LUOYANG to LATINA
"The late modern period was filled with true globalization, capitalism, and surreal occurrences. One can learn the world from these years."
- William Durant, 'The First Era and the Last Epoch'
What would happen if things went just a bit differently in China during the imperial era?
How would Asia, and the world, be affected?
(Inspired by various other threads.)
"The late modern period was filled with true globalization, capitalism, and surreal occurrences. One can learn the world from these years."
- William Durant, 'The First Era and the Last Epoch'
What would happen if things went just a bit differently in China during the imperial era?
How would Asia, and the world, be affected?
(Inspired by various other threads.)
XIV-XV Centuries: Zheng He and his fleet prove their worth to the Ming by pacifiying the Tungusic tribes of the Amur region through strenuous and hard work, leading to the preservation of a quarter of the initial trade fleet, decreed by law to only trade as far west as the Kingdom of Kotte. This elevates trade between the East and the West in the long run. Hence, several European countries have less interest in America due to the massively benefical Asian trade, and instead Asia and Africa are focused on, with the west coast of America being a prime point for many.
1642-43: Li Zicheng declares the Great Shun at the capture of Xiangyang.
Hong Taiji dies unexpectedly. Daishan nominates Hooge, Prince of Su to become Emperor. He accepts and becomes the Shunzi Emperor. However, he maintains a bitter rivalry with Dorgon and his rumored lover, Lady Borjigit. Dorgon's attempt to push unfavorable laws also caused animosity in the court.
1644: Li Zicheng captures Beijing alongside Liu Zongmin and his wife, Lady Gao. The Battle of Shanhai Pass is won when the Chongde Emperor of the Qing is taken prisoner and dies mysteriously. This throws the Qing into internal conflict in the city of Mukden.
- Li becomes Emperor Yongyuan with Lady Gao becoming Empress. Whilst in Beijing, they make peace with the various Mongol tribes and abandon protectorate status over the Yakut state in the north for fear of provoking the Russians. They also create a multiethnic bureaucracy dominated by the Han.
- Wu Sangui declares allegiance to the Shun after he hears that his father Wu Xiang is honored and respected by Li Zicheng's envoys. He sends several generals to pledge fake allegiance to the Qing dynasty.
- The Ming court at Nanjing crowns the Prince of Fu as the Hongguang Emperor. They preside over the region encompassing the former cirucits of Lingnan and the Two Jiangnans. Princes are installed as the three Circuit Inspectors, and acquire various influences in southern China.
1646: The Yongyuan administration launches an offensive against the Ming near the city of Wuhan. An outbreak of plague is with ships from the Philippines ridden with the Seville Plague exacerbating the epidemic, causing the battle both at land and sea to become a stalemate.
Due to this, both the Northern Shun and the Southern Ming continue to exist, with Muslim Confucian states in Turkestan periodically switching allegiance to either empire. The Qing is increasingly facing a confrontation between the Aisin Gioro clan and the Niohuru, Nara, and Fuca clans, disturbing the balance of power.
1648: Wu Sangui ventures to Sichuan where he meets Zhang Xianzhong , who is impressed by the competence of Li's rebel army. Regardless, the Da Xi armies struggle against Wu's army, only to be defeated. When Zheng offers to participate in Shun bureaucracy, he is made a prisoner as is dragged to Beijing. Here, he is killed in combat after he escapes and causes a minor insurrection against the Ming-Shun bureaucrats.
1649: Word of the Xi'an Nestorian Stele spreads. Li Guo, the Emperor Yongyuan's nephew, visits Xi'an to see it himself. He learns of the dual Sino-Syriac inscriptions, and is suspicious of Jesuit claims that Catholics brought Christianity to China 1,000 years ago instead of Nestorian infidels. As he returns to Beijing to inform the Emperor, he passes by ancient cities in central China and remarks that it is an excellent place for a central capital.
When he returns to Beijing, he informs the Emperor of the contents of the Stele. Li Guo remarks that the type of Christianity inscribed on the Stele is very accomodating of Chinese language, and the foreign words share similarities with the Huihui's Classical Arabic. He talks about the worship of Allaha and his son the Musihiha. Work and research into Christianity begins on an imperial scale. Meanwhile, the Emperor orders preparations to be made to create a capital at Chang'an in the next two years, as it is a better alternative to either Luoyang or Kaifeng.
1650-55: With some delay, the capital of the Shun is moved to Luoyang as a temporary capital.
The Yongli Emperor's court entrusted the Polish Jesuit Michal Boym with the mission of bringing letters from himself and the Empress Dowager to the Pope, the Doge of Venice, and the King of Portugal. These letters were primarily requests for military aid against the Shun. Boym's mission was exceptionally difficult and dangerous, because the Venetians and Portuguese were both inclined to abandon the seemingly stagnant Ming loyalist cause and concentrate on developing trade relations with the emerging Shun dynasty. Even the leaders of the Jesuit Order did not approve of getting involved in the Chinese conflict. Boym had to wait until 1655, when the new pope Alexander VII was elected, to get a positive response from the Vatican. Even then, the pope did not offer any practical support, only a letter expressing sympathy and blessing for the Ming loyalist court. With this letter, Boym was able to secure an empty promise of military aid from the Portuguese king.
