One Man, Many Parts: Adaptations of Shakespeare in the 20th Century
Chapter 8 - Blockbusters
By Steven Ratford of the University of Waterloo, Associate Professor of English Language and Literature
Guest post by @Plateosaurus and Mr. Harris Syed with assistance from @Ogrebear and @MNM041
“
What is past is prologue.” -
The Tempest, Act 2, Scene I
In the 1990's, there was a renewed interest in adaptations of William Shakespeare's plays with an uptick in movie adaptations being produced on both sides of the Atlantic. However, not all adaptations of the folios were so straightforward. Many would go in different directions, whether by recontextualising it in new settings or deconstructing the story and values of Elizebethan England they were written in. The last part deserves special mention: coming in the Information Age, the knowledge of the most problematic parts of Shakespeare’s plays were increasingly being diffused to newcomers who had never seen or read the Bard’s works before, as well as the stereotypes of the plays being dusty and stale, so innovation and reinterpretation was needed to attract more public interest.
The most high-profile of the Shakespeare adapters of course being Northern Irish director and actor Kenneth Branagh. Continuing his streak after
Henry V, Branagh continued to adapt Shakespeare's work for a then-contemporary audience, starting with
Much Ado About Nothing in 1993 which had a cast of notable British and American actors such as Emma Thompson, Keanu Reeves, and Michael Keaton. The next would be 1994's
Hamlet in which he would direct and star as the titular character in the 19th century[1].
The same year, just a few years after US Judge Clarence Thomas was disqualified for his post because of sexual assault allegations, American director Nancy Meyers wrote and directed a very irreverent and cynical adaptation o
f The Taming of the Shrew simply titled The Shrew. The film was set in ‘70s New York with the Minolas reimagined as an Italian-American family living the high life with Baptiste Roger (Baptista’s counterpart, here very similar to Rudy Giuliani) running for the the office of governor, but the outspoken nature of Katherine is seen as a potential dealbreaker, so the patriarchs hire Peter Richford (Petruchio’s counterpart) to make her behave, while he uses the opportunity to climb his way up the social ladder. Unlike the original play (or at least classic interpretations), the film examined the more uncomfortable aspects of the story, ultimately ending with it being shown that misogyny has left both sides hurt and deeply unhappy, with Katherine broken and traumatised by the abuse and unable to do what she could without her previous attitude, the Minolas getting away with their abusive behaviour, and Peter regretting his methods. Marshall and Meyers assembled the likes of Annabella Sciorra (Katherine Minola), Marisa Tomei (Bianca Minola), Robert De Niro (Baptiste Roger Minola) and Cary Elwes (Peter Richford) in this retelling of one of Shakespeare’s more controversial plays. Although the film would perform well amongst critics, it bombed at the box office to more successful tentpole and indie films, and the rather pessimistic atmosphere and the cast of unlikeable characters turned many people away from watching it[2]. Such a thing is actually the case for some Shakespearean adaptations of the time, due to the different societal standards of the England that he lived in. Nonetheless, The Shrew would become a masterpiece with not just critics but third-wave feminists along with Donna Deitch’s socially conscious Sexual Advances and Penny Marshall’s controversial NC-rated porn drama
Kandi.
One year after
The Shrew,
The Tempest would be adapted to the silver screen in 1994 by the legendary Terry Gilliam (written by Neil Gaiman), and took influence from the goth subculture of the time, already one that would know Shakespeare better then others. While the prose was retained, the film emphasised the visual side.
Othello was the next to be given the major cinematic treatment in 1995 by legendary actor and director Sidney Poitier (written by Oliver Parker)[3]. Poitier changed the setting from Renaissance era Venice to 19th century colonial Jamaica and included a lot of racial subtext with the now-black Othello (Delroy Lindo) falling in love with the white Desdemona (Helena Bonham-Carter) and attracting the jealousy of Iago (Tim Curry), who views her as his bride and plots to kill Othello because he assumes he has stolen what he sees as rightfully his in a clear echo of discrimination such as the dehumanization of Africans and the self-entitlement of white supremacy.
