007-2015: 2) Vincent Bernard Orange Sr. (D) – term-limited
    2006: Michael Kevin Powell (R)
    2010: David William Kranich (R)

    2015-present: 3) Linda Washington Cropp (D) – incumbent
    2014: Kris Hammond (R)
    2018: Martin Moulton (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of POTOMAC

    2006-2007: 1) Vincent Bernard Orange Sr. (D)
    2007-2015: 2) Linda Washington Cropp (D)
    2015-present: 3) Anas “Andy” Shallal (D)



    Governors of PUERTO RICO (since statehood, 7/4/2005)

    2006-2009: 1) Rocky Versace (R/NP) – finished term elected to while Puerto Rico was a US Commonwealth

    2009-2017: 2) Hector Luis Acevedo (D/PD) – incumbent
    2008: Kenneth McClintock-Hernández (D/NP)
    2012: Dr. Ivan F. Gonzalez Cancel (D/NP)

    2017-2021: 3) Raul Labrador (R/NP) – lost re-election
    2016: David Bernier (D/PD) and Manuel Cidre (I)

    2021-present: 4) Eduardo Bhatia (D/Progressive) – incumbent
    2020: Raul Labrador (R/NP) José Jaime Pierluisi (I/PD)

    Lieutenant Governors of PUERTO RICO
    2006-2009: 1) Fernando J. Bonilla (R/NP)
    2009-2017: 2) David Bernier (D/PD)
    2017-2021: 3) Victor Suarez Melendez (R/NP)
    2021-present: 4) Maria A. Marcano-De Leon (D/Progressive)



    Governors of RHODE ISLAND

    1961-1965: 65) John A. Notte Jr. (D) – lost re-election
    1960: Christopher Del Sesto (R)
    1962: John Chafee (R)

    1965-1971: 66) John Chafee (R) – lost re-election
    1964: John A. Nolte Jr. (D)
    1966: Horace E. Hobbs (D)
    1968: Frank Licht (D)

    1971-1979: 67) J. Joseph Garrahy (D) – term-limited
    1970: John Chafee (R)
    1974: James Nugent (R)

    1979-1987: 68) Lincoln Almond (R) – term-limited
    1978: Tom DiLuglio (D) and Joe Doorley (I)
    1982: Hilary R. Salk (D) and Peter Van Daam (Progressive)

    1987-1994: 69) Buddy Cianci (R) – impeached, convicted and removed from office for corruption
    1986: Anthony Solomon (D), Bob Healey (I) and Tony Affigne (I)
    1990: Francis X. Flaherty (D) and Joe Trillo (I)

    1994-1999: 70) Bob Weygand (D) – retired
    1994: Bob Healey (Cool Moose) and Lincoln Almond (R)

    1999-2003: 71) Bob Healey (Independent) – retired
    1998: Jack Dennison Potter (D) and Lincoln Almond (R)

    2003-2007: 72) Sheldon Whitehouse (D) – lost re-election
    2002: Ken Block (R)

    2007-2015: 73) Lincoln Davenport Chafee (R) – term-limited
    2006: Sheldon Whitehouse (D)
    2010: Frank Caprio (D)

    2015-2016: 74) Bob Healey (I) – died
    2014: Angel Taveras (D) and Brendan Doherty (R)

    2016-2019: 75) Marilyn Ann Briggs (I) – lost election

    2019-present: 76) Henrique Radonski Capriles (R) – incumbent
    2018: Marilyn Ann Briggs (I) and Matt Brown (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of RHODE ISLAND
    1961-1965: 58) Edward P. Gallogly (D)
    1965-1971: 59) Joseph O’Donnell Jr. (R)
    1971-1979: 60) Giovanni Folcarelli (D)
    1979-1987: 61) James L. Taft Jr. (R)
    1987-1993: 62) Edward D. DiPrete (R)
    1993-1994: 63) Robert Weygand (D)
    1994-1995: 64) Louise Durfee (D)
    1995-1999: 65) Joseph Aloysius Doorley Jr. (D)
    1999-2003: 66) Joseph F. Devine (I)
    2003-2007: 67) Antonio J. Pires (D)
    2007-2015: 68) Donald Carcieri (R)
    2015-2016: 69) Marilyn Ann Briggs (I)
    2016-2019: 70) Joe Trillo (I)
    2019-present: 71) Patricia Morgan (R)



    Governors of SOUTH CAROLINA

    1959-1963: 106) Fritz Hollings (D) – term-limited
    1958: unopposed

    1963-1965: 107) Donald Stuart Russell (D) – resigned
    1962: unopposed

    1965-1967: 108) Robert McNair (D) – lost election

    1967-1971: 109) Joseph O. Rogers Jr. (R) – term-limited
    1966: Robert McNair (D) and Alfred William “Red” Bethea (HIP)

    1971-1975: 110) John C. West (D) – term-limited
    1970: Albert Watson (R)

    1975-1979: 111) William Westmoreland (R) – term-limited
    1974: William Jennings Bryan Dorn (D)

    1979-1983: 112) Richard Riley (D) – term-limited
    1978: Edward Lunn Young (R)

    1983-1987: 113) Nancy Stevenson (D) – first female Governor of South Carolina; term-limited
    1982: W. D. Workman Jr. (R)

    1987-1991: 114) Jesse L. Jackson Sr. (D) – African-American; term-limited
    1986: Floyd Spence (R)

    1991-1995: 115) Nick Theodore (D) – Greek-American; term-limited
    1990: David Beasley (R)

    1995-1999: 116) Robert Inglis Sr. (R) – term-limited
    1994: Theo Mitchell (D)

    1999-2001: (114)) Jesse L. Jackson Sr. (D) – resigned to become President of the United States
    1998: Carroll Campbell (R) and Jim Hodges (I)

    2001-2003: 117) Elizabeth J. “Liz” Patterson (D) – lost nomination

    2003-2011: 118) Lindsey Graham (R) – term-limited
    2002: Jim Hodges (D)
    2006: Tommy Moore (D)

    2011-2019: 119) Andre Bauer (R) – term-limited
    2010: Jim Rex (D)
    2014: Tony Krajewski Thurmond (D)

    2019-present: 120) Gresham Barrett (R) – incumbent
    2018: Keisha Waites (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of SOUTH CAROLINA
    1959-1963: 78) Burnet R. Maybank Jr. (D)
    1963-1965: 79) Robert Evander McNair (D)
    1967-1971: 80) John C. West (D)
    1971-1975: 81) William Jennings Bryan Dorn (D)
    1975-1979: 82) Richard Riley (D)
    1979-1983: 83) Nancy Stevenson (D)
    1983-1987: 84) William Jennings Bryan Dorn (D)
    1987-1991: 85) Nick Theodore (D)
    1991-1995: 86) Michael R. Daniel (D)
    1995-1999: 87) Theo Mitchell (D)
    1999-2001: 88) Elizabeth J. “Liz” Patterson (D)
    2003-2011: 89) Andre Bauer (R)
    2011-2019: 90) Bob Peeler (R)
    2019-present: 91) Catherine Templeton (R)



    Governors of SOUTH DAKOTA

    1961-1963: 22) Archie Gubbrud (R) – lost re-election
    1960: Ralph Herseth (D)

    1963-1967: 23) Ralph Herseth (D) – lost re-election
    1962: Archie M. Gubbrud (R)
    1964: Nils Boe (R) and John F. Lindley (I)

    1967-1971: 24) Frank Farrar (R) – lost re-election
    1966: Ralph Herseth (D)
    1968: Leath Carroll Fullerton (D)

    1971-1975: 25) George S. McGovern (D) – retired
    1970: Frank Farrar (R)
    1972: Carveth Thompson (R)

    1975-1983: 26) Benjamin “Ben” (Lone Feather) Reifel (R) – Native-American; term-limited
    1974: Richard F. Kneip (D) and John E. Olson (Country)
    1978: Roger D. McKellips (D)

    1983-1987: 27) Clint Roberts (R) – lost re-election
    1982: Harvey L. Wollman (D)

    1987-1991: 28) Lars Herseth (D) – lost re-election
    1986: Clint Roberts (R)

    1991-1999: 29) Gus Hercules (R) – term-limited
    1990: Lars Herseth (D)
    1994: Jim Beddow (D) and Nathan Barton (Liberty)

    1999-2003: 30) Susan Wismer (D) – lost re-election
    1998: Jack Billion (R)

    2003-2011: 31) George Speaker Mickelson (R) – term-limited
    2002: Susan Wismer (D) and Nathan Barton (Liberty)
    2006: Scott Heidepriem (D)

    2011-2016: 32) Stephanie Herseth (D) – withdrew from Presidential race and resigned over a scandal
    2010: Mike Rounds (R)
    2014: Lora L. Hubbel (R)

    2016-2017: 33) Shawn Bordeaux (D) – resigned over a different scandal

    2017-2019: 34) Brock L. Greenfield (R) – lost election

    2019-present: 35) Brendan Johnson (D) – incumbent
    2018: Brock L. Greenfield (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of SOUTH DAKOTA
    1961-1963: 27) Joseph H. Bottum (R)
    1963-1967: 28) Leath Carroll Fullerton (D)
    1967-1971: 29) Lem Overpeck (R)
    1971-1975: 30) Richard F. Kneip (D)
    1975-1983: 31) Clint Roberts (R)
    1983-1987: 32) Gus Hercules (R)
    1987-1991: 33) Jim Beddow (D)
    1991-1999: 34) Carole Hillard (R)
    1999-2003: 35) Scott Heidepriem (D)
    2003-2011: 36) Dennis Daugaard (R)
    2011-2016: 37) Shawn Bordeaux (D)
    2016-2017: vacant
    2017-2019: 38) Rocky Blare (R)
    2019-present: 39) Julie A. Bartling (D)



    Governors of TENNESSEE

    1953-1959: 41) Frank G. Clement (D) – term-limited
    1952: R. Beecher Witt (R)
    1954: John Randolph Neal Jr. (I)

    1959-1963: 42) Buford Ellington (D) – term-limited
    1958: Jim Nance McCord (I) and Tom Wall (R)

    1963-1967: (41)) Frank G. Clement (D) – term-limited
    1962: William Anderson (I) and Hubert David Patty (R)

    1967-1971: (42)) Buford Ellington (D) – term-limited
    1966: H. L. Crowder (HIP), Charlie Moffett (I) and Charles Gordon Vick (I)

    1971-1975: (41)) Frank G. Clement (D) – term-limited
    1970: Winfield Dunn (R)

    1975-1979: 43) Lamar Alexander (R) – term-limited
    1974: Ray Blanton (D)

    1979-1983: 44) Jake Butcher (D) – term-limited
    1978: Hubert David Patty (R)

    1983-1987: 45) Buford Pusser (R) – term-limited
    1982: Ned McWherter (D)

    1987-1991: (41)) Frank G. Clement (D) – term-limited
    1986: Hubert David Patty (R), Charles G. Vick (Country) and Gentry Crowell (Green)

    1991-1995: 46) Hillary Rodham-Clinton (R) – term-limited
    1990: Phil Bredesen (D) and Charles Vick (Liberty)

    1995-1999: (41)) Frank G. Clement (D) – term-limited; served as Governor for a total of 22 non-consecutive years
    1994: Don Sundquist (R) and Dick Fulton (Independent D)

    1999-2003: 47) Bill Haslam (R) – term-limited
    1998: John Jay Hooker Jr. (D)

    2003-2007: 48) Bart Gordon (D) – term-limited
    2002: Ron Ramsey (R)

    2007-2011: 49) Jim Bryson (R) – term-limited
    2006: Mike McWherter (D) and Carl Two Feathers Whitaker (I)

    2011-2015: 50) David Lawrence “Dave” Ramsey III (R) – term-limited
    2010: Jim Henry (Independent), Mark E. Clayton (D) and Daniel T. Lewis (Liberty)

    2015-2016: 51) Monica Wehby (R) – resigned
    2014: Sara Kyle (D)

    2016-present: 53) Rand McNally (R) – incumbent
    2018: Ron Littlefield (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of TENNESSEE
    1953-1959: 43) Jared Maddux (D)
    1959-1963: 44) William D. Baird (D)
    1963-1967: 45) Jared Maddux (D)
    1967-1971: 46) Frank Gorrell (D)
    1971-2014: 47) John Shelton Wilder (D)
    2014-2015: vacant
    2015-2016: 48) Rand McNally (R)
    2016-2016: vacant
    2016-present: 49) Stephen Fincher (R)



    Governors of TEXAS

    1957-1967: 38) Price Daniel (D) – lost re-nomination
    1956: Bill Bryant (R) and W. Lee O’Daniel (I)
    1958: Edwin S. Mayer (R)
    1960: William Steger (R)
    1962: Jack Cox (R)
    1964: Jack Crichton (R) and John C. Williams (HIP)

    1967-1971: 39) John Connally (D before 1969, R after 1969, I in 1970, R after 1971) – lost nomination and lost re-election as an independent
    1966: T. E. Kennerly (R) and Ed Walker (HIP)
    1968: Paul Eggers (R) and John Trice (HIP)

    1971-1974: 40) Waggoner Carr (D) – resigned
    1970: Roger Martin (R) and John Connally (I)
    1972: Henry Grover (R) and Ramsey Muniz (La Raza Unida)

    1974-1979: 41) Frances Farenthold (D) – first female Governor; lost re-election
    1974: Jim Granberry (R) and Ramsey Muniz (LRU)

    1979-1983: 42) Bill Clements (R) – lost re-election
    1978: Frances Farenthold (D) and Mario Compean (LRU)

    1983-1987: 43) Ross Perot (I) – lost re-election
    1982: Bill Clements (R), Ray Allen Mayo II (D) and Mario Compean (La Raza Unida)

    1987-1995: 44) Rick Perry (D) – withdrew re-election bid
    1986: Ross Perot (I), Ray Hutchison (R (write-in)), Mike Martin (R) and Maria “Rosie” Castro (La Raza Unida)
    1990: Warren G. Harding (R), Jack Rains (Country) and Ramsey Muniz (La Raza Unida)

    1995-2003: 45) Henry Cisneros (D) – Hispanic; retired
    1994: Henry Cisneros (D/La Raza Unida) over Keary Ehlers (Liberty), Clayton Williams (R) and Ramsey Muniz (Natural Mind)
    1998: Ray Hollis (R)

    2003-2007: 46) Kinky Friedman (D) – lost re-election
    2002: Tom Loeffler (R)

    2007-2019: 47) Bill Owens (R) – retired
    2006: Kinky Friedman (D), Jim Hightower (Green), Guadalupe Valdez (LRU) and Larry Kilgore (Liberty
    2010: Felix Alvarado (D/LRU)
    2014: Price Daniel Jr. (D), Debra Medina (LRU)

    2019-present: 48) Rick Perry (R) – incumbent
    2018: Annise Parker (D/LRU)

    Lieutenant Governors of TEXAS
    1951-1961: 34) Ben Ramsey (D)
    1961-1963: vacant
    1963-1969: 35) Preston Earnest Smith (D)
    1969-1973: 36) Ben Barnes (D)
    1973-1974: 37) Frances Farenthold (D)
    1974-1975: vacant
    1975-1991: 38) William Hobby Jr. (D)
    1991-1995: 39) Henry Cisneros (D)
    1995-2007: 40) William Hobby Jr. (D)
    2007-2015: 41) David Dewhurst (R)
    2015-present: 42) Susan Combs (R)



    Governors of UTAH

    1957-1965: 10) George Clyde (R) – retired
    1956: L. C. “Rennie” Romney (D) and J. Bracken “Brack” Lee (Independent)
    1960: William Arthur Barlocker (D)

    1965-1973: 11) Mitchell Melich (R) – retired
    1964: Calvin L. Rampton (D)
    1968: Nicholas L. Strike (D)

    1973-1977: 12) K. Gunn McKay (D) – lost re-election
    1972: Nicholas L. Strike (R)

    1977-1985: 13) Vernon Romney (R) – lost re-election
    1976: K. Gunn McKay (D)
    1980: David S. King (D)

    1985-1989: 14) Wayne Owens (D) – lost re-election
    1984: Vernon Bradford Romney (R)

    1989-2001: 15) Jon Huntsman Sr. (R) – retired
    1988: Wayne Owens (D)
    1992: Stewart Hanson (D) and Rita Gum (Populist)
    1996: James Bradley (D)

    2001-2009: 16) Enid Greene (R) – lost re-nomination
    2000: Bill Orton (D)
    2004: Scott Matheson (D)

    2009-2013: 17) Karl Christian Rove (R) – retired
    2008: Bob Springmeyer (D)

    2013-present: 18) Robert Wood Young (R) – incumbent
    2012: Jim Matheson (D)
    2016: James “Jimmy The Greek” Dabakis (D)
    2020: Jani Iwamoto (D)

    Lieutenant Governors of UTAH (position established in 1975)
    1975-1977: 1) Clyde Miller (D)
    1985-1993: 2) Wilford V. Oveson (R)
    1993-2005: 3) Olene Walker (R)
    2005-2013: 4) Christopher Black Cannon (R)
    2013-2017: 5) Lew Billings (R)
    2017-present: 6) Rob Bishop (R)



    Governors of VERMONT

    1961-1963: 72) F. Ray Keyser Jr. (R) – lost re-election
    1960: Russell Niquette (D)

    1963-1973: 73) Phil Hoff (D) – retired
    1962: F. Ray Keyser Jr. (R)
    1964: Ralph A. Foote (R)
    1966: Richard Snelling (R)
    1968: Deane C. Davis (R)
    1970: John S. Burgess (R)

    1973-1975: 74) Consuelo Bailey (R) – retired
    1972: Randolph T. Major (D) and Pete Diamondstone (Liberty Union)

    1975-1977: 75) Harry H. Cooley (D) – retired
    1974: Walter L. Kennedy (R)

    1977-1981: 76) Stella Hackel (D) – retired
    1976: William G. Craig (R)
    1978: Walter L. Kennedy (R) and Earl S. Gardner (LU)

    1981-1989: 77) Richard A. Snelling (R) – retired
    1980: M. Jerome Diamond (D), Daniel E. Woodward (I) and Bruce Cullen (I)
    1982: Madeleine Kunin (D) and Richard Gottlieb (Progressive/Liberty Union)
    1984: Madeleine Kunin (D), and Peter Diamondstone (Liberty Union)
    1986: Ralph Wright (D) and Richard Gottlieb (LU)

    1989-1993: 78) Jan Backus (D) – lost re-election
    1988: David Gates (R) and Richard Gottlieb (LU)
    1990: David Atkinson (R) and Richard Gottlieb (LU)

    1993-1995: 79) John McClaughry (R) – lost re-election
    1992: Jan Backus (D) and August Jaccaci (LU)

    1995-2005: 80) Howard Dean (D) – retired
    1994: John McClaughry (R) and Dennis Lane (LU)
    1996: John Gropper (R) and Mary Alice “Mal” Herbert (LU)
    1998: Ruth Dwyer (R) and Richard Gottlieb (LU)
    2000: Richard Gottlieb (LU), Ruth Dwyer (R), and Anthony Pollina (Progressive)
    2002: Jim Douglas (R) and Cornelius Hogan (I)

    2005-2013: 81) Deborah L. “Deb” Markowitz (D) – retired
    2004: Peter Plympton Smith (R)
    2006: Benjamin Clarke (R) and Robert Skold (LU)
    2008: Brian Dubie (R) and Ben Mitchell (LU)
    2010: Mark Snelling (R) and Mike Parenti (LU)

    2013-2015: 82) Bernard Peters (R) – lost re-election
    2012: Charles Dean (D) and Mike Parenti (LU)

    2015-2021: 83) Jeffrey “Jeff” Weaver (D) – retired
    2014: Bernard Peters (R), Dan Feliciano (Liberty) and Cris Ericson (Independent)
    2016 (first round): Bruce Lisman (R) and Bill “Spaceman” Lee (LU)
    2016 (final round): Bruce Lisman (R)
    2018 (first round): Ethan Sonneborn (Independent), Keith Stern (R) and Brenda Siegel (Humanitarian)
    2018 (final round): Keith Stern (R)

    2021-present: 84) Faisal Mahmood Gill (D) – incumbent
    2020 (first round): Emily Payton (R) and Cris Ericson (Independent)
    2020 (final round): Emily Payton (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of VERMONT
    1961-1965: 69) Ralph Foote (R)
    1965-1971: 70) John Burgess (R)
    1971-1977: 71) Kelton Miller (D)
    1977-1981: 72) John Alden (D)
    1981-1989: 73) Peg Garland (R)
    1989-1991: 74) Pan B. Zolotas (R)
    1991-1995: 75) Howard Dean III (D)
    1995-1999: 76) David Wolk (D)
    1999-2003: 77) Deb Markowitz (D)
    2003-2009: 78) Peter Shumlin (D)
    2009-2011: 79) Charles Dean (D)
    2011-2015: 80) Jeff Weaver (D)
    2015-2017: 81) Cheryl Rivers (D)
    2017-present: 82) Cassandra Gekas (Progressive)



    Governors of VIRGINIA

    1958-1962: 58) James Lindsay Almond Jr. (D) – term-limited
    1957: Ted Dalton (R)

    1962-1966: 59) Albertis S. Harrison Jr. (D) – term-limited
    1961: H. Clyde Pearson (R)

    1966-1970: 60) Linwood Holton (R) – term-limited
    1965: Mills Godwin (D) and William Story Jr. (HIP)

    1970-1974: 61) Vince Callahan (R) – term-limited
    1969: Henry Howell (D) and William Story Jr. (HIP)

    1974-1978: 62) Elmo Zumwalt (D) – term-limited
    1973: Mills Godwin (R)

    1978-1982: 63) John N. Dalton (R) – term-limited
    1977: William Battle (D)

    1982-1986: 64) Harrison Wilson Jr. (D) – term-limited
    1981: Marshall Coleman (R)

    1986-1990: 65) Lyon Gardiner Tyler Jr. (D) – term-limited
    1985: Stanford Elmer “Stan” Parris (R)

    1990-1994: 66) Stanford Elmer “Stan” Parris (R) – term-limited
    1989: Mary Sue Terry (D)

    1994-1998: 67) George Allen (R) – term-limited
    1993: Owen Pickett (D)

    1998-2002: 68) Jim Gilmore (R) – term-limited
    1997: Don Beyer (D)

    2002-2006: 69) Meyera Oberndorf (D) – term-limited
    2001: J. K. Katzen (R)

    2006-2010: 70) E. W. Jackson (R) – term-limited
    2005: Terry McAuliffe (D)

    2010-2014: 71) Les Steckel (D) – term-limited
    2009: Virgil Goode Jr. (R)

    2014-2018: 72) Jeremiah Heaton (R) – term-limited
    2013: Dwight Clinton Jones (D)

    2018-present: 73) Anne Bright Holton (D) – incumbent
    2017: Jill Vogel (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of VIRGINIA
    1952-1962: 27) Al Stephens (D)
    1962-1966: 28) Mills Godwin (D)
    1966-1970: 29) Henry Howell (D)
    1970-1974: 30) William Battle (D)
    1974-1978: 31) John N. Dalton (R)
    1978-1982: 32) Marshall Coleman (R)
    1982-1986: 33) Stan Parris (R)
    1986-1990: 34) Rick Boucher (D)
    1990-1994: 35) Thomas Davis III (R)
    1994-1998: 36) J. K. Katzen (R)
    1998-2002: 37) Russ Potts (R)
    2002-2006: 38) Jeannemarie Devolites Davis (R)
    2006-2010: 39) Virgil Goode Jr. (R)
    2010-2014: 40) Jeremiah Heaton (R)
    2014-2018: 41) Eileen Filler-Corn (D)
    2018-present: 42) Kenny Alexander (D)



    Governors of WASHINGTON

    1957-1965: 15) Al Rossellini (D) – lost re-election
    1956: Emmett T. Anderson (R)
    1960: Lloyd J. Andrew (R)

    1965-1975: 16) Daniel J. Evans (R) – resigned
    1964: Al Rossellini (D)
    1968: John J. O’Connell (D) and Ken Chriswell (HIP)
    1972: Al Rossellini (D) and Vick Gould (Taxpayers)

    1975-1977: 17) Arthur Fletcher (R) – lost election

    1977-1981: 18) Julia Butler Hansen (D) – lost re-election
    1976: Arthur Fletcher (R)

    1981-1989: 19) Daniel J. Evans (R) – retired
    1980: Julia Butler Hansen (D)
    1984: Booth Gardner (D)

    1989-2001: 20) Ellen Craswell (R) – retired
    1988: John Jovanovich (D)
    1992: Booth Gardner (D)
    1996: Mike Lowry (D)

    2001-2007: 21) Norm Rice (D) – resigned
    2000: John Carlson (R)
    2004: Michael Patrick Shanks (R) and Ruth Bennett (Liberty)

    2007-2017: 22) Lisa J. Simpson (D) – retired
    2008: Michael George Nelson (R)
    2012: Rob McKenna (R)

    2017-2021: 23) Krist Novoselic (D) – retired
    2016: Susan Hutchison (R)

    2021-present: 24) Ron Sims (D) – incumbent
    2020: Drew C. MacEwen (R)

    Lieutenant Governors of WASHINGTON
    1957-1969: 13) John Andrew Cherberg (D)
    1969-1975: 14) Arthur Fletcher (R)
    1977-1997: 15) Joel Pritchard (R)
    1998-2005: 16) Paull H. Shin (D)
    2005-2007: 17) Lisa J. Brown (D)
    2007-present: 18) Karen R. Fraser (D)



    Governors of WEST VIRGINIA
    1957-1961: 25) Cecil Underwood (R) – term-limited
    1956: Bob Mollohan (D)

    1961-1965: 26) Wally Barron (D) – term-limited
    1960: Harold E. Neely (R)

    1965-1969: 27) Cecil Underwood (R) – term-limited
    1964: Hulett C. Smith (D)

    1969-1977: 28) Arch A. Moore Jr. (R) – term-limited
    1968: James Marshall Sprouse (D)
    1972: Jay Rockefeller (D)

    1977-1985: 29) Jay Rockefeller (D) – term-limited
    1976: Cecil H. Underwood (R)
    1980: Arch A. Moore Jr. (R) and Jack Kelley (I)

    1985-1989: 30) Cecil Underwood (R) – lost re-election
    1984: Clyde M. See Jr. (D)

    1989-1997: 31) Gaston Caperton (D) – term-limited
    1988: Cecil Underwood (R) and Jack Fellure (Exposure)
    1992: Jack Fellure (R) and Charlotte Pritt (Green)

    1997-2005: 32) Cecil Underwood (R) – term-limited
    1996: Joe Manchin (D) and Wallace Johnson (Liberty)
    2000: Denise Giardina (D)

    2005-2009: 33) Bob Wise (D) – retired
    2004: Monty Warner (R)

    2009-2013: 34) David McKinley (R) – lost re-election
    2008: Lloyd M. Jackson II (D)

    2013-2021: 35) Charlotte Pritt (D) – term-limited
    2012: David McKinley (R)
    2016: Erikka Lynn Storch (R)

    2021-present: 36) Craig Blair (R) – incumbent
    2020: Ron Stollings (D) and Paul T. Farrell Jr. (Independent Democrat)

    Presidents of the Senate of WEST VIRGINIA
    1961-1969: Howard W. Carson (D)
    1969-1971: Lloyd G. Jackson (D)
    1971-1973: E. Hansford McCourt (D)
    1973-1981: William Brotherton (D)
    1981-1985: Warren McGraw (D)
    1985-1989: Dan Tonkovich (D)
    1989-1989: Larry A. Tucker (D)
    1989-1995: Keith Burdette (D)
    1995-2011: Earl Ray Tomblin (D)
    2011-2019: Jeffrey V. Kessler (D)
    2019-2021: Craig Blair (R)
    2021-present: Donna Boley (R)



    Governors of WISCONSIN

    1959-1963: 35) Gaylord A. Nelson (D) – retired
    1958: Vernon Wallace Thomson (R)
    1960: Philip G. Kuehn (R)

    1963-1965: 36) John W. Reynolds (D) – lost re-election
    1962: Philip G. Kuehn (R)

    1965-1967: 37) Warren P. Knowles (R) – lost re-election
    1964: John W. Reynolds (D)

    1967-1975: 38) Patrick Lucey (D) – retired
    1966: Warren P. Knowles (R)
    1968: William Kaiser Van Pelt (R)
    1970: Jack B. Olson (R) and Georgia Cozzini (Natural Mind)

    1975-1983: 39) Bronson La Follette (D) – retired
    1974: Bill Dyke (R)
    1978: Lee S. Dreyfus (R)

    1983-1995: 40) Paul R. Soglin (D) – retired
    1982: Terry Kohler (R)
    1986: Robert Walter Kasten Jr. (R)
    1990: Steve Gunderson (R)

    1995-1999: 41) Margaret Farrow (R) – lost re-election
    1994: Martin J. Schreiber (D)

    1999-2011: 42) Kathleen Falk (D) – retired
    1998: Margaret Farrow (R)
    2002: Mary E. Panzer (R)
    2006: Mark Green (R)

    2011-2019: 43) Mark Green (R) – retired
    2010: Barbara Lawton (D)
    2014: Ed Garvey (D) and David A. Clarke Jr. (Boulder)

    2019-present: 44) Cory Mason (D) – incumbent
    2018: Mark Neumann (R) and Wendell J. Harris (DSA/Socialist)

    Lieutenant Governors of WISCONSIN
    1959-1961: 33) Philleo Nash (D)
    1961-1963: 34) Warren P. Knowles (R)
    1963-1965: 35) Jack B. Olson (R)
    1965-1967: 36) Patrick J. Lucey (D)
    1967-1969: 37) William Kaiser Van Pelt (R)
    1969-1971: 38) Jack B. Olson (R)
    1971-1975: 39) Martin J. Schreiber (D)
    1975-1979: 40) Terry Kohler (R)
    1979-1983: 41) Robert Walter Kasten Jr. (R)
    1983-1987: 42) Mark G. Lipscomb Jr. (D)
    1987-1991: 43) Steve Gunderson (R)
    1991-1995: 44) Margaret Farrow (R)
    1995-1999: 45) Kathleen Falk (D)
    1999-2003: 46) Johnnie E. Morris-Tatum (D)
    2003-2007: 47) Mark Green (R)
    2007-2011: 48) Louis Fortis (D)
    2011-2015: 49) Brett Davis (R)
    2015-2019: 50) Mark Neumann (R)
    2019-present: 51) Jason M. Fields (D)



    Governors of WYOMING

    1961-1967: 25) Jack Robert Gage (D) – lost re-nomination
    1962: Clifford P. Hansen (R)

    1967-1975: 26) Teno Roncalio (D) – retired
    1966: Stanley K. Hathaway (R)
    1970: William H. Harrison (R)

    1975-1983: 27) Thyra Thomson (R) – retired
    1974: Edgar Herschler (D)
    1978: Edgar Herschler (D)

    1983-1987: 28) Dick Casull (R) – lost re-nomination
    1982: Harry Leimback (D)

    1987-1995: 29) Thyra Thomson (R) – retired
    1986: Al Hamberg (D)
    1990: Mike Sullivan (D)

    1995-2003: 30) Harriet Elizabeth Byrd (D) – retired
    1994: Richard Bruce Cheney (R) and Mary Mead (Conservative)
    1998: Bill Taliaferro (R)

    2003-2007: 31) Mary Mead (R) – retired
    2002: Paul Hickey (D)

    2007-2015: 32) W. Richard West (D) – retired
    2006: Mary Mead (R)
    2010: Matthew Hansen Mead (R)

    2015-present: 33) Cynthia Jo “Cindy” Hill (R) – incumbent
    2014: Michael Allen Green (D)
    2018: James W. Byrd (D)

    Secretaries of State of WYOMING
    1959-1961: 15) Jack R. Gage (D)
    1961-1975: 16) Thyra Thomson (R)
    1975-1991: 17) Kathy Karpan (D)
    1991-2003: 18) Diana J. Ohman (R)
    2003-2015: 19) Cynthia Jo “Cindy” Hill (R)
    2015-present: 20) Leland Christensen (R)



    Incumbent Governors in July 2021:

    Democrats (28) – AR: Conner Eldridge, CA: Cruz Bustamante, CT: Ted Kennedy Jr., DE: Stephanie Hansen, GA: Ben Lewis Jones, HI: Doug Chin, IL: Al Giannoulias, LA: Caroline Fayard, ME: Cynthia Dill, MD: Kumar P. Barve, MA: Maura Healey, MN: Melvin Carter, MS: Robert Gray, MT: Bob Quist, NV: Lucy Flores, NH: Martha Hennessey, NM: Javier Gonzales, NY: Michael Gianaris, NC: Rachel Hunt, OH: Yvette McGee Brown, OR: Tina Kotek, PO: Lisa Washington Cropp, PR: Eduardo Bhatia, SD: Brendan V. Johnson, VT: Faisal Mahmood Gill, VA: Anne Bright Holton, WA: Ron Sims, and WI: Cory Mason.