1658: Prince Sohyeon, now a crypto-Catholic in Korea, has been occassionally meeting Jesuits in Pyongan-do since King Injo barred him from leaving the country and entering the northern provinces of Pyongan and Hamgyong. He was abruptly caught by a palace guard sent to watch him. To avoid persecution, he fled to Mukden where he was formerly held hostage. The Qing emperor introduced the Prince to Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish missionary. Here, the Prince committed to joining the Jesuit Society and adopted the name Bartholomeus de Ieuw.
1659-1661: Due to years-old Ming medical research imported through Jesuits and treatment by a Chinese doctor, King Hyojong tames his diabetes temporarily. With a 30,000-strong army and an interest in military science, the Gihae Bukbeol (己亥北伐 ) begins.
- The Joseon dynasty teams up with distraught Han Chinese in Manchuria to take advantage of the situation. Joseon quickly occupies the Gando region through a mixture of military force and diplomatic maneuvering, albeit with moderate casualties against the Manchus. These casualties are used as a rationale for the conservative Korean political factions to successfully halt further expansion. However, it is agreed that both sides are satisfied with the expansion as revenge for the humiliation of Korea by the Manchus during the reign of King Injo.
- Korea also completely halted tribute payments to any Manchu leader by 1660.
- As Gando is very sparsely populated and undisturbed, the conservative factions allow the King to intiate programs in Gando.
- The Dutchman Jan Janse Weltevree was ordered to found a settlement in foreigner-style as a social experiment by the King. Hence, the urban settlement of Pyeonseong is founded, with city planning similar to Batavia and basic canal fortifications. He becomes a Magistrate of this town.
- Around 36,000 Koreans are relocated to the newly conquered territories and begin farming from 1660 to 1718.
1662: Koxinga does not die from malaria due to a cure given by a pseudo-doctor who claims to have been educated in Manila. As he is alive, he launches an invasion of Luzon with the help of the armed merchant company called Iquan's Party - led by a Christian Chinese. A few doubtful Ming aristocrats discreetly support the invasion in small financial donations in return for ensured places for their children in the Luzonese government in case the Shun are victorious.
1663: The Spanish are forced to abandon their outpost on Ternate to preserve ownership of Luzon. They request the Portuguese to temporarily pacify the local sultans and continue the trade.
1664: It is reported that Weltevree, also known as Park Yeon in Korean, dies. He leaves behind two children who found the Park Pyeonseong clan.
1665: The Taal Conspiracy occurs. De Saledo, Governor-General of the Philippines, sends a secret mission to the Igorot people in the Cordilleras to get them to convert to Catholicism, and most importantly, harness the source of gold there. However, the mission is ambushed by the Kapampangan secularists and is reported to the leader of the Maniago revolt, Francisco Maniago. Historical records do not speak of the event after this, until the day the body of de Saledo is found near the shore of Lake Taal. It is presumed that his political rival, Paternina, murdered him - but the facts are not clear. This event dismantles the harmony of the Intramuros. Many of the Spaniard nobility begin fleeing to Dutch Formosa. Eventually, in October, the Intramuros falls under a coalition army of the Zheng and native dynasties. The Spanish now only control few outposts in Bikol.
1667-1669: In what is known as the Free Philippine Revolution, or the Chinese liberation of the Philippines - three Luzonese dynasties - the Malong, Maniago, and Almazán, are established in the revolutionary barangay states of Caboloan, Pampanga, and Samtoy respectively. In 1669, the three dynasties of Luzon unite into a formal confederation called the Kingdom of Luzon, influenced greatly by Koxinga's maritime trade company as well as the Sultan of Brunei.
- Caboloan, the most powerful of the three states, becomes a 'sister kingdom' of Tungning and is a tributary of the Ming dynasty. The capital of Binalatongan becomes a major trade hub. They contribute to Pampanga and Samtoy also becoming de facto tributaries.
- Koxinga re-creates the Kingdom of Manila. Juan Macapagal is crowned as a puppet king, stylized as Raja of Tondo and Datu of Arayat. His daughter, Maria, is designated Crown Princess of Tondo and is forced to marry a Ming dynasty prince, known as Manuel Zhu of Manila, the "Quiet Chinese Prince".
- Japanese and Chinese Christians as well as pirates flee persecution and settle on the shores of the Cagayan Valley for the first time since 1582. Here, the town of Lallo becomes the center of a diverse psuedo-kingdom sanctuary for Christians, pirates, Philippine exiles.
1670: The natural death of Zheng Zhilong makes it so that Koxinga inherits an enormous amount of land, especially in Hokkien province. Much of this land is enjoined with the Kingdom of Tungning. However, fearing the power of the Zheng dynasty, the Ming dynasty confiscates 50% of the Hokkien property rights, including the city of Amoy. This creates animosity between the Ming court and Koxinga. Upon imperial order to invade Dutch Formosa, Koxinga refuses the order. However, with the Shun on their doorstep, the Ming court decides to not bother Tungning, and uses them to command a navy to ward off Europeans and the Japanese.
1671: The Nurgan Military Commission is re-established by the Shun. They retake the outpost of Telin and subdue several tribes south of the Amur river. However, the Daur and Jurchen peoples are divided on their tributary status to either the Shun dynasty, Ming dynasty, or the Qing dynasty.
Fighting with the Ming prevents the Shun from exercising effective control over the more northerly regions, a role which the allied Khalkha Mongols fulfill.