Later that year, director Richard Lonclaire would make a modern adaptation of King Lear simply titled
Lear with Ian McKellen as the titular character, who previously played King Lear in a 1990 stage production[4]. This version took place in Victorian Britain and reimagined the plot of the original play as a corporate power struggle between Goneril/Gail (Judi Dench), Regan/Reagan (Helen Mirren) and Cordelia (Natascha McElhone) for control of Rayburn Steel rounded out with a stacked ensemble cast comprised of Tim Roth (Edmund Gloucester), Rowan Atkinson (George Gloucester), Sean Bean (Edgar Gloucester), Michael Gambon (Richard Kent), Jean Reno (François), John Cleese (Duke Albans), Pierce Brosnan (Michael Cornish) and Gerard Depardieu (Bartholome) with a then-unknown Daniel Craig playing the Fool. Aside from the new setting, the film preserved much of the plot and themes of King Lear right down to the tragic, downbeat ending with Duke inheriting Rayburn from his competitors paralleling the folio version of the ending.
On the complete opposite scale of the seriousness/silliness scale that year was
Fail Caesar! (dir. Rik Mayall; written by Mayall and Adrian Edmondson), which used Julius Caesar to lampoon Jacobean tragedy in general but in an affectionate manner like his previous works. As you would expect from a then-contemporary reinterpretation of a Shakespearian play, the plot sees Julius Caesar (played by Mayall himself) as the Consul of the Roman Republic who is later assassinated by sixty senators in a deliberately anachronistic and darkly comedic take on one of the most important events in European and world history.
1996 would see two modernised, contemporary takes on classic Shakespeare plays in different genres. One was a retelling of
Romeo and Juliet titled
Crossed (dir. Spike Lee; written by Lee and Tupac Shakur), described by some as West Side Story meets Boyz n the Hood. Like West Side Story, Crossed would retell the Shakespeare classic with ethnic street gangs rather than Italian merchant clans, but featuring a mostly black cast and set in LA in the present, with the gangs being the Monarchs and the Caps, fictional stand-ins for the Bloods and the Crips respectively[6], thus being a crossover between the Shakespearean play and the Hood genre of films popular at the time. Chris Kelly of Kris-Kross fame, would play the Romeo-esque Rolls while Aaliyah was tapped for the Juliet role, Jewel[6]. Tupac himself would play the Mercutio-type mentor role of Mercury, backed by Biggie as the violent, sociopathic Tybalt-type character of Baller[7]. With an all-star cast of of rap and R&B singers[8] and an acclaimed soundtrack from Lee collaborator Terrence Blanchard, the film was a box office hit and was nominated or won multiple awards, notably at the MTV Movie and TV Awards (which even they acknowledge was not usually something they do) drawing in a rather diverse audience of different races and genders. It also helped build up the acting credentials of Kelly, Aaliyah and Tupac.
The other modernised Shakespeare adaptation of the year was a satirical and political black comedy version of
Macbeth with an almost all-Scottish cast comprised of Ian Glen as the titular character (renamed Macbeth Menzies), Brian Cox as Duncan McDonagal, David Tennant as Malcolm McDonagal, Tommy Flanagan as Donalbain McDonagal, Tilda Swinton as Rose Menzies, Dougray Scott as Banquo, James McAvoy as Fleance, Craig Ferguson as Michael Macduff, Emma Thompson as Elizabeth Macduff, Iain Robertson as John Macduff, Annette Crosbie as Hectate, Phyllis Logan, Lindsay Duncan and Laura Fraser as the Wayward Sisters, Peter Mullan as Sifton, Jared Harris as George Steward and Natalie Cassidy as Shelley Steward (a genderbent version of Siward’s son). The 1996 retelling of the Scottish Play was the brainchild of satirist Armando Iannucci, a writer for the BBC’s
The Day Today. Iannucci had seen a 1991 London production of
Macbeth with Cox and Glen and had written a script as early as 1993 with the intent of producing it for television[9]. However, BBC executives wanted Iannucci to direct and produce a big screen adaptation of the play, Iannucci complied with BBC’s request and got to work on updating Macbeth to a new audience. This Macbeth took place in modern Scotland with Macbeth Menzies running for the position of MP in the county of Fife by resorting to all kinds of treachery as in the original play up to killing Duncan and hiring a group of gangsters to kill his opponents all filtered through the lens of Iannucci’s dryly bleak satire. The BBC produced film would be distributed overseas by Disney’s Hyperion Pictures and made a modest profit at the box office, nevertheless helping establish Iannucci’s credentials as a director and writer.