    Republicans (24) – AL: Twinkle Cavanaugh, AK: Lizzie McGuire, AZ: Barry Hess, CO: Mark Allen Callahan, FL: Jennifer Sandra Johnson, ID: Butch Otter, IN: Ben Quayle, IA: Kimberly Ann McFadden, KS: Susan Wagle, KY: Hal Heiner, MI: Brian Calley, MO: Catherine Hanaway, NE: Beau McCoy, NJ: Glenn Rieth, ND: Jasper Schneider, OK: T. W. Shannon, PA: Paul Mango, RI: Henrique Radonski-Capriles, SC: Gresham Barrett, TN: Rand McNally, TX: Rick Perry, UT: Robert Wood Young, WV: Craig Blair, WY: Cynthia Jo “Cindy” Hill.

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    Index 5 – U.S. Fast-Food Leaders and U.S. Mayors
  • Index 5 – U.S. Fast-Food Leaders and U.S. Mayors


    Leaders of prominent US-based fast-food chains ITTL (c. 1960-present (2021))

    The most prominent fast-food franchises in North America in this TL, by category, in order of popularity (and are considered (by some people, at the very least) to be national chains, not regional chains):

    BARBECUE:
    1: Dickey’s
    2: Smokey Mountain BBQ Steakhouse
    3: Ponderosa Steakhouse
    4: Sonny's BBQ
    5: 4 Rivers Smokehouse
    6: Chili's
    7: Bill Miller BBQ
    8: Good Company
    9: Dinosaur BBQ
    10: Cooper's Old Time BBQ Pit
    11: Famous Dave's
    12: Rudy's Ribs
    13: Bodacious Bar-B-Q
    14: Soulman's Bar-B-Que
    15: Mission BBQ
    16: Woody's
    17: Corky's
    18: Pete's BBQ Pit
    19: Smokey Bones
    20: Steak-&-Ale (also known as The Jolly Ox in some areas) - considered a "barbeque" chain on a technicality, as it is best known for being a steakhouse, but could also qualify as a "sandwich" chain as well

    BURGERS:
    1: McDonald’s
    2: Wendy’s/Wendyburger
    3: White Castle
    4: Whataburger
    5: Culver’s
    6: Burger Chef
    7: Burger King
    8: Burger Czar
    9: Red Barn - it has recently experienced a resurgance in popularity among urban and suburban customers who find the rural theme a delightful contrast to where they live and work
    10: Smashburgers - has a large and loud number of young fans ontech
    11: Jack-in-the-box (often considered and labeled as a sandwich chain due to the diversity of their menu options)
    12: Ollie’s Trollies
    13: Freddy's Steakburgers and Frozen Custard
    14: Fuddruckers
    15: Farmer Boy Burgers
    16: Burger's Fries and Burgers
    17: Riverside Burgers and Fries
    18: Albany Hams
    19: Burger Hut Thursday's - a shadow of its former self, as it used to hover around #10 less than 10 years ago

    CHICKEN:
    1: Kentucky Fried Chicken
    2: Popeyes
    3: Chick-fil-A
    4: Kenny Rogers Roasters
    5: Boston Chicken
    6: Cluckers
    7: Zaxby's
    8: Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers
    9: Wingstop
    10: El Pollo Loco
    11: Bojangles'
    12: Boston Market
    13: Golden Chicken
    14: The Chicken Salad Shack
    15: Jollibee

    HOT DOGS:
    1: Lum’s
    2: The Bear’s Hotdogs
    3: Sonic Drive-In
    4: Nathan's Famous
    5: Wienerschnitzel
    6: Dog Haus
    7: Coney I-Lander (technically a region chain centered in Oklahoma and most of its neighboring states, but counts as national chain and international chain due to two outlets in Maine and three in Nova Scotia, plus current plans to greatly expand in the 2020s)
    8: Mel's
    9: Tomorrowdogs
    10: Yocco's Hotdogs
    11: Ted's Top Dogs

    MEXICAN:
    1: Zantigo
    2: Chi-Chi’s
    3: Salsa’s Fresh Mex Bar & Grill
    4: TacoTime
    5: Del Taco
    6: Moe's Southwest Grill
    7: Taco John's
    8: Chuy's
    9: Taco Olé
    10: Tortilla Time (previously known as Tortilla Tuesdays, though some outlets still use that name)

    PIZZA:
    1: Pizza Hut
    2: Little Caesar’s
    3: Boston’s
    4: Domino’s
    5: Figaro’s
    6: Pizza Corner
    7: Eatza Pizza
    8: Sbarro
    9: Marco's Pizza
    10: Toppings Galore
    11: Italian Classic
    12: Gerlanda's
    13: Amore Pizza Pies
    14: Pizza Haven
    15: Pizza Shack
    16: Papa Murphy's
    17: Topper's Pizza

    SANDWICHES:
    1: Arby’s
    2: Dr. Sub’s
    3: Homer's Heroes
    4: Panera Bread
    5: Jimmy John's
    6: Jersey Mike's
    7: Firehouse Subs
    8: Deli Casey's Delicassies
    9: Jason's
    10: McAlister's Deli
    11: Crazy Camilla's Classic Calzones
    12: Dusty's
    13: Supersubs
    14: World's Best Sandwiches
    15: American Classics
    16: Izzy's (borders on being considered a "regional" chain)

    SEAFOOD:
    1: SpongeBob’s Undersea Cuisine
    2: Red Lobster
    3: Boston Sea Party
    4: Captain D’s
    5: Wong’s Water Grill
    6: Bonefish Grill
    7: Pappadeux
    8: Joe's Crab Shack
    9: Papadopolous
    10: H. Salt, Esq. Authentic English Fish and Chips
    11: Ocean's Best
    12: Eddie V's Prime Seafood



    A breakdown of the leaders of the Core Members of the “KFC Corporate Family”:



    (parent company) FINGER-LICKIN’ GOOD, INC. CEOs (founded in 1965):

    1964-1981: 1) Mildred “Millie” Sanders-Ruggles – the youngest daughter of Colonel Sanders; oversaw company's national and then global expansion efforts; upheld sanitation standards by visiting outlets randomly for surprise inspections like her father did; retired to reportedly keep company leadership "fresh," but stayed on the Board of Directors as "Chair Emeritus" until her death
    1981-1990: 2) Lee Cummings – a nephew of Colonel Sanders; developed menu specials during his time as manager of several outlets; continued predecessor's policies to maintain investor/stockholder confidence; expanded parent company ownership of several small, regional chains of various types, ranging from sports bars to candy stores; retired to reportedly hand the company over to the "next generation of KFC leaders" in an internal shakeup that saw "young blood" be brought in to reportedly "modernize" the company's marketing and networking aspects
    1990-2001: 3) James A. Collins – after some initial missteps, successfully lead the company through the tumultuous "post-Colonel" years and greenlit further expansion into Asia; oversaw company efforts to harness the potential of the technet, with an official website being launched in late 1995; retired due to exhaustion
    2001-2003: 4) Herman Cain – former CEO of Burger Chef, former CEO of the Nation Restaurant Association, and former Chair of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City; the Board of Directors brought him in from outside the company in the hope of him utilizing his success at other business ventures to turn around the company's North American sales results, after years of declining profits; left the company (after failing to improve profit margins with cutbacks and furloughs) in order to successfully run for an open US Senate seat
    2003-2012: 5) Mary Lolita Starnes Hannon – improved domestic sales with multiple investments into numerous aspects of the company, including customer service, improving sanitation, and advertising with technet-based "fervid" marketing and networking campaigns (opening up a seasonally-functioning KFC outlet in Antarctica in 2007 was a part of these campaigns); in a somewhat controversial move, improved company transparency with media outlets, but did so to garner positive press coverage; retired due to her advanced age
    2012-2017: 6) Adrien McNaughton – was the head of KFC R&D; continued most of the policies of his predecessor; stepped down over growing intra-department management difficulties, deciding he was more useful back at R&D
    2017-2018: 7) William Kirk Hannon – the son of Mary Hannon; selection was allegedly the result of nepotism despite his years managing KFC's Southern US divisions; retired due to sudden health issues from which he is still recovering
    2018-present: 8) David C. Novak – selected after spending several years improving KFC's ontech outlet ratings; is promoting an "Americanized version" of Japan's "lean production" method by improving communication channels between workers and management; currently overseeing expansion of menu options for nearly all franchises and enhancing customer interactions ontech



    (chicken) KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN Head Executives (founded in 1950):

    1950-1955: Col. Harland D. Sanders, Sr. – company founder; massively expanded the company at the state level, with Pete Harman as Head Assistant COO from 1951 until Harman’s retirement in 1995, established strict regulations for sanitation and food preparation for optimal results; did not allow tips due to him paying workers "a living wage" and enforced policy franchising chain to racially integrated locations; took a leave of absence after being drafted into running for Governor of Kentucky, and stepped down after he won
    1955-1959: Harland D. “Harley” Sanders, Jr. – continued predecessor's business policies; decreased job activities after taking government job in 1958, relegating some responsibilities to Second Assistant COO Mildred Sanders, the alleged power behind “the sibling throne”; retired in order to let company founder resume leadership duties
    1959-1964: Harland D. Sanders, Sr. – greatly expanded company at the national (and then international) level, making both KFC and himself household names; opposed rival fast-food chain McDonald’s over personal dislike of its CEO and due to some of the company's policies; took a leave of absence after being drafted into running for President of the United States, and stepped down after he won
    1964-1994: Mildred “Millie” Sanders-Ruggles – took over due to her success at handling franchise intra-communication, addressing sexism in the workplace, overseeing collective bargaining agreements, and managing other company responsibilities during her tenure as chief vice-CEO from 1955 to 1964; expanded menu items in later half of 1960s, and again in the 1980s and early 1990s; also oversaw the formation of a “truce” between KFC and McDonald’s that lasted from 1967 to 1973; approved of the creation of a "Cartoon Colonel" (voiced by Randy Quaid) for the company's commercials and advertising in the early 1990s; stepped down after 30 years to enjoy retirement
    1994-1999: Harold Omer – previously oversaw the successful launching of “Lee’s Famous Recipe” menu offering in select outlets (with the help of Lee Cummings, who was a regional manager at that time); was an in-law of Colonel Sanders; oversaw efforts to improve stockholder confidence amid stagnant sales for much of the decade; died in office unexpectedly
    1999-2000: Charles Yohe – was a close ally of Harold Omer; continued predecessor's efforts to reverse decreases in domestic sales; died in office unexpectedly
    2000-2018: David C. Novak – considered to be “young blood” for the position, beginning his tenure at the age of 48; praised for his quick response to implementing safezoning measures at the start of the 2002 Global Pandemic; aided company in recovering from previous losses in the late 2000s by working with parent company leadership to increase advertising expanses, allowing him to continue to uphold the company founder's strict sanitation standards and food preparation procedures despite pushback from company's financial experts who promoted changing recipes to cut down on costs and save time; phased out the "Cartoon Colonel" ads by the end of the 2000s decade as marketing shifted to more ontech-based ideas; co-led efforts to expand KFC into several African countries; stepped down after being selected to head KFC's parent company
    2018-present: Roger Eaton – previously worked under Novak; currently continuing predecessor's policies, but is also overseeing efforts to appeal to young consumers, such as by promoting the menu's healthiest items in ads



    (barbeque) SMOKEY MOUNTAIN BBQ STEAKHOUSE Head Executives (founded in 1964):

    1964-1967: John Y. Brown Jr. – increased number of outlets 200% in 1964, but only 75% and 70% in 1965 and 1966, which were reportedly slower than had been expected for those two fiscal years; fired for underhanded tactics
    1967-1990: Floyd “Sonny” Tillman – actively worked to promote business transparency, as symbolized by his all-glass office; personally created the chain’s “Sonny’s Special” menu item; stepped down after 23 years in order to enjoy his retirement years
    1990-2005: Bob Yarmuth – company loyalist; privately considered the controversial "Cartoon Colonel" ads to be "a disgraceful insult" to the memory of the recently-departed Colonel Sanders; retired after failing to improve sales in the post-SARS economy
    2005-2015: David Yohe – son of former KFC CEO Charles Yohe; had been working in numerous positions in the chain since its inception in the 1960s; launched a massive marketing campaign that allowed company to rebuild prominence by the early 2010s; retired due to exhaustion, then pursued other business ventures
    2015-present: Jan Fields – former McDonald’s executive; as an outsider, had to earn FLG leadership's trust by improving sales for FY2016 by 200% without firing or furloughing a single employee or cutting any salaries (she managed to improve sales by 210% by giving herself a pay cut and shifting advertising expenses to producing cheaper, more direct ads for technet devices; currently working with the parent company to coordinate marketing strategies against their main competitors



    (burgers) WENDY’S Head Executives (founded in 1968):

    1968-2002: Dave Thomas – founded the chain and named it after his daughter; changed the original name of "Wendyburger" to "Wendy's" during the 1980s, but the original name continued to be used by some outlets as late as 2010 and continues to be used by many customers old enough to remember its original title; best known for appearing in commercials in a humble manner in sharp contrast to the boisterous Colonel Sanders that he once worked under; died in office at the age of 69, after being afflicted with a carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor for roughly ten years but that then suddenly metastasized to his liver
    2002-2019: Joe Ledington – a nephew of Colonel Sanders; former regional manager for KFC-Appalachia; got into trouble with the parent company for divulging private company information during interviews in the early-to-mid 2010s; retired after 17 years of maintaining post-SARS growth in order to enjoy his retirement years
    2019-present: Vipul Chawla – former head of the company's R&D department; currently overseeing technet advertising expansion efforts



    (seafood) HADDON SALT, ESQ.’S AUTHENTIC FISH & CHIPS Head Executives (founded in 1965 and purchased by FLG Inc. in 1969):

    1965-present: Haddon Salt – chain founder; still going strong after being in charge of the company for over 55 years by adapting to changing market trends without resorting to mimicking rising rivals (for instance, rejecting a proposal to make aminated-live action hybrid commercials to compete against those of SpongeBob's Undersea Cuisine); currently roughly 80 years old, he recently commented that he plans to stay on as the head of the chain for as long as possible



    And, finally, a breakdown of some other prominent fast-food chains that have made appearances in this TL:



    (hotdogs) THE BEAR’S HOTDOGS Head Executives (founded in 1971):

    1971-present: Bear McSavory – founded in New Jersey as a single roadside stand by a proud but camera-shy man who publicly goes by a pseudonym to protect his privacy



    (burgers) BURGER CHEF Head Executives (founded in 1957):

    1957-1971: Frank and Donald Thomas – co-founders; not related to Wendyburger (later renamed Wendy’s) founder Dave Thomas
    1971-1986: Jack Laughery – accepted the position over becoming CEO of Hardee’s, a small and struggling state-wide burger chain in North Carolina that folded in 1987; merged Burger Chef company with the smaller burger chain Sandy’s in 1972 but retained the name Burger Chef; decided to simplify the menu offerings in order to increase the prificiency and speed of the kitchen staff; led redesigning of outlets' interior space to create a more welcoming feel and better utilize the color red; stepped down after 15 years of growth to pursue other projects and interests
    1986-1994: John L. N. Bitove – former CEO of the Canadian Big Boy and Roy Rogers chains; ran the company alongside his many Canadian businesses, focusing on workplace efficiency; in 1991, directed more funds into ingredients than into advertising in an effort to promote the chain by word of mouth - an effort that yielded only lukewarm results, but was later praised for being forward-thinking and ahead of its time; stepped down to better focus on the Yellow Knight Diner chain in Canada, which was making more money at the time of his departure
    1994-2005: Michael Scott “Mike” Rawlings – lead the company through dire economic straits during the SARS pandemic; later served as the Mayor of Austin, Texas (2009-2014) and unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Texas in 2018; he recently announced that he is running for a US House seat in 2022
    2005-2011: John I. Bitove – Canadian businessman involved in a plethora of other businesses and industries, and the son of a previous CEO; he shifted the company’s focus to selling primarily burgers to simplify marketing strategies and cut down on the diversity of ingredients being purchased and stored; he stepped down to better focus on the companies he founded in Canada in a repeat of his father's departure from the company, leading to rumor claiming that in response to "insulting" departures of both Canadian CEOs, Burger King's Board of Directors signed a document in which they agreed to never hire a CEO from Canada ever again
    2011-2015: Cara Carlton Sneed – the daughter of a US Supreme Court Justice; COO of AT&T from 1991 to 1997, the US Administrator of the Small Business Administration (SBA) under US President Larry Miles Dinger from 1997 to 2001, and CEO of PepsiCo from 2003 to 2007; unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for a US Senate seat from Texas in 2008; became cancer survivor in 2010 and a nearly-two-years-long battle; orchestrated mass layoffs in response to the 2013 recession; greenlit research into automating as much as 40% of the company's job positions in 2014; dismissed by the BoD amid an overall poor handling of the company and lukewarm improvement of profit margins; later joined a group of political think tanks in Potomac
    2015-2019: Steve Easterbrook – began his career as a British accountant and worked his way up through the company from there starting in 2007; oversaw the improvement of the company's rocky financial situation; dismissed by the Board of Director over an “inappropriate incident” with a company employee; currently runs his own accounting firm
    2019-present: Chris Kempczinski – previously worked for Procter & Gamble; participates in marathons to promote the company and healthy eating



    (artisanal burgers) BURGER CZAR Head Executives (founded in 1997):

    1997-present: Marc Benioff – founded the company, but “borrowed” its name, and its tagline (“Burger Czar, Where The Burgers Are”) from a 1970s episode of “Welcome Back, Kotter”



    (burgers) BURGER KING head executives (founded in 1953):

    1953-1959: Keith J. Kramer and Matthew Burns – co-founders of Insta-Burger King in Florida
    1959-1976: James McLamore and David R. Edgerton – co-purchased Insta-Burger King when it faltered and renamed it
    1976-1978: Donald N. Smith and David R. Edgerton – standardized outlet designs and menu offerings before Edgerton retired to pursue other projects
    1978-1979: Donald N. Smith – restructured corporate practices amid economic recession; left the company in the midst of plummeting sales
    1979-1991: Norman E. Brinker – improved cash flow by launching attack ads on rivals to gain attention in a successful "Hail Mary pass" and stepped down after 12 years of steady financial improvement and gradual growth
    1991-2003: Jerry W. Levin – oversaw fluctuating strength in the company’s brand as a string of new menu offerings yielded mixed results; stepped down after 12 years due to exhaustion and amid internal criticism of his response to the SARS pandemic
    2003-2006: Robert F. Kennedy Jr. – ousted by the board of directors over his expensive overhauling of the company’s sanitation procedures and cooking techniques over concerns of Toxic Metal Accumulation (TMA)
    2006-2009: John Walker Chidsey – stepped down after the company was hit by a class-action lawsuit concerning customers alleging they developed TMA due to the company's negligence (a lawsuit later settled out of court)
    2009-2021: Donald “Don” Thompson – first African-American CEO; redirected brand, and demand generation efforts, toward lower-income customers; stepped down after nearly 12 years due to exhaustion
    2021-present: Enrique "Harlando" Hernández – former McDonald’s executive; has expressed interest in "greatly" expanding the company's number of outlets



    (chicken) CHICK-FIL-A Head Executives (founded in 1946):

    1946-2014: S. Truett Cathy – company founder; known for opposing BLUTAG marriage, opposing keeping outlets open on Sundays, and being actively socially conservative; company reached its "peak" in the 1990s, followed by him receiving criticism and ontech boycotts for endorsing controversial politicians in the 2000s decade (such as Bernie Goetz in 2004 and 2012, and Bo Gritz in 2008); died from diabetic complications at the age of 93; succeeded by his son
    2014-present: Daniel Truett Cathy – currently working to appeal to suburban and rural communities with "folksy" advertisements; his second-in-command is his brother, Donald M. “Bubba” Cathy



    (burgers) MCDONALD’S Head Executives (founded in 1940):

    1940-1961: Richard J. McDonald and Maurice J. McDonald – brothers, co-founders and co-owner’s during the enterprise’s early days; developed the restaurant's quick order delivery system
    1961-1969: Ray Kroc – took over company by purchasing the land on which the outlets were located, technically making McDonald's a real estate venture; nationalized and globally expanded the company; took a temporary leave of absence to unsuccessfully run for Governor of California in 1966; agreed to a temporary truce with rival company KFC during the late 1960s; stepped down to run the San Diego Padres from 1969 to 1975; unsuccessfully ran for President of the United States in 1976
    1969-1991: June Martino – was a close and longtime ally of Kroc; led company through the 1970s lawsuit and court case that ruled that the company had plagiarized the TV series H. R. Pufnstuf when creating the McDonaldland TV commercials; universally liked by the end of her tenure due to overseeing the company’s period of steady, continuous growth; retired in January at the age of 73
    1991-2003: Frederick Leo “Fred” Turner – continued expansion into other countries; was criticized for the company's slow response to SARS concerns in 2002; retired amid continued criticisms causing stockholders to lose faith in his leadership abilities
    2003-2018: Ballard F. Smith – Ray Kroc’s son-in-law and former PA-based D.A.; oversaw the introduction of healthier menu options; criticized for defending McDonald's employees receiving minimum wage and few benefits; stepped down after 15 years in order to enjoy retirement
    2018-present: Kevin Hochman – was previously in charge of advertising, first for KFC and then (after leaving the company in protest of CEO Herman Cain's furloughs) for McDonald’s; currently facing criticism for the quality of working conditions for McDonald's employees nationwide



    (niche burgers) OLLIE’S TROLLEYS Head Executives (founded in 1935):

    1935-2002: Oliver “Ollie” Gleichenhaus – founded the original restaurant and created the original menu offerings in what began as a one-man operation; partnered with former KFC employee John Y. Brown Jr. to franchise the restaurant into a national chain; Brown left the company after failing to expand it beyond its "niche" market; oversaw day-to-day operations (even amid health issues in the 1990s) until his death
    2002-present: Muktesh “Micky” Pant – has expanded menu options in order to try and keep the company afloat; chain now offers a simpler, cheaper, and easier-to-make alternative to the Ollieburger (informally dubbed the “Newlyburger”) as well as the now-slightly-pricier classic original (informally dubbed the “Oldyburger”)



    (pizza) PIZZA HUT Head Executives (founded in 1958):

    1958-1981: Dan Carney and Frank Carney – brothers and co-founders; Frank retired early
    1981-1999: Dan Carney – expanded company during the "Golden Age of Pizza" that was the 1980s; retired after training successor
    1999-2007: Greg Creed – entered office at the age of 41; modernized outlets and was quick to convert them to “drive-thru only” during the 2002 SARS pandemic; stepped down due to exhaustion
    2007-2017: Barry Gordon – former S.A.G. President, former talk show host, and former two-term US Congressman (D-CA); also does voice acting work intermittently; stepped down amid declining sales
    2017-present: Peter Rokkos – Greek-American businessman (founded Beach Rat Lemonade in 2005) and former prosecuting attorney; currently revamping the company's image to promote a balance between modern healthy eating habits and 1980s nostalgia



    (pizza) PIZZA SHACK Head Executives (founded in 2012):

    2012-present: James Stephen “Steve” Peace – founder; former actor best known for starring in the “Attack of the Killer Tomatoes” film franchise; former state senator (D-CA, 1993-2003), US Congressman (D-CA, 2005-2011), and former gubernatorial nominee (D-CA, 2010); is often confused for Barry Gordon



    (chicken) POPEYES Head Executives (founded in 1972):

    1972-1995: Alvin Charles "Al" Copeland – chain founder, stepped down to handle the legal fallout of a physical altercation with a rival local businessman
    1995-2005: John Walker Chidsey – greatly expanded the company’s presence on the national stage (especially during the late 1990s) and oversaw the company “modernize,” but stepped down due to exhaustion
    2005-2008: Alvin Charles "Al" Copeland – returned to running the company to improve shareholder confidence, but died just under three years after entering office (after suffering from a sudden development of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare form of cancer, first detected in his salivary glands via a tumor that was discovered there in 2007) at the age of 64
    2008-2010: Trevor Haynes – Australian businessman; in office during a continued period of declining sales; essentially served as a compromise interim leader until the Board of Director could finally agree on a more permanent officeholder
    2010-present: Allen Adamson – former managing director of the brand consultancy Landor; has expanded the company’s number of outlets and has greatly improved the company’s brand recognition and reputation since entering office



    (sandwiches) DR. SUB’S Head Executives (founded in 1946):

    1965-2011: Dr. Peter Buck and Frederick Adrian “Fred” De Luca – company co-founders and served as co-CEOs; greatly expanded the company nationally in the 1980s and 1990s; Buck retired in 2011 at the age of 81 and is currently (July 4, 2021) still alive at the age of 90
    2011-2015: Frederick Adrian “Fred” De Luca – died in office from leukemia at the age of 67
    2015-2018: Suzanne De Luca Greco – sister of Fred De Luca; stepped down after failing to increase sales amid criticisms of the company's declining food quality and sanitation standards
    2018-present: Robert D. Walter – was the company’s longtime Chairman of the Board; is currently attempting to "revitalize" the company and improve its reputation



    (seafood) SPONGEBOB’S UNDERSEA CUISINE Head Executives (founded in 1991 and expanded in 1993):

    1991-2016: Stephen Hillenburg – chain founder; greenlit the development of the TV series (which aired in the later half of the 1990s) that was based on the chain's highly popular TV commercials from the mid-'90s; known for refusing to divulge information about the company's trade secrets; has been praised for paying company employees living wages and allowing them to form a union, and for working quickly to apply safezoning measures during the SARS Global Pandemic; stepped down amid health crisis that ended three years later with him beating/surviving brain cancer; has served as a creative consultant for the company since early 2021
    2016-present: Bryan Hillenburg – brother of chain founder; has been involved in the company since its founding; is reforming the company model to base it off KFC’s “early” years of growth and success



    Bonus:

    Presidents of The Walt Disney Company

    1923-1945: 1) Walter Elias “Walt” Disney (1901-1966, aged 65) – company founder; introduced several developments and camera techniques in cartoon production; introduced synchronized sound/full-color/three-strip Technicolor/feature-length cartoons in the 1930s; current record-holder for the most Academy Awards won by a single individual, with 22 Oscars and 59 nominations, plus 2 Golden Globes and 1 Emmy; promoted war bonds and produced several “propaganda productions” and instruction films for the US military during WWII; stepped down to focus more on the creative side of the company’s multiple projects; peak net worth: US$1 billion
    1945-1968: 2) Roy Oliver Disney (1893-1971, aged 78) – older brother of Walt Disney; worked on both the financial and creative aspects of the company, but primarily managed the finances and production issues to maximize profits; postponed retirement after Walt’s death to oversee the construction of Disney World, and stepped down a short time later; peak net worth: US$1.2 billion
    1968-1971: 3) Donn B. Tatum (1913-1993, aged 80) – started working for The Disney as a production business manager in 1956 and worked his way up to Board Chairman; first non-Disney family member to head the company; played a major role in the creation of Walt Disney World Resort, EPCOT Center, Disneyland Tokyo, and Disneyland Barcelona; also contributed to the development of Space Mountain; stepped down after shareholders expressed distrust in his leadership skills amid poor box office performances; peak net worth: US$200 million
    1971-1980: 4) Esmond Cardon “Card” Walker (1916-2005, aged 89) – decorated WWII veteran; previously served on the Board; followed Tatum’s interest in foreign markets and expanded the company’s presence abroad by applying the basis of KFC’s model for global expansion (understanding local tastes and tweaking menu ahead of laying down roots) to Disney theme parks abroad; greenlit several “experimental” animation efforts (such as developing painted backgrounds to create the feel of a living, moving portrait) and the developing of state-of-the-art special effects for both animated films and live-action films; stepped down amid animated feature films continuing to underperform at the box office; peak net worth: US$400 million
    1980-1984: 5) Ronald William “Ron” Miller (1933-2019, aged 85) – former professional football player and the son-in-law of Walt Disney; had worked for the company since the 1950s, with his father-in-law grooming him to become a film producer; moved into directing in the 1970s before ending up on the Board of Directors; as President, expanded the company by creating Touchstone and The Disney Channel; promoted early CRI efforts and stop-motion projects; was ousted by the Board for failing to develop financial profits for the company’s shareholders; peak net worth: US$500 million
    1984-1999: 6) Franklin G. “Frank” Wells (1932-2020, aged 88) – could trace his ancestry back to the Mayflower; was a company outsider, having originally worked his up to Vice Chairman at Warner Bros. before leaving that company in 1982; achieved his goal of climbing the Seven Summits in 1983, by climbing all seven mountains in one year, which was a world record for 12 years; took a hands-off approach to the company’s minutiae; greenlit investments into CRI technology, pairing up with Pixar in the 1990s to co-produce Pixar’s CRI feature films; also greenlit the development of several live-action remakes (such as 101 Dalmatians, Sleeping Beauty, and others) in the late 1990s, none of which were as profitable as the company had expected them to be; retired due to declining health from which he later recovered; peak net worth: US$6.1billion
    1999-2007: 7) Jeffrey Katzenberg (b. 1950, age 70) – credited with contributing to reviving the company during the late 1980s as head of the company’s motion picture division; defeated longtime CEO Michael Eisner for the position after Wells privately told the Board that he preferred that Katzenberg be his successor despite Roy E. Disney (a powerful member of the Board) disliking Katzenberg’s “showboating [and] attention-seeking” ways; presided over an externally prosperous but internally tumultuous tenure, as he argued with others in the company hierarchy over CRI technology use, marketing and merchandising techniques, global expansion (most notably, the CRI TV series Kung Fu Panda), and pay equity reform for workers; greenlit several sequels and spinoffs amid calls by some within the company to produce more live-action remakes and by others to adapt original material for new films and TV shows; stepped down as continued internal conflicts were leaked to the press, resulting in stockholders losing faith in the company; peak net worth: US$2.9 billion
    2007-2020: 8) Sid Richardson Bass (b. 1942, age 79) – involved in the company since the 1980s; selected over Stanley P. Gold and others; appealed to both stockholders and Disney Animation Artists by greenlighting projects based on folk stories that were lesser-known in the US but could yield profits in foreign markets as well as domestically; responded to the 2013 recession by furloughing over 100,000 low-pay workers; sought to improve theme park conditions and cruise line quality, especially after the Pinnacle-Sirena Collision of 2017 worsened the reputation of cruise lines; quality retired due to health issues; peak net worth: US$6.5 billion
    2020-present: 9) Abigail Edna Disney (b. 1960, age 61) – is the granddaughter of Roy O. Disney; previously worked since the 1990s as an Emmy Award-winning documentary film producer, peace activist, and social organizer; was highly critical of her predecessor for earning hundreds of millions of dollars as CEO (including a $75million “farewell” package in 2020); has not denied claims that the Board of Directors only hired her after she publicly pledged to serve for five years, and with a salary that is roughly one-sixth of Bass’s; has expressed interest in addressing issues such as poverty and Global Climate Disruption more directly in future animated feature films; net worth: US$120 million



    Also: Some American Mayors in this TL:



    NEW YORK CITY

    1/1/1966-12/31/1981: 103) Joseph F. "Joey" Periconi (1910-1914; R, R/Liberal until 1977) – former Bronx Borough President from 1962 to 1965; dealt with rising crime rates; retired amid abysmal approval ratings
    1965: Paul O’Dwyer (D/Civil Service) and Charles Edison (Conservative)
    1969: Mario Angelo Procaccino (D/Conservative)
    1973: Harrison Jay Goldin (D) and Barry Farber (Conservative)
    1977: Harrison Jay Goldin (D), Barry Farber (Conservative), Edward N. Costikyan (Liberal) and Vito P. Battista (United Taxpayers)

