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Your POD can be either pre- or post-1900. (To get it started: I suppose a different Parition could leave India 28% Muslim, Central Asian Republics deciding not to secede could leave a USSR--with the name changed to Russia after Ukraine, etc. leave--more heavily Muslim than it is, etc.)
Other than the fact that I am legit surprised that Brazilians think there are 24 million Muslims in Brazil...
For some countries these numbers are plain impossible. I'll try to look for the possible countries...
1. Spain has some possibilities if they keep Northern Morocco with increased immigration from the Maghreb (8-13%)
2. France keeps Algeria (35-40%) and Comores
3. India is never divided though the percentage would be a bit higher than 28% (I'd estimate between 33 and 38%)
4. Russia keeps Kazakhstan (Russia has like 15% Muslims, so the remaining 9% can come from Kazakhstan, it would end up like 20-25%...)
5. Netherlands keeps some smaller islands with larger populations in Indonesia who refused to join Indonesia, as well as Suriname (Suriname has like 15-20% Muslim population). I'd say 12-16% is max...
6. Italy keeps Libya and Libya experiences a population boom up to 15 million people with 10 million being native Libyans. Added by more Muslim migrants to Italy Proper
Singapore, Belgium, South Africa, Germany, Great Britain, US, Canada, Sweden, Brazil can only get half of their estimates at max. This is true increased immigrations and even from earlier periods (For Canada, US, Brazil, South Africa)