1672: Through pressure, Prince Regent Don Juan of Spain forces France to accept peaceful relations by falsely promising the France-Comte.
1673: The Spanish loose all but the eastern coast of Mindanao as Minnanese sailors continuously support the Sultan of Maguindanao, Muhammad Kudarat against Spanish ships, armies, and Catholic missions. The War of Devolution in Europe and hostility from the Taiwanese, Dutch, and British lead to the overall administrative structure of the Spanish Philippines slowly declining. Sultanates such as Brunei, Sulu, and Maguindanao exercise influence over several Philippine islands.
1676: The Youngyuan Emperor (Li Zicheng) dies and is replaced by his nephew Li Guo, who beomes the Huoliang Emperor (活亮, lively luminescence).
1680: Koxinga instructs a surprise attack on Dutch Formosa, pushing Dutch forces to the Dadu River. This is known as the Siege of High Noon, referring to the Dutch name for Dadu. A treaty formally demarcates the boundary between Tungning and Dutch Formosa.
1683: The University of Santo Tomas is renamed to the University of Manila. It disestablishes the Catholic curriculum and instead draws inspiration from the secular Dutch Leiden University, as well as the Chinese Imperial University.
1684: Koxinga dies of smallpox, even though he was inoculated. His son, Zheng Jing, the Prince of Yanping, believes the doctor that performed the inoculation purposely deceived him. For this, he blamed a Dutch chemist who was allegedly acting as a spy for the Spanish and had him executed. Zheng Jing becomes the ruler of Tungning, and becomes known in the West as Kounxie.
1688: The trade of silk with China is forbidden within the Spanish Empire to protect Spanish silk and silver. Hence, the silk mills of Andalusia keep and gain much wealth, improving the development of southern Iberia. Hence, the Decline of the Spanish East Indies begin.
- Around 5 million pesos is added to the income of New Spain and Castille as a result. Mainland Spain becomes strong economically, and New Spain becomes dependent on Spain for silk.
- Through the Dutch, the Chinese, Sulu, and Japanese initiate a more vigorous silver trade together in Asia.
- The Spanish make landfall on the island of Oahu and establish a transit colony.
1689: The Russians and Chinese formulate the Treaty of Nerchinsk.
- Peaceful and amicable relations are to be between the Tsardom of Russia and the Great Shun.
- Russia is barred from exploring the Amur and south of Hulun Lake, and are not to settle or raid the Nurgan Commission.
- Embassies are to be held at Telin, Selenginsk, & Albazin.
- Russia is to control the strength of the Daurian and Jurchen barbarians to prevent interruption of trade.
1691: The Ming ports of Zaiton (Quanzhou) and Amoy (Xiamen) are opened to foreign trade by the Zheng clan's influence. At the same time, the Shun open up Tongzhou (Nantong) for trade, close to the bustling city of Yangzhou.
The same year, the Dutch gain a consulate in Tongzhou (Nantong), the first to do so since the Shun arose. Empress Gao dies, and a funeral is held for her in Luoyang - the Governor of Formosa Dirk Hurdt even attends.
1693: Attacks by Japanese pirates on Formosa force the Dutch navy to station larger ships there and evacuate the western coast. Many resettled in the villages of Taipeh and Toahong, or integrated with Aboriginals in Middag or Mount Sylvia. A small number also fled to the pirate city state of Libertalia in Madagascar via pirate fleets and assimilated into the local society.
1694: Chinese inventor Dai Zi's creation a continous shotgun based on Dutch designs, is adopted by segments of the Shun army.
1699: The Huoliang Emperor (Li Guo) dies, and is succeeded by Li Zicheng's son Li Hongji, crowned the Yujing Emperor (有經 , affluent in longitude).
1701-07: The War of the Spanish Succession (OTL within OTL) (1701-06) occurs.
Between 1704 and 1707, the Javanese War of Succession occurs in Indonesia.
The Zheng empire's fleets in Batavia meet the rebel Surapati and hear of the political tension on the island. The Zhengs entice the Portuguese with privileges in the port of Banten since the Chinese, English, and Dutch had already increased trade with the only other major pepper supplier not influenced yet, the Banjarmasin Sultanate.
Chinese fleets soon attack Banten, support the Sultan Tirtayasa against his son, and direct a fleet to support the Mataram regime. Sultan Amangkarut III is kept on the throne. Portugal gains privileges in west Java and favor with Cantonese merchants, while Dutch interests on Java were held back.
1709-23: Liu Zhi, a mentor of the Yujing Emperor, took power due to the Emperor suffering with Huntington's disease. He became the first Muslim to hold such a position, and exercised power alongside the Empress Consort and the Prince of Tan. During his term, he further integrated Hui Muslims into mainstream Han society, developed linguistic, survey, and cultural bureaus, as well as reformed the administrative system.
In the Treaty of Rasttat, European powers agree to a compromise on territory.
- Spain maintains rule of Sardinia.
- Savoy gives Sicily to the Austrians in return for the localities of Novara and Varese, which were under the Duchy of Milan.
- Austria gains the town of San Remo.
- France acquires Santo Domingo from Spain, which is quickly settled by the French colonists.