    1/1/1982-12/23/1988: 104) Carol Bellamy (b. 1942; D/Liberal, D/Liberal/Progressive/Natural Mind after 1985) – first female Mayor of New York; previously served as President of the New York City Council; served during a slow decline in crime rates and a steady rise in employment; implemented progressive policies and defended BLUTAGO rights; was a prominent voice during the Second Ark Wave (1986); resigned to become President of the United States
    1981: Roy M. Goodman (R) and Barry Farber (Conservative)
    1985: Guy Molinari (R/Conservative)

    12/23/1988-12/31/1989: Acting) Andrew Stein (b. Andrew J. Finkelstein in 1945; D/Liberal) – previously served as New York City Council President; lost nomination for a full term after failing to stand out in a crowded field

    1/1/1990-12/31/2001: 105) Edward Irving "Ed" Koch (1924-2013; D) – previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1969 to 1989; implemented housing renewal programs; dealt with rises in hate crimes toward Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans during the Second Korean War and the War on Recreadrugs; supported the death penalty and added 4,000 officers to the NYPD payroll during his second term; retired amid low approval ratings, leaving office at the age of 77
    1989: Allard K. Lowenstein (Liberal/Progressive), Ronald S. Lauder (R) and Henry F. Hewes (Conservative)
    1993: Guy Molinari (R/Conservative)
    1997: Herman Badillo (R/Conservative)

    1/1/2002-12/31/2005: 106) John A. Catsimatidis (b. 1948; R/Conservative) – born in Greece but came with his parents to the US when he was six months old; became a billionaire businessman by owning a real estate and aviation company, a local newspaper, and a chain of grocery stores; chastised for refusing to enforce safezoning measures during the SARS Global Pandemic; lost re-election; currently owns several businesses and serves as the host of a radio talk show host
    2001: Al Sharpton (D/Liberal)

    1/1/2006-12/31/2013: 107) Dr. Margaret Ann “Peggy” Hamburg (b. 1955; D/Liberal/Working Families) – previously served as a public health administrator (Assistant Secretary of Health and Humane Services from 2001 to 2005, and Health Commissioner of New York City from 1994 to 2001) who clashed with Catsimatidis during the SARS Global Pandemic; drafted into running; supported successful plan to get New York City to host the 2016 Summer Olympics; struggled to respond effectively to the 2013 recession; term-limited after 2006 rule change
    2005: John Catsimatidis (R/Conservative)
    2009: Richard Parsons (R/Conservative) and Robert “Naked Cowboy” Burck (Independence)

    1/1/2014-present: 108) James "Jimmy" McMillan III (b. 1946; Independent/Liberal/Working Families) – first African-American Mayor; former city councilman; best known for running for public offices on a platform calling for the implementing of a rent cap for New York City residents; successfully addressed housing issues with penalties for vacant units, changing zoning laws to allow for more housing areas to be built, and converting former venues for the Summer Olympics into public housing and multi-purpose areas; ran for President in 2016 and 2020; incumbent
    2013: Anthony “Tony” Avella Jr. (D/Conservative), Anthony Weiner (Progressive), and Malcolm Smith (R)
    2017: Trisha Ellen Meili (D) and Richard A. “Bo” Dietl (R/Conservative)



    LOS ANGELES

    1961-1969: 37) Samuel William "Sam" Yorty (1909-1998; D until 1973, then R) – previously served in the US House of Representatives from 1951 to 1955; populist conservative; improved city's waste management and highway conditions, cut taxes, "streamlined" city government, and presided over the city emerging as a major city; was criticized for his "zero-tolerance" approach to shoutniks and civil rights activists peacefully protesting in the early-to-mid 1960s; admonished for endorsing Republican candidates in 1964, 1966, and 1968; narrowly lost re-election in a bitter race that saw Yorty try to paint a former police officer as a dangerous radical; later ran unsuccessfully for this and other offices
    1961: Norris Poulson (R)
    1965: James Roosevelt (D)

    1969-1997: 38) Thomas Jefferson "Tom" Bradley (1917-1998; D) – previously served in the LAPD from 1940 to 1963, then served on the city council for the city's 10th district from 1963 to 1969; ran in 1969 on his police record and city council record; city's first African-American Mayor and longest-serving Mayor; promoted business growth as a means of creating city jobs; reformed the city's housing and zoning laws; lost bids for higher office in the 1980s; in his final term was criticized for rises in traffic congestion and air pollution, and for shying away from social movements in the early 1970s and late 1980s; retired amid declining popularity and poor health, but is currently looked back on positively
    1969: Samuel W. Yorty (D)
    1973: Samuel W. Yorty (R)
    1977: Alan Robbins (D) and Howard Jarvis (R)
    1981: Samuel W. Yorty (R)
    1985: John Ferraro (D)
    1989: Nathaniel N. "Nate" Holden (D) and Baxter Ward (D)
    1993: Richard Riordan (R)

    1997-2005: 39) Nicolas "Nick" Patsaouras (b. 1943; D) – Greek-American engineer, urban planner, and public official; previously served on the board of the L.A. County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and worked for the L.A. Department of Water and Power; became nationally known when President Lee Iacocca was assassinated while standing next to him, and Patsaouras briefed the press on the tragedy later that day, still wearing his blood-splattered suit in an iconic moment; improved city's infrastructure issues; term-limited, left office with high approval ratings, and later successfully ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives
    1997: Steve Soboroff (R)
    2001: Tom Hayden (D)

    2005-2009: 40) Xavier Becerra (b. 1958; D) – Hispanic-American; previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1993 to 2005; served at a time of rising crime rates, hurting his efforts to implement President Jackson's police precinct reform proposals; lost re-election amid accusations of having connections to several scandals concerning city councilmen who were allies of him accepting bribes, even though Becerra himself was never directly linked to the scandals
    2005: Joel Wachs (D)

    2009-2017: 41) James Kenneth Hahn (b. 1950; D) – former lawyer and business investor; previously served as deputy city attorney (1975-1979), city controller (1981-1985), and city attorney (1985-2005); won election on the phrase "Vote For Hahn, Not The Con," which some accused as being a form of race-baiting; oversaw a drop in crime rates by utilizing the technet to open up channels of communication between the city's residents and law enforcement; switched the city’s voting process to instant-runoff/ranked choice voting in 2015; term-limited, and later successfully ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives
    2009: Xavier Becerra (D)
    2013: David Hernandez (D) and Xavier Becerra (D)

    2017-present: 42) Herman J. "Herb" Wesson Jr. (b. 1951; D) – city's second African-American mayor; previously served as a member of the Los Angeles City Council from the 10th district (the same seat once held by Mayor Tom Bradley) from 2005 to 2017; won an 18-month term after city elections were “adjusted” in 2017; won a full term in 2018; incumbent; currently attempting to improve the city's parks and recreational options to promote families moving in to L.A. instead of moving out to neighboring suburban areas
    2017: Mitchell Schwartz (D)
    2018: Rick Caruso (D)



    CHICAGO
    1955-1976: 39) Richard J. Daley (1902-1976; D)
    – previously served as Cook County Clerk from 1950 to 1955; played a prominent role in the Democratic Party at the national level, being an influential figure during the 1960, 1964, 1968, and 1972 Presidential Elections; many members of his administration were charged of and convicted for corruption; died in office from a massive heart attack at the age of 74
    1976-1977: 40) Wilson Lee Frost (1925-2018; D) – city's first African-American Mayor; appointed to be Daley’s successor by city council; previously served as a city alderman from 1967 to 1976; lost bid to complete Daley’s term
    1977-1987: 41) Harold Lee Washington (1922-1987; D) – first African-American to be elected Mayor of Chicago; previously served in the state House from 1965 to 1977; often feuded with members of the city council, dubbed the "Council Wars," over transit issues, housing issues, and how to best address rising crime rates; died in office from a sudden heart attack at the age of 55
    1987-1995: 42) Timothy C. Evans (b. 1943; D) – appointed to be Washington’s successor by city council; previously served as a member of the Chicago City Council from the 4th ward from 1973 to 1987; declined running for re-election to attempt to "pull a Bellamy" and run for President, but bowed out of the race before the primaries began due to poor polling and fundraising results; his policies were blamed for the high fatality rate of the Chicago Heat Wave of July 1995, though Evans himself accuses his successor of not doing enough during the crisis and attempting a cover-up of the true number of deaths
    1995-2009: 43) Richard Michael Daley (b. 1942; D) – son of Richard J. Daley; developed the city's tourism areas and business districts, but was criticized both for presiding over rising police brutality incidents (even during President Jackson's attempts at police precinct reform) and for political allies, family members, and personal friends disproportionally benefiting from city contracting; resigned for a position in the Wellstone administration that he served in for roughly 14 months before Wellstone fired him for nepotistic hiring practices
    2009-present: 44) Al Wintersmith (b. 1956; D) – African-American; incumbent; appointed Daley’s successor by city council; previously served as a city alderman from 1997 to 2009; born Deval Laurdine Patrick in Chicago to single mother Emily Wintersmith; has presided over efforts to curb police brutality incidents but has been criticized for ineffective moderate stances and milquetoast policies; failed to run for President in 2016 and 2020 but has recently expressed interest in running for Governor in 2022



    HOUSTON

    1982-1990: 57) Kathryn Jean Niederhofer "Kathy" Whitmire (b. 1946; D) – city's first female Mayor; previously served as city controller from 1977 to 1981; implemented city finances reform to create new social programs without raising taxes; gained national attention for giving a stirring speech endorsing Carol Bellamy at the 1988 Democratic National Convention; retired to unsuccessfully run for a US Senate seat
    1981: Jack Heard (D)
    1983: Bill Wright (I)
    1985: Louis Welch (R)
    1987: Bill Anderson (I)

    1990-1994: 58) J. Fred Hofheinz (b. 1938; D) – former lawyer and the son of former Houston Mayor Roy Hofheinz (1953-1955); previously served as Mayor from 1974 to 1978; was considered a rising star in 1992 but fell into political obscurity after retiring from office and politics altogether
    1989: Shelby Oringderff (I)
    1991: Bob Lanier (R)

    1994-2004: 59) Sylvester Turner (b. 1954; D) – city's first African-American Mayor; previously served as a member of the state House of Representatives from the 139th district from 1989 to 1994; retired to successfully run for a US Congressional seat
    1993: Luis Ralph Ullrich Jr. (D)
    1995: Dave Wilson (D)
    1997: Robert A. Mosbacher Jr. (R)
    1999: Jack “Jailbird” Terence (D)
    2001: Chris Bell (D) and Luis Ralph Ullrich Jr. (D)

    2004-2006: 60) Lee Patrick Brown (b. 1937; D) – African-American; former criminologist, police chief, police commissioner and businessman; lost re-election over his handling of Hurricane Rita
    2003: Peter Brown (D)

    2006-2012: 61) William Howard "Bill" White (D) – former attorney; previously served as the US Deputy Secretary of Energy from 2001 to 2005; retired to unsuccessfully run for a US Senate seat
    2005: Lee Brown (D)
    2007: Amanda Ulman (Socialist Workers)
    2009: Jack O’Connor (R)

    2012-2018: 62) Gene L. Locke (D) – African-American; former lawyer; previously served as a county commissioner from 2008 to 2012; lost re-election over his handling of Hurricane Harvey
    2011: Roy Morales (R)
    2013: Benjamin Hall III (D)
    2015: Bill King (R) and Tony Buzbee (R)

    2018-present: 63) Dwight Anthony Boykins (b. 1963; D) – African-American; previously served as a member of the Houston City Council for District D from 2014 to 2018; incumbent
    2017: Adrian Garcia (D) and Gene L. Locke (D)
    2019: Clarence Bradford (D)



    PHOENIX
    1976-1984: 52) Margaret Taylor Hance (1923-1990; R) – city's first female Mayor; term-limited
    1984-1988: 53) Pete Dunn (R) – conservative elected in a good year for Republican; lost re-election in a good year for Democrats
    1988-1996: 54) Terry Goddard (b. 1947; D) – previously served as a private attorney who prosecuted white collar crime; amended city rules so members of the city council were elected from districts instead of by a majority of all voters citywide, allowing minorities from certain parts of the city to be elected to represent their home areas and give those areas a more representative voice on the council; term-limited; later ran for higher office
    1996-2004: 55) Randy Pullen (R) – addressed 1999 economic crisis by temporarily slashing social programs; barely won re-election; term-limited
    2004-2012: 56) Linda Sue Nadolski (D) – supported President Jackson's police precinct reform proposals; term-limited
    2012-2020: 57) Margaret D. Stock (b. 1961 in Boston, MA; R) – former member of the Military Police Corps and immigration attorney; term-limited
    2020-present: 58) Rodney Glassman (D) – US Air Force veteran and former city councilman; incumbent



    PHILADELPHIA

    1956-1962: 91) Richardson K. Dilworth (1898-1974, aged 75; D) – previously served as the city's 16th District Attorney from 1952 to 1956; resigned to unsuccessfully run for Governor
    1955: W. Thacher Longstreth (R)
    1959: Harold Stassen (R)

    1962-1972: 92) James Hugh Joseph Tate (1910-1983, aged 73; D) – city's first Roman Catholic mayor; previously served as City Council President from 1955 to 1962; retired
    1963: James T. McDermott (R)
    1967: Ethel D. Allen (R)

    1972-1980: 93) Frank Lazarro Rizzo (1920-1991, aged 70; D until 1979, then R) – previously served as the Commissioner of the Philadelphia Police Department; conservative; Italian-American; admonished for opposing construction of public housing in majority-white neighborhoods and promoting the city police department engaging in patterns of police brutality, coercion, and intimidation toward African-Americans; almost removed from office twice in narrow recall elections held in late 1975 and early 1978; changed party affiliation after the state Democratic Party Chair and several other prominent state Democrats refused to support him during the second recall attempt; retired amid low approval ratings
    1971: W. Thacher Longstreth (R)
    1975: Charles W. Bowser (I) and Thomas M. Foglietta (R)

    1980-1988: 94) Lucien Edward Blackwell (1931-2003; D) – city's first African-American Mayor; previously served as a member of the Philadelphia City Council from the 3rd district from 1974 to 1980; reversed nearly all of his predecessor's policies; retired
    1979: David W. Marston (R)
    1983: Tom Gola (R) and Muhammad Kenyatta (I)

    1988-1992: 95) George R. Burrell Jr. (D) – former city council; lost re-election
    1987: Joan Specter (R)

    1992-1993: 96) Frank Lazarro Rizzo (1920-1993, aged 72; D until 1979, then R) – elected with only 39% of the vote due to divided opposition; died in office from a massive heart attack amid another recall attempt
    1991: George R. Burrell Jr. (D), Bernard Salera (Progressive) and Joe Rocks (Conservative)

    1993-2004: 96) John Franklin Street (b. 1943; D) – previously served as a member of the Philadelphia City Council from the 5th district from 1980 to 1992, and as President of the Philadelphia City Council from 1992 to 1993; reformed the city election system to allow for mayoral runoff elections; retired
    1995: W. Thacher Longstreth (R)
    1999: Charles F. Dougherty (R)

    2004-2008: 97) Chaka Fattah (b. Arthur Davenport in 1956; D) – previously served in the state Senate from 1989 to 1997 and again from 1999 to 2004; lost a bid for a US House seat in 1996; lost re-nomination amid rising corruption allegations
    2003: Al Taubenberger (R)

    2008-2016: 98) T. Milton Street Sr. (b. 1941; D) – former hot dog vendor and activist against Mayor Rizzo's housing and vending ordinances; brother of John F. Street; previously served in the state Senate from 1981 to 1989 and in the US House of Representatives from 1989 to 2007; retired
    2007: Karen Brown (R)
    2011: Ronald D. Castille (R)

    2016-present: 99) Darrell L. Clarke (b. 1952; D) – previously served as the President of the Philadelphia City Council from 2012 to 2016; incumbent
    2015: Rhashea Harmon (R)
    2019: Billy Ciancaglini (R)



    SAN ANTONIO
    1975-1981: 173) Lila Cockrell (D) – city's first female Mayor; retired
    1981-1989: 174) Henry G. Cisneros (D) – retired; later elected Lt. Gov., then Governor, of Texas
    1989-1993: 175) Lila Cockrell (D) – female; extended term lengths from 2 years to 4 years; retired to successfully run for Congress
    1993-2001: 176) Howard W. Peak (R) – term-limited
    2001-2009: 177) Edward D. Garza (D) – city's first Hispanic-American Mayor; term-limited; later elected to Congress
    2009-2014: 178) Mike Rawlings (D) – businessman; resigned to manage the Houston Astros
    2014-2017: 179) Ivy Ruth Taylor (D) – city's first African-American Mayor; retired to successfully run for Congress
    2017-2021: 180) Michael U. “Mike” Villarreal (D) – lost re-nomination
    2021-present: 181) Diego Bernal (D) – incumbent



    SAN FRANCISCO

    1/8/1968-1/8/1976: 36) Joseph L. Alioto (D) – Italian-American; term-limited
    1967: Harold Dobbs (R) and Jack Morrison (D)
    1971: Harold Dobbs (R), Dianne Feinstein (D) and Fred Selinger (I)

    1/8/1976-1/7/1984: 37) George Moscone (D) – term-limited
    1975: John J. Barbagelata (R)
    1979: Eric “Jello Biafra” Boucher (Natural Mind)

    1/8/1984-1/7/1992: 38) Carol Ruth Silver (D) – term-limited
    1983: Gloria La Riva (Natural Mind)
    1987: Dianne Feinstein (D)

    1/8/1992-1/7/2000: 39) Art Agnos (D) – Greek-American; term-limited
    1991: Frank Jordan (D)
    1995: Willie Brown (D)

    1/8/2000-1/7/2008: 40) Roberta Achtenberg (D) – openly BLUTAGO; term-limited
    1999: Tom Ammiano (D)
    2003: Matt Gonzalez (Green)

    1/8/2008-1/7/2016: 41) Tom Ammiano (D) – openly BLUTAGO; term-limited
    2007: Josh Wolf (Green)
    2011: John Avalos (D) – first election to use Ranked-Choice Voting after city approved its use in 2008

    1/7/2016-present: 42) Angela Alioto (D) – daughter of Joseph Alioto; incumbent
    2015: Stuart Schuffman (Green)
    2019: Mark Leno (D)



    INDIANAPOLIS

    1968-1976: 44) Richard Lugar (R) – retired to successfully run for a US House seat
    1967: John J. Barton (D)
    1971: John Neff (D)

    1976-1990: 45) William H. Hudnut III (R) – resigned to become state Secretary of State
    1975: Robert V. Welch (D)
    1979: Paul Cantwell (D)
    1983: John J. Sullivan (D)
    1987: J. Bardford Senden (D)

    1990-1996: 46) Stephen Goldsmith (R) – ascended to office as Head of the Indianapolis City-County Council; retired to successfully run for Governor
    1991: Louis Mahern (D)

    1996-2004: 47) Virginia Blankenbaker (R) – retired
    1995: Z. Mae Jimison (D) and Steve Dillon (Liberty)
    1999: Jocelyn Tandy-Adande (D)

    2004-2012: 48) André Carson (D) – retired to unsuccessfully run for Governor
    2003: Robert L. “Bob” Parker (R)
    2007: Erick Lynn Gordon (R) and Fred Peterson (Liberty)

    2012-2020: 49) Sue Anne Gilroy (R) – retired
    2011: Melina Kennedy (D)
    2015: Ed DeLaney (D) and Jocelyn Tandy-Adande (Independent Republican)

    2020-present: 50) Samuel Ifeanyi “Vop” Osili Jr. (D) – retired
    2019: Jeff Cardwell (R)



    SEATTLE

    1990-1998: 49) Norm Rice (D) – term-limited
    1989: Douglas Jewett (R) and Dolores Sibonga (I)
    1993: William Cassisus Goodloe III (Taxpayers), Jane Noland (D) and Cheryl Chow (D)

    1998-2006: 50) Charlie Chong (D) – term-limited
    1997: Gregory J. Nickels (D) and Scott Breen (D)
    2001: Bob Hegamin (D)

    2006-2009: 51) Al Runte (D) – resigned over scandal
    2005: Christal Olivia Wood (D)

    2009-2010: 52) Joe Mallahan (D) – interim Mayor

    2010-2017: 53) Scott Lindsay (R) – resigned to become a US Representative
    2009: Jessyn Farrell (D)
    2013: Lorena Gonzalez (D) and Bruce Harrell (D)

    2017-2018: 54) Joe Mallahan (D) – interim Mayor

    2018-present: 55) Cary Moon (D) – incumbent
    2017: Clinton Bliss (D) and Colleen Echohawk (D)



    DENVER

    1968-1983: 40) William H. McNichols, Jr. (D)
    – ascended to office after incumbent resigned; lost re-election
    1971: Dale Tooley (D)
    1975: Dale Tooley (D)
    1979: Felicia Muftic (D)

    1983-1987: 41) Federico Pena (D) – lost re-election
    1983: William H. McNichols Jr. (D) and Wellington Webb (D)

    1987-1994: 42) Wellington Webb (D) – resigned to become Governor
    1987: Federico Pena (D) and Don Bain (R)
    1991: Norman S. "Norm" Early Jr. (D)

    1994-2003: 43) Mary A. DeGroot (D) – ascended to office as she was City Council President at the time
    1995: Richard O. Grimes (R)
    1999: Stephannie S. Huey (I)

    2003-2015: 44) Penfield Tate III (D) – retired to successfully run for a US Senate seat
    2003: Aristedes "Ari" Zavaras (D)
    2007: Danny F. Lopez (R)
    2011: Carol Boigon (D)

    2015-present: 45) James Mejia (D) – incumbent
    2015: Jamie Giellis (D)
    2019: Marcus Giavanni (D)



    BOSTON

    1960-1968: 50) John F. Collins (D) – retired
    1959: John E. Powers (D)
    1963: Gabriel F. Piemonte (D)

    1968-1972: 51) Kevin H. White (D) – lost re-election
    1967: John Winthrop Sears (R)

    1972-1976: 52) Leverett Saltonstall Jr. (R) – lost re-election
    1971: Kevin H. White (D)

    1976-1980: 53) Kevin H. White (D) – lost re-election
    1975: Louis Day Hicks (R)

    1980-1988: 54) William Lawrence Saltonstall (R) – retired
    1979: Kevin H. White (D)
    1983: Joseph F. Timilty (D)

    1988-2004: 55) Melvin H. “Mel” King (D) – city's first African-American Mayor; retired
    1987: Joseph M. Tierney (D)
    1991: Raymond Flynn (D)
    1995: Thomas Menino (D)
    1999: James T. Brett (D)

    2004-2011: 56) Kelly Ann Timilty (D) – first female Mayor of Boston; resigned due to declining health
    2003: Peggy Davis-Mullen (D)
    2007: Althea Garrison (D)

    2011-2012: 57) Stephen J. Murphy (D) – ascended to office as City Council President; retired

    2012-2016: 58) Sam Yoon (D) – lost re-election
    2011: Michael F. Flaherty (D)

    2016-present: 59) Ayanna Pressley (D) – incumbent
    2015 (blanket primary): Felix G. Arroyo (D) and Sam Yoon (D)
    2015 (runoff): Felix G. Arroyo (D)
    2019: Tito Jackson (D)



    DETROIT
    1962-1973: 68) Jerome Patrick Cavanaugh (D)
    – resigned for a position in the Mondale administration,
    1973-1974: 69) William G. “Billy” Rogell (D) – ascended to office as City Council President
    1974-1994: 70) Coleman Alexander Young I (D) – first African-American mayor; retired,
    1994-2006: 71) George Cushingberry Jr. (D) – retired
    2006-2007: 72) Kwame Kilpatrick (D) – was a potential governor candidate; fatally struck by a stray bullet fired by either police or perps during a bank heist,
    2007-2008: 73) Kenneth Cockrel Jr. (D) – ascended to office as City Council President; lost bid to complete predecessor’s term
    2008-2010: 74) Ella M. Bully-Cummings (D) – first female Mayor; was the city’s Chief of Police (2003-2008); lost re-election
    2010-2018: 75) George Cushingberry Jr. (D) – lost re-election
    2018-present: 76) Coleman Alexander Young II (D) – is the son of a former Mayor; incumbent



    LOUISVILLE
    1961-1965: 49) William O. Cowger (R) – term-limited
    1965-1969: 50) Kenneth A. Schmied (R) – term-limited
    1969-1973: 51) Frank Burke (D) – term-limited
    1973-1979: 52) Harvey I. Sloane (D) – worked with city council to amend term limits in 1974 in exchange for retiring in 1979 if he won another term in 1975
    1979-1987: 53) Tommy Klein (R) – term-limited
    1987-1991: 54) Bob Heleringer (R) – lost re-election
    1991-1997: 55) William B. Stansbury (D) – died in office from cancer
    1997-2007: 56) Jerry Abramson (D) – term-limited
    2007-2015: 57) Hal Heiner (R) – retired to successfully run for Governor of Kentucky
    2015-present: 58) David Tandy (D) – incumbent



    COLUMBUS
    1960-1964: 47) Ralston Westlake (R) – lost re-election
    1964-1972: 48) Jack Sensenbrenner (D) – retired to successfully run for Congress
    1972-1976: 49) Jerry Spears Jr. (R) – lost re-election
    1976-1984: 50) John Rosemond (D) – retired
    1984-1992: 51) Buck Rinehart (R) – retired
    1992-2000: 52) Ben Espy (D) – first African-American Mayor
    2000-2004: 53) Dorothy Teater (R) – first female Mayor
    2008-2015: 54) Buck Rinehart (R) – died in office from pancreatic cancer
    2015-2015: 55) Michael C. Mentel (R) – ascended to the office as City Council President
    2015-2020: 56) Bill Todd (R) – won special election; lost re-election
    2020-present: 57) Andrew Yang (D) – first Asian-American Mayor



    OKLAHOMA CITY
    1971-1987: 31) Patience Latting (D)
    – retired
    1987-1999: 32) Opio Toure (D) – lost re-election
    1999-2013: 33) Guy Liebmann (R) – resigned for congressional seat
    2013-2013: 34) Frosty Peak (officially nonpartisan) – interim
    2013-2019: 35) David Holt (R) – won special election, then regular election, then lost re-election
    2019-present: 36) Edward A. Shadid (D) – incumbent



    BALTIMORE
    1963-1967: 42) Theodore McKeldin (R) – lost re-election
    1967-1971: 43) Thomas D’Alesandro III (D) – lost re-nomination
    1971-1991: 44) William D. Schaefer (D) – retired
    1991-1999: 45) Nancy Pelosi (D) – lost re-election
    1999-2008: 46) Kurt Schmoke (D) – resigned after successfully running for a US House seat in 2008
    2008-2015: 47) Martin O’Malley (D) – lost a bid for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 2014; lost re-nomination
    2015-present: 48) Patricia Coats Jessamy (D) – incumbent



    MILWAUKEE
    1948-1960: 35) Frank Zeidler (Socialist)
    – retired
    1960-1999: 36) Henry Maier (D) – died in office from natural causes, age 81
    1999-2004: 37) James E. Kreuser (D) – ascended to office as City Council President; lost re-election
    2004-2012: 38) Wendell J. Harris (Socialist) – first Black Mayor; term-limited
    2012-2020: 39) Joe Davis Sr. (D) – second Black Mayor; term-limited
    2020-present: 40) Lena C. Taylor (D) – third Black Mayor and first female Mayor; term-limited



    ALBUQUERQUE
    1985-1989: 24) Ken Schultz (D) – retired
    1989-1993: 25) Louis E. Saavedra (D) – retired
    1993-2001: 26) Gary Johnson (R) – term-limited
    2001-2005: 27) Martin Chavez (D) – retired to run for higher office
    2005-2013: 28) Eric Griego (D) – term-limited
    2013-present: 29) Richard Romero (D) – incumbent



    ATLANTA
    1974-1982: 54) Maynard Jackson (D)
    – term-limited
    1982-1983: 55) Sidney Marcus (D) – died (cancer)
    1983-1986: 56) Leroy Johnson (D) – ascended to office as City Council President; lost re-election
    1986-1990: 57) Charles L. Weltner (D) – lost re-election
    1990-1998: 58) Leroy Johnson (D) – term-limited
    1998-2006: 59) Shirley Franklin (D) – term-limited
    2006-2014: 60) Marvin S. Arrington (D) – term-limited
    2014-present: 61) Lisa Borders (D) – former WNBA President; incumbent



    JACKSONVILLE
    1949-1967: 35) W. Haydon Burns (D) – retired to successfully run for Congress in 1968
    1967-1979: 36) Hans Gearhart Tanzler Jr. (D) – retired to unsuccessfully run for the US Senate in 1980
    1979-1987: 37) Jake Maurice Godbold (D) – retired
    1987-1991: 38) Tommy Hazouri (D) – first Mayor of Lebanese descent; lost re-election
    1991-1995: 39) T. Edward “Ed” Austin Jr. (R) – first Republican Mayor since 1888; lost re-election
    1995-1999: 40) Betty S. Nolzendorf (D) – first female and first African-American Mayor; lost re-election amid low approval ratings
    1999-2007: 41) Nathaniel “Nat” Glover Jr. (R) – retired to successfully run for Congress in 2008
    2007-2011: 42) Mike Hogan (R) – lost re-election
    2011-2019: 43) Alvin Brown (D) – retired to unsuccessfully run for Congress in 2020
    2019-present: 44) Anna Brosche (R) – incumbent



    SAN DIEGO

    1955-1963: 27) Charles Dail (D) – retired due to waning health
    April 1955: Harry L. Foster (I)
    March 1959: James W. Morgan (I)

    1963-1971: 28) Allen Hitch (R) – previously served on the city council; amended city’s election processes/system; lost re-election due to waning popularity over his response to the “Arkwave” of 1970
    Nov 1963: Murray D. Goodrich (D)
    Nov 1967: Frank Curran (D)

    1971-1975: 29) Helen R. Cobb (I) – previously served on the city council; city’s first female Mayor; reformed city’s election processes/system; retired to uphold to her single-term pledge
    Nov 1971: Allen Hitch (R), Ed Butler (D) and several others

    1975-1987: 30) John Michael Schaefer (D) – previously served on the city council; retired to successfully run for a US House seat in 1988
    Nov 1975: Pete Wilson (R)
    Nov 1979: Lee Hubbard (R)
    Nov 1983: Rich Riel (I)

    1987-1991: 31) Charles Ulmschneider (D) – previously served in the state assembly; lost re-election amid criticisms over his handling of taxes and the city budget
    Nov 1987: Dick Carlson (R)

    1991-1995: 31) Tom Hom (R) – previously served on the city council, in the state senate, and in the U.S. House; city’s first Asian-America Mayor; lost re-election (finished in third place, missing the runoff) in a race that prominently featured anti-Asian dog-whistling from the race’s most conservative candidate
    Nov 1991: Charles Ulmschneider (D)

    1995-2001: 32) Richard Silberman (R) – moderate businessman; Jewish; husband of city councilwoman Susan Golding; won in 1995 in a race that saw Democratic support implode because of sympathy over the May 1995 assassination of Lee Iacocca and multiple Democrats splitting the liberal vote in the summer 1995 blanket primary; resigned after being indicted for misuse of funds
    Nov 1995: Peter Navarro (I)
    Nov 1999: Peter Q. Davis (R)

    2001-2001: Acting) Juan Carlos Vargas (D) – previously served on the city council from 1993 to 2001 and served as City Council President from 1999 to 2001; Hispanic-American; retired to successfully run for a U.S. House seat in 2002 as he had initially planned

    2001-2015: 33) Donna Frye (D) – inspired by Bob Ross and her surfer husband to become an environmental and community leader in the early 1990s; previously served on the city council from 1997 to 2001; promoted government transparency and numerous social programs; retired amid waning popularity
    Aug 2001 (special): Jim Bell (D), Pat Shea (R), Mike Shelby (R), Richard Rider (Liberty) and several others
    Nov 2003: Steve Francis (R)
    Nov 2007: Floyd L. Morrow (D)
    Nov 2011: Tobian Pettus (R)