The latter half of the 1990s saw lavish, big-budget epic adaptations of Shakespeare's most famous plays which included Ridley Scott's
The Merchant of Venice (1997; written by Howard Franklin)[10], Branagh's
Richard III (1998; written by David Mamet)[11], and Lonclraine's A Midsummer's
Night Dream (1999; also written by Loncraine). Unlike the other Shakespeare adaptations, these films were mostly straight translations of the original plays which kept the settings as they were but with some changes to make them palatable to contemporary audiences. Much like their updated counterparts, these films brought together some of the finest actors from both sides of the Atlantic in major or minor roles such as Leonard Nimoy’s Shylock, Christopher Plummer’s Richard III, and Cate Blanchett’s Hippolyta. The films performed moderately or very well with critics and audiences and won or were nominated at awards ceremonies like the Oscars and BAFTAs.
Another breed of Shakespeare adaptations would emerge en vogue in a place different yet familiar: high school. Many teen drama and comedy films of the 90’s into the 2000’s would re-imagine the plot of classic English literature as a whole as happening in the faculties where teenagers often learn and perform them in English and Drama classes, and the Folio was no exception. The most notable of these high school Shakespeare adaptations being 1998’s
Ruthless, another retelling of
The Taming of the Shrew set at a Chicago high school and directed by Tommy O’Haver with Natalie Portman as Catherine “Kathy” Staley, Heath Ledger as Perry Truman[12], Kirsten Dunst as Bianca Staley and Josh Hartnett as Cameron Jackson. Unlike Nancy Meyers’ take,
Ruthless ended on a much more hopeful note, with Kathy reconciling with Bianca and begins dating Perry. Another was 1999’s "
O" (dir. Tim Blake Nelson; written by Brad Kaaya)[13], which retold the story of Othello with a racial subtext as common as Sidney Poitier's 1995 version set at a Charleston high school with Mekhi Phifer as Odin Jones, Christina Ricci as Desi Brable and Freddie Prinze Jr. as Hugo Goulding. In the same year, there was
As You Would Really Like It (directed by Weitz brothers, written by Adam Herz) which turned the play into a raunchy sex comedy[14]. Finally, another classic Shakespeare play adapted for a tween audience was 2001’s
Summer Night, Summer Fright (a retelling of A Midsummer Night's Dream; directed by Gil Junger; written by R. Lee Fleming Jr), which brought a violent horror-comedy take on the play in the vein of George Romero and Joss Whedon’s Final Girl, with a wedding being in the path of succubiand the protagonists Alison Woodward (Julia Stiles) and Bertram “Bertie” Sanders (Joseph-Gordon Levitt) fighting said succubi. As in the original play, Puck has a large role, here played as a puppet and voiced by Patrick Stewart.
All in all, Shakespeare adaptations experienced a great renaissance within cinematic circles, sparking creative interpretations that helped reach audiences that otherwise weren’t interested in the classics. However, at the same time these Shakesperian films were in theatres, television was also making its own forays into the Bard’s plays outside of televised recording, and even the golden age of interactive fiction would dip its toes too.
[1] No
Frankenstein for Kenneth Branagh to direct and star in means his schedule is freed up in 1994.
