Chapter 6
In 451 Vardan Mamikonian lead a large scale rebellion in Armenia against the Sassanids, who were putting heavy pressure on the people to convert to Zoroastrianism. Vardan would try to get support from the christian Eastern Roman Emperor, however the new emperor Marcian advised by senators Florentius and Anatolius would decline to help the rebels. Vardan and his rebellion would suffer a major defeat in that year, with Vardan himself dying. However his brother Hmayeak Mamikonian would take his place as leader and would lead his men in a campaign of guerrilla warfare. However in 455, the Emperor Marcianus and his new Caesar Anthemius would agree to help the rebels in Armenia in the coming year. Fortunately for the them another Sassanid client state would rebel, that was Albania lead by their king Vache.
In early May, Anthemius marched from Theodosiopoilis, a major stronghold along the the armenian border with 25,000 Infantry, 5,000 Hunnic cavalry, and 2,000 Roman cavalry. Their route along the Araxes river in armenia. However this 32,000 men was not the entire roman army. Along the Sassanid Roman border waited the Magister Militum Per Oretium, Leo, along with a further 20,000 infantry and 3,000 horse waiting to pincer the sassanid forces once they arrived in the north. The Sassanid general in the area, Adhur Hormizd would react quickly to this sudden invasion into Aremenia by gathering his troops at Artaxata, and further sending a message to the King of Kings, Yazdegerd II for support.
Unfortunately for Hormizd, who expected to gather roughly 25,000 men to hold his city, he would not gather half that many men. Several minor battles would take place in the weeks preluding the siege of Artaxata, these were mostly between the Roman cavalry division or the Armenian rebels against Hormizds gathering troops. The largest and last was a large ambush on 7,000 Sassanid soldiers only a days march from the city by the roman cavalry and Armenian rebels. Of the 7,000 sassanids only a few hundred would escape the battle and of those men only a few dozen would arrive to Artaxata. The mobility of the Roman horse was key in the initial movement of forces in the war, and when Anthemius and the rest if his army arrived at Artaxata along with 12,000 Armenians on May 29th Hormizd only had 10,000 men to hold out against 44,000.
To the northeast further events were unfolding in Albania were Vache lead a revolt against the sassanids, the Sassanid garrisons in his kingdom were quickly destroyed by his army and supporters. Vache and his army of 18,000 would defeat a minor Sassanid army in the middle of May along the Kur river. Vache would further lead his army east occupying Sassanid territory in the Caucasus on the west side of the Caspian sea, defeating another minor sassanid force roughly 6,000 strong in late June. After taking this territory, Vache would march south and raid into Sassanid territory.
At Artaxata Anthemius and his army besiegethe city for a 15 days before on June 14th, the city fell in a quick assualt at Dawn. The weakened garrison capitulating in the following hours. The city itself was not sacked however Hormizd and his officers would be executed and his men taken prisoners. The siege had been a brutal affair, the romans and Armenians had lost some 2,000 men during the siege. In the following days Hmayeak and Anthemius would discuss plans, and finally on June 18th Hmayeak Mamikonian would be raised as King of Armenia. His son Vahan would be his hier. In Iberia the King there, Vakhtang who was in his early twenties, would join the Roman Coalition, and marched south with 10,000 men, joining the Romans and Armenians at Artaxata around June 30th.
However by this time Yazdegerd was moving north with his own army, which numbered a little over 70,000 men. He would have gathered more men had it not been for the Albanian Kings raid into the empire which syphoned men from his army. Yazdegerd lead his men along the Tigris towards armenia. Anthemius hearing of the Sassanid hoste marching north, Marched on Van, a city along the eastern side of Lake Van, the city fell with out a fight and Anthemius Hunnic riders were able to push south and scout for the Sassanid army, as well to send word to Leo.
For Yazdegerd the next decisions he made would determine the fate of the war, he either would march west, take out the small roman army of Leo, and invade Roman Syria, however doing so would leave his rear unprotected and supply lines strained. If he went North the fortress of Nisibis and its garrison of 10,000 would protect his flank and he could focus on defeating the Roman Caesar and dealing with the rebellious Kings. Yazdegerd would decide to move north on July 16th.