    2015-present: 34) David Alvarez (D) – previously served on the city council from 2010 to 2015; Hispanic; strengthened city’s relations with Mexico and supported the ultimately-unsuccessful effort to have San Diego and Tijuana jointly host the 2028 Summer Olympics (but hadn’t made it a campaign promise); incumbent; may run for Mike Gravel’s U.S. Senate seat in 2022
    2015: Tony Young (D)
    2019: Christine T. Kehoe (D)



    NEW ORLEANS
    1946-1961: 54) deLesseps S. “Chep” Morrison Sr. (D)
    – resigned for a position in the Johnson administration
    1961-1962: 55) James E. “Jimmy” Fitzmorris Jr. (D) – as City Council President, ascended and completed predecessor’s term; retired
    1962-1966: 56) Victor Hugo “Vic” Schiro (D) – lost re-election due to the candidacy of Addison Roswell “Rozzy” Thompson (H.I.P.) working as a spoiler
    1966-1974: 57) Gerald J. Gallinghouse, Sr. (D) – term-limited
    1974-1982: 58) Maurice E. “Moon” Landrieu (D) – term-limited
    1982-1989: 59) Ernest Nathan “Dutch” Morial (D) – 1st African-American mayor; died suddenly from a respiratory issue
    1989-1990: 60) Lambert C. Boissiere Jr. (D) – 2nd African-American mayor; as City Council President, ascended and completed predecessor’s term; retired
    1990-1994: 61) James M. Singleton (D) – 3rd African-American mayor; won over longtime rival Bill Jefferson (D); lost re-election over ties to a scandal
    1994-1996: 62) deLesseps S. “Toni” Morrison Jr. (D) – the child of a former Mayor; died suddenly from an undisclosed form of cancer
    1996-1998: 63) Troy Anthony Carter (D) – 4th Black mayor; as City Council President, ascended and completed predecessor’s term; lost re-nomination
    1998-2006: 64) Mary Landrieu (D) – the child of a former Mayor; term-limited
    2006-2014: 65) Marc Haydel Morial (D) – 5th African-American mayor; is the child of a former Mayor; term-limited
    2014-present: 66) Mitchell J. “Mitch” Landrieu (D) – the child of a former Mayor and the younger sibling of another former Mayor; incumbent



    KANSAS CITY (Missouri)

    1963-1971: 48) Ilus Winfield Davis (1917-1996, D) – oversaw the building of the Kansas City International Airport; pushed for the construction of the Truman Sports Complex; retired to successfully run for a state Senate seat
    1963: Dutton Brookfield (I)
    1967: Rex Bone (R)

    1971-1979: 49) Charles Bertan Wheeler, Jr. (b. 1926, D) – former county court judge; known for sporting a bowtie; lost re-election; later served in the state senate from 2003 to 2007, and in the US House from 2013 to 2017, stepping down to run for governor in 2016 at the age of 89 (finished in second place in the Democratic Primary); currently (as of July 4, 2021) still alive at the age of 94
    1971: Leon Mercer Jordan (1905-2001, D)
    1975: Leon Mercer Jordan (1905-2001, D)

    1979-1980: 50) Bruce Riley Watkins, Sr. (1924-1980, D) – previously served on the city council from 1963 to 1979; city’s first African-American Mayor; died suddenly from cancer
    1979: Charles B. Wheeler (b. 1926, D)

    1980-1991: 51) Phil B. Curls, Sr. (1942-2007, D) – previously served on the city council since 1968; ascended via city council selection vote; retired to successfully run for Congress in 1992 (and served from 1993 until his death from a sudden heart attack)
    1983: Richard L. Berkley (b. 1931, R)
    1987: Richard A. King (1944-2006, D)

    1991-1999: 52) Katheryn Shields (b. 1946, D) – previously served on the city council from 1987 to 1991; city’s first female Mayor; oversaw the renovation of county buildings and the Truman Sports Complex, instituted “green” policies, and defended BLUTAGO rights and women’s rights; retired to successfully run for state senate; later ran for the Democratic nomination for Governor but lost amid allegations of wire fraud of which she was later acquitted
    1991: Bob Lewellen (D)
    1995: Alvin Brooks (b. 1932, D)

    1999-2003: 53) George D. Blackwood, Jr. (b. 1939, D) – lawyer and former city councilman; lost re-election amid riots breaking out during safezoning efforts
    1999: Kay Barnes (b. 1938, D)

    2003-2011: 54) Clay Chastain (R) – former engineer and businessman; focused on job creation via tax cuts to small local businesses; received criticism for opposing President Jackson’s police precinct reform efforts; term-limited
    2003: George D. Blackwood, Jr. (b. 1939, D)
    2007: Stanford P. Glazer (I)

    2011-2019: 55) Deb Hermann (b. 1954, D) – city’s second female Mayor; expanded city’s “green” infrastructure policies; term-limited
    2011: Charles B. Wheeler (b. 1926, D)
    2015: Janice S. Ellis (D)

    2019-present: 56) Jolie L. Justus (b. 1971, D) – city’s third female Mayor and first openly BLUTAGO Mayor; enthusiastic supporter of President Pritt; incumbent
    2019: Henry Klein (b. 1962, D)



    KANSAS CITY (Kansas)
    1/1/1972-12/31/1975: 40) Richard F. Walsh (I) – won election over two-term incumbent; lost re-election
    1/1/1976-11/25/1988: 41) John “Jack” Reardon (D) – lured multiple businesses to the region to improve the local economy and lower unemployment rates; died in office from a sudden heart attack at the age of 45
    11/25/1988-12/31/1991: 42) M. James Madin (I) – previously served as City Administrator; retired
    1/1/1992-12/31/1995: 42) Joe Steineger Jr. (D) – lost re-election
    1/1/1996-12/31/2003: 43) Carol Marinovich (D) – previously served on the city council from 1989 to 1996; city’s first female Mayor; focused on improving the city’s tourism industry; retired
    1/1/2004-12/31/2015: 44) Joseph “Joe” Reardon (D) – son of Mayor John “Jack” Reardon; previously served as Wyandotte County Commissioner from 2002 to 2004; entered office at the age of 35; revitalized downtown region and worked to develop the Kansas Speedway to produce local jobs; retired
    1/1/2016-12/31/2019: 45) Ann Murguia (D) – city’s second female Mayor; entered office at the age of 47; lost re-election over a rise in taxes
    1/1/2020-present: 46) Mark R. Holland (D) – entered office at the age of 51; incumbent



    SAN JOSE (California)
    1967-1971: 58) Ronald Raymond “Ron” James (D, b. 1928) – city’s first popularly elected Mayor; retired
    1971-1975: 59) Norman Yoshio Mineta (D, b. 1931) – city’s first Japanese-American Mayor; previously served as Vice Mayor; adjusted election dates and created development-free areas in East and South San Jose; retired to successfully run for a U.S. House seat in 1974 (as served as both the Mayor and a U.S. Congressman from January 3 to January 9 of 1975 due to overlapping terms, a situation which was allowed by the city charter until 1981)
    1975-1983: 60) Janet Gray Hayes (D, 1926-2014) – former Vice Mayor and former city councilperson; defended women’s rights and supported social programs; city’s first female Mayor
    1983-1991: 61) Barton L. Collins (D) – former chief of detectives of the San Jose Police Department; almost lost re-election over his initial responses to the Second Arkwave; was increasingly unpopular by the end of his time in office; term-limited
    1991-1999: 62) Susan Walker Hammer (D, 1938-2020) – rebuilt downtown to foster economic development; created youth programs; oversaw population growth and construction projects across the city; term-limited; later served in the U.S. House of Representatives
    1999-2007: 63) Ron Gonzales (D, b. 1951) – previously served as County Supervisor from 1989 to 1999; city’s first Hispanic Mayor since 1845; designed programs to attract young teachers to the city's schools, including home purchase assistance programs; suffered a minor stroke in 2004 amid dog whistle attacks over raising tax to cover a raise for sanitation workers and other city workers; term-limited and retired from election politics
    2007-2015: 64) Cindy Chavez (D, b. 1964) – previously served on the city council; focused on public health, human services, and transportation; defended rights for BLUTAGO and immigrants; led efforts to create jail diversion programs for mentally ill offenders and homeless citizens, including sobering stations, crisis stabilization centers, and mobile crisis teams; term-limited; later served in the U.S. House of Representatives
    2015-incumbent: 65) Madison Nguyen (D) – born in Vietnam but moved to the US with her family when she was a child; former City Councilor from District 7; working on building new college campuses and in San Jose; incumbent



    FORT WORTH
    1982-1991: 40) Robert Eugene “Bob” Bolen (1926-2014, R) – former businessman; retired
    1991-1995: 41) Kay Granger (b. 1943, R) – city’s first female Mayor; retired to successfully run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; later elected to the US Senate and was a potential candidate for Vice President of the United States in 2012
    1995-2003: 42) Kenneth Barr (D) – former city councilman; retired
    2003-2011: 43) Jim Lane (D) – worked with the Jesse Jackson administration to implement police precinct reform despite heavy pushback from several groups; retired
    2011-2021: 44) Betsy Price (b. 1949, R) – former business owner and former Tarrant County tax assessor; reversed many of her predecessor’s policies; resigned to become a US Representative
    2021-2021: 45) Brian Byrd (D) – head of the city council; lost election to a full term
    2021-present: 46) Deborah Peoples (D) – progressive; city’s third female Mayor and first African-American Mayor; incumbent



    CHARLOTTE (North Carolina)
    1983-1988: 50) Harvey Gantt (D, b. 1943) – city’s first African-American Mayor; previously served on the city council from 1974 to 1983; supported infrastructure improvement efforts; resigned after being elected Governor in 1988; later unsuccessfully ran for the US Senate, then served as the US Ambassador to the UK from 2001 to 2005, as the US Ambassador to the UN from 2005 to 2009, and as the US Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013
    1988-1989: 51) Al Rousso (D) – former city councilman; selected by city council to succeed Gantt as Mayor; lost election to a full term
    1989-1991: 52) Sue Wilkins Myrick (R, b. 1941) – city’s first female Mayor; previously served on the city council from 1981 to 1989; lost re-election
    1991-1995: 53) Craig Madans (D) – former city councilman; retired amid waning popularity and his increasing personal dislike of the occupation’s “limits”
    1995-1999: 54) Patrick Lloyd McCrory (R, b. 1956) – previously served on the city council from 1989 to 1995; city’s youngest elected Mayor, entering office at the age of 39; strongly supported President Larry Dinger and the War on Recreadrugs; lost re-election and failed to challenge the election results despite the narrow margin of Scarborough’s victory; later opened his own law firm and chaired the North Carolina chapter of the Goetz’04 and Goetz’08 campaigns; lost bids for a U.S. House seat in 2010, 2012 and 2014; still claims he won the 1999 election
    1999-2005: 55) Ella Butler Scarborough (D) – former city councilperson; city’s first female African-American Mayor; brought a maglev train system to the city; implemented civil rights and police precinct reform; retired to unsuccessfully run for a U.S. House seat in 2006, a bad year for Democrats
    2005-2009: 56) Malcolm Graham (D) – former city councilperson; retired amid low popularity
    2009-2017: Anthony Foxx (D, b. 1971) – previously served on the city council from 2005 to 2009; changed the city’s small business loan program during the 2013 recession to trump job losses; retired to unsuccessfully run for Congress in 2018
    2017-present: Joel D. M. Ford (D) – overseeing the process of bringing electric car companies to the city; incumbent



    EL PASO
    1977-1985: 40) Reynaldo “Ray” Salazar (D, 1931-2016) – former accountant; city’s second Hispanic Mayor; opposed the Denton administration’s short-lived border fence proposal; later served in Bellamy administration’s Treasury Department
    1985-1989: 41) Thomas D. Westfall (D, 1927-2005) – former FBI agent and criminal investigator; bombastic and aggressive approach to city government led to him making more enemies than friends in city government, who helped his political opponents in his failed bid for a second term
    1989-1997: 42) Suzanne S. “Suzie” Azar (D, b. 1946) – city’s first female Mayor; former flight instructor; almost lost re-election in 1991 due to “overconfidence”; dealt with the War on Recreadrugs, including a minor 1996 hostage crisis on the US-Mexican border; retired to successfully run for a U.S. House seat in 1998 and served until 2007; lost bids for the Democratic nomination for a US Senate seat in 2006 and again in 2012
    1997-2001: 43) William Stephen “Bill” Tilney (D, b. 1939) – previously served as the U.S. Consul General in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico; oversaw efforts to minimize the effects of the 1999 recession; retired as part of a 1997 campaign pledge to only serve two terms; later taught US history at Jackie Robinson Academy in Long Beach, California
    2001-2005: 44) Carlos Ramirez (D) – Hispanic; supported the Jesse Jackson administration; lost re-election; challenged 2005 election results on the claim that the similarity of the names of the candidates on the ballot confused people
    2005-2013: 45) Carmen Rodriguez (D) – Hispanic; supported the Jesse Jackson administration; re-elected in 2011 over Jaime O. Perez (Liberty) after support for the local Republican party dropped so low the party did not even bother to field a candidate and instead endorsed Perez; term-limited
    2013-2021: 46) Robert Francis “Bobby” O’Rourke (D, b. 1972) – former indie rock guitarist in the band Foss (1993-2005), former professional skateboarder (2002-2008), and former city councilman (2009-2013); known for feuding with Harley Brown supporters ontech; term-limited; has expressed interest in running for higher office in 2022
    2021-present: 47) Estela Casas (D, b. 1961) – Hispanic; city’s second female Mayor; former news anchor for KVIA-TV; currently working to open a new medical school and cancer research center; incumbent



    Metropolitan NASHVILLE
    1963-1971: 1) Clifford Robertson Allen (D, 1912-1978) – former state senator; populist; worked to make a certain amount of property held by elderly homeowners with low incomes exempt from property tax; term-limited; later served in the U.S. House from 1973 until his death from complications of a heart attack
    1971-1979: 2) Richard Harmon Fulton (D, 1927-2018) – previously served in the U.S. House from 1963 to 1971; supported teachers and public schools, but was criticized for his handling of several local issues; term-limited; later lost several bids for public office
    1979-1987: 3) Jessie D. McDonald (R until 1986, then I) – young; city’s first African-American Mayor; former city councilman; often feuded with the city police and national Republicans, including President Denton; term-limited and retired from election politics
    1987-1995: 4) Robert Nelson “Bob” Clement (D, b. 1943) – son of Governor Frank G. Clement; previously served on the Board of Directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a Mondale appointee; promoted “clean” energy projects; term-limited; later elected Governor
    1995-2003: 5) Thelma Marie Claybrooks Harper (D, 1940-2021) – city’s first female Mayor and second African-American Mayor; longtime political activist; previously served in the state senate from 1989 to 1995; known for wearing flamboyant hats; established programs to provide students from low-income homes with school supplies and lunches, increased legal protections to stop financial exploitation of the elderly by their caretakers, and passed a safe haven law for abandoned babies to promote adoption over abortion; championed women’s rights and children’s rights; term-limited; served in the U.S. House from 2005 until her retirement in 2019
    2003-2011: 6) Brenda Gilmore (D, b. 1952) – former city councilperson from 1993 to 2003; city’s second female Mayor and third African-American Mayor; supported teachers union during local CBA dispute; term-limited; later elected to the state house and then the state senate
    2011-2019: 7) Megan Barry (D, b. 1963) – former city councilperson; focused on infrastructure improvement; term-limited; currently serving in the state Senate
    2019-present: 8) Harold Moses Love Jr. (D, b. 1972) – pastor; previous served in the state House from 2013 to 2019; city’s fourth African-American Mayor; supports civil justice reforms; incumbent



    PORTLAND (Oregon)
    1/1/1957-4/4/1979: 44) Terrence Doyle “Terry” Schrunk (D, 1913-1979) – previously served as Multnomah County Sheriff from 1949 to 1957; advocated for urban renewal; city’s longest-serving Mayor; died in office at the age of 66 from a heart attack
    4/4/1979-12/31/1980: 45) Constance "Connie" Averill McCready (R, 1921-2000) – previously served as City Council Commissioner from 1970 to 1979; supported the ERA and BLUTAGO rights; lost election bid for a full term; later elected to the U.S. House
    1/1/1981-12/31/1984: 46) William L. Patrick (D) – former city councilperson; lost re-election over his tax reforms and over his support for a controversial freeway proposal
    1/1/1985-12/31/1992: 47) John Elwood “Bud” Clark, Jr. (I, b. 1931) – former businessman; left-leaning populist; supported mass transit improvements, downtown development, and addressing the causes of homelessness; retired after establishing term limits; later elected Governor
    1/1/1993-12/31/2000: 48) Vera Pistrak Katz (D, 1933-2017) – born in Germany to a Jewish family that fled to the US after Hitler rose to power; previously served as Speaker of the state House; city’s second female Mayor but first female elected Mayor; supported the arts and public transportation, including maglev trains and bike paths; re-elected an upset over Grattan Kerans (D); term-limited; later elected to the U.S. House of Representatives
    1/1/2001-12/31/2008: 49) Michael D. “Mike” Schrunk (D, b. 1942) – previously served as the Multnomah County District Attorney from 1981 to 2000; son of Terry Schrunk; worked with the US Justice Department to implement civil justice reform and police precinct reform; re-elected over Jim Posey (Green); term-limited
    1/1/2009-12/31/2016: 50) Sho Dozono (I, b. 1944) – former businessman; city’s first Japanese-American Mayor; left-leaning centrist; focused on environmental protection, fiscal responsibility, and education reform; term-limited
    1/1/2017-12/31/2020: 51) Peter Edward Zuckerman (D, b. 1979) – former investigative journalist and progressive political activist; city’s first openly BLUTAGO Mayor (his husband is former City Commissioner Samuel Francis Adams); focused on recreadrug-related issues and on civil justice measures; lost re-election (failed to advance to the runoff due to coming in third place in the blanket primary)
    1/1/2021-present: 52) Carmen Rubio (I, b. 1973) – city’s third female Mayor; former non-profit executive; Mexican-American; incumbent



    PORTLAND (Maine)
    1970-1971: 90) Dr. William L. MacVane (D) – open-heart surgeon; retired after one term
    1971-1972: 91) Edward I. Bernstein (R) – focused on local issues and ignored national and even some statewide issues; retired after one term
    1972-1973: 92) William B. Troubh (D) – in office when Portland voters approved a citywide referendum in November 1972 changing the city charter to recreate an elected mayor position that had previously been removed in 1923
    1973-1974: 93) Edward I. Bernstein (R) – supported expanding the office’s powers, abilities, and responsibilities; lost “re-election” bid; city’s last “ceremonial” Mayor
    1974-1982: 94) Gerard P. Conley Sr. (D, 1930-2018) – first citizen-elected Mayor in roughly 50 years; previously served on the city council from 1968 to 1977; term-limited
    1982-1990: 95) Esther B. Clenott (D, 1924-2015) – city’s first female Mayor; former schoolteacher; previously served on the city council from 1978 to 1982; term-limited
    1990-1998: 96) Anne M. Rand (D, b. 1946) – city’s second female Mayor; previously served in the state House from 1986 to 1990; term-limited
    1998-2006: 97) Thomas Hiram Andrews (D, b. 1953) – previously served in the state House, state Senate, and U.S. House; term-limited
    2006-2014: 98) J. Elizabeth Mitchell (D, b. 1969) – city’s third female Mayor; previously served in the state House and in the state Senate; term-limited
    2014-present: 99) Ethan Strimling (D, b. 1967) – former non-profit executive; currently focused on education and city planning reform; incumbent



    TUSCON
    1955-1961: 33) Don Humnmel (D, 1907-1988) – aggressively encouraged the city’s growth; retired
    1961-1963: 34) Frank T. Gibbings (D) – former city councilperson; won in a good year for Democrats due to the initial popularity of the Cuba War
    1963-1975: 35) Keith Spalding Brown (R, 1913-1991) – former state GOP chair and former professional athlete; allied with Barry Goldwater in 1971; adjusted term lengths; lost re-election
    1975-1979: 36) Lorenzo P. Torrez (D, 1927-2012) – city’s first Hispanic mayor since 1876; former coal miner and union organizer; lost re-election
    1979-1987: 37) William Gilkinson (R) – former city councilperson; strongly supported Denton until 1986; lost re-election
    1987-1991: 38) Thomas John “Tom” Volgy (D, b. 1946) – born to Hungarian immigrants; former city councilperson; lost re-election over tax agenda
    1991-1999: 39) George Borozan (R) – former city councilperson; clashed with city’s Hispanic population over multiple incidents and controversies; won re-election in a landslide over controversial former campaign strategist and political prankster Richard "Dick" Tuck; lost re-election
    1999-2007: 40) Emily M. Machala (D) – city’s first female mayor; attempt to reform city’s city department; retired
    2007-2011: 41) Thomas John “Tom” Volgy (D, b. 1946) – former mayor; lost re-nomination over his handling of several minor local incidents and controversies
    2011-2019: 42) Ramon Valadez (D, b. 1967) – Hispanic; former state senator and former County Supervisor; champion civil justice reform; retired; unsuccessfully ran for a U.S. House seat in 2020
    2019-present: 43) Steve Farley (D, b. 1962) – former state representative and former state senator; not related to the Farley comedian brothers; incumbent



    RALEIGH (North Carolina)
    1971-1973: 52) Thomas Wood “Tom” Bradshaw, Jr. (D) – former businessman; retired
    1973-1975: 53) Clarence Everett Lightner (D) – city’s first African-American Mayor; elected in the city’s first contest in which the mayor was to be directly elected instead of being selected by the city council; retired to successfully run for a U.S. House seat in 1976
    1975-1977: 54) Jyles Jackson Coggins (D) – former real estate developer and former state senator; lost re-election
    1977-1979: 55) Isabella McLean Bett Walton Cannon (D) – city’s first female Mayor; former schoolteacher; retired
    1979-1983: 56) G. Smedes York (D) – former businessman; retired
    1983-1994: 57) Avery C. Upchurch (D) – former city councilperson; died in officer suddenly from cancer
    1994-1997: 58) Mary Watson Nooe (D) – city’s second female Mayor; former city councilperson; selected by city council to succeed Upchurch; retired
    1997-1999: 59) Venita Peyton (D until 1998, then R) – city’s third female Mayor; former political activist and community organizer; lost re-election
    1999-2009: 60) Stephanie Fanjul (D) – city’s fourth female Mayor; former city councilperson; retired
    2009-2013: 61) Gregg S. Kuntz (I) – former business executive and entrepreneur; retired
    2013-2015: 62) Venita Peyton (R) – former Mayor; lost re-election
    2015-present: 63) Charles Francis (D) – former city councilperson; city’s second African-American Mayor; incumbent



    HONOLULU

    1955-1969: 11) Neal Shaw Blaisdell (R, 1902-1975) – worked with the Johnson and Sanders administrations on military operations and veterans issues during the Cuba War and Indochina Wars; retired
    1954: Frank Fasi (D)
    1956: unopposed
    1960: Frank Fasi (D)

    1969-1981: 12) Frank Francis Fasi (D, 1920-2010) – former businessman and entrepreneur; previously served in the territorial senate; built up the city’s public transportation system; popularized the “shaka” hand gesture; was the Democratic nominee for Governor in 1978; lost re-nomination over his flamboyancy and his fiscal policies
    1968: Dominis Garrida “D. G.” Anderson (R)
    1972: Richard “Ike” Sutton (R)
    1976: Kekoa David Kaapu (R)

    1981-1985: 13) Marilyn Bornhorst (D, 1927-2020) – city’s first female Mayor; former city councilperson; laid out “forward-thinking” agenda that included new taxes to pay for new services; lost re-election
    1980: Theodore W. Gibson (R) and William Leialoha (I)

    1985-1993: 14) Frank Francis Fasi (R, 1920-2010) – considered a political “maverick”; oversaw construction of new parks and energy plants; created recreation programs for children and founded city’s annual Winter Lights festival; lost re-election in an upset described as a “generational shift”
    1984: Marilyn Bornhorst (D) and Blase Harris (Liberty)
    1988: Kekoa David Kaapu (D)

    1993-1997: 15) Arnold Morgado Jr. (D, b. 1952) – previously served on the city council from 1985 to 1992; lost re-election in the city’s first blanket primary
    1992: Frank Fasi (R), Jack Schweigert (Liberty) and Jim Brewer (Green)

    1997-2001: 16) Frank Francis Fasi (I, 1920-2010) – was an Independent candidate for Governor in 1994; oversaw the renovating of the city’s Civic Center and the construction of new office buildings for the city’s departments and growing business sector; lost re-election won conservatives voted for the Democratic nominee in the runoff, as Fasi took a libertarian stand on certain social issues while Hannemman took a more right-leaning stand on them
    1996: Arnold Morgado Jr. (D)

    2001-2006: 17) Muliufi Francis “Frank” Hannemann (D, b. 1954) – former teacher and businessman; previously served as a state congressperson (1987-1991) and as a city councilperson (1993-2001); 6-foot-7 Mormon of Samoan descent; fiscally and socially moderate; resigned after being elected Governor
    2000: Frank Fasi (I)
    2004: Marcus Oshiro (D)

    2006-2007: Acting) Carol Fukunaga (D, b. 1947) – former lawyer; state Congressperson from 1979 to 1991, candidate for state senate in 1990 and 1992, city councilperson from 1995 to 2006, and city council President from 2003 to 2006; lost election to a full term in an upset

    2007-2017: 18) Mark Edmund “Duke” Bainum (D, 1952-2019) – former physician; previously served on the city council from 1995 to 2003; survived a heart attack in 2009; experienced high approval ratings for his handling of the 2013 recession; retired due to declining health
    2007 (special): Carol Fukunaga (D), Frank Fasi (I) Lillian Hong (I), Philmund “Phil” Lee (D), Khristina “Kris” De Jean (I), John Carroll (R) and others
    2008: Paul F. Fasi (R)
    2012: Rod Tam (R)

    2017-2021: 19) Keith Amemiya (D, b. 1965) – former business executive; Japanese-American; criticized for his handling of social programs and for fighting with city council over tax reform efforts; lost re-election (finished in third place in the blanket primary)
    2016: Kymberly Pine (R) and William “Bud” Stonebraker (R)

    2021-present: 20) Donovan M. Dela Cruz (D, b. 1973) – incumbent
    2020: Donna Mercado Kim (D)



    VIRGINIA BEACH
    1988-2001: 23) Meyera E. Oberndorf (D) – city’s first female Mayor; previously served in the city council from 1976 to 1988; resigned to become Governor after being elected to that office in November 2001 and entered the governorship in January 2002, and later drafted into the November 2002 US Senate election after the Democratic nominee withdrew amid a scandal in September 2002
    2001-2002: 24) Jody M. Wagner (D) – previously served in the city council from 1995 to 2001; selected by the city council to succeed Oberndorf until a special election was held to select someone to serve the remainder of her term; lost election
    2002-2012: 25) John D. “Jack” Moss (R) – previously served in the city council from 1986 to 1995 and in the state senate from 1995 to 2004; resigned to unsuccessfully run for the GOP nomination for a US House seat, after polling suggested he would lose a bid for a third term
    2012-2016: 26) John O. Parmele Jr. (I) – lived from 1942 to 2016; previously served on the city council from 1992 to 2000 and again from 2010 to 2012; retired due to declining health and passed away less than a year after leaving office
    2016-present: 27) John E. Uhrin (R) – previously served on the city council from 2011 to 2016; re-elected in a surprisingly close race; incumbent



    SOUTH BEND
    1960-1964: 25) Frank J. Bruggner (D) – lived from 1891 to 1972; succeeded Mayor Edward F. Voorde (1910-1960), who died in office in a car accident; retired
    1964-1968: 26) Eugene Pajakowki (D) – Polish-American; significantly restructured South Bend’s city government; lost re-nomination in a bitterly divisive Democratic primary
    1968-1976: 27) Janet Allen (R) – conservative; supported businesses and cut taxes; former Common Council member from 1964 to 1968; not related to Lloyd M. Allen; the city’s first female mayor; retired to successfully run for a US House seat in 1976
    1976-1980: 28) George E. Herendeen (D) – former city council member; supported local businesses and trade schools; almost lost re-nomination and lost re-election in a landslide due the effects the 1978 Economic “Crash” had on the city; retired
    1980-1988: 29) George Williams Jr. (R) – the city’s first African-American mayor; oversaw bond issues and sought to improve the living conditions of the city’s minorities, especially those of predominantly African-American neighborhoods; briefly entered the national spotlight when he severely criticized President Denton in early 1986; retired due to exhaustion and, after losing bids for the U.S. in 1992 and 1994, retired from election politics
    1988-1996: 30) Richard D. Jasinki (D) – former city council member; oversaw period of economic development but was criticized for his handling of local recreadrug use rates; retired due to exhaustion
    1996-2000: 31) Sylvia Shelton (R) – the city’s second female Mayor; “law and order” centrist; lost re-election amid a rise in incidents between police and Hispanic-American locals
    2000-2012: 32) John Voorde (D) – the son of Mayor Edward F. Voorde and the city’s longest-serving Mayor; longest-serving Mayor; retired to unsuccessfully run for a U.S. House seat, losing the Democratic primary in an upset
    2012-present: 33) Ryan Michael Dvorak (D) – previously served in the state senate from 2002 to 2012; incumbent; has expressed interest in running for a fourth term



    WASHINGTON, D.C.