Europe c. 1723
Orange The United Netherlands
Brown Habsburg gains
Yellow Kingdom of Spain
Blue Duchy of Savoy
Orange The United Netherlands
Brown Habsburg gains
Yellow Kingdom of Spain
Blue Duchy of Savoy
1717-22: Several economic reforms within the United Provinces take place, along with reforms in the Dutch colonial companies and taxation.
1723: The mysterious death of the Ming's Catholic Crown Princess Ruji, also known as Rose Anne, is a silent symbol of the Ming court's determination to prevent the imperial family from converting to Catholicism. Zhu Zhenxi, the third son of Prince Honghuan is selected as the heir-apparent due to his nonexpressive stance when it came to religion as well as his dedication to Confucian values.
1724-27: With Russia formally becoming an empire, they exercize more power in Amuria. In 1724, they break the Treaty of Nerchinsk and put forth Cossacks south to Qiqihar, where they both fight and ally various Manchu and Chinese forces. The Hulun War occurs.
| Russia | China | Results (Armistice) |
|---|---|---|
Empire of Russia, Cossacks, subdued Selenge Mongols | Great Shun, Qing dynasty, Daur tribes, Joseon, Sartuul, Khotogoid rebels, Buriat rebels and defectors |
|
1726-30: With the help of British ships and unemployed soldiers arriving from Chile, the Visayas are all formally independent from Spanish rule. However, a British outpost on Cebu begins the intricate interest that the British monarchy will develop in the archipelago.
In 1727, the British encounter Prince Zheng Kezang - known as Tengicon, Prince of Taiping to the British - in Macau. Ostracized by his uncle Zheng Cong, he is convinced by the British through mental manipulation and hallucenogens that he can steal the Ming throne from the Yongli Emperor's third grand-nephew, Zhu Zhenxi, whilist adopting Baptist Christianity.
1728: Johan Gustaf Renat, a Swede, assists the Dzungars in casting cannons and forming artillery regiments.
1735: Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune of Japan lifts restrictions on Western technology and literature. During his reign, around 2,000 Japanese students traveled to Dutch Formosa or served in the Zheng dynasty's maritime trade. Dejima is closed to trade and is converted into an isolated community for exiled Japanese Christians to reside in, who were free to travel to and from Dejima and the outside world to bring technology and literature, but never to set foot on mainland Japan. This became known as the Floating Dejima Cloud Plan (dejo-an).
1736-38: The profits of the Zheng dynasty eclipse those of the VOC by 51%. This leads to the decline of the Dutch in East Asia. In order to reorganize Formosa, the President of the VOC in Batavia launches the North Holland Conspiracy.
Administrative records of 40 years are burnt and the Governor is replaced with a puppet governor named Samuel Vanderputte.
1740-43: The Dzungars conquer the Kazakh city of Sayram and the capital, Turkistan City. In an effort to reach the borders of the Torghut (Kalmyk) khanate, Dzungar artillery and horsemen harass the fading Cossack outpost of Guriev. However, the central administration of the Dzungar Khanate was slowly fracturing, and disputes among the highest officials began to impede national security.
1744-45: The last Spanish outpost on Palm Island (modern Siargao) is abandoned. It is renamed the Lágrima Island in Spanish, due to the tear drop shape of the island the sorrowful destiny of the de-Christianized pagans of the Philippines that will be condemned to hell.
The Spanish renew their interest in the Catholic kingdom of Larantuka near Java, trying to fight the VOC, Muslim kingdoms, and monopolize on the sandalwood trade. Due to Portugal squabbling with Guarani tribes and Atlantic pirates, the Spanish establish a protectorate over Larantuka, pushing the Dutch out of the Savu Sea. Portugal retains control over Timorese lands and tensions begin to mount.
Governor of Formosa Vanderputte, instead of consolidating Dutch rule, brings more Buddhist institutions to Formosa. His term led to the collapse of Dutch oligarchy in Formosa. Pressure from the Zheng dynasty also leads them to abandon corvee labor and Dutch Hirado. This led to the exile of Vanderputte to New Spain, where he worked with the native Quechua and documented their similarities with the Chinese and Tibetans. Hence, the region of Cusco being called New Tibet in various academic sources of Dutch, German, and English explorers in Peru.
Philippines c. 1747
Shades of red Kingdom of Luzon, Kingdom of Maynila
Blue-green Wokou-Christian state
Peach Kingdom of Mayit
Purple Confederacy of Aklan
Blue Boholian Republic
White circle British influence
Green Bruneian imperial realm
Grey Chiefdoms and fiefs
Shades of red Kingdom of Luzon, Kingdom of Maynila
Blue-green Wokou-Christian state
Peach Kingdom of Mayit
Purple Confederacy of Aklan
Blue Boholian Republic
White circle British influence
Green Bruneian imperial realm
Grey Chiefdoms and fiefs
1751: Tengicon, now a Baptist, ventures to Canton and declares himself the Emperor of China, and that he has brought the true religion with him. He convinces a Minnanese merchant to be baptised in public. Slander spreads through the streets that the Baptists drown and eat Chinese newborns as part of their rituals to please Jesus. Whilst the merchant is being immersed in baptismal water, a horde surrounds Tengicon and drowns him in the baptismal water.
1756-59: The Shun invades the Southern Ming due to inter-European tensions. The Dzungars have trampled the Khalkhas, and are threatening the existence of the Manchu clans. The Shun intercept a letter from the Dzungar leader to the Ming offering assistance, but do not speak of it. The Dzungars assume the Ming rejected the offer, and focus on warding off the Russians and amplify internal conflict.