[2] On TV Tropes, this would be called
Too Bleak, Stopped Caring (formerly known as Darkness-Induced Audience Apathy).
[3] Concerning what happened to Sidney Poitier’s directing career, he did not direct Ghost Dad with Bill Cosby in 1990 as that movie would be a John Badham-directed Steve Martin star vehicle as originally intended due to butterflies affecting it’s production and the careers of the people involved.
[4] Ian McKellen said that he had no interest in playing
Richard III because he saw the play as not suited for a modern audience and only changed his mind after playing Iago in a 1989 production of Othello. Ten years worth of butterflies means that McKellen does King Lear on stage which leads to Loncraine writing an adaptation of the play, six years later.
[5] Definitely not to be confused with the unnecessarily excessive torture porn, rape-filled zombie comic by Garth Ennis and Avatar Press from OTL which will have a different name if it still exists. Additionally, Lee’s
Crossed replaces William Shakespeare’s Romeo + Juliet as the modern 90s adaptation of Romeo and Juliet since Baz Luhrmann doesn’t make the film. And the idea of Lee doing a Romeo and Juliet is from none other than
@Geekhis Khan himself.
[6] As confirmed by the Great Khan, Aaliyah’s tragic plane crash in the Bahamas has been completely butterflied. Because of this, she will get to have a long-lasting acting career.
[7] As films like
Justice: The Bass Reeves Story and
Star Wars Episode I: A Darkness Rising can attest, Tupac Shakur has a thriving film career and with his death being completely averted expect him to appear in more films or even TV shows whether as a leading man or in a supporting role.
[8] Other hip-hop artists and R&B singers starring in the film are Ice T as Rolls’ father Theodore (Lord Montague), Whitney Houston as Rolls’ mother Regina (Lady Montague), Snoop Dogg as Rolls’ oldest cousin Benji (Benovilo), Big Pun as Rolls’ second cousin Barker (Balthasar), Tevin Campbell as Rolls’ third cousin Georgie (Gregory), Usher as Rolls’ youngest cousin Sammy (Sampson), Luther Vandross as Jewel’s father Philip (Lord Capulet), Anita Baker as Jewel’s mother Diamond (Lady Capulet), Mary J. Blige as a gender-flipped version of Abra, Biz Markie as Pete (Peter), Queen Latifah as Rosie (Rosa), Big Daddy Kane as Vick (Valentine), Toni Braxton as Jenny (Nurse), James Brown as Mayor Prince (Prince Escalus), Ice Cube as David (Count Paris), Chris Smith (the other half of Kriss-Kross) as Antonio (Anthony and the other Capulet servants) and Barry White as The Dealer (Apothecary). Tupac and Biggie’s friends Freddie Mercury and Kurt Cobain would have small roles as gay businessmen, the film’s analogues to the friars.
[9] Iannucci would be in London working for the BBC and would have seen Cox and Glen’s Macbeth London performance at the Royal National Theatre. Cox of course has done Shakespearean plays before in OTL and TTL and Iannucci seeing him on stage with Glen is catalyst for the Scottish Play getting adapted to the silver screen in ‘96.
[10] Since
Alien 3 is directed by Scott,
1492: Conquest of Paradise is never made and his career isn’t derailed for a while.
[11] As Loncraine is busy with
Lear and A Midsummer’s Night Dream, Branagh gets to direct an adaptation of the play set during the Wars of the Roses as opposed to an alternate 1930s Britain in OTL’s 1995 film.
[12] Ledger already has some recognition from
X-Men and
Blackadder in the Fifth Form but this film will launch his career as a leading man.
[13]
O was pushed back to 2001 IOTL due to the Columbine shooting. Since that event will have gone a different way, it will be released in 1999. Also, Ricci and Prinze Jr. who were (apparently) considered for O will actually be in the film.
[14] The film replaces
American Pie, since the tween sex comedy boom has been butterflied in the post-Anita Hill era. That said, some cast members from that movie will appear in this film.