Though upstart nations like the United States and Japan were certainly influential nations and formidable opponents in war, the center of power in the early 20th century was Europe. The first-rate European powers were Britain, France, Germany, and Russia. Second-rate empires included nations such as the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Portugal. If one was being very generous Spain could fit into this category. And then there were the third-rate empires like Belgium and the Netherlands. The other nations of Europe couldn’t really be considered empires. Europe was in a sort of uneasy peace in which there were tensions between nations but none of the Great powers had gone to war with each other in decades. Nevertheless, two major alliances emerged in the late 19th century. One was the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The other was the Triple Entente consisting of Britain, France, and Russia.
-Excerpt from
Europe's Golden Age, Alice Davis, Oxford, 1990.
Europe in the years from 1900-1915 saw continuing industrialization, with nations like Russia trying desperately to catch up with Western Europe. These years also saw European nations finish carving up almost the entirety of the African continent. The only independent nations left on the continent were Morocco, Abyssinia, Liberia, and the white-dominated Boer Republics. Europeans expanded their power elsewhere, too. British and French companies (with minor American help) built a canal in Panama in 1905, allowing for ships to avoid sailing around South America. The Great Powers, as well as the smaller ones, were engaged in an arms race to see who could get the best ships and the best guns first. To the average observer in 1915, it seemed like power would stay concentrated in Europe forever.
There was also the rise of political ideologies, particularly those on the left. Socialism’s popularity was rising in those years. Russia responded by infiltrating radical leftist organizations and making examples of many of their leaders. Others allowed them to participate in elections and hoped that they would remain on the fringes of political opinion or moderate their positions. Such was the case with many Social Democratic movements in countries like Germany or Britain. One of the rising stars of Socialism was Adolphe Cartier, an author from French Guyana who spent several years in America before moving to Paris. He wrote scathingly of the American political system after he volunteered for the 1904 Eugene Debs campaign. He soon became a member of the chamber of deputies and helped popularize the far-left in France. He and his almost cult-like supporters were fierce critics of what they perceived as the increasing aggressiveness of the French government.
The odd man out in Western Europe was Spain, which had been forced to come to terms with the fact that its days in power were over after the Cuban War and the subsequent disastrous Dos Equis Movement. And while one may think that the Dos Equis Movement was only a disaster for Spain, it had one unintended consequence that shook the whole world. During the Qing Civil War, Spain bought itself a concession port on Hainan Island called Aichow. However, France believed that Aichow belonged in its own sphere of influence and was furious over the situation. In 1915, France decided that it had enough and on May 6, 1915 French ships blockaded the Spanish concession port. The French government was convinced that Spain would give up the port. Instead, Spain refused and ordered the French ships to lift the blockade, which it declared an act of war. Spanish Prime Minister José Canalejas gave the French Navy 24 hours to leave the port of Aichow. French President Paul Doumer was unfazed by Spanish threats and did not yield. On May 7th, Spanish artillery fired upon the French ships. French ships responded by bombarding the Spanish positions.
(Edgar Quinet, one of the French ships present at the blockade of Aichow)
The next day, May 8th, France and Spain declared War on each other. Cuba declared war on Spain on the 9th, hoping to liberate Puerto Rico with French help. Most of the early fighting was on water, as neither side had mobilized yet. France had the clear advantage. It looked like it would be a swift and decisive French victory. However, Spain had entered into a secret alliance with Germany a decade earlier. Germany began mobilization, but waited until May 15, 1915 to declare war on France. On the 16th, Russia declared war on Germany and then Austria-Hungary declared war on both Russia and France. Italy remained neutral despite being part of the Triple Alliance. At first it looked like Britain would stay out of the war as well. However, after Belgium refused to allow German troops to travel through it to invade France, Germany invaded Belgium on May 20th. Britain was bound by treaty to protect Belgian neutrality and thus Britain declared war on Germany on the 21st. By early June, France, Britain, Russia, Belgium, and Cuba were at war with every nation of the opposing alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Spain. Europe was at war.