    1962-1967: 1) Edward Bennett Williams (1920-1988, D) – previously was a high-profile defense lawyer; appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson; retired; later served as Treasurer of the Democratic National Committee

    1967-1983: 2) Clifford Leopold Alexander, Jr. (b. 1933, D) – city’s first popularly-elected Mayor, first African-American Mayor, and longest-serving Mayor; retired; later moved to New York and briefly ran for President in 1988
    1966: Sam Harris (I), Raymond Ellis (I), and Jackson Champion (R)
    1970: Nan Bailey (Natural Mind)
    1974: Tommy Lynn Grant (I)
    1978: Marion Barry (Independent Democratic)

    1983-1995: 3) Sterling Tucker (1923-2019, D) – former Chair of the Council of the District of Columbia; lost re-nomination amid waning popularity
    1982: Jesse Jackson (Democratic (write-in)), Patricia Roberts Harris (I), and Charlene Drew Jarvis (I)
    1986: E. Brooke Lee Jr. (R), Dennis S. Sobin (D.C. Statehood) and Brian P. Moore (I)
    1990: Arthur Fletcher (R), Josephine D. Butler (D.C. Statehood) and Brian P. Moore (I)

    1995-1999: 4) Walter Edward Fauntroy (b. 1933, D) – former pastor; former delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from 1971 to 1991 and a candidate for Mayor in 1990; criticized for opposing BLUTAGO marriage; lost re-nomination amid claims that his policies were too moderate, unambitious, and inefficient)
    1994: Jodean M. Marks (D.C. Statehood) and Faith Dane (I)

    1999-2006: 5) Charlene Rosella Drew Jarvis (b. 1941, D) – city’s first female Mayor; became the Governor of Potomac once the Federal District became a state
    1998: John L. Ray (D.C. Statehood), Brian P. Moore (I) and Faith Dane (I)
    2002: Steve Donkin (D.C. Statehood)
     
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    Index 6 – Alternate White Houses
  • Index 6: Alternate White Houses

    (Additional White House Information and Statistics)​

    Found Here, in the following order:

    1. US Presidents by Age
    2. US First Spouses
    3. The Children of the US Presidents
    4. Secret Service Codenamed
    5. Holders of the Top Ten US Cabinet Positions
    6. Supreme Court Composition Over Time
    7. US Second Spouses



    1. US PRESIDENTS BY AGE (At The Start Of Their Terms)

    1) #26 Theodore Roosevelt – 42 years, 322 days (September 14, 1901)

    2) #37 Walter Mondale – 45 years, 15 days (January 20, 1973) – longest post-presidency timespan at 40 years, 160+ days

    3) #18 Ulysses S. Grant – 46 years, 311 days (March 4, 1869)

    4) #40 Carol Bellamy – 47 years, 6 days (January 20, 1989)

    5) #22 Grover Cleveland (first term) – 47 years, 351 days (March 4, 1885)

    6) #14 Franklin Pierce – 48 years, 101 days (March 4, 1853)

    7) #42 Larry Dinger – 48 years, 274 days (May 9, 1995)

    8) #20 James A. Garfield – 49 years, 105 days (March 4, 1881) – third-shortest tenure

    9) #11 James K. Polk – 49 years, 122 days (March 4, 1845)

    10) #13 Millard Fillmore – 50 years, 183 days (July 9, 1850) – seventh-shortest tenure

    11) #10 John Tyler – 51 years, 6 days (April 4, 1841) – tenth-shortest tenure

    12) #30 Calvin Coolidge – 51 years, 29 days (August 2, 1923)

    13) #32 Franklin D. Roosevelt – 51 years, 33 days (March 4, 1933) – longest tenure

    14) #39 Jack French Kemp – 51 years, 168 days (December 28, 1986) – fifth-shortest tenure

    15) #27 William Howard Taft – 51 years, 170 days (March 4, 1909)

    16) #21 Chester A. Arthur – 51 years, 349 days (September 19, 1881) – eighth-shortest tenure

    17) #16 Abraham Lincoln – 52 years, 20 days (March 4, 1861)

    18) #35 Lyndon B. Johnson – 52 years, 146 days (January 20, 1961)

    19) #25 William McKinley – 54 years, 34 days (March 4, 1897)

    20) #8 Martin Van Buren – 54 years, 89 days (March 4, 1837)

    21) #19 Rutherford B. Hayes – 54 years, 151 days (March 4, 1877)

    22) #31 Herbert Hoover – 54 years, 206 days (March 4, 1929)

    23) #29 Warren G. Harding – 55 years, 122 days (March 4, 1921)

    24) #23 Benjamin Harrison – 55 years, 196 days (March 4, 1889)

    25) #24 Grover Cleveland (second term) – 55 years, 351 days (March 4, 1893)

    26) #28 Woodrow Wilson – 56 years, 66 days (March 4, 1913)

    27) #17 Andrew Johnson – 56 years, 107 days (April 15, 1865) – ninth-shortest tenure

    28) #38 Jeremiah Denton – 56 years, 189 days (January 20, 1981)

    29) #1 George Washington – 57 years, 67 days (April 30, 1789)

    30) #6 John Quincy Adams – 57 years, 236 days (March 4, 1825)

    31) #3 Thomas Jefferson – 57 years, 325 days (March 4, 1801)

    32) #45 Kelsey Grammer – 57 years, 334 days (January 20, 2013)

    33) #4 James Madison – 57 years, 353 days (March 4, 1809)

    34) #5 James Monroe – 58 years, 310 days (March 4, 1817)

    35) #43 Jesse Jackson – 59 years, 104 days (January 20, 2001)

    36) #33 Harry S. Truman – 60 years, 339 days (April 12, 1945)

    37) #2 John Adams – 61 years, 125 days (March 4, 1797)

    38) #7 Andrew Jackson – 61 years, 354 days (March 4, 1829)

    39) #34 Dwight D. Eisenhower – 62 years, 98 days (January 20, 1953)

    40) #12 Zachary Taylor – 64 years, 100 days (March 4, 1849) – fourth-shortest tenure

    41) #44 Paul Wellstone – 64 years, 183 days (January 20, 2009)

    42) #15 James Buchanan – 65 years, 315 days (March 4, 1857)

    43) #46 Harley D. Brown – 66 years, 146 days (November 10, 2020) – second-shortest tenure

    44) #9 William Henry Harrison – 68 years, 23 days (March 4, 1841) – shortest tenure

    45) #41 Lee Iacocca – 68 years, 97 days (January 20, 1993) – sixth-shortest tenure

    46) #47 Charlotte Pritt – 72 years, 18 days (January 20, 2021)

    47) #36 Harland D. Sanders – 74 years, 133 days (January 20, 1965) – longest-lived President at 100 years, 97 days



    2. US FIRST SPOUSES (First Ladies, First Gentlemen, and other White House Hosts and Hostesses since 1961) [F1]

    1961-1965: Claudia Alta “Lady Bird” Taylor

    The groundbreaking Lady Bird was the first White House hostess to hold the Bible during her husband’s inauguration (starting a tradition), the first to have her own Press Secretary, the first to interact directly with Congress (contributing to the passing of the 1962 Civil Rights Act by meeting with lawmakers who refused to meet with her husband), and the first to serve as a US Ambassador (to the UK, under President Mondale, from 1973 to 1975). Being a staunch advocate for “beautifying” America’s cities and highways led to the passage of the Highway Beautification Act, and being a mediating force between her husband and many of his political opponents allowed cooler heads to prevail more often than not. Furthermore, her positive demeanor and hopeful disposition was a pleasant distraction from her husband’s grim bungling of warfare in Cuba. After leaving the White House, Lady Bird was hesitant to support her husband's proposed attempt to run for a second non-consecutive term, as she grew concerned over his health. In regards to the First Ladies that followed her, Lady Bird expressed sympathy and support for all of them, including those that she personally did not get along with too well, because she understood the pressures of the office, and possibly felt a bit guilty for expanding the role so greatly, subsequently contributing to said pressure. After her overall health began to decline in the late 1980s, Lady Bird passed away in 2008 at the age of 95, having outlived Lyndon by 33 years.

    1965-1973: Claudia Ellen Ledington Price
    As First Lady of the United States, the former First Lady of Kentucky was noticeably less active than her White House predecessor, but nevertheless promoted music, art preservation, food programs, and young children’s education programs. She supported renovating parts of the White House and preserving Washington, D.C.'s many historical landmarks. Claudia also utilized her experience working with Harland to expand his business enterprise in Kentucky to work with many members of Congress to promote her husband's political agenda, especially, the proposed Federal Aid Dividend, but was still noticeably less active and public about such activities than her predecessor had been. Nevertheless, Claudia was a gracious White House host; during hosting duties, Claudia would usually play the piano, and often worked with the President and the White House kitchen staff to prepare meals for the guests. Claudia’s biggest impact, though, would have to be her redecoration of the White House interior, blending traditional styles found across the country to make an interesting visual representation of the U.S.'s "melting pot" metaphor.

    1973-1981: Joan Adams
    Entering office at the age of 42, and being over 28 years younger than her predecessor, Joan was an energetic and enthusiastic First Lady. “Joan of Art” got her nickname from her promotion of artworks ranging from modern American to traditional Asian. With this in mind, Joan added numerous artworks in the White House, enriching its atmosphere with the inclusion of the latest art styles, albeit causing minor controversy along the way. Artists showcased included Robert Rauschenberg, Louise Nevelson, Ansel Adams, Edward Hopper, and Norman Rockwell, the last of whom reportedly got along well with both Claudia and Joan. As the former chairperson of the Federal Council on the Arts and Humanities, Joan was able to successfully champion “inter-cultural understanding through art,” and helped to make for closer relations with American allies. As an accomplished pottery-maker in her own right, she also often gifted works of pottery she made herself to heads of state during trips abroad with her husband. Joan proved to be much more actively supportive of international cultural causes than had been Claudia, communicating with prominent artists around the world, and even maintaining a friendly correspondence with Dorothy Foot, the wife of the UK's PM. Privately, Joan was to the left of her husband, and often served as an advisor on decisions regarding women’s issues; as a result, Joan often (at least tried to) serve as a mediator between him and his more openly progressive Vice President, albeit with mixed results. After leaving the White House, Joan continued to try to help the two men bury the hatchet, even telling Gravel of her alleged dislike of his wife at the time (after Joan passed away in 2014, Gravel claimed Joan though his first wife was a "sourpuss," which may explain why the two woman rarely worked on or even attended functions together).

    1981-1986: Kathryn Jane Maury
    Kathryn’s handling of her position was closer in nature to Claudia than it was to Joan or Lady Bird, gladly letting her husband soak up the spotlight while she supported the causes close to her heart more privately. Still, as a social conservative and a religious Catholic like her husband, she joined her spouse in being a “soldier” in the war on recreadrugs and juvenile delinquency, believing that after-school vocational programs and part-time jobs and internships would keep “young teen punk hoodlums off the streets.” Naturally, she was not all that popular among many young Americans, or among feminist activists who believed her loyalty to her husband came off as a "step backward" as the activist Gloria Steinem once put it. However, during her last two years as First Lady, Kathryn decreased the frequency of White House parties to try and reassure supporters and the American public that her husband was taking the increasing number of scandals and accusations very seriously. She continued to promote family values long after leaving the White House, and often attempted to privately work with future First Ladies to ensure that the "prestige" of the office remained intact.

    1986-1989: Joanne Main
    Joanne was similar to Kathryn in regards to the issues and causes that they championed, except that Joanne was far more timid of than her predecessor. While the two had become friends during the mid-1980s, this relationship was strained by Joanne’s husband granting his predecessor a pardon for specific crimes, unofficially “branding [Kathryn’s] husband guilty without a trial,” as Kathryn later put it. However, the two eventually made amends as they appeared alongside one another in 1989 at a social function supporting the Protection of Marriage Act of 1986. As someone who had gone through the horrors of having a miscarriage, Joanne was low-key more anti-abortion than Kathryn, and considered the landmark Supreme Court decision that made it legal nationwide to be a "travesty." She continued to promote conservative issues in the background of political circles after leaving the White House, quietly supporting various anti-abortion candidates but otherwise keeping herself while her husband continued to receive more attention. Interestingly, according to a 2017 report, during the 1992 Republican primaries, Joanne donated to the Estus Pirkle campaign while Jack donated to the Lee Iacocca campaign. As of July 4, 2021, she is the earliest-serving First Lady to still be alive; she is reportedly on good terms with all of her successors, including the incumbent one.

    1989-1993: none/various
    With Carol being unmarried and “too busy [working] to go on a date,” as she once put it, various friends, relatives [C1], and even political surrogates – most notably former First Lady Joan Mondale and the incumbent Second Lady – took turns serving as Acting White House Hostess when needed. This situation of “rotating” hostesses was highly criticized by many Republicans and social conservatives for being too "non-traditional" or even (somehow) "insulting." White House staff have described the upstairs residence during this time as being full of books and charts, and more akin to “a lived-in library” than the “almost-regal home” it was described as being like under First Ladies Kathryn and Joanne. These partisan criticisms were dismissed by Bellamy, who told her aides that she had "bigger problems" to deal with. The hostess situation subsequently led to the “mood/tone” of White House functions depend on the host/hostess, which inevitably caught the attention of TV producers. At least two Hollywood production studios sought to make a reality TV series (which, incidentally, were growing in popularity at the time) on the concept of each show contestant, upon being cleared by Secret Service and other White House figures, serving as the White House host/hostess for one week each in order to see "who does the best job at it," as Tumbleweed reported in 1990. However, the White House always shot down these proposals.

    1993-1995: Lia Iacocca Nagy and Kathryn “Kathy” Iacocca Hentz (as Acting Co-Hostesses)
    With future President Lee Iacocca’s beloved wife Mary McCleary passing away in 1983 at age 57 from diabetes, fueling her husband's commitment to funding diabetes research passed away, White House hosting duties were almost always jointly carried out by their two daughters. The President’s sister, Delma Marie Iacocca Kelechava (1922-2017), occasionally served as hostess when neither of them could. All three women advocated medical research and threw their support behind multiple health-related organizations, hospitals, and charity drives. Lia Iacocca (b. 1964) who married in 1987 to James F. Nagy Jr., a landscaping supervisor, served slightly more often than her older sister Kathy (b. circa 1959), who married businessman Ned Carlton Hentz in 1986. Kathy was a polyglot who used her fluency in Italian, Spanish, and French to help strengthen relations with several nations, while Lia utilized her degree in communications to network with Republican donors during the 1992 campaign; Lia was meeting with such donors in D.C., in anticipation of a 1996 re-election campaign, when she learned her father had been shot.

    1995-2001: Paula Gaffey
    Continuing the hands-off “back seat” approach to White House hosting duties followed by Claudia, Kathryn, and Joanne, Paula maintained a low profile during the 1990s, avoiding the limelight to better help her husband with decision-making and optics issues from behind the scenes. However, the two were not considered a "Power Couple" at the time due to her modesty, with her contributions to the administration only being noted by researchers in more recent years. Nevertheless, she was a strong supporter of causes that supported the families of military officers and veterans, of Gold Star families, and of Veterans’ affairs, along other relevant issues such as education for adults (night school classes) and scholarships for veterans. Paula noticeably partnered with Second Lady Meredith to oppose Recreadrug legalization on the grounds of protecting families and children from addiction and gang violence. After leaving the White House, Paula continued to be on good terms with all the former First Ladies, including Joan, and did her best to be on friendly terms with those that held the position after her.

    2001-2009: Jacqueline Lavinia Brown
    As the matriarch of the first Black First Family, “Jackie” was greatly worried about her husband’s safety, and oversaw the modernization of the White House’s security measures. Jacqueline was more politically active than many of her predecessor, as she sought to be persuasive when lobbying for legislation, initially for feminist causes but later advocating for other issues, primarily child-raising. Her religious dedication and adherence to safezoning was a source of hopefulness and uplifting inspiration for many during the SARS pandemic. Jackie also supported penal code reform – even before her one son’s arrest in 2006 – in order to “nip [problems] in the bud;” she backed legislation promoting after-school programs and improving worker pay to get parents more involved in their children’s lives to minimize first-time and repeat offender incidents, telling reporters in 2004 “the answer doesn’t start just in D.C., it starts at home, too. It starts with D.C. helping parents find and hold jobs that give them the time to sit down with their children and teach right from wrong.” She got along well with daughter-in-law Michelle Robinson, and helped to promote many of Michelle’s own passion projects concerning child nutrition.

    2009-2013: Sheila Ison
    Even more politically active than Jacqueline, Sheila was a strong advocate for human rights, the environment, and peace. Pointing out that women also suffer from police brutality as well as from human trafficking and illicit narcotic peddling, Sheila utilized her work on domestic violence prevention and assistance for survivors of such events while First Lady of Minnesota to support efforts to improve worker conditions and support the Women And Children’s Protection Act. As America’s first Jewish First lady, Sheila also worked with numerous organizations to confront anti-Semitism, racism, and hate groups.

    2013-2020: Marissa Joan Hart
    Like her husband, Marissa was a “screen thespian” who had had roles in several movies and TV shows; she most notably starred in Clarissa Explains It All (TV series, 1991-1994), Sabrina the Teenage Witch (TV series, 1996-2001), Drive Me Crazy (1999 film), Rent (2002 film), Holiday in Handcuffs (2007 TV film) and My Fake Fiance (2009 TV film), the last role being filmed when she was First Lady of California. Marissa also cameoed in the 2019 Sabrina reboot film, which underperformed at the box office despite her appearance receiving praise. Marissa was known for having a very energetic personality as First Lady, redecorating the Executive Residence to give it a “more modern and lived-in feel,” in contrast to First Lady Sheila Wellstone’s retention of its more traditional aesthetics. A gracious host like the First Ladies before her, Marissa was a passionate supporter of a number of causes, including several conservation societies, medical research, anti-bullying measures, The Art of Elysium, and IFS Virus research organizations. She also cared greatly about “child protection” causes such as eliminating child hunger, child homeless, child abuse, child neglect and child poverty, and worked well alongside her sister-in-law Karen Grammer to address these concerns. However, after over 15 years in the political spotlight (starting with her husband’s run for governor beginning in 2005), Marissa supported her husband’s decision to retire prematurely and resign 71 days before the end of his second Presidential term.

    2020-2021: Joni Brown
    Having little time to do much, Joni hosted a handful of small social events and organized festivities for the Winter Holidays. Similar to Claudia Sanders, she was comfortable away from the limelight and letting her husband have more attention, allowing her to have more privacy. However, she still gave her support to many charities that she had endorsed during her time as Second Lady, including March of Dimes, The Art of Elysium, and several groups focused on animal habitat conservation and early education programs to promote child literacy and vocational training.

    2021-present: James Midkiff
    With the President combating economic concerns like worker displacement, the first-ever First Gentleman of the US is highlighting social issues related to said concerns. Midkiff is focusing primarily on the importance of parenthood and “being there for your children,” supporting paternity leave and organizations aimed to help people, especially white-collar fathers, suffering from addiction to gambling, recreadrugs and/or alcohol. The “First Guy” is also continuing the passion projects that he had championed while First Gentleman of West Virginia, such as land conservation and teaching financial literacy in grade schools.



    3. THE CHILDREN OF THE US PRESIDENTS (Since 1961)

    JOHNSON

    With Lyndon, Lady Bird had two daughters. Lynda Bird Johnson (b. 1944) Chaired the board of Reading is Fundamental (1996–2001), the nation's largest children's literacy organization, and was a contributing editor to Ladies Home Journal magazine (1969–81); she currently serves on the Board of Directors of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation and the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Luci Baines Johnson (b. 1947) has been the Chair of the Board of the LBJ Asset Management Partners, a family office, since 1993; she also currently serves on the Board of Directors of the LBJ Foundation, the advisory board of the Center for Battered Women, and multiple civic boards, and has raised funds for the American Heart Association as well.

    SANDERS
    The first divorcé to serve as First Lady since Florence Harding, Claudia was the mother of Elvis Ray Price (1926-2009) and stepmother of the Colonel’s children from his marriage to Josephine King (1888-1975): Margaret (1910-2001), an entrepreneur and businesswoman known for being outgoing, flamboyant and adventurous like her father; Harley (1912-2007), a WWII veteran, businessman, and politician (advisor to his father during his governorship and presidency, and a US Senator, 1984-1993); and Mildred (1919-2010), a philanthropist and businesswoman who headed numerous operations at KFC for decades.

    MONDALE
    Joan and Mondale also were affectionate parents their three children. Theodore Adams “Ted” Mondale (b. 1957), who was 15 when his father became President, went on to serve as a state senator (D-MN) but failed to win the 2002 Democratic nomination for a US Senate seat. Eleanor Mondale (1960-2011), who infamously threw a raucous sorority party at the White House in late 1979 when she was 19, became a radio personality, TV host, and actress (mainly small or supporting roles in several mostly-independent films) before succumbing to cancer. William Hall Mondale (b. 1962) became a prominent lawyer and currently manages his father’s Presidential lawyer.

    DENTON
    Having 5 sons and 2 daughters made the 1980s a busy time for the White House staff. The couple’s most famous child, James S. Denton (1951-2018), worked in publishing and repeatedly defended his father and his Presidency whenever interviewed. The First Couple’s daughter two daughters, Mary and Madeline, each became attorneys but pretty much stayed out of the national spotlight after the 1980s. Similarly, middle child Michael C. Denton became the president of an investment firm, while William C. Denton manages the Denton Presidential library. Jeremiah A. Denton III, or “Jerry Jr.,” followed his father into politics by becoming a state senator (R-AL) but lost a bid for the GOP nomination for Governor in 1998, and a bid for that party’s nomination for an open House seat in 2000. The most camera-shy Denton children was Dr. Donald M. “Don” Denton who became a dentist in Daytona Beach, Florida.

    KEMP
    The Kemps had four children (two sons and two daughters). Jeffrey Allen “Jeff” Kemp (b. 1959) was an NFL quarterback, first for the Los Angeles Rams (1981–1985 (playing in Superbowl XVI, which that team won, though it was not Kemp who received the MVP trophy)), and then for the San Francisco 49ers (1986), the Seattle Seahawks (1987–1991), and the Philadelphia Eagles (1991) before retiring. Jennifer Kemp Andrews (b. 1961) currently serves as the head of the Kemp Presidential Library. Judith Kemp (b. 1963) is an author. James Paul “Jimmy” Kemp (b. 1971), who was a teenager during his father’s Presidency, also became a quarterback, but for the CFL, leading to some joking that he fled the country.

    IACOCCA
    Iacocca’s two daughters took on more responsibilities than other modern First Daughters, as they were the first ones to serve as the White House hostesses since since Margaret Wilson served as White House hostess from 1914 to 1915. Before their father’s Presidency, Lia (who was 28 in 1992) and Kathy (who was roughly 35 in 1992) were working on starting their respective careers and families; after their father’s assassination, both shied away from political functions altogether. Lia went on to be a founding member of Kacoon Development Inc., a residential development company in California, while Kathy is currently the chair of the Iacocca Family Foundation.

    DINGER
    All 5 of the Dinger children kept a low profile during their family’s time in the White House. All born between 1980 and 1990, children Christina, James, William, Noah, and Lauraine gave a “hectic” and “lively” nature to the Upstairs Residence in a refreshing break from the “cold [and] empty…feeling” the Presidential quarters had gone through under Presidents Bellamy and Iacocca. Due to his years as a US Ambassador for several Latin American countries, Dinger was the first US President ever to speak Spanish fluently (and the first President since FDR to be multilingual); he helped teach the language to his daughter Christina, who in turn appeared with him on some campaign stops where Spanish-speaking voters approved of the “little darling,” possibly helping to bring in much of the Hispanic vote in the elections of 1996 and (to a lesser extent) 2000. Currently, Christina is a languages professor, James runs the family’s “homestead” in Iowa, and William manages the Dinger Presidential Library. Noah is currently working in Namibia for the Peace Corp, and Lauraine is presently interning at the US State Department, and is reportedly “still trying to find [her]self.”

    JACKSON
    The Jacksons have five children (3 sons, 2 daughters). Santita Jackson (b. 1963) is a professional singer and the host of an eponymous talk show on the Word Network, the largest African-American religious network in the world; she went to high school with future sister-in-law Michelle Robinson (Jesse Jr.’s wife). Jesse Louis Jackson Jr. (b. 1965) made headlines in early 2006 for being arrested for physically assaulting a reporter who had invaded his personal space while he was suffering a nervous breakdown; still practicing law, Junior has gone through years of therapy to “get [him]self back together” and is now a passionate mental health advocate; he also currently works for “Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington” (CREW), a nonprofit organization and nonpartisan (but noticeably left-leaning) US government ethics and accountability watchdog organization. Jonathan Luther Jackson (b. 1966), an academic and longtime political, civil rights, and human rights activist who still appears on TV on occasion to defend his father’s administration and legacy, was elected to the state senate (D-SC) in 2018; he is currently running for South Carolina’s Class 3 US Senate seat in 2022; media outlets speculate that he win run for President someday, likely in 2028 or 2032 at the earliest. Yusef DuBois Jackson (b. 1970), a former linebacker for the Virginia Cavaliers and for the Carolina Panthers, currently works for ESPN and several civil justice organizations. Jacqueline Lavinia Jackson (b. 1975) presently co-manages the Jesse Jackson Presidential Library, doing so alongside Jesse Junior and Michelle.

    WELLSTONE
    The Wellstones had three young adult children by the time Paul became Vice President in 2000. Their only daughter, Marcia Allison Wellstone Markuson (b. 1969) was inspired by Bellamy to enter political activism, working on her campaigns in 1988 and 1992; after meeting former astronaut Jerrie Cobb at a D.C. function in 1993, she went to flight school and became a pilot, and has been flying small aircraft professionally since 2002; she is currently a feminist activist who with her husband and children often stayed over at the White House during the Jackson and Wellstone administrations due to her activism work being headquartered in Potomac and northern Virginia. The First Couple’s son Mark picked up the mantle of his father’s legacy by running for public office, and has been serving as Minnesota’s state attorney general since 2019. The Frist Couple’s son David is also involved in progressive activism and academic, and currently manages the Wellstone Presidential Library.

    GRAMMER
    With his first wife, dance instructor Doreen Alderman, Grammer fathered two children – actress Spencer Karen Grammer (b. 1983) and child psychiatrist Judy Isabella Grammer (b. 1985). His second marriage, to makeup stylist Barrie Buckner, produced a third daughter – actress Kandace Greer Grammer (b. 1992). A third marriage, to Tammi Baliszewski, produced a fourth daughter – model and prominent conservative technetter Mason Olivia Grammer (b. 2001). Mason lived with her mother until she was 18, but strongly supported her father ontech and often attended family functions at the White House; similarly, Spencer, Judy and Kandace lived with their respective mothers but were nevertheless close to their father and supported his political campaigns. Grammer’s marriage to Hart, however, produced five children – in 2005 (his first son, Gordon Harland Grammer, currently a high school student), 2007 (Evangeline Elisa “Eve” Grammer, a middle school student), 2010 (Comfort Faith “Comfy” Grammer, a daughter named after one of Grammer’s ancestors due to Kelsey liking the name), 2014 (his second son, William Franklin Grammer), and 2017 (Alicia Charlotte Grammer). With the birth of Alicia, Grammer joked that he had “finally caught up to” Harley’s number of children (nine). Former White House personnel say the Upstairs Residence felt “alive” with five young children living in it; when they moved out, Grammer and Hart’s oldest was 15 and their youngest was three.

    BROWN
    Despite his boisterous personality, there is little publicly disclosed information about Harley Brown’s children, especially his adult children. Brown has been married three times and has fathered nine children during his lifetime. He fathered the last three (two sons and a daughter, best known for playfully running around the grounds of VP residence with their “fun” dad) with his third/current wife. His oldest was born in 1982 and the youngest was born in 2009; his third oldest daughter had a child out of wedlock, and the child was raised alongside his younger siblings. This circumstance led to Brown occasionally misstating that he had ten children, leading to some of his critics claiming that Harley “can’t even keep track of how many kids he has.” One son owns his own auto repair shop in Nampa, while 2 other sons and one of his daughters are either serving in the military or are veterans, according to a 2020 interview.

    PRITT
    Madam President is the stepmother to the three children from her husband’s first marriage, but she helped raised them and played a huge role in their lives.



    4. SECRET SERVICE CODENAMES

    Ever since the 1950s, Secret Service Codenames used for Presidents, VPs, and their family members, plus other VIPs, are selected by the White House Communications Agency, an agency of the White House Military Office. Their key tactic in selecting the codenames is avoiding common words.

    Presidents
    Truman – General (also, Supervise)
    Eisenhower – Scorecard (also, Providence)
    Johnson – Valiant
    Sanders – Rawhide
    Mondale – Snowbank
    Denton – Searchlight
    Kemp – Scoreboard
    Bellamy – Schoolhouse
    Iacocca – Fastlane
    Dinger – Empire
    Jackson – Trailblazer
    Wellstone – Testament
    Grammer – Sojourn
    Brown – Fireball
    Pritt – Mountain

    Vice Presidents
    Humphrey – Pharmacy
    Scranton – Metropolis
    Gravel – Glacier
    Alexander – Hillside
    Kemp – Goalpost
    Polonko – Liberty
    Litton – Rockfield
    Dinger – Eagle
    Meredith – Beacon
    Wellstone – Witness
    Ross – Acrylic
    Brown – Dragon
    Dumanis – Gavel
    Kwame – Maglev

    First Families
    Truman – Sunnyside (First Lady Bess)
    Eisenhower – Springtime (First Lady Mamie), Sahara (First Son David)
    Johnson – Valor (First Lady Ladybird), Velvet (First Daughter Lynda), Volunteer (First Daughter Luci)
    Sanders – Regal (First Lady Claudia), Rotunda (First Son Harley), Roadhouse (First Daughter Margaret), Regent (First Daughter Mildred)
    Mondale – Skyward (First Lady Joan), Seminole (First Son Ted), Sunbrella (Frist Daughter Eleanor)
    Denton – Seagull (First Lady Kathryn), Sunline (First Son Jer Jr.)
    Kemp – Scorecard (First Lady Joannie), Skylight (First Son Jeff), Scanner (First Son Jimmy)
    Bellamy – Starline (First Nephew)
    Iacocca – Everest (First Daughter Lia), Evergreen (First Daughter Kathryn), Energy (First Sister Delma)
    Dinger – Trident, later Rainville (First Lady Paula)
    Jackson – Photograph (First Lady Jacqueline), Traveler (First Son Jesse Jr.)
    Wellstone – Witness (First Lady Sheila), Wanderer (First Son David)
    Grammer – Sapphire (First Lady Marissa)
    Brown – Firefly, later Discus (First Lady Joni)
    Pritt – Groundbreaker (First Gentleman James Midkiff)

    Prominent Presidential Candidates
    Secret Service Protection was expanded to Presidential candidates after an attempt on the life of then-candidate Colonel Sanders in 1964

    1968 – Lance (Kennedy)
    1972 – Hammer (Biaggi), Intrepid (Goldwater)
    1976 – Thunder (Reagan)
    1980 – Prospector (Paul), Swordfish (Brooke), Orville (Eagles), Boeing (Jackson)
    1984 – Sunburn (Glenn), Parchment (Carter), Cocoa (Knutson)
    1988 – Legacy (Kennedy-Shriver), Redwood (Reagan), Scarlet (Thomson), Crossfire (McCormack)
    1992 – Pulpit (Pirkle), Pathfinder (Engeleiter)
    1996 – Screenplay (Laughlin), Champion (Clemente), Pontiac (Jackson), Market (Leland)
    2000 – Pioneer (Richards), Asteroid (Blanchard)
    2004 – Patriot (Goetz), Cornerstone (Meredith), Pantheon (Huntsman), Minuteman (Weld)
    2008 – Winter (Snowe), Mahogany (Rodham-Clinton), Speedway (Johnson), Bunker (Gritz)
    2012 – Driller (Graham)
    2016 – Laser (Locke), Watchman (Moore), Parasol (Simpson), 2016 – Stardust (McAfee)
    2020 – Phoenix (Paul), Woodlark (Lugaro), Willow (Lewinsky)



    5. The Ten Most Senior Members of Each Presidential Cabinet

    (People who served in an Acting capacity for less than two months excluded from lists)



    VICE PRESIDENTS

    1961-1965: 37) Hubert Horatio Humphrey (D-MN) – selected to regionally balance the 1960 ticket; supported Johnson’s work on Civil Rights but controversially kept his true thoughts on Cuba to himself

    1965-1973: 38) Bill Scranton (R-PA) – selected to appeal to moderate Republicans wary of The Colonel's conservatism; led several projects, including the Scranton Commission, and maintained a strong working relationship with Sanders

    1973-1981: 39) Maurice Robert “Mike” Gravel (D-AS) – selected to unite the party's factions after a bitter, intense, and divisive primary season; often feuded publicly with Mondale due to being more progressive than the President

    1981-1985: 40) Lamar Alexander (R-TN) – Gravel’s public feud with Mondale led to Denton choosing a running mate he could work well with; Lamar expanded the range and scope of the office more so than did Nixon by meeting often with foreign dignitaries and members of congress, and maintained a close rapport with Denton; resigned over scandal overshadowed by Denton’s own controversies

    1985-1987: 41) Jack French Kemp (R-NY) – selected for the purpose of helping Denton work with the House to pass legislation; kept a low profile during the Lukens Hush Money Scandal

    1987-1989: 42) J. J. Polonko Jr. (R-NJ) – had been a friend and ally of Kemp for years; used his army experience to aid Kemp with several foreign policy issues; reportedly supported a more militaristic approach to the Chinese persecution of the Uyghur population in western China in early 1988; strongly backed the Veterans’ Affairs department

    1989-1993: 43) Jerry Litton (D-MO) – selected to appeal to rural and populist voters; worked with Bellamy to pass UHC and with Senators to pass farmer relief legislation; also promoted youth involvement, vocational school programs, and at-risk youth projects

    1993-1995: 44) Larry Miles Dinger (R-IA) – selected to add legislative experience and rural appeal to the ticket; used foreign policy experience to advice Iacocca on multiple issues; worked with congress to pass bills to help rural businesses

    1995-2001: 45) James H. Meredith (R-MS) – nation's first African-American VP; supported Dinger’s actions in Korea and Latin America, and backed efforts and proposals from the left and the right to combat racism and prejudice

    2001-2009: 46) Paul David Wellstone (D-MN) – nation's first Jewish VP; advised the President on foreign policy issues in Africa, playing a role in several foreign policy decisions during the Administration's second term, and helped strengthen Black-Jewish relations

    2009-2013: 47) Bob Ross (D-AS) – selected as a "wild card" candidate in the hope of appealing to a wider array of voters; strongly supported preserving natural resources, recycling efforts, renewable energy legislation, anti-hunger measures, and the arts; also supported the Chicken Dinner Summits in Jerusalem and other efforts to resolve foreign conflicts peacefully

    2013-2020: 48) Harley Brown (R-ID) – selected to unite the party; promoted religious freedom, road infrastructure projects, and the 10th Amendment; originally critical of the President but developed a friendship with him by the end of his time in office; advised Grammer in cabinet meetings, often pushing for belligerent responses to foreign policy issues; served as Acting President in 2013 while Grammer recovered from a heart attack

    2020-2021: 49) Bonnie Dumanis (R-PO) – nation's first female VP; during her brief tenure, she certified the 2020 election and promoted Brown’s executive orders to combat crime; reportedly only met with some members of congress a handful of times

    2021-present: 50) Kwame Raoul (D-IL) – nation's first Haitian-American VP; selected to enhance ticket's appeal to minority voters and urban voters; currently utilizing US Senate experience to work with congress to implement and uphold federal civil justice measures



    US SECRETARIES OF STATE

    1961-1965: 54) Jack Kennedy (D-MA) – former US Senator; allegedly selected as part of a deal for Kennedy to support Johnson during the 1960 Presidential election in exchange for this cabinet position; received controversy for getting his younger brother to serve as Assistant Secretary of State; disagreed with Johnson on the latter's handling of Cuba and on the situation unfolding in Indochina, but continued to serve under him to maintain diplomatic ties with vital allies overseas; later accused of undermining the administration

    1965-1973: 55) Carl Curtis (R-NE) – as a former US Senator, he brought much experience to the office; maintained friendly relationship with Sanders even when disagreeing with him on occasion; strengthened ties with NATO; oversaw the establishing of détente with the USSR's premiers and the somewhat-reluctant opening of relations with China in 1967-1968

    1973-1977: 56) Philleo Nash (D-WI) – former anthropologist and supporter of human rights, civil rights, and the rights of Native Americans and other minorities; strengthened ties with China and Western Europe amid US intervention in Cold War proxy confrontations in Africa; retired

    1977-1981: 57) Jimmy Carter (D-GA) – former US Senator; won a Nobel Prize for his role in the landmark 1978 Atlanta Peace Treaty that cooled tensions in the Middle East; later ran for President in 1984 and promoted human rights by traveling extensively to conduct peace negotiations, monitor elections, advance disease prevention and eradication, and fund the construction of homes across developing areas

    1981-1985: 58) Buz Lukens (R-OH) – former Governor praised for bringing jobs to the buckeye state; retained strong ties with NATO; close ally of the President, but eventually resigned over his use of US State Department funds to cover up a sex scandal

    1985-1986: Phyllis E. Oakley (R-OK) (acting) – department's first female Acting Secretary; served until a more permanent replacement could be found; stayed neutral during scandals and eventually returned to being Assistant Secretary

    1986-1987: 59) Morton I. Abramowitz (I-NJ) – former Ambassador; promoted department transparency; attempted to shift nation’s focus from scandals and toward developments in post-Soviet Russia and Eastern Europe; promoted addressing global refugee migration trends by coordinating with allies "'so America doesn't have to take in 100% of them"; dismissed by President Kemp due to irreconcilable ideological differences

    1987-1989: 60) Lawrence S. Eagleburger (R-WI) – former Ambassador; worked diligently to repair relations with several western countries and establish relations with post-Soviet nations, including the UT and the NDRR; was better-known abroad than at home

    1989-1993: 61) Peter Flaherty (D-PA) – “Mayor Pete” served on several relevant House committees during his time in the U.S. Congress (1981-1989); sought to normalize relations with China in the immediate fallout of Chairman Li ending his nation’s “western camps” policy amid international pressure; was one of the most high-profile casualties of the SARS pandemic

    1993-1997: 62) Edward J. Perkins (R-LA) – department's first African-American Secretary; former Ambassador; repeatedly served as the “voice of reason” during rising tension between the US and North Korea, but supported KW2 when it broke out by keeping communication channels open between the US, Japan, China, and (South) Korea; retired due to exhaustion

    1997-2001: 63) Susan M. Livingstone (R-MO) – department's first female Secretary; previously served at the Veterans Administration; served as Chief National Security Advisor during the Second Korean War; focused on both post-war development in KW2, and on shoring up international support for the War on Recreadrugs

    2001-2005: 64) Ann Richards (D-TX) – former US Senator who ran for President in 2000; selected for the position to end the "bad blood" between her and Jackson, and the two got along better with each passing year; maintained lines of communication during the SARS pandemic and assisted in efforts to give aid to India; stepped down in October after cancer diagnosis and passed away in 2011

    2005-2009: 65) Kenneth H. Bacon (I-PO) – worked to address persons displaced by conflicts ongoing in Africa; a humanitarian who was very transparent to the press, he passed away soon after leaving office

    2009-2013: 66) Harvey Gantt (D-NC) – former Governor and former Ambassador; was less reluctant than the President was to intervene in foreign conflicts; failed to avoid warfare from unfolding in Sudan, resulting in the nation breaking up into three smaller states

    2013-2021: 67) Richard L. “Dick” Morningstar (R-NY) – former Ambassador; sought to promote US strength after Europe suffered major recession in 2013 and sought to address cybersecurity/hacking issues with nuance to maintain diplomatic relations with Russia and China; served under both Grammer and Brown, but got along better with the former, later (allegedly) comparing working with the latter to "holding back a wild dog with a very flimsy leash."

