The
2012 Australian federal election was a parliamentary election held in the Commonwealth of Australia on June 6, 2012, to elect 169 members to the Australian House of Representatives and half of the Australian Senate. The governing Liberals, led by Prime Minister Julie Bishop, were defeated in a historic landslide, losing fifty seats including that of Bishop, and were replaced by a right-wing coalition government led by Bob Katter and the National Party, with support from populist minor parties United Australia and NZ First, the first time that two parties previously regarded as anathema to mainstream parties were included in a government.
The 2008 election had been the first election held earlier than three months before the end of a four-year parliamentary term following the 2008 Australian government crisis, which saw the Liberals under Brendan Nelson elected with 68 seats in a landslide, the party's best-ever result and only the second time since 1910 it had led government. Despite having rebuilt the Liberals since taking over as leader from Andrew Bartlett in December of 2003, only eight months into his tenure Nelson was embroiled in controversy and would be deposed in a party room spill led by Malcolm Turnbull and other party moderates and was replaced by John Cherry. Cherry would pursue a broadly liberal agenda for the next three years but as the 2011 global recession deepened found his party trailing badly in the polls and eventually was forced out in a spill by his Foreign Minister, Julie Bishop, in January 2012 after he sacked Brian Greigs, the Treasurer. Bishop would thus lead her party into the 2012 elections in the face of upheavals across Southeast Asia as the Asian Spring intensified and with only four months of experience, half of which was spent on the campaign trail.
The years 2008-11 had been chaotic for the opposition as well; National leader Warren Truss was ousted by backbenchers in late 2009, and replaced by Kevin Andrews, while the Labor Party had gone through three leaders in as many years. The decisive break for the opposition was the February 2011 New Zealand state elections, in which the sovereigntist NZ First became the largest party in the New Zealand Legislature for the first time in history; as a traditional Labor-National battleground, both parties went through significant recriminations after the defeat of the National state government under Bill English and Labor's failure to make headway. Leader of the Opposition Peter Beattie, a former Premier of Queensland and regarded as a star candidate when recruited for federal office three years earlier, announced his resignation in November 2011 after a rousing speech by backbencher and former ACTU leader Greg Combet at the annual Labor Party Conference which began buzz around a leadership spill, seeing Combet defeat Chris Bowen on one ballot the following week. For the Nationals, meanwhile, longtime backbench Queensland MP Bob Katter surprised observers in challenging Andrews in April of 2011 on a harshly anti-immigration, socially conservative and economically protectionist platform that hearkened a throwback to the pre-Paul Hogan National Party, and he was narrowly elected on the first ballot in a shock result.
The election campaign was thus marked by the centrist Bishop attacked from both left and right by populist candidates, with Katter promising to cut immigration in Australia by half and Combet promising a pivot to traditional left-wing Labor economics unseen since before "Rogernomics" in the 1980s. As the recession deepened throughout the spring, Bishop's government fell further behind in the polls and was defeated decisively, losing 50 seats as all other parties gained. In a surprise, the Nationals won back marginal seats earned by Liberals four years earlier, particularly in Queensland and South Australia, and with the support of United Australia and NZ First in return for considerable policy concessions and junior ministries were able to form a government, when pre-election polls had predicted a hung parliament with no party winning more than sixty seats. Though Combet was able to claw back much of what Labor had lost in 2008, he nonetheless announced that he would resign after several months of speculation after the election. The Liberals fifty-seat landslide defeat was the worst result by a sitting government in Australian history, and the election came to be nicknamed "First to Worst" as well as "Kattermania" due to its shocking results.