Leo who was informed of this by his scouts immediately moved with his 18,000 men. Instead of Marching to Nisibis, he marched north to Martyropolis and then east. He left 5,000 men in the south and now with the rest bypassed Nisibis and came upon the rear of Yazdegerd. Though this extra long route took an extra week of marching, Leo and his men would arrive for the main battle. The Battle would take place on the south of Lake Van were Anthemius would march his army to regroup with Leos men. Yazdegerd would arrive on the same day in a close race. The following day August 15th would be the battle. Both sides had similar numbers of men, resulting in this battle being one of the largest in the era with roughly 140,000 men on the field. The battlefield would extend nearly 4 miles with both armies anchoring their flanks on the Lake, and into the hills to the south.
The battle began with both armies letting their archers exchange volleye of arrows, the Huns were kept back Anthemius wished to use their skills later. Eventually the archers were pulled back and the Sassanid army advanced. The roman 5,000 Horse and Iberian and Armenian Cavalry numbering a further 3,000 were held back along with the 5,000 Hunnic cavalry. The Roman coalitions cavalry was kept in the center on flat terrain as the cavalry would not be of good use in the hills to the south. As it was, the front lines of the Sassanid army were cavalry used to smash through the roman lines. To the south the Iberian and Armenian infantry engaged the Sassanid Infrantry which they held in place. The massive force of Cataphracts and cavalry smashed into the roman lines and in several places smashed through, however These spots were exploited by the huns who quickly circled the sassanids breakthrough firing quick volleys into the sassanid cavalry to devistating effect. As well the roman cavalry counter charged these spots. For hours the battle went on, thousands dieing. However the battle would not be finished on the first day. Roughly 20,000 men died in the first day, and tens of thousands of men were injured. The two armies would retreat for the night, the next day would bring more fighting.
The roman coalition which now numbered some 50,000 fighting men would exit their camp however would not advance any further, begining to construct a earthen rampart in front of their battleline. Which extended all the way to the hills to the south. The Sassanids who had several thousand men more roughly 55,000 advanced on the roman position, reigning down arrow fire as fast as they could. The roman archers returned fire, however what this was leading to was the advance of the Sassanid army once again, on a poorly constructed rampart. However due to the haste of the Sassanid king to attack before the Rampart become to much of an obstacle, a critical piece of information was not seen, the absence of the Huns. While the two armies clashed on the rampart the Huns had left the camp in the hours before dawn and were no awaiting the right moment on the extreme southern flank hidden in the hills. 5 hours into the battle with niether side winning but both suffering from severe exhaustion 5,000 huns came out from the hills and swept into the rear of the Sassanid army, firing arrows into the rear of the enemy, and using their lances to charge into the enemy ranks. The sassanid army collapsed, the King of Kings himself was captured. 20,000 of his men killed a further 10,000 captured and the rest fleeing into the wilds. The romans however had lost around 10,000 men themselves with countless injured. The 2 day battle was a decisive defeat for the Sassanids.
In the following days Yazdegerd would be forced to sign a treaty 2,000 lbs of gold and silver was to be paid to the Romans before the king and his men would be released every single man that was held prisoner would be ransomed back for 10 gold coins a person which came to roughly 130,000 coins to be delivered plus another 10,000 for the king himself. The kingdoms of Armenia, Albania, and Iberia were to become Roman Client Kingdoms, and Nisibisand the territory north of it was to become Roman territory. As well Sassanids would pay a 200lb yearly tribute to the romans to pay for the protection of the Caucasus region, to stop payment would mean war. This treaty was humiliating for the Sassanids, the initial payment for the king his army and war reperations would nearly bankrupt the empire something that would take years to recover from.
Unfortunately for the Sassanids only months after returning to Ctesiphon Yazdegerd II would die, his son Hormizd III would take the throne however a civil war would break out in the following years between him and his brother Peroz.
For Anthemius he would stay in the east for several months touring the region from Egypt to Syria. Of his initial 50,000 men he had roughly 30,000 would make the return trip. Though it was a costly war, the Caesar had won much fame and brought the empire wealth in his victory. The east was fully secure with this victory, the Sassanids dealing with threats in the east and civil war, and the Caucasus region under roman control. With 10,000 of his men he celebrated a triumph in Antioch in December. However, in January he recieved news that the Emperor had died in his sleep in december, Finishing the year of Imperial Succession as 3 men were crowned, Majorian Anthemius and Hormizd. Anthemius had gone east as a Caesar, and returned West to Constantinople as Emperor.
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In the next chapter we will go back West to finish of the year of Imperial succession, with the Aftermath of the Battle of Florentia, and the Vandal retreat.