    2021-present: 68) Lisa Perez Jackson (D-NJ) – department's first female African-American Secretary; previously worked in the US Senate and for the EPA, collaborating with foreign governments and international organizations to address multiple environmental issues; currently promoting the proposal of as many nations as possible creating a more formal “global united front” to combat Global Climate Disruption.



    US SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY

    1961-1965: 57) Henry Hammill Fowler (D-VA) – former Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization under President Truman; Democratic Party insider; loyally backed Johnson’s taxation programs; balanced payments deficits, started calls for a 10% tax surcharge proposal, promoted a "go-slow" approach to economic growth but a quick response to efforts to recover from the Salad Oil Recession, and created a modernized international monetary reserve system

    1965-1973: 58) Eugene Edward Siler Sr. (R-KY) – a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1955 to 1965 and the GOP nominee for governor of Kentucky in 1951; socially conservative “fiscal watchdog” critical of Sanders’ military interventions; dismantled Fowler's monetary system and reversed Fowler’s decision to end silver coinage and fiercely defended the Gold Standard as being more dependable than paper currency during times of fluctuating inflation rates; unsuccessfully ran for the US Senate after leaving office.

    1973-1981: 59) Robert V. Roosa (D-MI) – prominent economist and banker; his support for the US dollar led to him ending the Gold Standard, consequently leading to Dr. Ron Paul entering politics in 1975; responded to the 1973 oil shock and 1978 recession by issuing bonds to boost Fowler’s restored international monetary system

    1981-1985: 60) Thelma Loyace Hawkins Stovall (R-KY) – department's first female Secretary; previously served as the State Treasurer of Kentucky; responded to the 1978 recession and minor recessions of the early 1980s with financial loan system to keep the Fed in the black; as a supporter of labor rights and women's rights, resigned due to Denton’s opposition to a minor migrant worker strike and to protest Denton's connections to the Lukens Hush Money Scandal

    1985-1987: 61) Preston Martin (R-DC) – former member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and former Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve; supported Lockheed and other major corporations; attempted to stabilize the American dollar to enhance its performance in global markets; the failure of a national 5% mortgage loan bill he supported cost him his job once Kemp entered office

    1987-1989: 62) Patty Cafferata (R-NV) – former state Treasurer; promoted stronger ties with Russia to keep said country’s economy afloat in the immediate post-Soviet era and strengthened support for the US in Russia as well

    1989-1993: 63) E. Gerald Corrigan (D-MN) – philanthropic reformer; combatted financial corruption to minimize counterparty credit risk and market risk management, and challenged unusual hedge fund operations nationally by coordinating with the rest of the US Cabinet in order to keep the administration transparent and uncorrupt

    1993-1997: 64) Jean M. Yokum (I-VA) – former accountant, former credit union specialist, former board member of the USO, and former board chair for the Virginia Air and Space Center; utilized background in banking and credit unions to promote consumer spending and investor confidence, especially in the wake of the President's assassination and during the Second Korean War; stepped down due to exhaustion

    1997-2001: 65) Lew Rockwell (R-AL) – right-wing libertarian approved by the senate at the height of Dinger’s popularity; former Chair of the Mises Institute; supported the 10th Amendment and supported cutting funds for domestic programs to keep the administration from violating the BBA

    2001-2006: 66) Timonthy Peter Johnson (D-SD) – former member of the U.S. House of Representatives; former ranking member of the U.S. House Committee on Banking; managed shifting resources from the military to social programs, making him instrumental in keeping the administration from violating the BBA; died in office in December from a cerebral hemorrhage, possibly aggravated by stress

    2006-2007: J. Dorrance Smith (I-PO) (acting) – served on an interim basis, until a more permanent replacement was confirmed

    2007-2009: 67) Elouise Pepion “Yellow Bird Woman” Cobell (D-CO) – department's first Native-American Secretary; former Native-American tribal leader, banker, and rancher; former Treasurer of the Blackfeet Tribe and former advisor to the U.S. Treasury Department from 2003 to 2007; opposed trust fund actions and supported efforts to protect natural resources; repeatedly accused by Republicans of showing bias toward Native Americans over the federal government in several cases concerning land use

    2009-2013: 68) David Alan Curson (D-MI) – worked with the UAW to combat white-collar crime issues concerning GM and Chrysler; believing the key to economic success is job creation, supported efforts to raise taxes/tax rates on the top 1% to pay for roads, schools, and energy systems; controversially promoted efforts to ease US employers safely hiring foreign workers

    2013-2020: 69) William Floyd “Bill” Weld (R-MA) – former U.S. Senator; ran for President in 2008 and again in 2012; backed “moderate” deregulation; played a vital role in the handling of the Unlucky Recession of 2013 and in the overseeing of post-recession economic expansion/prosperity, but resigned soon after Harley Brown became President due to Brown shifting administrative policy away from backing social programs alongside other issues; got along well with Secretary Rodham-Clinton but reportedly disliked Brown

    2020-2021: 70) Robert Kyoung Hur (R-MD) – former US Attorney for the District of Maryland; tried to address multiple issues concerning gang violence and recreadrug trafficking during his 62-day tenure

    2021-present: 71) Robert Reich (D-MA) – considered progressive; has vowed to oversee vigorous crackdowns on wage theft, unfair labor policies, and immigrant worker exploitation



    US SECRETARIES OF DEFENSE

    1961-1963: 8) Homer Laurence Litzenberg (D-PA) – "Blitzen Litzen," a decorated former lieutenant general in the US Marine Corps, oversaw the first half of the Cuba War; he died in office suddenly at the age of 60 from poor health

    1963-1965: 9) Clark Clifford (D-KS) – a lawyer, war hawk, and close advisor to Johnson who, despite best efforts, failed to improve the situation unfolding in Cuba, contributing to Johnson losing re-election

    1965-1973: 10) Charles Hartwell Bonesteel III (I-VA) – US Army General (ret.); close ally of the Sanders throughout several crises concerning Indochina, Korea, China, and the USSR

    1973-1981: 11) Benjamin O. Davis Jr. (I-DC) – department's first African-American Secretary; US Air Force General (ret.) and former WWII Tuskegee Airman; supported US intervention in Ethiopia, Angola and Uganda

    1981-1981: 12) John Sidney “Jack” McCain Jr. (I-HI) – US Navy Admiral (ret.); died after only seven weeks in office, during the very start of the 1980s’ War in Libya, from a sudden heart attack at the age of 70, after years of poor health

    1981-1987: 13) William Childs Westmoreland (R-SC) – US Army General (ret.); former US Ambassador to Laos under President Sanders; supported escalating operations in Libya, Nicaragua, and Colombia; tried (but failed) to convince Denton and then Kemp to return troops to Angola; stepped down due to disagreeing with the less-hawkish views of Kemp

    1987-1988: 14) Donald Roan "Donnie" Dunagan (I-DC) – decorated veteran of the Indochina Wars; former Marine Corps officer who contributed to the founding of the Veterans Administration and successfully administrated multiple leadership roles concerning counterintelligence and training; agreed with Kemp’s “restrained attack dog” approach to foreign policy, especially in regards to continuous operations in Colombia; stepped down over personal embarrassment, believing recent revelations about his past had “tarnish[ed] the [department’s] image”

    1988-1989: 15) Larry Miles Dinger (R-IA) – former Ambassador to several countries; oversaw attempts to end hostilities in Colombia; became UN Ambassador upon Bellamy taking office

    1989-1993: 16) Robert J. Lagomarsino (R-CA) – maintained a more diplomatic approach to the office; attempted to “slowly and carefully” conclude conflicts in Latin America; liberal “humanitarian hawk” who previously served on multiple foreign and military affairs committees while serving in the U.S. Congress

    1993-1997: 17) Humbert Roque “Rocky” Versace (R-VA) – department's first Hispanic Secretary; former Brigadier General and a Cuba War veteran; hailed for overseeing combat operations during KW2, but retired due to exhaustion; later elected Governor of Puerto Rico

    1997-2001: 18) John Sidney McCain III (R-VA) – son of Secretary Jack McCain; retired US Navy Admiral and war hero/Cuba War veteran; managed operations in Latin America in support of the War on Recreadrugs and proposed keeping US “security troops” in the former North Korea indefinitely

    2001-2005: 19) Larry Rudell Ellis (R-MD) – US Air Force General (ret.); sought to find “balanced compromises” between calls for military intervention and Jackson’s efforts to negotiate peace in Colombia; oversaw efforts to minimize FP incidents spurred by SARS Pandemic-related safezoning measures for military posts at home and abroad; a supporter of "limited intervention"; retired due to being increasingly at odds with the President's foreign policy ideology

    2005-2009: 20) Claudia Jean Kennedy (D-VA) – department's first female Secretary; US Army General (ret.) and former Deputy Inspector General; assisted Jackson in shutting down “unnecessary” military posts abroad to free up funds for social programs; supported the rights of women and blutagos in the armed forces; later worked as an advisor to the Wellstone administration from 2009 to 2012 and served as the Democratic Party's national co-chair from 2013 to 2017; was reportedly considered as a potential running mate in 2008 and 2016

    2009-2011: 21) James Logan Jones Jr. (D-MO) – US Marine Corps General (ret.); relationship with Jackson was closer to Ellis’ than Kennedy’s; stepped down in June after disagreeing with President’s handling of the unfolding situation in Darfur

    2011-2011: Michael X. Garrett (I-OH) (acting)held position on an interim basis, until a more permanent replacement was confirmed

    2011-2013: 22) Howard Lawrence Berman (D-CA) – narrowly confirmed; previously served in the US House (from 1983 until losing re-election in 2011), where he Chaired the House Foreign Affairs Committee from 2005 to 2011

    2013-2021: 23) Eileen Marie Collins (I-TX) – former astronaut and retired US Air Force colonel and shuttleplane commander; worked well with both Grammer and Brown to try and settle conflicts in Africa; modernized US cyberwarfare defense measures; promoted a “mostly isolationist” foreign policy

    2021-present: 24) Curtis Michael “Mike” Scaparrotti (I-PO) – retired US Army General; currently touting plan to strengthen anti-cyberhacking measures



    US ATTORNEYS GENERAL

    1961-1965: 64) Rosser Lynn Malone Jr. (D-MO) – conservative Johnson ally who cautiously perused the rights of shoutniks to burn the American flag, judging that it depended on the context and the threat that the fire/flames/smoke posed to public health

    1965-1969: 65) Lawrence Welsh (D-NY) – defended Sanders’ support for Civil Rights but declined to serve under his second term due to fatigue

    1969-1973: 66) Wayne M. Collins (I-CA) – supported censoring comics and supported Sanders’ decision to come clean during the Ms. Arkansas Scandal

    1973-1981: 67) Ramsey Clark (D-TX) – strongly backed Civil Rights, the ERA, and even the comics and pornography industries; opposed the death penalty

    1981-1985: 68) Buddy Cianci (R-RI) – appointed Special Prosecutor; after the investigation into Denton’s funding misuse led to Denton instructed him to fire said prosecutor, Cianci resigned, citing being unable to defend the President’s actions anymore; successfully ran for Governor of Rhode Island in 1986 as an anti-administration candidate, only to be impeached in 1993/1994 in an unrelated scandal

    1985-1986: 69) Delwen L. Jensen (D-CA) – failed to have the Supreme Court reinstate the death penalty; resigned after losing faith in Denton’s ability to lead

    1986-1987: Acting) Theodore Bevry Olson (R-IL) – served temporarily, until a more permanent replacement could be found

    1987-1989: 70) Leander J. Shaw (I-FL) – first African-American US Attorney General; defended issues concerning tenant ownership and recreadrug abuse

    1989-1993: 71) Amalya Kearse (D-NJ) – first female US Attorney General; defended women’s rights issues such as abortion and combating domestic violence

    1993-1997: 72) J’Ada Mergeaux Finch-Sheen (I-VI) – continued many of Kearse’s policies, but also defended businesses in several pro-deregulation cases

    1997-2001: 73) Linda K. Neuman (I-IA) – worked closely with Dinger to defend administration’s actions during the War on Recreadrugs

    2001-2007: 74) Harry Thomas Edwards (D-DC) – oversaw copyright reform in 2002 and police precinct conduct reform throughout tenure; retired due to exhaustion

    2007-2013: 75) Ralph Nader (I-CT) – served under both Jackson and Wellstone; focused primarily on consumer protection, but also on labor rights, clean energy proposals, affordable housing, police reform, environmental protection and ending gerrymandering

    2013-2021: 76) Susana Martinez (R-NM) – served under and got along well with both Grammer and Brown; first Hispanic US Attorney General; ramped up department’s efforts to go after domestic cyberhacking, reassigning dozens of agents to successfully track down and arrest alleged hackers/leakers

    2021-present: 77) Paul Fong (D-CA) – Asian-American; currently overseeing crackdowns on insider trading and other forms of corporate malpractice



    POSTMASTER GENERAL

    1961-1965: 58) J. Edward Day (D-IL) – reduced the postal deficit, introduced ZIP codes, and improved service and employee morale; signed the department’s first labor contract with the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association; left office at age 80 and died soon after

    1965-1973: 59) Leif Erickson (D-MN) – continued most of his predecessor’s policies, plus promoted “mail by rail” contracts, and worked to end racial discrimination against postal workers; approved plan to get NASA to photograph the Moon during the Moon Landings for use on postage stamps

    1973-1981: 60) Maurine Neuberger (D-OR) – first female Postmaster General; sought to modernize the department by shifting from “mail by rail” to air and road transport; this led to intense backlash from workers of passenger train and rail routes that had carried mail to supplement their workers’ incomes since the 1830s, and was strongly criticized by former President Colonel Sanders, an avid supporter of the US train systems; nevertheless, the shifted continued on

    1981-1989: 61) William F. Bolger (D-WI) – slowed his predecessor’s modernization efforts to give workers time to be retrain for other department jobs; criticized for leaving office with a deficit, high rates, and other issues left unresolved

    1989-1993: 62) Frederick Wallace Smith (R-TN) – struggled to prep department for possible spikes in mail volume in case the 1991 Hantavirus Outbreak evolved into a pandemic; criticized for laying off hundreds of postal workers in 1991 despite doing so to keep the federal government from violating the BBA; also dealt with contracting issues, leading to Republicans calling for the department to be removed from the Cabinet

    1993-2001: 63) Albert Vincent Carey (R-CA) – strengthened department’s powers to participate in communication services amid the rise of e-mail by convincing Iacocca and congress to expand department’s responsibilities to digital mail alongside paper mail and packaging

    2001-2005: 64) Raymond Walter Apple Jr. (I-OH) – improved technet services and broadband strength to maintain e-commerce amid the SARS pandemic

    2005-2009: 65) James Scheibel (D-MN) – worked with DET (the US Department of Energy and Technology) to clarify jurisdictions of each/both departments

    2009-2013: 66) Harry Britt (D-CA) – openly BLUTAG; former US Representative; launched PR campaign to oppose lingering ontech pestering issues

    2013-2021: 67) Ralph Nader (I-CT) – defended privacy rights by working with private delivery companies to regulate, schedule and organize multiple initiatives, such as rules and conditions for using drone technology for private delivery systems, most notably the establishing of regulated “sky routes”

    2021-present: 68) Kevin Bacon (R-OH) – currently working with businesses to continue the “sky route” regulation practices of his predecessor; he is not related to the Hollywood actor of the same name



    SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR

    1961-1965: 37) Stewart Lee Udall (D-AZ) – aggressively expanded federal public lands and oversaw the creation of several national parks, monuments, recreation areas, historic sites, and wildlife refuges

    1965-1973: 38) George Dewey Clyde (R-UT) – worked with congress to implement the Clear Air, Clean Water, and Safe Wilderness Acts of the late 1960s; promoted the controversial Tocks Island Dam project that brought water and energy to NYC but also displaced hundreds from over 70,000 acres

    1973-1981: 39) Fred R. Harris (D-OK) – codified policies; worked with congress and environmental groups to establish regulations and parameters to address issues and concerns regarding dam projects; collaborated with the EPA and ODERCA to address the Trojan Tower Disaster and subsequent radioactive fallout

    1981-1985: 40) Jay Hammond (R-AS) – advocated for environmentally and fiscally responsible policies, and promoted individual civic responsibility; retired to host the TV series “Jay Hammond’s Alaska” from 1985 to 1992

    1985-1987: 41) Charlton Heston (R-CA) – former actor with no governing experience but narrowly confirmed due to his strong support for Denton in 1980; in 1986, supported opening up large swaths of land to hunting and expanding hunting seasons in the wake of rising deer and wolf incidents in rural towns, which were determined in 1987 to have been brought on by Heston opening up large swaths of land to logging and mining in 1985; fired by Kemp for this

    1987-1988: Acting) Earl E. Gjedle (I-VA) – served in an interim capacity until a more permanent officeholder could be confirmed

    1988-1989: 42) Thelma Stovall (R-KY) – former US Treasury Secretary; reversed her predecessor’s policies and fiscal decisions and worked to leave the department with a budget surplus

    1989-1993: 43) Tony Anaya (D-NM) – supported strong legislation to put liabilities on oil companies operating offshore oil rigs and demanded environmental safeguards on oil and coal companies

    1993-1997: 44) Jack Brier (R-KS) – criticized for his hands-off approach to policy, though he supported businesses that sought to drill off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, chairing a task force to study the economic benefits of offshore oil drilling and fracking

    1997-2001: 45) Constance Berry Newman (R-IL) – African-American; partnered with state governments to preserve historic landmarks and scenic views

    2001-2005: 46) Nora Dauenhauer (G-AK) – Tlingit-American; worked diligently to safeguard environmental restoration efforts, support endangered species and their habitats, support biodiversity, and champion public land conservation measures

    2005-2009: 47) Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R-CO) – discussed anti-GCD measures and proposals with several heads of state to form “universal” consensus on how to address the global issue; supported US Senator Braun’s championing of hydrogen energy projects

    2009-2013: 48) Larry J. Echo-Hawk (D-ID) – Pawnee-American and Mormon; US Senators from western states blocked his efforts to raise fees charged to ranchers whose cattle grazed on public lands; Republicans accused him of bias for approving more Indian casino licenses than his 3 predecessors combined

    2013-2017: 49) Alphonso R. Jackson (R-TX) – African-American; defended Grammer’s rollback of some environmental regulations in the name of entrepreneurial innovation; permitted limited drilling and fracking in previously “closed-off” areas; retired

    2017-2020: 50) Gary Johnson (R-NM) – maintained a relatively libertarian administration, offering up much of his department’s funds to other departments in order to keep the federal government from violating the BBA several times; agreed to resign to allow Brown to have an Interior Secretary of his own

    2020-2021: 51) Bernard Peters (R-VT) – elected Governor for a single two-year term in a fluke; avid huntsman and chainsaw-wielding woodsman from “the Northern Kingdom;” took a hands-off approach for his 56 days in office apart from introducing programs to encourage young people to learn to fish and hunt

    2021-present: 52) Faith Spotted Eagle (D-SD) – Pueblo-American; previously elected to the state house of representatives in 2006 and later served in the US House of Representatives; currently overseeing efforts to reverse the policies of Alphonso Jackson and Gary Johnson, especially several oil pipeline deals



    SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE

    1961-1965: 16) Jim Folsom Sr. (D-AL) – approved and established the US Food Stamp program; later unsuccessfully ran for Governor in 1966 and 1970

    1965-1971: 17) Bourke Hickenlooper (R-IA) – extended the US Food Stamp program and established both the Food and Nutrition Service (to coordinate food programs for the poor) and the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs (to strategize policy with state and local officials); died in office

    1971-1973: 18) Walter Judd (R-MN) – utilized experience in foreign policy affairs to strengthen department’s relations with other countries

    1973-1977: 19) Ryan DeGreffenried Sr. (D-AL) – abolished Henry Wallace’s “Ever-Normal Granary” policy and aggressively backed farmers planting all their land to raise produce rates; urging farmers to “get big or get out” led to the US yielding excess commodity crops, which were then sold to other nations, including the USSR in a major controversy; retired due to rising health issues and died soon after leaving office

    1977-1981: 20) K. Gunn McKay (D-UT) – expanded predecessor’s policies; artificially increased food demand to make food production more efficient, which subsequently drove down food costs and in turn lowered food insecurity rates in the US

    1981-1985: 21) Richard Roudebush (R-IN) – improved farming techniques by working with businesses, and improved food storage and transportation efficiencies by partnering with the US Transportation Department to grant special “toll pass” patches one attaches to the outside of vehicles delivering food

    1985-1985: 22) Harold Guy Hunt (R-AL) – struggled to reverse the policies of his predecessors to cut down on federal regulations; resigned amid financial scandal unrelated to the Lukens Hush Money Scandal

    1985-1987: 23) Ann Veneman (R-CA) – first female US Secretary of Agriculture; criticized for allegedly not giving farmers enough notice of financial policy changes and of implementing other unpopular policies, resulting in Kemp firing her

    1987-1989: 24) John R. Norton III (R-AZ) – During his tenure, a feud between his department and the General Services Administration led to the ironic dedication of the USDA executive cafeteria to Alferd Packer to shame the General Services Administration into terminating a cafeteria services contract [B1]

    1989-1993: 25) John Coyle White (D-TX)
    – implemented updated pesticide bans and poultry product regulations and worked to combat droughts and GCD’s effects on agriculture

    1993-1995: 26) June Martino (R-IL) – former CEO of McDonald’s; oversaw deregulation of previous policies to encourage independent business growth

    1995-2001: 27) Standish Fletcher Thompson (R-GA) – focused on farm-sector policy, trade expansion, conservation, rural communities, and shifting nutrition and food assistance responsibilities from the federal level to state governments

    2001-2009: 28) Jim McGovern (D-MA) – longtime fighter of food insecurity; improved farm-to-table transportation infrastructure just before the SARS pandemic made feeding families a major challenge; oversaw child malnutrition rates and food insecurity rates among children reach historic lows

    2009-2013: 29) Dolores Huerta (D-CA) – Hispanic-American; upheld procedures to control food safety measures at U.S. food-processing facilities to minimize public health risks; also champion farmer worker rights and advocated farmer labor reform to protect immigrant workers

    2013-2014: 30) Harold Lee Scott Jr. (R-KS) – former businessman; sought to curb illegal immigrant protections established due to his predecessor’s efforts, and tried to work with congress to repeal food protection regulations as well as trade reform; fired by Grammer amid rising queries into his labor practices while heading several regional department stores chains across the Midwest that came under investigation soon after the 2013 recession hit; later acquitted

    2014-2016: 31) Michael L. Young (I-PO) – former USDA Director and the department’s former head of Budget and Policy Analysis; resigned in November after previously disagreeing with Grammer on the department’s budget for the 2017 fiscal year

    2017-2020: 32) Martha Bueno (R-FL) – libertarian former cannabis advocate; deregulated several policies and programs to promote small government, but approved of state-level regulations and tried to grow “recreadrug cultivation [into a] legitimate and highly-profitable industry”; was somewhat controversial

    2020-2021: 33) Andrea Barthwell (R-KY) – with her background in medicine and international diplomacy, she was easily confirmed after her predecessor stepped down to become the US Ambassador to Cuba; served over an uneventful tenure of just 59 days

    2021-present: 34) Ralph Nader (I-CT) – the former holder of four other cabinet positions (Transportation, Labor, AG and Post-G) is currently working on reversing the past eight years of deregulation to bring food security and child nutrition rates back down to the record lows of the 2000s decade



    SECRETARY OF COMMERCE

    1961-1965: 15) Luther H. Hodges (D-NC) – advised Johnson on how to address the Salad Oil recession to minimize disruption of commercial trade

    1965-1973: 16) Milton Friedman (R-IL) – initiated workplace “culture shock” by firing “excessive” personnel, including three of his four secretaries on his first day at work; backed deregulation of trade and commerce policies to promote entrepreneurial innovation and market competition

    1973-1981: 17) John Emerson Moss (D-CA) – increased the range of the office by using it to actively oppose censorship and support freedom of information, consumer product safety and trade transparency, both nationally and internationally; also assisted in the US selling grain to the USSR

    1981-1985: 18) Alfred Hayes Jr. (I-NY) – worked with the other cabinet members to promote businesses and industries

    1985-1986: 19) Malcolm Baldrige Jr. (R-CT) – fostered foreign and domestic buying and selling contracts; resigned in protest of Denton’s recent conduct

    1986-1987: 20) Robert Mosbacher (R-TX) – stepped down after disagreeing with Kemp’s views on international trade

    1987-1989: 21) Barbara Franklin (R-PA) – first female US Secretary of Commerce; supported trade deals with recently ex-communist nations

    1989-1993: 22) Andrew Jackson Young Jr. (D-GA) – utilized experience in campaign finance and tenure on House Commerce Subcomittees to work with businesses to promote commerce transportation infrastucture efforts

    1993-1997: 23) Betty Tom Chu (R-CA) – expanded the influence of the office by working closely with Iacocca and later Dinger on numerous economic issues

    1997-2001: 24) Henry Merritt Paulson Jr. (R-NY) – supported US-PRC relations and tried to encourage consumer spending during the 1999 “mini-recession”

    2001-2009: 25) Robert Reich (D-IL) – worked on multiple economic concerns to combat unfair practices and policies; was instrumental in securing materials for emergency personnel (cotton for masks, medical tools, foofstuffs for safezoning populations) at the start of the SARS pandemic

    2009-2011: 26) Gloria Tristani (D-NM) – strengthened communications sector with trade agreements with The Middle Eastern Bloc; continued Reich’s modernization of department’s internal processing methods to increase government transparency; resigned to unsuccessfully run for the US Senate

    2011-2013: 27) Theodore William Kassinger (I-GA) – dealt with issues concerning international trade and trade policy

    2013-2013: 28) R. Severin Fuld (I-NY) – sought to reform commerce policies with deregulation goals; failed to convince Grammer to bail out major companies during the 2013 recession; fired for repeatedly disagreeing with Grammer’s handling of the economy

    2013-2014: 29) Heidi S. Nelson (R-CA) – promoted the federal government handing over some international commerce responsibilities to state governments

    2014-2017: 30) Brian Calley (R-MI) – took a moderate approach to addressing financial matters, but otherwise encouraged free trade policies and actions

    2017-2021: 31) Hillary Rodham-Clinton (R-TN) – expanded the role of the department even further by working closely with Grammer on several matters

    2021-2021: 32) Aswath Damodaran (I-NY) – served for the first five months; after securing trade deals with Australia and New Zealand, he and Pritt agreed he would better serve the administration as OMB Director, so resigned to take that position

    2021-present: 33) Sylvia Mathews Burwell (D-WV) – currently working on a “large regional trade agreement” with the EU that is being strongly opposed by French President Bové



    SECRETARY OF LABOR

    1961-1965: 9) Keen Johnson (D-KY) – developed anti-poverty programs and tested pilot programs concerning low-income work

    1965-1969: 10) Arthur Larson (R-SD) – dealt effectively with trade union strikes and counseled Sanders on crafting the details of the proposed F.A.D.