A three year war of the Shun reunification of China ends with the death of the Yujing Emperor and the succession of his grandson Li Baili, the Nonghuo Emperor (濃活, deep vibrance. Also has a double meaning of amazing sex.)
1760: The fall of the Ming dynasty brings the execution of Zhu Zhenxi and his young son Zhu Gongchao. The Prince Aimin, son of Prince Cixuan, grandson of the Yongli Emperor and Empress Anne, becomes the head of the Yongli branch of the House of Zhu and earns the title the Prince of Fu. He is noted for being a dedicated Roman Catholic like his grandmother and adopts the Christian name Joseph.
The Nonghuo Emperor of Shun permits Joseph Zhu, as he is known, to settle in Liangguang. He adds the Marquis of lZaozhuang to his titles. Here, he builds a Chinese style church on the site of the Palace of Zhaoqing, where several Ming leaders were baptised by the Jesuits.
1761-65: The Nonghuo Emperor commissions the construction of a Chinese Dutch-style fleet led by Zheng Ankang of Tungning as well as alongside Lord Puankhequa. Over a span of twoears, with the Europeans distracted in Southeast Asia, a 774-ship navy is built. However, due to military pressure from the Dutch to halt the process, it ends abruptly as the Governor fears a Chinese invasion of Formosa in the future.
The Shun dynasty invades the Dzungar Khanate due to a succession crisis among the Oirats. With the help of the Pholha family, much of Tibet and Kokonur (Qinghai Lake region) falls under the Shun. Military conquest and diplomatic negotiation allows the Shun to exploit rivalries and conquer Dzungaria, Kirghizia, and other locations - as well as assisting other Mongol tribes in overcoming the rule of the Dzungars. Aroond 450,000 Dzungars die in the war.
- Prince Gyurme Namgyal is made ruler of Tibet, but soon is assassinated by order of the Emperor. The 8th Dalai Lama is installed as the nominal spiritually authority in Tibet. Tibet becomes an autonomous subordinate of China.
- After the victory, the descendant of Nashqbandi Sufi master Khoja Afaq, Khoja Jahan, is reinstallled in the Tarim Basin as Sultan, acting as a direct subordinate state of the Shun. Many Khojas began to serve in the civil adminstration at Luoyang and create dervish communities.
- The Khan of the Kalmyk Khanate initiates a migration of 300,000 Kalmyks to the east. Around 60,000 die due to smallpox, starvation, and massacre by Russian and Chinese troops. The survivors largely settle in the southernmost parts of the fading Kazakh Khanate and Dzungaria.
- Around 70,000 surviving Dzungars migrate to northern Kazakhstan, where they plea assistance from Russia. The Junior Zhuz north of the Aral Sea is raided by Cossacks under Catherine the Great, which is not much help. War and tensions between the Kazakhs and Dzungars were common. However, due to Kazakhs not possessing modern artillery, many Kazakhs were suppressed or forced to migrate to Chinese Turkestan, or to the Tarim Basin.
- The Kazakh Khanate is weakened and becomes a protectorate of the Shun, preferred in order to suppress the Dzungar people. Despite this, they frequently experience danger and the lands are often targets of foreign raids.
- The war marks the end of the Dzungar Khanate and the expansion of China. A demarcation line marks the boundary between Russia and China's influence zones - from the Russian settlement of Akmoly, then southwest onto the shores of the Aral Sea.
Marquis Joseph Zhu persuades a British merchant ship in Canton to take him to Siam, where he plans to embark on a journey to Rome. He meets French Jesuit Jakub Friteyre-Durvé in Ayutthaya city and develops a strong friendship.
1763: Spain looses their influence over Larantuka and instead consolidates control over Palau and the Marianas. Portugal takes Larantuka into their sphere of influence, and Britain reasserts their influence in the Sugbu region (formerly the Central Visayas). France gains Sarangani as a colony.
Joseph Zhu, along with Father Jakub disguised as a layman due to the suppression of Jesuits in the Portuguese Empire, find themselves in Ceylon.
1765: Under the reign of the Nonghuo Emperor, the Church of the Holy Radiance is founded as an independent Catholic church with Nestorian and Chinese folk elements. The Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism are venerated as saints.
The Holy Radiance Church, along with indigenous Chinese Islam, are ordained as the 'only holy versions of the religion of the Sages of the West', and suppressed other monotheistic religious practices besides Catholicism and Calvinism in certain municipalities.
Many Kalmyks convert to Chinese Christianity with emphasis on Nestorian elements and refresh their heritage through the long gone Prince Nayan, a Nestorian Mongol prince who defied Kublai Khan. Many also claim Genghisid descent.
1766-67: Siam keeps lower Tenasserim and prevents further encroachment from Burma. The Ayutthaya kingdom, which has been ravaged, is replaced by the Thonburi kingdom led by a man of Chinese descent known as King Taksin, much adored by the Siamese people.
