With all fronts in Europe having been won, the Central Powers begin transporting divisions to Anatolia along the halfway-built Berlin-Baghdad railway. Austria-Hungary sent a unit composed entirely of Bosnian Muslims, Bulgaria sent an entire volunteer brigade and Germany sent its most battle-hardened divisions to the aid of the Ottomans.
Since 1914, the Sick Man of Europe was being battered by both the Russians and the British. Having nearly taken the Suez Canal, the Ottomans lost ground in Palestine and Mesopotamia. This became acute with the loss of Jerusalem, Baghdad, and Damascus. Not to mention, Lawrence of Arabia was wreaking havoc with an Arab revolt behind their lines. The Sublime Porte knew that if the British reached the edges of Anatolia, the empire was finished. To help keep the Turks in the fight, the Germans set up the ‘Asien Korps’ under Liman von Sanders. Their job was to train, support, and advise the main Ottoman armies in the field.
Ottoman troops mobilizing for an upcoming offensive, December 1918
The first reinforcements arrived at Aleppo station in late November, with more coming later. Initially, their orders were to hold their positions if the British attack which only resulted in a few minor skirmishes. As more and more arrived, von Sanders began making preparations for an offensive across Syria.
For the British, they lacked the men and equipment to advance any further all the while their enemy was growing in strength. The high command redeployed them to France where the Germans launched their grand offensive. Now those forces are stuck in Britain in case of an invasion, which would never come.
This proved to be a huge boon for the Ottomans as they took this time to recover and reorganize their forces with German help. The Germans introduced the Turks to the stormtrooper tactics that had won them victories on every single front. They were even provided tanks for this operation.
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On January 2nd, 1919, the Central Powers launch ‘Operation Saladin’. The Ottomans swiftly advance down on Syria, taking back Damascus and Beirut. In Mesopotamia, the Turks go on the offensive and retake Kirkuk. All across the two fronts, the British struggle to hold their ground. But without the men and equipment, they were left with no choice but to retreat.
In Palestine, Allenby’s forces were rapidly losing to the advancing Turks who were using the same tactics the Germans had used in Europe. While T.E Lawrence tried his best to delay and harass them, it was no use as the Ottomans had tanks and planes that could mow down the Arab tribesmen.
Austro-Hungarian troops marching into recently recaptured Jerusalem, January 1919
The same could be said in Mesopotamia when they lost Baghdad to the advancing Ottomans. The city was captured with the help of the Germans where they breached the defenses. Things were becoming bleak for London.
By the beginning of February, all of Palestine and Mesopotamia were retaken. The British by now was being holed up in Kuwait and were retreating through the Sinai desert. Having done this before, the Central Powers march across the harsh desert until they were in sight of the most important waterway in the world.
With the enemy at the canal, the British geared for one last battle. If they managed to cross it, the war is over. For the first few days, the Ottomans did nothing. But one evening, the Germans, Turks, and Austrians crossed the canal under the cover of darkness. While the British were enjoying the night, the combined force attacked. Soon after, a pontoon bridge was built for transporting men and horses across the water. By the time the Sun rose over Egypt, the Ottomans were well on the other side.
An Ottoman pontoon bridge built across the canal
In London, the government was under huge pressure from parliament and the public. Fearing a no-vote like in Italy, Lloyd George had no choice but to seek an armistice. On March 1st, Britain asked for an armistice with the Dominions following soon after.
The ‘War to end all wars’ had finally come to an end.