    1969-1969: 11) Herbert Hoover Jr. (R-CA) – took a hands-off approach to worker strikes by encouraging labor and management to resolve issues on their own; died in July from a sudden and unexpected stroke

    1969-1973: 12) Charlotte Reid (R-IL) – first female Labor Secretary since Francis Perkins; served in an acting capacity from mid-1969 to early 1970; combated sexist labor laws and “toxic” workplaces amid the effects of the Ms. Arkansas Scandal, unwittingly making her a feminist icon

    1973-1981: 13) Robert F. Kennedy Sr. (D-VA) – cracked down on union corruption to restore their reputations in order to increase union memberships

    1981-1985: 14) Whitney Young (R-KY) – worked with congress to enforce anti-discrimination measures, suggest laws involving unions, and promote “modernizing” workplaces to be more transparent and less sexist/racist/prejudice through open dialogue and workplace diversity

    1985-1989: 15) William David Ford (D-MI) – capably managed issues involving manufacturing problems and “business-person” controversies

    1989-1993: 16) Ralph Nader (I-CT) – advocated consumer protection regulations; developed close friendship with Bellamy, leading to media speculations that their relationship was romantic in nature despite both denying it (though the two have remained in contacts with each other over the decades since)

    1993-1995: 17) Eamon Kelly (I-LA) – partnered with businesses and schools to expand vocational education and training programs nationwide

    1995-2001: 18) Larkin I. Smith (R-MS) – expanded minimum wage and federal unemployment benefits to cover more workers

    2001-2009: 19) Richard A. “Dick” Gephardt (D-MO) – enhanced workplace safety in 2001, then again to protect “vital workers” amid the SARS pandemic

    2009-2013: 20) Ronald A. “Ron” Gettelfinger (D-MI) – worked to protect pensions and strengthen workplace safety laws; worked successfully with congress in 2009 and 2010 to increase benefits for workers left jobless by the effects of outsourcing and international trade

    2013-2017: 21) Craig Gunderson (R-WI) – fought with unions over paying workers for overtime and sided with firms over calls for paid sick leave, repeatedly insisting the issues be resolved at state levels; stepped down to successfully run for a US Senate seat

    2017-2018: Acting) Wan J. Kim (I-PO) – Korean-American; served until a more permanent officeholder was confirmed for the position

    2018-2020: 22) Ariana Fajardo Orshan (I-FL) – strongly defended restaurant managers and denied claims that new department rules eased business abilities to shortchange waiters on tips and commit wage theft; stepped down to let President Brown have a Labor Secretary of his own

    2020-2021: 23) Judy Burges (R-AZ) – defended businesses, opposed the power of unions, and strongly opposed immigrant workers during her brief tenure

    2021-present: 24) Michael Moore (D-MI) – currently working with Pritt and unions to fill new infrastructure jobs by launching re-training pilot programs



    6. THE SUPREME COURT OVER TIME



    WARREN SUPREME COURT COMPOSITION (October 1953 – March 1971)

    Chief Justice: Earl Warren

    Associate Justice from Seat 1: Hugo Black

    Associate Justices from Seat 2: Stanley Reed (until 1957), then Charles Whittaker (1957-1962), then Abe Fortas (1962-1967), then Edward Levi (after 1967)

    Associate Justices from Seat 3: Felix Frankfurter (until 1962), then Sarah T. Hughes (after 1962)

    Associate Justice from Seat 4: William O. Douglas

    Associate Justices from Seat 5: Robert H. Jackson (until 1954), then John M. Harlan II (after 1954)

    Associate Justices from Seat 6: Harold Hitz Brown (until 1958), then Potter Stewart (after 1958)

    Associate Justice from Seat 7: Tom C. Clark

    Associate Justices from Seat 8: Sherman Minton (until 1956), then William J. Brennan (after 1956)

    Notable Cases:

    May 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education – ruled unanimously that segregated schools were unconstitutional

    August 1962 – Engel v. Vitale – ruled 6-3 against compulsory school prayer, determining that it violated the First Amendment for state officials to compose an official school prayer and/or encourage its recitation in public schools

    March 1963 – Gideon v. Wainwright – ruled unanimously to extend the parameters of the right to counsel in criminal cases by determining that states are required under the Sixth Amendment to provide an attorney to defendants who cannot afford their own attorneys

    April 1964 – Butts v. Virginia Board of Elections – ruled 7-2 that poll taxes for elections violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment

    February 1966 – Rodgers v. Quitman County School Board – ruled 7-2 that Mississippi’s Quitman County’s public schools admissions system was racially-based, thus violating the 1962 Civil Rights Act

    April 1967 – Pierson v. Ray – ruled unanimously that police officers were inhibited and prevented from performing the duties of their occupation by fear of legal ramifications for damages made during arrests, thus introducing the concept of “qualified immunity”

    June 1967 – Loving v. Virginia – ruled unanimously that laws banning interracial marriage violated the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, thus striking down the banning of interracial marriage

    April 1971 – Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education – ruled 6-3 that busing students to promote integration is constitutional but cannot be enforced onto parents who refuse to partake in it; the practice was busing was essentially abandoned by the end of the decade

    June 1971 – Flood v. Kuhn – concerning the legality of antitrust exemptions granted to MLB, ruled 5-4 in favor of Curt Flood, thus granting more power to free agency players



    JOHNSON SUPREME COURT COMPOSITION (March 1971 – May 2001)

    Chief Justice: Frank Minis Johnson

    Associate Justices from Seat 1: Hugo Black (until 1971), William H. Hastie Jr. (1971-1979), then A. Leon Higginbotham Jr. (1979-1998), then Larry Dean Thompson (after 1999)

    Associate Justices from Seat 2: Edward Levi (until 2000), then Emilio M. Garza (after 2000)

    Associate Justices from Seat 3: Sarah T. Hughes (until 1985), then Joseph Tyree Sneed III (after 1985)

    Associate Justices from Seat 4: William O. Douglas (until 1974), then William Joseph Nealon Jr. (after 1974)

    Associate Justices from Seat 5: John M. Harlan II (until 1971), then Sylvia Bacon (after 1971)

    Associate Justices from Seat 6: Potter Stewart (until 1981), then Herbert Allan Fogel (after 1981)

    Associate Justices from Seat 7: Tom C. Clark (until 1973), then Miles W. Lord (after 1973)

    Associate Justices from Seat 8: William J. Brennan (until 1990), then Mary Murphy Schroeder (after 1990)

    Notable Cases:

    May 1971 – Griggs v. Duke Power Co. – ruled unanimously that the public utility company Duke Power was discriminating against African-American employees via job application tests that disparately impacted ethnic groups, which violated Title VII of the 1962 Civil Rights Act

    January 1972 – Smith v. California – ruled 5-4 on a broader definition of obscenity, determining that adult content “without serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value” viewable by the public must be censored to protect minors in public, established specific parameters on what made up “public” display, and upheld state laws concerning distribution of obscene material to minors but not to non-consenting adults; the ruling was highly controversial

    April 1973 – Russell v. United States – ruled 5-4 to overturn the 1932 Sorrells v. United States ruling and to clarify parameters for federal undercover agent conduct regarding entrapment

    June 1974 – Foreman v. Florida – ruled 5-4 that the death penalty was a form of “cruel and unusual” punishment, citing the 8th Amendment to invalidate all death penalty schemes and effectively reduced all death sentences to life imprisonment; decision was highly controversial and repeatedly challenged

    September 1974 – Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp. – ruled 8-1 that states were allowed to freely develop their own trade secret laws

    June 1980 – Central Hudson Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Service Commission – ruled 7-2 that there is no authority in the U.S. Constitution that provides “personhood” rights to corporations; only Justices Levi and Stewart made up the ruling’s dissent

    September 1982 – Wilson v. NCAA – ruled 5-4 that Colorado legalizing sports betting would violate the 10th Amendment because it could affect citizens outside of Colorado

    June 1983 – INS v. Chadha – ruled 8-1 that the one-house “legislative veto” feature violated the constitutional separation of powers

    December 1985 – Jensen v. Massachusetts – ruled 5-4 to uphold the 1974 death penalty ruling, despite Denton’s efforts to have the 1974 ruling overturned

    April 1986 – Rivera v. Mason County – ruled 5-4 to allow a White House plan to deny green cards to potential immigrants who may need government aid but may have no clear intent to become permanent residents of the US; controversial ruling

    June 1987 – Freeman v. Aguillard – ruled 6-3 against a state law requiring the additional teaching of creationism in any public school that taught evolution to its students, determining that it violated the Establishment Clause of the Frist Amendment, as it purposely intended to advance one idea over another instead of giving all ideas equal footing

    January 1992 – Moseley v. Van Dam – ruled 7-2 (with Sneed and Fogel dissenting) against a 1981 Utah Supreme Court decision, determining that women in the U.S. have a fundamental right to choose whether or not to have an abortion, that it was illegal for any state government to deny the establishing of abortion centers within said state, and that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects a woman’s right to choose to have an abortion

    May 1992 – Kearse v. Hanover Co. & Chemcial Bank – ruled 5-4 in favor of two large banks merging, but established new parameters on how large a national business can become before it creates a monopolistic economic environment at a national level

    October 1993 – Karger v. Sonoma County – ruled 6-3 (with Fogel, Bacon, and Sneed dissenting) that it Is unconstitutional to discriminate against sexual preference

    March 1994 – Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music Inc. – ruled unanimously in favor of rapper, deciding that profits alone do not make fair use laws inapplicable to commercial parodies and thus determining that fair use laws protect parody works

    March 1997 – Mondo Paperworks v. Menendez – ruled 7-2 to uphold state law preventing employers from preventing employees from voting or firing them for taking time off work to exercise said employee’s right to vote, provided that the employee can prove they spent their time off work going to vote; ruling led to a GOP-backed push to expand mail voting availability and accessibility, arguing it would render such laws moot if employees simply vote from home



    PAGE SUPREME COURT COMPOSITION (July 2, 2001 – present (2021))

    Chief Justice: Alan Cedric Page

    Associate Justice from Seat 1: Larry Dean Thompson

    Associate Justice from Seat 2: Emilio M. Garza

    Associate Justices from Seat 3: Joseph Tyree Sneed III (until 2008), Aida M. Delgado-Colon (after 2008)

    Associate Justices from Seat 4: William Joseph Nealon Jr. (until 2018), then Robert Patrick Murphy (after 2018)

    Associate Justice from Seat 5: Sylvia Bacon

    Associate Justices from Seat 6: Herbert Allan Fogel (until 2002), then Michael J. Sandel (after 2002)

    Associate Justices from Seat 7: Miles W. Lord (until 2009), then Check Kong “Denny” Chin (after 2009)

    Associate Justices from Seat 8: Mary Murphy Schroeder (until 2021), then George Perry Floyd (after 2021)

    Notable Cases:

    August 2002 – Stuyvesant v. Edwards – ruled 5-4 to uphold the constitutionality of Congressperson Sonny Bono (R-CA)’s Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, which applied to “current” copyrights but not “retroactive” copyrights, meaning that copyrights still covered by the previous “70-years” law had their “expiration dates” extended, while copyrights no longer covered by said law (in other words, anything copyrighted before the 1928) could not be extended due to already expiring

    September 2003 – Brill v. Cohen – ruled 6-3 (with Sneed, Garza, and Thompson dissenting) that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment

    October 2003 – Pepvibes v. California – ruled 6-3 to overturn California’s state Supreme Court’s “draconian” ruling in 2000, which found technet user anonymity to “endanger domestic security” by making tech users vulnerable to fraud, identity theft, hacking, and other “tech dangers,” violated freedom of speech and right to privacy

    January 2004 – Arizona v. Yuma Workers Union – ruled 5-4 to reverse the Supreme Court’s 1986 “Green Card restrictions” ruling

    September 2007 – Hillenburg v. Maine – ruled unanimously that trade secrets have “special protection,” upholding the 1979 Trade Secrets Act and several state laws, and overturning the 1974 supreme court ruling the kept trade secret protection at the state level

    June 2008 – Blake v. Illinois – ruled unanimously that the warrantless search and seizure of digital contents of a lar phone during an arrest is unconstitutional

    April 2009 – Gantt Medical Research Center v. North Carolina – ruled 7-2 that statewide ban on stem-cell research is unconstitutional

    December 2009 – Betland v. Fields – ruled 6-3 (with Thompson, Bacon and Garza dissenting) to overturn 1982 sports betting decision

    February 2010 – Stone v. Rutland – ruled 5-4 to overturn the 1972 Smith v. California “obscenity” ruling; supported by libertarians and libertarian justices

    January 2012 – Thompson v. Miller County – ruled 8-1 that, for the purposes of Title VII of the 1962 Civil Rights Act, discrimination on the basis of transgender status is also ‘discrimination because of sex,’ with the US Attorney General also clarifying that the federal government may make its own determination of sex classification for federally issued documentation regardless of legal sex classifications at state/territorial levels, sparking further debate

    June 2014 – DGH Companies, Inc. v. Zimmerman – ruled 7-2 (with Thompson and Garza dissenting) that the 1962 Civil Rights Act protected transgender workers as its language prohibits sex discrimination, which applies to discrimination that is based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity

    December 2018 – Westley v. Warren – ruled 5-4 to uphold Massachusetts' restrictions on “soft money,” recognizing that not all political speech is protected by the First Amendment and that the government has a responsibility to combat all forms of corruption, including financial and political



    7. US SECOND SPOUSES

    1961-1965: Muriel Fay Buck (D-MN) – the somewhat shy Muriel continued the precedencies set by her predecessor, Pat Nixon. Eager to assist her husband's career in any way that she could, she expanded the visibility of the position of Second Lady by traveling extensively around the country, both with and without her husband, to promote various causes; these causes included raising public awareness of (and funding for research into) Down Syndrome (which her granddaughter Victoria Solomon had), mental disabilities, and (after leaving office) abortion rights; Muriel was reportedly on "amicable, but not super-friendly" terms with First Lady Ladybird.

    1965-1973: Mary Lowe (R-PA) – a gifted public speaker more energetic on the campaign trail than her husband, Mary focused on numerous issues during her eight eventful years in this position; these issues included improving standards for public housing, encouraging domestic technological innovation, and backing space exploration; she served as a consultant to her husband and members of his staff, and while serving in high-profile positions after leaving 1 Observatory Circle, she failed to translate her rhetoric, superb oratory skills, and many connections into a winning political campaign of her own; the most recent former Second Lady to pass away, she is looked back on fairly favorably by those who followed (with the only real criticism coming from Rita, who reportedly believes she "set the bar too high, so I lowered it."

    1973-1981: Rita Jeannette Martin (D-AS) – being less political than her three predecessors, who had truly brought the office to the national spotlight for the first time, Rita shied away from the spotlight and cameras, and focused on more traditional roles while raising her teenage son and daughter; most notably, Rita oversaw renovations and restoration efforts on the VP residence; while she seemed to just be tired of inquisitive cameras, Rita was unhappy behind closed door because of her husband’s infidelity, keeping quiet only for the sake of his career, which seemed to implode in 1980 regardless; after that year’s election, Rita ended the façade and moved out of 1 Observatory Circle, divorcing Mike soon after and returning to private life; still alive (as of July 4, 2021) and still reclusive she has only occasionally agreed to interviews.

    1981-1985: Leslie “Honey” Buhler (R-TN) – Children’s literacy was a cornerstone of her time as Second Lady, given her concurrent job as director of a child-care business and a board member of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting; she reportedly could relate to the pressure “Lamar and Jer were under” during the 1980s, given media examinations of her professional life, too – media outlets “questioned my background, financial histories, labor practices and viewpoints, and scrutinized anything they deemed peculiar”; Honey reportedly felt “relieved” when the Alexanders faded into the background of the political landscape of their days, though in recent years, she and Lamar have been more willing to appear in the media, mostly by lending their recollections to discussions on that tumultuous era known as the 1980s.

    1987-1989: Jane Thompson (R-NJ) – A supporter of both education reform to improve America’s public education system and medical care for veterans, the rather elusive Jane supported her husband’s ascension, speaking to newspapers and party leaders to support a future Kemp/Polonko ticket that, alas, was not meant to be; nevertheless, she spent her somewhat short time in this position to meet with teachers and leaders of academia across the country, a practices that she still continues. According to some sources, she was not on good terms with Honey and Sharon, either due to them having different opinions on furniture decoration for the VP's residence, or, according to one source, due to both Honey and Sharon having derisive things to say about her husband's speculative 1992 run for the Presidency. However, Jane did get along well with former Second Lady Mary, future Second Lady Judy, and future First Lady Joni. Jane currently resides with her husband at their home in New Jersey.

    1989-1993: Sharon Ann Summerville (D-MO) – Jerry’s beloved was drawn to reforestation programs during her husband’s time in the Senate, and she promoted them and the America Red Cross during their time at 1 Observatory Circle in a “return to form” for the office; given the lack of a First Spouse, though, many treated Sharon as if she held that role (indeed, she did host functions at the White House on a few occasions), and the subsequent media focus expanded the abilities of her true office significantly. Second Lady Sharon was reportedly on friendly terms with former Second Ladies Muriel, Mary, Honey, Jane, and even the elusive Rita, and later was on friendly terms with Second Ladies Judy and Lynda. Now widowed, Sharon divides her time between her family home in Missouri and the residences of her children and adult grandchildren.

    1995-2001: Dr. Judy Alsobrooks (R-MS) – America’s first-ever African-American Second Lady was a journalism professor and filmmaker, teaching college mass communications classes at the time of her husband’s ascension; previously working as a TV and radio news reporter and anchor in Jackson, Mississippi, Judy was a natural at handling the press; as Second Lady, she traveled extensively, both professionally and as a visitor, to promote cultural, religious and ethnic diversity, and the coexistence of various groups; she also worked with her husband to combat racism and prejudice, and modernized the office of Second Lady by harnessing the power of the technet to promote peace and love ontech; derided by the far-right, she never buckled under any of the attacks made against her before, during, or after her time in office, working on Jim’s 2004 campaign and continuing to promote civil justice to this day.

    2009-2013: Lynda Brown (D-AS) – Like a yin to Bob’s yang, Lynda took up another type of art – music – as a cause for her to champion while Second Lady; generally supporting cultural preservation (including maintaining old buildings, albeit to a certain extent), she soon became highly popular among performing arts schools; not long into office, Lynda developed a friendship with Judy, who is a classical pianist, resulting in the two performing together at a charity benefit held at the White House in early 2010. Lynda reports gets along very well with all of the former Second Ladies right now, but tension between her and Joni Brown allegedly lasted for years; the "frostiness" between them was only thawed by First Lady Marissa inviting Lynda and Joni to join her on numerous charity drives in order to help them find common ground and break bread. After leaving office, Lynda was cautiously supportive of her husband's Presidential campaign in 2015 given his advanced age; her increased concern ahead of the 2020 election may have been a contributing factor in Bob's decision to not run "one last time" and instead enjoy their retirement together. They both currently reside in Bob's birth state of Florida, though they still often travel the country to either visit friends and relatives or promote various causes.

    2020-2021: Carrie Smith (R-PO) – Little is really known about the nation’s first openly BLUTAGO Second Lady, given how little time there was for the nation to get to know her; on the other side of that same situation, Carrie had little time to truly promote any causes, at least any through some major projects, and thus she merely backed typical, generic causes (anti-poverty, children’s health and education, and – most noticeably – family safety) via press releases and postings on social media; from what one can tell, it seems she is a serious career woman like her wife, but is an avid supporter of people adopting pets; it does not help matter that her first actual interview did not occur until after her wife had already left office, and her general vagueness during it left more questions than answers surrounding the colorful characters of the almost-enigmatic Harley Brown administration.

    2021-present: Dr. Lisa Moore (D-IL) – Lisa has only been married to Kwame since 2018, but the Second Family is already growing, with a second child recently reported to be “on the way”; since entering office, the current Second Lady seems to be making the office more transparent by posting family vids ontech and using the technet to connect with people to promote multiple causes related to her husband’s push for civil justice reform. She herself is promoting American families utilizing UHC and America's national parks to engage in family activities and trips. Lisa also supports First Gentleman Jim's efforts to implement full-pay family leave in order to allow parents to spend more time raising and nurturing their children.



    Extra: Just some infobox graphic:

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    NOTE(S)/SOURCE(S)
    [F1] Portions of the 1961-to-1990 sections of the First Ladies list are from an earlier version found here: https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...ents-and-pms-ii.407398/page-463#post-20349860 . Also, pre-1991 portions of the first four cabinet lists were pulled from an early KFC alt-cabinets post, which can be found here: https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...-cabinets-thread.308063/page-20#post-20357145 .
    [C1] Bellamy has at least one sibling as she mentions a nephew in the first source listed in Chapter 58 of TTL
    [B1] Bizzarre event is OTL but occurred earlier, as describe here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bergland#U.S._Secretary_of_Agriculture
     
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    Index 7 – Wikiboxes (Part 1)
  • Index 7 – Wikiboxes (Part 1)

    (Still-Alive Presidents)​



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    Mondale is looked back on fairly favorably as a man who led his nation through several crises during a decade of social change and progress. A moderate on most issues, he won over enough middle class and suburban voters to win two terms and become a revered elder statesman to many future moderates in the party, including 1996 Presidential nominee John Glenn, 2016 VP nominee Bob Casey Jr., and former Presidential candidates James Blanchard and Tom Suozzi, among others. After 10 years in the US Senate, Mondale was able to mount a Presidential campaign that bested initial frontrunner Hubert Humphrey and Mike Gravel, but Mondale was forced to select the latter for running mate in order to united the moderate and progressive wings of the party. Under his administration, détente with the Soviets and the PRC continued on, while social improvements at home contributed to a feeling of stability and prosperity that allowed him to win re-election in a landslide over California Governor Ronald Reagan. His second term, though, proved to be a poisoned chalice that "Fightin' Fritz" was happy to be rid of come January 20, 1981.

    During the 1980s, he strongly supported Scoop Jackson's presidential bid, offered tepid support to the Gravel'84 campaign, and endorsed Bellamy in 1988 after Glenn and Kennedy-Shriver withdrew. In the 2000s decade, his Presidency was compared to and overshadowed by Jackson's, especially when it came to the disasters and crises of the oughts. However, the former President was a welcomed advisor to the Wellstone'08 campaign, and got along well with the VP-turned-President. Mondale also reportedly gets along well with former Presidents Bellamy, Dinger, Jackson, and Grammer, but has reportedly not had much interaction with Harley Brown; he also endorsed Charlotte Pritt in 2020. Presently, Mondale and his Vice President, while back to being talking terms, have never truly buried the hatchet, with Mondale viewing Gravel as inhibiting efforts to seek compromise on legislation during crucial moments throughout the 1970s, and Gravel accusing Mondale of sabotaging his 1980 Presidential bid. This decades-old tension contrasts sharply with the friendship Mondale has formed with fellow Minnesotan Paul Wellstone, despite their political differences. Mondale currently resides in Minnesota, enjoying his 41st year of retirement.



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    Bellamy is still a feminist icon for shattering the glass ceiling in 1988, but she is also a universally recognized diplomat and champion of various causes, working passionately to eliminate child poverty from the face of the Earth. During the 1990s, she worked closely with UK PM Lennon and other progressives to improve life quality and truncate poverty and food insecurity issues. In the early oughts, she coordinated with the Jackson administration and other world leaders to minimize the effects of the SARS Global Pandemic, which won her even more accolades and adoring fans. Though she did not get along that well with Presidents Iacocca and Dinger, she was on excellent terms with Jackson and Wellstone and on good terms with Presidents Mondale, Kemp and Grammer. As her life's work has been a source of inspiration to so many supporters, she has made her peace with never serving a second term (and reportedly made her peace with the matter a long time ago). Bellamy currently splits her time between New York and DC, working with both President Pritt and the United Nations to crack down on human rights abuses.



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    Dinger's legacy is polarizing and controversial. Often "in the shadow" of his martyred predecessor, many question how his career and legacy would have unfolded if Iacocca had lived. Regardless, Dinger's supporters praise his leadership skills, which were often credited to his career in diplomatic and foreign policy-related positions during the 1980s. Backers praised his leadership abilities for keeping the country "strong and united" in the wake of the national tragedy that produced his ascension, for liberating those suffering from famine and torture under the reign of Kim Dynasty in the Hermit Kingdom, and for taking a firm stance on crime, recreadrugs, and illegal immigration.

    On the other hand, critics call him a warmonger who needlessly expanded American intervention in Colombia (America's longest war, BTW) and whose escalation of the War on Recreadrugs hurt more lives than it helped. As his party continues to shift to the right and he stays pretty much ideologically similar to how he was in the 1990s, his critics have begun to come from the right of him, too. Regardless, Dinger has been able to got along decently with other Presidents. He reportedly interacted well with Denton, Kemp, and Iacocca, and later praised the work of Presidents Wellstone and Grammer, but reportedly does not have the kind of rapport that he wishes to have with Bellamy, Jackson, and even Harley Brown (who once called Dinger a "pitiful LID" (Liberal In Disguise)). Later reversing his attitudes on recreadrugs but justifying most of his other actions while President, Dinger has repeatedly declined to run for a second full term again, refusing to run in 2004, in 2008, in 2012 and even in 2020 despite some interventionist talking heads such as Bill Kristol calling for him to do so. No, the former President seems content to stay where he is currently, residing on his family's homestead in Iowa, enjoying a lengthy post-presidential retirement.



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    America's First African-American President was a highly religious and passionate man. Starting off as a social activist and Baptist minister, the NAACP had him based in his birth state of South Carolina despite spending years working in Chicago. Shifting into politics, he ran for Mayor of Washington, D.C. in 1982, lost, but learned from the experience and successfully mounted a long-shot bid for the Governorship in 1986. He endorsed Mike Gravel in 1980 and 1984 and Bellamy in 1988. Limited to a single term (but eligible to a second one after leaving office), Jackson served was a “special liaison” to the Ivory Coast under President Bellamy from 1991 to 1993; he worked to cool rising tensions in that country over the breakaway nation of The Sanwi Kingdom (which later considered offering him the semi-ceremonial position of Crown Prince for his commitment to a peaceful secession) and over the Ivory Coast's neighboring country of Ghana's own turmoil stemming from its recently-discovered offshore oil deposits. Critical of Dinger's handling of the War on Recreadrugs, Jackson was elected back to the Governorship in 1998 and, two years later, successfully challenged him in the Presidential Election of 2000.

    As President, Jackson led the US through a global pandemic, intense hurricanes, personal tragedy, and a resurgence in racist incidents in backlash to his election, his re-election, and his efforts at police reform. Jackson worked with Treasury Secretary Johnson to keep the federal government "out of the red" in accordance with the BBA, with rival-turned-Cabinet member to address diplomatic concerns, with his VP and Attorney General to push social justice measures, and with foreign leaders to promote peaceful resolutions to violent situations unfolding in Africa and Asia at the time. He reportedly got along well with former Presidents Kemp and Bellamy, and was on good terms with the four Presidents that came after him, but never fully thawed out of the icy relationship that he has with Larry Dinger. Now battling Parkinson's disease, this "fearless warrior...fighting for causes dear to him" divides his time between South Carolina, Potomac, and Illinois, as his children and grandchildren live across those three states.



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    Not even the debilitating long-term effects of Multiple Sclerosis can keep this former President from offering his two cents on the latest political issues, partaking in TV and radio interviews to promote the progressive policies he has consistently held close to his heart. As Minnesota's Attorney General during the Second Ark Wave, Wellstone's fierce defending of women's rights in multiple DOJ cases led to him being labelled a rising star at the age of 42. After 22 more years of public service, first in The Land of Mondale And Ten Thousand Lakes and then in 1 Observatory Circle, Wellstone finally made it to the White House, where he oversaw electric energy projects and tax reform efforts despite the many Congressional Republicans snapping at his heels. After leaving office, several private health scares, worse than the ones he privately suffered while President, made him quick to decline running for a second term in 2016 or 2020. Wellstone reportedly got along well with Mondale, Kemp, Bellamy, Jackson, and even Dinger, and has many positive things to say about the incumbent President Pritt, but is on less positive terms with Grammer and Brown. He currently lives with his wife Sheila in Minnesota, but is reportedly in declining health and may pass away relatively soon.



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    From Shakespearean productions to health scares and international missile crises, Grammer's life has certainly been a dramatic one. Facing personal tragedy with the murder of his father and the deaths of both half-brothers, Kelsey and his sister Karen faced their emotional demons together during the 1980s and because of this, both siblings prospered during the 1990s, with Kelsey becoming the wealthy star of TV's "Frasier" and Karen becoming involved in a diverse assortment of businesses in Colorado. Good fortune smiled on Kelsey again in the early 2000s decade when he began dating the star of "Sabrina the Teenage Witch," Marissa Joan Hart.

    However, as Kelsey was increasingly bothered by state rules and regulations and embarrassed by the failures of California's tumultuous post-Christopher administrations, Grammer found himself increasingly involved in local and then national politics. After notable appearances on political radio and TV channels, Kelsey was invited to speak at the 2004 RNC, doing so with a speech that received more attention than that of the nominee. Then, in 2005, with the support of his friends and family, Kelsey fully made his way from the theatrical stage to the political stage with his own bid for public office. Roughly six short years later, the Grammers were living in the White House, for better and for worse.

    As President, Grammer appreciated advise given to him by all of the former Presidents, including Jeremiah Denton. After nearly eight years of dealing with economic recession, cyber-terrorism, bipartisan opposition, and complex geopolitical shenanigans, the First Couple not to wait out the lame-duck period. Cutting their stay in D.C. short by a few weeks (leading to one co-host of SNL's Weekend Update replying "Now, this dude has nine kids, so you know this has got to be the first time that he has ever pulled out early"), Kelsey and his wife Marissa are now back to raising their several children at their main home in southern California, away from the chaos of D.C. Grammer has left politics, but he is not retired; he says he is looking into returning to acting in the near future.



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    Flaunting the long-sought title of President (alright, former President), the most famous biker in the world is still planning his next move. Beloved by many war veterans and law enforcement officials, by certain foreign leaders, by most members of the Religious Right, by many bikers and motorcycle enthusiasts (obviously), and by many social conservatives (paradoxically, given Brown's longtime support for the BLUTAGO Community), it is unknown if Harley Davidson Brown currently believes that he has finished doing "God's work" or not.

    The gaffe-prone, potty-mouthed, tough-as-nails Mr. Brown spent much the 1970s overseas in the Mud Marines and a good part of the 1980s working as a taxi driver. After experiencing a life-changing religious and spiritual experience (during which God apparently spoke to him) that convinced him that he was "destined...for greatness," Brown returned to the military in the 1990s, just in time to oversee some troops during the Second Korean War. From there, he managed to launched a quixotic and unique political career that culminated in a failed Presidential bid in 2020. Feeling sorry for his VP, though, President Grammer let him serve out the last 71 days of his term. The small term ended up demonstrating just how much can be accomplished during the lame-duck period, establishing major precedence. During this "mini-presidency," as some called it, Brown did not consult with former Presidents (he reportedly considers Mondale, Bellamy, Jackson, and Wellstone to be "hacks," but has praised Dinger in the passed) and instead reliex on his longtime allies to maximize his time behind the Resolute Desk.

    Currently, Brown reportedly has a movie/TV deal in the works, and there's heavy debate over the merits of him running for public office again. However his future goes, Brown seems to be in a good place right now, enjoying the media attention while residing back in Nampa, Idaho with his wife and young children.



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    The current president is capitalizing on the Democrats controlling both chambers of congress to get as much work done before the midterms arrive. Primarily concerned with improving the standard of living for American families in the wake of rising automation and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Pritt is calling on congress to pass, at the very least, a Federal Freedom Fund pilot program to minimize the effects of unemployment.

    Pritt's dedication to these policies and proposals reflect her background. As the daughter of a poor coal miner father and a labor activist mother, growing up and serving as a grade school teacher in West Virginia made her experience first-hand what it truly meant to go without, and she was determined to prevent others from experiencing such poverty. With this in mind, she entered politics and worked tirelessly to protect the rights and the health of miners during her eight years in the state congress, four years as state Secretary of State, six years in the US House, and eight years in the governorship.

    As the incumbent President, Pritt is working to reinvest in national projects to preserve natural resources and promote green energy, returning national attention to electric power grids, solar panels, wind farms, water turbine projects, and even hydrogen power projects. She is also attempting to work with businesses to establish worker training and retraining programs, along with many other policies and goals, to minimize the impact that automation is having on the American workforce. President Pritt is currently enjoying a national approval rating average of roughly 61%.