After stops in Bombay, Zand dynasty Persia, Damascus, Alexandria, and Tunis, Joseph Zhu reaches Rome and arranges to meet with Pope Clement XIII. He is the first Chinese royal to step foot in Europe. Near the Vatican, Father Jakub disappears mysteriously. When he meets with the Pope, he learns of the suppression of Jesuits but does not express disapproval or hostility. Joseph is granted the title of Deacon. Soon after, he makes it so that he flees to the Ottoman Empire, where he visits Sultan Mustafa III. He acts as an ambassador and re-establishes a diplomatic relationship between China and the Ottomans. When the 1767 Constantinople Earthquake strikes, he boards upon a British ship and departs for Manila.
1768: Deacon Joseph Zhu founds the religious order the Society of Constantine in Manila with Japanese, Pampangan, French, and Spanish Catholics, named after his Christianized uncle Zhu Cijue, who was also known as Prince Constantine. He falls ill and dies soon after. His son Felix Zhu inherits the leadership.
1783-89: The Count of Aranda attempts to initiate a reform process in the Spanish Empire to prevent disintegration. These become successful as the loss of the Philippines and various wars have brought the Spanish state to a eureka moment.
Mainland New Spain and Cuba were to be divided into four kingdoms under the Tetrarchy of New Spain in the Aranda Plan.
- Kingdom of Mexico to King Gabriel I, of Mexico.
- Kingdom of Peru is given to an Inca descent, crowned King Dionisio I of Peru, with his Quechua name being Inca Yupanqui.
- Kingdom of New Granada to King Antonio I, of the Granadine Kingdom.
- Kingdom of Argentina to King Ferdinand I, of the Two Sicilies and of Argentina. Till 1861, the Two Sicilies contributed 80,000 immigrants to Argentina, making much of the country of Neapolitan and Sicilian descent.
- The Demography (renkouxue) Bureau is established. Birth rates (shengren zhi lu), health, and sexual behavior were main focuses of research.
- A Confucian social assistance program was created, including; forging of closer bonds between members of extended family, missionary donation centers, and government assistance to helpless peasants. Monastic life is also encouraged, for women and deformed or ugly men.
- The Emperor and the wise men among him are in possession of a form of dao, as long as they follow the Way of Heaven and have compassion and virtue. Hence, by example of the Duke of Zhou, they are not to concern themselves with the unenlightened folk.
- Projects to fully cultivate lands, recover wastelands, prohibition of certain luxuries, construct granaries, and reduce taxes began. However, virgin forests and nature reserves are forbidden to settle to prevent contamination of the environment.
- Colonization and deportation of people also began, including peasants, Abrahamics, addicts, and vagrants.
- Undesirable women and newborn girls were shipped overseas. If they refused or resisted, they were drowned.
- Catholics and pseudo-Christians were shipped to Mexico, notably Alta California to work in mines. Monterey, the capital, is called 东金灣 (Dongaman in eventual Californian Minnanese dialect).
- Several were forced to migrate to Central Asia, the Mongol regions, Manchuria, or were cast into Cossack-dominated Siberia.
- Many peasants were sent to Taiwan, Sumatra, Luzon, Siam, and Malaya.
1792-1803: Over the eleven years, the Crisis of Peru occurs. The Andean rebellion led by heir-presumptive of Peru Prince Jose Gabriel, also known as Tupac Amaru II, is partially successful with over 120,000 Andean troops capturing all of the Kingdom of Peru except the coastal regions and Atacama Desert.
- The Second Inca Empire is declared in 1794 with Tupac Amaru II as Sapa Inca, based in Cusco and Potosi. In 1802, Spanish troops and diplomatic pressure eventually lead to the Salta Peace Talks.
- It is agreed upon that a semi-autonomous Andean state under the Kingdom of Peru will form from Cusco to Potosi. It is also agreed that it will be ruled by one of Quechuan nobility recognized by the Andean people, but will be subject to the new European-blooded King of Peru, Francisco I.
- Despite this, the mestizo and peninsular class still possess much of the power and continued oppression of indigenous people continue, in and out of the Andean state. Poverty is still rampant. However, it is noted that Andean peoples ultimately gained more rights in the long run.
1803: China begins reconstruction of an ancient palace in Chang'an.
1804: The island of Hispaniola is liberated from colonial rule by the Empire of Haiti.
The Dutch and Persians make an agreement where the Dutch supply Persia with military technology against the Russians, while the Dutch gain more privileges in the Gulf of Basra, which they have wanted for long, especially due to the chaos caused by China. As relations between Russia and China were also falling apart in Siberia, this became the optimal time for the alliance. The Russo-Persian War soon begins.
1806: The Ottoman Empire and the Shun dynasty sign a treaty of commerce and military, the Treaty of Basra. It ensures cooperation in case of attacks by Persia, Britain, or another aggressive colonial power.
1806-09: In the South China Sea, pirate of the Red Flag Fleet Zheng Yi conquers the Cham principality of Panduranga and declares himself as King with the support of the Chinese, Muslim, and Hindu populations there. When he dies in 1807, his fleet is taken over by his wife Madame Ching. After a devastating battle with the Portuguese and Shun navies, she gives up Panduranga to the Shun dynasty and arranges for her step son and fellow pirates to obtain government posts.
She moves to the Cagayan Valley in Luzon and begins a maritime trade company called Ty & Co. with her son, Cheng Ying Shih.
1808: Chinese female scientist Huang Lu introduces Chinese models of a telescope, a camera, and a thermometer. Female scientist Wang Zhenyi's system of mathematical education is adopted, but under the name of her male cousin.
