The birth of Mademoiselle Anne de Valois seemed to be the prelude of young Isabella of Austria’s mental troubles. Much like her older sister Joanna and grandmother, she had great difficulties with depression and anxiety, which manifested in a deep religious faith, and an enormous dependency on her mother-in-law. The Dauphin despaired of what to make of his young wife, whose relationship with Mary Tudor the Younger, Queen of France bordered on that of a penitent and their confessor. The Queen exerted such influence on Isabella of Austria and by extent the Dauphin François that both were spurred to action against the rising trend of Protestants—or Huguenots, as they were contemporarily known—in France.
Events came to a head when François II of France (1546-1557) was assassinated by a Huguenot radicalist known simply as Jean de Lyon during a procession to Notre Dame to celebrate the engagement of Louis-Charles, Count of Montfort to Anne Beatrice of Savoy, an engagement which ultimately ended when the interests of France and Savoy irrevocably came to odds.
The violent assassination of his father sent the newly-instated François III (1557-1599) into a rage against the Huguenots, and the Dowager Queen Mary’s devotion to Catholicism stoked his fury to a fever pitch. Upon her untimely death of cancer in 1558, the English princess who would be known to the Huguenots as “Bloody Mary”, was rumoured to have convinced her son of a terrible evil.
The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Day
It was on the 23rd of August, 1558, the eve of St Bartholomew’s Day that François III ultimately acted. Having summoned Huguenots from every corner of France that would heed his call, the King declared there would be a summit to discuss the religious question and put an end to the debate of Catholicism versus Protestantism, as had begun at the Council of Trent some thirteen years before. François III welcomed the greatest theologians of the Huguenots’ numbers as well as many of his own people who had converted to the Calvinist faith, and set about destroying them.
Some historical records of dubious validity indicate the deaths over the next three days may have reached as high as twenty thousand Huguenots, and even those accounts seeking to absolve François III cannot deny there were at least some eight or nine thousand Huguenots put to death. Prominent Huguenots were burned at the stake, while lesser heretics were run through by roving bands of Swiss mercenaries bought by the crown or zealous Catholic neighbours. So violent was the massacre that Queen Isabella of Austria notably said to her ladies as they saw the chaos: “It is as if the very mouth of Hell has opened to spill its horrors upon us all.”
The massacre did not have its intended effect. Much to the frustration of François III, it began the French Wars of Religion (1557-1593) where the remaining Huguenots, led by Jean IV of Navarre, continually aroused trouble in the south of France with the aid of Louis, Duke of Gascony, the King’s own half-uncle. The Wars of Religion only came to an end with the ageing François III submitting to the Huguenots freedom of religion with the Edict of Nantes. This edict only brought temporary peace and was eventually revoked by his grandson François V some forty years later in another campaign that unfortunately managed to send Huguenots fleeing to Protestant Germany or the Baltics rather than face his violent rule.
Queen Isabella and her youngest son, Henri, who died at the age of two.
But the massacre had greater effects on the family. The mad Queen Isabella, pregnant with her fourth child at the time, declared that she could still hear the screaming Huguenots and that they intended to take her soul away for being married to their killer. For fear of their safety, her children were removed from her care after she reportedly attempted to attack the newborn Prince François, seeing him as a demon from hell and a Huguenot ‘reborn’ to taunt her with her complacency to their murder.
It took two years for her to recover her mental faculties and modern historians believe she may have suffered from postpartum depression or postpartum psychosis, exacerbated by each subsequent pregnancy. In twenty-five years, Isabella had fifteen children, most of whom were given over to the care of governesses for fear that she’d harm them.
By 1560, the people of Paris already spoke of ‘la reine folle’, or the mad queen, and how the halls of the royal palaces were filled with her screams. King Francis, who loved his wife, fervently prayed for a recovery and even after he had her removed from the Louvre, continued to visit her. Such meetings often ended with the Queen grasping her husband and refusing to let go, crying and begging for forgiveness.
But there was no avail. In 1579, she was permanently placed in Château de Vincennes for her own protection, surrounded by attendants that reported to the king alone. She was so isolated that her fifth daughter, Charlotte, was reportedly surprised to see that her mother was still alive in 1593 after the queen was brought to court to see her off to her marriage to King Philippe II of Burgundy.
La Reine Folle ultimately ended her life in a nunnery, having been placed there by her son, Louis XIII. Isabella of Austria reportedly refused to believe her husband had died for the sixteen years she outlived him. Often, she spoke to the nuns that attended to her of how her husband would ride out to see her every morning and blamed his failure to arrive on the weather or the affairs of state. When one inevitably attempted to tell her that the King was dead, she slapped them for their ‘insolence and lies’, refusing to believe them and to have them in her presence until the moment she forgot all that happened once again. Captivity, many said, had rendered her docile, and her granddaughter Nicole de Lorraine, who visited on her journey to Spain for marriage to Philip III, noted “She is the very picture of tranquillity. I believe I have never met a gentler soul.”
King Louis XIII had a more peaceful reign than his father. Unmarried when he came to the throne, he wed the Protestant Maria Anna of Brandenburg, reportedly as a show of good faith towards the Huguenots. The marriage was a failure, however, and it was childless, so the throne was inherited by his younger brother, François IV, who married the Catholic princess Elisabeth of Portugal. Their son François V would undo the majority of his uncle’s reforms within the first months of his reign, declaring that “God has not appointed me to this seat to see heretics live freely in these kingdoms.”
To this day, relations between Catholics and Protestants in France are problematic. In 2018, a young Protestant woman was killed for refusing to attend a mass demanded by her university, sparking week-long protests that caused 20,000 livres in damages on the capital alone. King Henri III has famously refused to comment on the allegations of police brutality during the protest and claimed the fifty deaths are ‘enemy propaganda’, despite evidence that several of the people killed in the riots were innocent bystanders swept up in the mob and attacked without cause.
No progress has been made towards the investigation of the person or persons unknown who killed the young woman, and a pitiful settlement of 800 livres was quietly paid to her family. The King has a low popularity, with many calling for his abdication in the name of his son, Philippe de Valois, or for the dissolution of the monarchy as a whole. The French royal family have refused to comment on the possibility of a national referendum and tensions rise as a whole in the nation.
King Henri, called The Butcher of Paris by his political enemies.
Dauphin Philippe, the hope of his house for a continual in the monarchy.