    Bonus: Wikiboxes For Still-Living Major-Party Presidential Nominees



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    Bernie Goetz is hard to define as both a person and as a political figure. He is an activist businessman who received fame and statewide media attention for shooting an attempted robber of his store – fame that led to him being elected to the US Senate in a good year for Republicans. He forewent a run for re-election to lay the groundwork for a Presidential run, and upon entering the race, soon found an audience that dubbed themselves the “Bernie Bros.” But the Goetz campaign was very paradoxical – he won over religious members of the Republican party despite not being religious; he was a “darling” of gun enthusiasts (“for hunting purposes”) despite being a vegetarian; he was endorsed by several pro-military groups despite him never serving in the military (or even on a military-relevant committee or subcommittee while in the US Senate); and his bluntness made him be seen as a “real man of the people” despite becoming a multi-millionaire before entering office.

    Somewhat like Harley Davidson Brown, many of Goetz’s most passionate supporters were unaware of who exactly he was outside of the specific policies that they cared about. That is how he tapped into a long-dormant faction of the GOP, a faction energized by the carnage of KW2, intrigued by the possibilities of ontech harassment, and infuriated by the election of America’s first African-American Fully-Socialist President. These individuals flocked to his faux-populism three separate times, in 2004, in 2008, and 2012, with the third time being cut short by a well-timed video leak revealing Goetz’s negative attitude toward one of the GOP’s most treasured institutions – the good ol' fixin’s of KFC.

    No longer actively involved in politics, Goetz is reportedly enjoying his retirement years, spending his time mainly at family homesteads in Florida and upstate New York, and at his own home in Boulder, Colorado. According to a 2020 interview, he supported Presidents Denton, Kemp, Iacocca, and Dinger, did not "trust" Mondale, Bellamy, Jackson and Wellstone, had "conflicting thoughts" on Grammer, praised Brown, and was highly critical of then-candidate Pritt. Goetz may have faded from public view, but is still remembered for the role he played in American history during the oughts and early 2010s.



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    Born to immigrants from Greece, breast cancer and heart disease left Olympia Snowe an orphan by the age of nine; living with relatives, she worked her way through college and into a career in politics. After her husband, Peter T. Snowe (b. 1943, currently 74 years old), who had served in the state House from 1967 to 1970 and in the state senate from 1970 to 1975, lost re-election to the state Senate in 1974 (despite it being a fairly good year for Republicans overall), Olympia decided to run for a state senate seat four years later in 1978 and won; her career only progressed from there, while her husband found himself enjoying a new career as a prosecuting attorney. By the end of the 1980s, Maine newspapers were calling them the state’s top “Power Couple” (and, impressively, both still found the time to raise three children (b. 1970, 1973, and 1975) during this time). In 1996, Maine’s Governor appointed Snowe to a US Senate seat made vacant by the death of longtime incumbent US Senator Edmund S. "Ed" Muskie; Olympia won a subsequent special election with ease; she won re-election in 2000 and 2006 in landslides. Tragedy struck her family again when her youngest, 28-year-old Georgia, was hit by a car in early 2003 (possibly explaining Olympia's decision to not run for President in 2004 despite many in the state wanting her to do so), but the daughter managed to make a full recovery by early 2006

    Heading into 2008, her party was divided into libertarian, “populist,” hard-c conservative, Religious Right, and moderate factions. Goetz’s landslide loss in 2004 made Snow correctly predict that the political atmosphere was exactly right for a moderate to be nominated at the national level. Snowe had criticized President Dinger in the past, but his then-recent comments against his own recreadrug policies convinced many that she was an excellent judge of character, improving her standing in the polls heading into the primaries. Despite this and other factors that leaned in her favor, Snowe just barely convinced enough primary voters to give a much more centrist candidate a chance, and while she won the popular vote in November, it was the Electoral Vote that mattered more at that point in US history.

    During her final ten years in the Senate, her reputation of finding compromise and leading bipartisanship was bolstered by her work under both Presidents Wellstone and Grammer, leading to her being called “the best President we never had” by some and a “Liberal In Disguise” by others. Being privately concerned that Vice President Harley Davidson Brown was cut from the same cloth as that of Bernie Goetz and Bo Gritz, she only gave tepid support to the Vice President’s run in 2020; after the race, she had more positive things to say about America’s second female President. Snowe currently maintains an active life, adhering to the "Sandersian" theory of aging, that, in essence, “retirement equals rust,” as she currently works as a senior fellow for the Bipartisan Policy Center as Chair of its Commission on Political Reform; she also enjoys spending time with her husband, children, and grandchildren.



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    First elected to the US Senate in 1992 at the age of 42, Locke gained national attention for his efforts to address and lower anti-Asian violence and Asian-American hatred and attacks on those communities during the build-up to, execution of, and socio-economic/geopolitical fallout from the Second Korean War. For these actions, Locke was rumored to be a potential candidate for President in 1996 and 2000, and a potential candidate for Vice President in 1996, 2000 and 2008. After Grammer won the White House in 2012, Gary Locke believed his party had to go in a more moderate direction. In 2016, the Democratic party voters agreed (or, as was common for Locke, many mistakenly believed that he was much more progressive that he really was due to him hailing from a progressive state), but Locke failed to convince people in the general election to vote out the popular incumbent. Still serving in the US Senate, he remains a popular figure among most Asian American communities.
     
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    Index 8 – Wikiboxes (Part 2)
  • Index 8 – Wikiboxes (Part 2)

    (Still-Alive Vice Presidents)​



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    The "grandfather" of America's Direct Democracy movement led the charge to implement the National Initiative Amendment, and has accused every single Presidential administration since the 1960s of being too interventionist to varying degrees (even Bellamy, Jackson and Wellstone a few times). Retiring from public life following his landslide loss in the 1984 election, the "Gravelite" wing of the Democratic party that he had led was vindicated with the election of the progressive Carol Bellamy to the Presidency just four years later (however, as he was still unpopular in D.C., Gravel declined serving in Bellamy's cabinet over concerns that conservative Democrats would block his confirmation to any "meaningful" position), and soon after moved to California. After almost a decade of maintaining a low profile - quietly promoting local, statewide, regional, and national candidates and policies close to his ideology while serving on the board of directors from several progressive non-profit organizations - the "destructive [and] dangerous nature" of Dinger's full term convinced him to run for the Senate again. Despite accusations from pretty much all of his opponents that he was a carpetbagger, Gravel proved to be much more popular in The Golden State than he had been in Alaska, winning the 1998 primary and general elections by comfortable margins and easily winning re-election in 2004, 2010, and 2016.

    There was subsequent talk of progressive activists drafting Gravel for the Presidential nomination in 2000, but nothing came of it. Under Presidents and Wellstone, Gravel demonstrated a calmer demeanor than the one he had shown during his self-described "pigheaded years" of the 1970s and late 1960s (later acknowledging that his first run for the Presidency, as a freshman US Congress in 1968, was "an idiotic public display of ego stroking" more so than a protest bid to US troops remaining in Indochina). During his second time in the Senate, nearly 30 years after leaving the Senate and roughly 20 years after leaving the Vice Presidency, Gravel managed to work better with his fellow lawmakers to promote progressive policies, though he still butted heads with conservatives regardless of party label. This led to talk of Gravel potentially resigning from the Senate in early 2009 in exchange for a cabinet position in the Wellstone administration, only for Gravel to decide against such a move.

    Through Gravel's more productive efforts in the Senate, though, not only was he able to see his National Initiative idea become a reality; not only did the NIA become a part of the US Constitution, but Gravel got to see it pass RCV implementation for all US Presidential elections after 2016 via the US holding its first national initiative vote in 2018. Now considered an elder statesman looked up to by many within the party, and having made peace with the fact that he never became President despite running for the job five times (in 1968, 1972, 1980, 1984, and 2000), Gravel recently announced that he will not run for a fifth consecutive term in 2022, and is looking forward to what he hopes will be a lengthy, but still active, retirement period.



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    With so many Republicans falling from grace during the 1980s - Lukens, Packwood, Helms, Gingrich and of course, Denton - Alexander is often overlooked, lost in the crowd of crooks, as his unrelated scandal was pretty tame by comparison; some even allege that he could have very easily refused to resign and publicly ignore or downplay the controversy, and thus could have become President of the United States just 16 grueling months later. Regardless, once out of D.C., he re-entered private practice in the 1990s and (apart from endorsing Billy McCormack in 1988 and Estus Pirkle in 1992) pretty much kept a low profile. He even lived in Australia for a few years during the turn of the twentieth century to work for an international law firm, and for a while even considered moving there permanently to avoid the negative media attention that he repeatedly experienced back in the states. However, his wife and children convinced him to return to Tennessee in early 2002, coincidently right before President Jackson placed limits on air travel at the start of the SARS Global Pandemic.

    In the late 2000s decade, Alexander received media attention when he led a major lawsuit concerning his ancestor's homeland of Ireland, with members of the Taoiseach opposing foreign businesses using the country as a tax shelter. Impressed by Alexander's diplomatic skills during the court case, Grammer appointed him Ambassador to Ireland. Alexander enjoyed the suddenly positive media coverage of his work at the American Embassy in Dublin, but he stepped down after less than two years in the office because he found private practice to be more lucrative and exciting. According to a 2021 interview, Alexander was reportedly on good terms with Denton, Iacocca, Dinger and Brown, but less so with Kemp, Bellamy, Jackson, Wellstone and even Grammer, surprisingly. Alexander currently still heads a large law firm in Nashville, Tennessee, but is beginning to spend more time with his friends, wife, children, and grandchildren.



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    Often considered one of America's most forgettable modern Vice Presidents, Polonko left the military after surviving multiple injuries in the Cuba War, with subsequent concerns with veteran assistance leading him to entering politics in 1967. After quickly ascending to the US House of Representatives, he formed a close professional and personal friendship with fellow lawmaker Jack French Kemp of the neighboring state of New York, which of course led to accusations of nepotism when Kemp nominated him for the Vice Presidency (when really it was to counter Kemp's "weakness" when it came to foreign policy/military and veteran affairs). Regardless, the two worked well together during the Kemp years, and maintain their friendship long after leaving office.

    It is currently still up for debate whether or not he would have been selected to be Kemp's running mate had "JFK" secured the GOP nomination in 1988, as selecting a more electorally-friendly nominee was discussed by members of Kemp's inner circle at the time, but both of the men in question repeatedly denied that a "replacement scheme" was afoot. After floating the idea of running for President in 1992 if Kemp did not attempt a comeback, Polonko served as an unofficial advisor to Presidents Iacocca and Dinger, then essentially retired from public life in 2001, commenting on public affairs and issues only once in a while, and mostly through op-eds instead of through interviews. He is currently enjoying retirement life, spending time with friends and family members while residing in southern New Jersey.



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    The highest-ranking African-American in politics at the time, VP Meredith was almost always referred to as "independent"-minded, and for good reason. Meredith often feuded with members of his own party for either promoting "racist" policies or for not being conservative enough. His unique brand of Republicanism was not for everyone, which became clear when he ran for President in the GOP primaries of 2004 (though the fact that his platform was very similar to the one on which he ran for the Presidency back in 1980 demonstrated the consistency of his unique political ideology). In pre-primary polling, he was the undisputed frontrunner, but once he began to run and the Republican voters became more aware of his open support of minority groups (yet was willing to work with openly racist individuals to "get other things done") and his willingness to work with conservative Democrats, the party base shifted to backing a more populist-sounding candidate. Characterized as having a "fiery" and confrontational demeanor and personality, he refused running for President again, and only occasionally comments on contemporary political concerns. He currently resides in Mississippi with his wife, and reportedly enjoys spending time with her and his children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren.



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    Frequently called "the greatest President we never had," Ross's legion of fans has only grown over the years. His supporters celebrate his life story, from overcoming war wounds from his time serving in the Air Force during the Cuba War to founding successful educational programs over the years to his many accomplishments while serving in public offices over the years. Praise is usually given most prominently to his support for the arts; for his passionate promotion of renewable energy and conservation efforts; for his pragmatic work on children's health, disability rights, and Veterans Affairs; and for his firm opposition to bloodshed, violence and warfare. But arguably the most interesting thing about Ross the Boss is his ability to win over people from such diverse walks of life and conflicting ideologies by focusing on unifying "bread-and-butter" issues, helped by his universally well-known soothing voice and persistent promotion of peace and love. Naturally, it has been reported the he is on friendly terms with all the living former Presidents and VPs, with the sole exception being Dinger (the two men have reportedly never met, allegedly of "scheduling conflicts"). While still concerned that his leukemia will resurface someday, Ross is currently enjoying a refreshingly humble retirement in Florida; Painter Bob still paints landscapes as a relaxing hobby (once remarking "I play a bit of golf from time to time, but I really much prefer these kind of strokes instead"), and still interacts with fans and supporters both at local events and ontech.



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    Rising quickly out of obscurity only to just as quickly return to it, Dumanis was America's first BLUTAGO VP, but appears as a trivia question more so than a domestic policy correspondent on TV networks, reportedly due to her alleged relative inexperience. While no pundits seem to believe that she would be a major player in the 2024 Presidential primaries should she enter them, Dumanis could still run for public again, possibly for Governor of California in 2022. She does after all, reportedly, have many political connections, and got along well with Harley Brown and most members of his 71-day Presidency. However, at this point, she seems to be enjoying an advance on a book deal, and networking more with allies of law-and-order efforts moreso than with political donor. Then again, nothing about the future is set in stone, so for all we know, Dumanis will someday soon return to national attention as a serious candidate. Until then, one can only wait and see how certain things unfold.



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    Our current VP is partnering with state and D.C. lawmakers and justice department heads to lead the charge to implement civil justice and police reform measures, despite intense opposition from certain social and political groups, individuals and organizations. Raoul, the U.S.'s first African-American Democratic VP and the nation's second African-American VP overall, currently enjoys approval ratings that are hovering at around roughly 54%.



    Bonus: Wikiboxes For Major-Party Vice-Presidential Nominees



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    Green was a “dark horse” candidate for Vice President; selected due to Glenn working well him with on fundraising efforts outside of the halls and walls of congress, Green was young, energetic, and was from an electorally rich state. Glenn’s aides suggested selecting someone who was not such a political unknown, but Glenn ultimately stuck with Green as his choice for running mate. However, despite what The Houston Chronicle had to say positively about him, “Another Lyndon Johnson” and "A Rising Star From The Lone Star State" he was not. Meredith mopped the floor with him and his moderateness during the sole VP debate of 1996, in what proved to be one of many errors on John Glenn’s part.

    After the election, Green faced an uncertain political future as there were few options for higher office. Texas’ US Senate elections were not until in 2000 and 2002, and Governor Cisneros had already made it clear that he would seek a second term in 1998; so, the private conversations turned to the next presidential election, only for Green to publicly announce in early 1998 that he would not run in that year and instead pursued another House term. Then another. And another...

    Having graciously faded into political obscurity, Green served on several committees while being overshadowed, overlooked, and overall forgotten by the general public during the Jackson and Wellstone administration. All the while, Green stayed comfortably in his seat. It was only until after the 2006 midterms that he rediscovered his old urge to seek higher office, and began re-inventing himself. In 2007, he reintroduced himself to the American people once again, shifting noticeably to the left while still being in the moderate lane. After considering running for an open US Senate seat in 2008 to replace the retiring Kay Bailey Hutchison, Green announced in 2011 that he was running for the other US senate in 2012. However, he lost the nomination to former Governor Henry Cisneros, attempting a political comeback of his own; Cisneros in turn lost to freshman incumbent Kay Granger.

    Leaving congress after 24 years in the House, Green quickly found work as a corporate lobbyist. Despite this, he ran for the Democratic nomination for his old congressional seat in 2018 on a “progressive” platform; he finished in fourth place with 11% of the vote. He currently resides in Dallas.



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    Chosen to “beef up” Goetz’s weak spot that was actual military experience (having served not served on any foreign-policy -related committees during his time in the Senate), Bargewell had, until just three years ago, spent his entire adult life in the US military.

    Bargewell joined the US Army right out of high school, and just in time to participate in Operation Spicy Strychnine (a.k.a. Operation Fried Charlie 2.0), which impressively overthrew the government of communist North Vietnam in 1967. He then served in Cambodia, Laos, Angola, Uganda, Libya and Nicaragua. As a Lieutenant General, Bargewell’s troop coordination work during the Second Korean War led to him becoming a General in 1997. Upon the anti-military Jesse Jackson being elected President, Bargewell decided to retire “in protest” in 2001. From 2001 to 2004 (resigning to serve as Goetz’s running mate), Bargwell served as the Dean of the US Military Academy. During that time, he supported and endorsed several “interventionist” politicians, leading to him catching the attention of the national GOP and former Senator Goetz by the spring of 2004.

    Bargewell’s selection, though, backfired significantly, largely because, while he was an enthusiastic speech-giver, he was a rather poor one-on-one debater. During the sole VP debate against incumbent Vice President Wellstone, Bargewell was able to discuss at length his experience with military affairs, including VA and national defense, but he fumbled terribly on questions about the nuances of domestic security, and struggled miserably to answer even basic questions about the economy and how domestic institutions and basic government systems functioned.

    After the election was over, Bargewell moved to Alabama and declined seeking public office “ever again,” comparing it to “ordering an Army-man to do a Navy-man’s job.” While most view Bargewell being placed on the ticket as a mistake (with some suggesting Goetz should have gone with a more experienced candidate such as George Allen or Helen Chenoweth), Goetz is still on friendly terms with the retired General, as he blames the Jackson/Wellstone ticket for the poor performance of the Goetz/Bargewell ticket. Bargewell is currently enjoying retirement in his home state of Alabama [1].



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    Beginning his career as a door-to-door handyman before founding his own mechanical contracting business, Johnson shifted to politics in the early 1990s by becoming the pot-smoking, bike-riding, mountain-climbing, pro-business, tax-cutting, environmentalist Mayor of Albuquerque. Johnson then made headlines for completely legalizing the use of recreation drugs such as marijuana, and at the height of the War on Recreadrugs, no less. Openly opposing the recreadrug policies of President Dinger (a fellow Republican of his) at first made him unpopular, but by the 2000 election, rising calls for legalizing marijuana led to Johnson being praised as a visionary who had been a few years ahead of his time. Capitalizing off the fame, Johnson – after a quick trip to the Himalayas to successfully trip Mt. Everest – was narrowly elected Governor of New Mexico in 2002, which was a bad year for Republicans, especially libertarian ones. Despite this, Johnson, a.k.a. “Governor Veto” proved be a capable leader; limited to one consecutive term at a time, he left office in 2007 and announced a bid for President a few months later. He lost the primaries, but as a “consolation prize” of sorts, the ultimate nominee (the moderate centrist US Senator Olympia Snowe) selected him (over US Senator Lyle Hillyard of Utah) to be her running mate in an attempt to win over libertarians and in turn secure several states out west. In exchange for her support, Johnson’s signature “FairTax” proposal was added to the party platform, but Johnson focused and campaigned on it much more than Snowe did.

    After losing the 2008 election, Johnson ran for another gubernatorial term in 2010 and won by a larger-than-expected margin (though some believed he received sympathy votes after his wife died unexpectedly earlier in the year, most credit his name recognition and the pro-Republican trends of 2010 for his victory); this victory and the GOP ticket securing the popular vote in 2008 convinced Johnson that he could win in 2012. However, Johnson failed to dominate the GOP primaries after candidates Grammer and Brown were able to siphon away from him more than enough donations, endorsements, airtime and, ultimately, votes. However, as an attendee of the 2012, he was able to endorse Grammer in a crucial moment for the party and the nominee, ensuring the libertarian faction he led fell behind Grammer. In exchange, Grammer became the US Secretary of the Interior in 2017 (after Johnson finished up his gubernatorial term in early 2015).

    Johnson reported has stayed on good terms with Snowe, Grammer and even the “prickly” Harley Brown. As Johnson’s FairTax proposal had received attention during the 2000s decade but failed to be made into a reality after the 2008 and 2012 election cycle, Johnson is currently pushing for it to be voted on in a National Initiative, recently saying “Hey, it worked for Mike Gravel.” He currently resides in New Mexico.



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    Robert P. “Bob” Casey Jr. is the son of a former Governor of Pennsylvania who ran for President in 1972 and served in the US Senate from 1975 until his death 25 years later. “Junior” was appointed to the seat soon afterwards. Closer to the center than the moderate Locke, Casey was selected for running mate in 2016 in order to try and appeal to Harley Brown voters and to voters in the Rust Belt. However, due to his “privileged” background, he failed to connect to the voters. He after performing well in the sole 2016 VP debate against Brown, Casey failed to shake off the “elitist” label that Brown was able to slap onto him, caring not for the irony of Brown serving under one of the wealthiest US Presidents in history. After some consideration, Casey decided not to run for President in 2020, believing that the Democratic party was “moving very far away from me,” or rather, farther to the left of him.



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    Jennifer Sandra Johnson checks a lot of boxes for the GOP. A conservative, non-white (of Caribbean descent), charismatic female from an electorally rich state and boasting impressive experience in business, governance, and the military? It’s no wonder that she was labelled a “rising star” as early as 2010. Her parents moved from Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, to Paducah, Kentucky in March 1959 [2], then moved to Long Island when she was eight years old. After attending college in New York and Florida, Johnson spent decades in the US Navy and saw combat in Libya and the northern half of present-day United Korea. She and Harley Brown got along very well on the campaign trail, and many credit her presence there for keeping the election from being the blowout that many Democrats had expected it to be. Upon losing the election, Johnson remarked “don’t count my chickens just yet” when a reporter asked if this was it for her political career on the national stage; indeed, there is talk that she is planning on a run for the Presidency in 2024. And early polls suggest that she has a real shot of winning the primaries.



    SOURCE(S)/NOTE(S)
    [1] IOTL, Bargewell died in 2019 at the age of 71 in a gardening accident, when a lawnmower he was riding “rolled over an embankment behind his house in Eufaula, Alabama” ( https://www.armytimes.com/news/your...-major-general-dies-after-lawnmower-accident/ ); I feel like that would be butterflied away, right?
    [2] ITTL, her parents moved to the US roughly eight years earlier than in OTL due to the number of KFC outlets in Kentucky in 1959 being higher in number than IOTL, and so her parents are able to find work in the US much sooner; her parents arrive in the US when her mother is three months pregnant with her (this is why there were no eligibility issues when she ran for VP ITTL, save for a few liberal “fringe” technetters who claimed that she was born in Trinidad and Tobago, but they received little attention and were not really taken seriously at all).
     
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    Acknowledgments
  • Acknowledgments

    “No matter how much one reads, the whole story can never be told.”

    Lemony Snicket [1]



    I’d just like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who read and enjoyed this timeline. I want to also thank all who contributed to this TL, from PMing me and making in-thread recommendations, to simply voting in the polls.

    Amid the hours spent perusing through hundreds of sources, dealing with behind-the-scenes real-life drama, struggling with writer’s block, and addressing other issues and situations, one major thing that got me through these past three years was knowing that somewhere in the world – in the UK, in California, even in Australia – somebody was looking forward to this TL’s next chapter.

    I believe a Special Thanks are in order for the following people (in alphabetical order):

    @ajm8888 – for helping me with many aspects of the 1990s chapters, especially with Japan and the “Tommy Gun” Thompson character

    @DTF955Baseballfan – for using his encyclopedic knowledge of sports information to contribute to several chapters

    @Gentleman Biaggi – for giving me the push I needed to get started in the first place

    @Igeo654 – for all his help with many aspects of the chapters of the late 1980s/early 1990s concerning the UK and pop-culture, especially music and TV

    @Kennedy Forever – for his many contributions to the chapters, especially for things concerning Australia, and for being a good and encouraging friend

    @Ogrebear, @Unknown, @historybuff, @Wendell, @Brky2020, @Sunstone77, @Bookmark1995, and @PNWKing and all others who commented on this TL.

    I also want to thank those who contributed to the tropes.com article and the photos thread (links in the prologue). Even though some bullet points in the tropes article are a tiny bit inaccurate (it's "Kennedy News Network," not "Kable New Network"; it's the "Ms. Arkansas" Scandal, not the "Miss Arkansas" Scandal; this TL is not "millions of words" long, it's only roughly 1,420,000 words long (roughly 1,520,000 if you include the prologue, epilogue and indexes); minor things like that), I still very much appreciate the fact that somebody/somebodies actually went through all the trouble of making that page and writing up all those bullet points; amazing!

    I am just so overwhelmed by the positive support that this literary treatise has received, and I just want to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to you all.

    This TL’s POD of Harley Sanders Jr. not dying at 9:30 AM on September 15, 1932 was finalized in February 2018, but the idea for the TL itself didn’t pop into my head until December 2017, when @Blair posted a wikibox showing Harland Sanders being elected President through a 1968 contigency election; when someone pointed out a plothole of sorts, he replied with something along the lines of “Look, I just wanted to make this man President.” That piqued my interest, and pretty soon a TL outline was born.

    In fact, here is an early draft of the US Presidents that I originally planned to have in this TL:

    1965-1973: 36) Harland David “The Colonel” Sanders Sr. (R-KY; 1890-1980) – Gov 1955-1959, KFC CEO 1950-1955/1959-1964
    1964: Sanders/Scranton over Johnson/Humphrey and Patterson/Bryant
    1968: Sanders/Scranton over Kennedy/Sawyer

    Bryant and Patterson got reversed after realizing how the Cuban War would lead to a refugee crisis in Florida, which would boost Bryant’s national profile more than Patterson, and that Patterson would be an olive branch to voters and was not so far-right conservative as Bryant and Bryant's anti-Cuban/pro-segregation base.

    1973-1977: 37) Maurice Robert “Mike” Gravel (D-AK; b. 1930) – US Sen 1969-73, US HoR 1967-69 (youngest President ever, even younger than TR!)
    1972: Gravel/Moss over Scranton/Stepovich

    I really wanted to go with a young candidate to contrast the Colonel’s youth. Mondale, Bayh and Paul Simon were also considered. I ultimately decided to let polls decide who was the nominee this year because Gravel ascending so quickly felt too unrealistic even for this TL and I wanted to know what you the readers thought about such a prospect.

    1977-1978: 38) Thruston Ballard Morton (R-KY; 1907-1978) – US Sen 1957-1977 (assassinated alongside Speaker Boggs just weeks after death of VP Bolton was killed in a car crash)
    1976: Morton/Bolton over Gravel/Edwards

    Morton and Ohio Congressman Bolton both dying felt way too grim and dark for this kind of TL, so a scrapped it. Furthermore, Morton didn’t seem like the type of guy who would run for President – IOTL, when Vietnam escalated, instead of running for President to end it, he basically suffered depression over it and retired from the Senate.

    1978-1985: 39) Barry Morris Goldwater (R-AZ; 1909-2001) – President pro tempore of the Senate 1977-1978, Sent 1957-1978
    1980: Goldwater/Lukens over Rafferty/Crane, Hollings/Pickle and Chisholm/Lucey

    While Goldwater is an interesting person to write about, I later decided that this was way too unrealistic.

    1985-1991: 40) Donald Edgar “Buz” Lukens (R-OH; 1931-2010) – US VP 1977-85, Gov 1971-77, US HoR 1967-1971 (impeached over scandals)
    1984: Lukens/Agnew over Kennedy-Shriver/Bumpers
    1988: Lukens/Robertson over Nader/Cisneros

    Too cringy for me to write so much about, but I left him in the 1980 poll just in case people were interested. So instead of becoming President, he became a “supporting player” in the TL. In a later draft, North Dakota Governor Aloha Eagles was written down in this point in the TL as serving as America's first female President from 1981 to 1989, but I wasn't sure if this was too unrealistic even with the First Ark Wave in mind, so I ultimately decided to place her and other interesting potential Presidents in that aforementioned poll for the 1980 primaries.

    1991-1993: 41) Marion Gordon “Pat” Robertson (R-VA; b. 1930) – US VP 1989-1990, pastor/televangelist

    Again, too unrealistic. Plus, 16 years of 4 Republican Presidents felt too much like a GOPwank.

    1993-1997: 42) Martha Layne Hill Collins (D-KY; b. 1936) – US Sen 1989-1993, Gov 1983-1987
    1992: Collins/Simon over Robertson/Dole

    Hence why she was first mentioned all the way back in a 1950s chapter, why she was heavily discussed in 1987, and why she was included in the 1988 chapter.

    1997-2005: 43) Jim Edgar (R-IL; b. 1946) – Gov 1991-1996
    1996: Edgar/Rowe over Collins/Simon
    2000: Edgar/Rowe over Folsom/Wheat

    Thus why he had cameos in chapters as far back as the 1950s, and 1970s.

    2005-2009: 44) Maurice Robert “Mike” Gravel (D-AK; b. 1930) – US Pres 1973-1977, US Sen 2001-2005
    2004: Gravel/Jackson over Dunford/Dole

    I figured Gravel winning the first time would possibly come off as being too close to the edge of ASB Territory, and that him returning to office 32 years after leaving it felt too much like a Gravelwank.

    In a second draft I replaced him with African-American politician Wellington Webb (D-CO), which is why that individual received so many little bits here and there throughout the 1990s and 2000s chapters (those were edited pieces left over from that stage of development, which was before I decided to let the Presidential nominees be determined via polls so you the readers got to choose who you read about ITTL).

    2009-2017: 45) Lisa Perez Jackson (D-NJ; b. 1962) – first Black President; US VP 2005-2009, US Sen 1997-2005, admin 1993-1996
    2008: Jackson/Dodd over Dole/Gregg
    2012: Jackson/Dodd over Tancredo/Allen

    2017-2019: 46) Stephen McDannell “Steve” Hillenburg (R-CA; 1961-2019) – Seafood King CEO 1991-2014 (died from ALS)
    2016: Hillenburg/Miller over Dodd/Durbin

    I realized while researching him and his personal life that he’s way too much of a private, shy, and introverted person to ever mount a national campaign. It seems I also misjudged for how long he’d live. And I think what ended up happening with him in the final draft is way more interesting, anyway!

    2019-2021: 47) Joseph Wayne “Joe” Miller (R-KS; b. 1967) – US VP 2017-2019, US Sen 2009-2017, state rep 2005-2009

    Not exciting enough.

    2021-present (2021): 48) Tammy Suzanne Green Baldwin (D-WI; b. ’62) – 3rd female President; US Sen 2013-21, US HoR 1999-2013, state assembly 1993-9
    2020: Baldwin/Brown over Miller/Bevin

    Furthermore, the original draft was not meant to be this long. It was supposed to be just 11 chapters – a TLIAW/M sort of thing! But, during the development process, a technical error in April 2018 caused me to lose much of what I had written, causing to have to basically rewrite large chunks (including the entire opening chapters) from scratch/memory. But you know what? That turned out to be a blessing in disguise, because it lead to me adding more and more details and ideas to the TL, fleshing out parts I would have just flown by originally.

    One more thing, I would like to take this moment to apologize to everyone for all the typos, spelling and grammar errors, and wrong autocorrects that can be found throughout this treatise. I'll do my best to fix them as I prepare this TL for the Finished TLs section. I would also like to apologize in advance for any videos that stop being playable for whatever reason, as those kind of things are very bothersome, frustrating and annoying. On both counts, I appreciate the feedback and patience that you all have shown in helping me address these linguistic and technical issues.



    In conclusion:

    In the past three-and-a-half years, I’ve graduated from college, landed a job (brandresumes.com – ask for Georgie!), learned a whole lot of interesting information about this wonderful world that we get to live in, written something that’s much longer than Stephen King’s “The Stand,” and have made some friends along the way too. I won’t be forgetting this period of my life for quite a long while, and I have many of you to thank for that.

    So, once again, from the bottom of my heart:

    Thanks, everyone :)



    NOTE(S)/SOURCE(S)
    [1] Courtesy of @Kennedy Forever; thanks again, buddy!

    Now, if I recall it correctly, what I need to do now is start a thread in the Finished TL section and fill it with as many of the chapters as I can, and that will flag a mod who will or won’t approve of it. Apparently, also, the fewer posts in the thread, the better, for some reason. Given this is primarily about Colonel Sanders, who is famous for his 11 Secret Herbs And Spices, I was thinking of grouping all the chapters together into a total of 11 postings (11-12 chapters in each post (Post 1: Prologue-to-Chapter 10, Post 2: Chapters 11-to-21, Post 3: Chapter 22-to-32, etc.)), 1 posting for each ingredient. Would this all be alright, @CalBear or whomever this concerns? Also: Is there a picture limit? Should I include the complimentary “index” pieces as well or just the actual Chapters? Thanks in advance!
     
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