1810: The Gatmaitan royal family of the island of Mayit (Mindoro) convert to Islam due to diplomatic pressure from Brunei.
1812: With the Spanish Constitution, the Sistema Imperial (Spanish Commonwealth) is declared.
- With the Napleonic invasion of Spain, the United States attacks and captures New Orleans from the Spanish Empire. The Americans also capture Florida. In 1819, the Spanish formally sell Florida and the city of New Orleans for $15 million.
- With the death of the childless King Antonio I of New Granada, Simon Bolivar becomes the President of the new Gran Colombia.
1813: The Russo-Persian War ends in 1813 with the Treaty of Anzali, a Persian victory. Persia consolidates their South Caucasian holdings. However, with pressure from the Dutch who need Russia's help in restoring monarchy, the Northern Caucasus are made Russian with a buffer zone between the two.
1815: The Congress of Vienna occurs.
1817-21: Merchant Antônio "Cabuga" Cruz, pirate Jean Lafitte, Argentine Carlos Alvear, and Regent of Mexico Maria Teresa conspire to support the Pernambucan revolt and free Napoleon from captivity by the British. It is known as the Recife Conspiracy.
- In 1818, Napoleon is successfully transported to the city of Recife and commands the Pernambuco revolt, which soon encompasses most of the Caatinga, resulting in the independence of the Caatinga Confederation. However, realizing that the British are after him, accompanies Jean Lafitte to Texas, where they develop a friendship and live their lives until Napoleon dies in 1821.
- Imperialist ambitions of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands lead them to support the Pernambucans due to the Kingdom of France encroaching on Walloonia. The Dutch wield significant influence in Caatinga with consent of the Carlists and obtain the concession of Fredrikstad. This annoys the Miguelists.
- However, the liberal Dutchmen and the absolutists gradually estrange each other. The Dutch King had requested permission to invade the Philippines, but was condemned by both the Carlists and the States General for imperialistic vanity.
1822: The Empire of Brazil gains independence.
1823-26: The Arabian pirate Al Jalhami is supported by the Persians in ousting the Al Khalifa of Bahrain. He does so successfully, becoming one of the most powerful leaders in Bahrain. The remainder of his life is devoted to protecting the port of Basra from European incursion and raising his eight year old son. At his death, the Persians invade Bahrain and seize the island.
1824-34: Charles X of France orders explorer Dumont D'Urville to establish a colony on the west coast of Australia based on claims during the Saint Allouran expedition. A squad of 1,000 colonists successfully land in the Swan River region, establishing the Colony of Bel Air, named after the Frankisized term for the Beeliar tribe. The city of Nouvelle-Bordeaux is founded as the capital settlement.
Additionally, both Spain and Portugal's monarchs are overthrown and are replaced with absolutist royal regimes in the Iberian Revolution.
- The Pragmatic Sanction is repealed before the death of Ferdinand VII. The Count of Molina becomes King Charles V. The Inquisition is re-established, the Roman Catholic Church remains influential, and many liberal opponents are either killed or exiled to the Tetrarchy. The reign of Charles V is littered with guerilla war and fierce opposition. But perhaps one of the greatest accomplishments is the recovery of regional autonomy and greater decentralization.
- In Portugal, Dom Miguel becomes King Miguel I after the conclusion of the Liberal Wars. The country has an experience similar to Spain and forges close ties with the Carlists. The Order of Saint Michael provided a similar role to the Inquisition. However, the Portuguese regime failed to instate a commonwealth with Brazil and witnesses the disintegration of its old colony.
- Pedro I is exiled to Brazil, where he presides over the south, south-east, and north-west regions as Emperor until his death.
1834-40: The British fleet attack Chinese merchant warships in Dagupan due to Chinese support of Siamese sovereignty over Kedah, and suspicion of Chinese-sponsored resistance to British hegemony over Singapura. Hence began and ended the Anglo-Chinese War.
- The British Empire, Isabelino & Mariano volunteers, and the EIC face off against China, the Zheng dynasty, Brunei, the Netherlands, and the Ottoman Empire.
- Both sides claim victory.
- Singapore is captured and is placed under Dutch-Zheng administration for 20 years.
- Hong Kong is consolidated by the British. Cebu, Bohol, and Negros are controlled as British colonies.
- China is required to concede trading privileges to Britain in Taiwan.
- European powers surpass Chinese influence in the Philippine Sea.
- Decline of the Zheng dynasty's maritime dominance.
1841-42: The Plan of Iguala, a declaration of Mexican independence, is revealed. A year long war against liberal Spanish forces in North America results in the recognition of the Empire of Mexico by Spain, with the conditions that the Emperor of Mexico remains related to the King of Spain within the seventh degree of consanguinity and that Mexico remains as a member of the Spanish Commonwealth throughout.
1843: An agreement between Muhammad Ali Pasha, several French engineers, and Alois Negrelli begins the construction of the Suez Canal. Construction of this canal was also began to slowly strengthen the international capabilities of the Egyptians, French, and the Austrians against the British and other hostile powers. This also allows to maintain some form of tax revenue to pay off its debts to foreign powers.
1845: After several Muslim slave revolts, the Brazilian government encourages people to either convert their Muslim slaves to Catholicism, or exile them. Many slaves, hearing this news through rumors, begin to claim Islam. Around 26,000 slaves are exiled from 1845-67, with most of them heading to Suriname, Jamaica, or Haiti. This increases Afro-Muslim cultural influence in the Caribbean.
