Crusader-State Kingdom of Anatoliye, 1120-1421
After Tancred, regent for the young Bohemond of Antioch, survived an 1112 typhoid epidemic, he began putting the wheels in motion toward an ambitious invasion of the Sultanate of Rūm. Having laid the groundwork with a series of alliances with Georgia, Cilician Armenia, and the County of Edessa, Tancred invades in 1120, taking advantage of the long civil war between the brothers Mesud and Malik Shah. With the throne of Rūm having changed hands several time, Tancred and his allies overran the Sultanate, defeating a hastily combined forces of the brothers at the Battle of Sivas before proceeding to capture Konya and Ancyra.
By 1120, Tancred declares himself King of Anatolia, his kingdom surviving independently until 1421 as a cosmopolitan regional power, where a mostly Turkic-speaking local populace gradually converts to Christianity, hence the gradual drift of the name Anatolia to Anatoliye. After years of decline, Anatoliye is finally reunited to the Eastern Roman Empire by Manuel IV, better known as Manuel the Reformer.
The Golden Age of the Mongol Khanate of Baghdad