1848: King Charles V of Spain is deposed during the Springtime Revolutions. The turmoil and instability leads to the uncanny pick of Don Juan Carlos as successor, becoming King Juan III of Spain. He implements a moderately liberal constitution. With the United States encroaching further on Spanish Louisiana, King Juan III rallies the Spanish people to support the Mexicans on account of the United States' anti-Catholic and anti-Hispanic sentiment. He becomes a relatively moderate leader.
1852: The Weiyang Palace of Chang'an is reconstructed after 49 years at the cost of 1850£ 1.7 billion.
Instead of being executed, Chancellor Amir Kabir is supported by the Shah and continues to implement reforms, especially strengthening Persian Gulf and Caucasian territories of Persia. Persia does not give heavy concessions to foreign powers, and draws inspiration from China.
1854: The Republic of California declares independence from the Empire of Mexico and subsequently exits the Spanish Commonwealth.
1856: The Qajar dynasty succeeds in capturing Herat from Afghanistan, consolidating Greater Khorasan under Persian rule. A British intervention comes soon after, demanding the formulation of a treaty in order to establish the rest of Afghanistan and Kalat as buffer states of British India against China and Russia. This came to be known as the Treaty of Mashhad. However, the Qajars continued to be cautious about British influence in Afghanistan.
Green Persia
Light green Foreign influenced Persian zones
Blue Ottoman Empire
Dark red British India
Red Shun Empire
Turquoise Oman
Grey Other states
1857-63: The Great Indian Rebellion occurs alongside the Chinese Protestant Mutiny, joining to form the 1857 Asian Troubles.
- The French, Dutch, and Chinese support Indian rebels against the British. The French establish their presence in littoral Bengal, Mysore, and Travancore, in order to consolidate Western Australia. The British retain the Madras Presidency, Hyderabad, Orissa, Rewa, and Lower Burma. China establishes tributary over Assam, Upper Bengal, and Baltiyul. The rest of India erupts into pieces.
- In China, the Shun, Zheng, and French join together to oppose Chinese Protestant usurpers based in Taiwan, supported by the Dutch and British. It results in the defeat of the rebellion with 300,000 deaths, but with massive tensions between Christian sects.
1863: In French Mysore, the Mangalorean Catholics are numbered at 70,000. They become a privileged class. The French European colonial government models a caste system based on Konkani traditions.
1866: The Austro-Prussian War occurs. Bonapartist France and Austria go against Prussia and the Duchy of Savoy.
- The German Confederation is weakened and limited to north Germany. Prussia's defeat leads north Germany to remain divided.
- Silesia is annexed to the Austrian Empire.
- Bavaria, Baden, and Hesse form an economic alliance with the Austrian Empire.
- Luxembourg is reenlarged to include the Ardennes. It becomes a protectorate of the French Empire.
- The Duchy of Savoy is reduced to France's rump state.
- The Second French Empire and the Austrian Empire are consolidated.
In Japan, the Meiji Restoration occurs after a coup. With the death of Mongkut, the British attack Siam and annex Ranong, Phuket, and Setul to connect British Burma with Malaya.
1875: During a rocky time in Chinese politics with the end of the Zhengs and the abolishment of constitutional monarchy, the British attack and successfully capture eastern and northern Taiwan as well as Manila and Bikol in the Second Anglo-Chinese War. In China, this is known as the Year of Jupiter's Fall.
1876: Varieties of Chinese become the third most spoken native language in North America, besides English and Spanish.
1879: Brazil reconquers Grao Para after a military expedition.
1881: Prussia forms the North German Confederation.
1882: Europe separates into two distinct alliances beginning in the early 1880s.
- Germany, Russia, independent Balkan principalities, and the United Kingdom.
- Imperial France, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire.
| Destination | Chinese Immigrants | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Mexico (Las Californias, Sonora, Centroamerica) | 340,000 | Extensively Catholic, large minority mixed race |
Southeast Asia (Lusong, Malaya, Sumatra, Siam) | 162,000 | Slight majority male |
Northern regions (Nurgan, Mongolia, Hasakia) | 54,000 | Mostly vagrants, addicts, and exiles |
Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand) | 50,000 | Mainly male peasantry |
Taiwan, Xisha Islands | 60,000 | Merchants and oppurtunists |
1887: In the Third British-Burmese War, the Konbaung dynasty, China, and Panthay guerrillas successfully defend Upper Burma. Tibet also manages to exert direct control over the Kingdom of Sikkim.
1895: Baden and Hesse peacefully join the Prussian-led German Confederation. Bavaria annexes Wurtemberg, and remains independent due to influence from the French as well as the Austrians. Bavarian nationalism rises as a powerful force.
1904: Andranik flees to Persia, where he is followed by 6,000 Armenian exiles and refugees. They are permitted to settle in Persia, subsequently heating up tensions with the Ottoman Empire.
1908: The Empire of China is founded with Kang Youwei as Prime Minister. He instates Kong Lingyi, Duke of Yansheng (direct descendent of Confucius) as the strictly constitutional Emperor Taizong of China. It is known as the Kang Kong Government (康孔辖).
1909: With the death of Carlos VII, the Spanish Republic is proclaimed by the Marquis of Cerralbo.
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